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1. The Wide Field Monitor (WFM) of the China-Europe eXTP (enhanced X-ray Timing and Polarimetry) mission

Author

Hernanz, Margarita, Feroci, Marco, Evangelista, Yuri, Meuris, Aline, Schanne, Stéphane, Zampa, Gianluigi, Tenzer, Chris, Bayer, Jörg, Nowosielski, Witold, Michalska, Malgorzata, Kalemci, Emrah, Sungur, Müberra, Brandt, Søren, Kuvvetli, Irfan, Franco, Daniel Alvarez, Carmona, Alex, Gálvez, José-Luis, Patruno, Alessandro, Zand, Jean in' t, Zwart, Frans, Santangelo, Andrea, Bozzo, Enrico, Zhang, Shuang-Nan, Lu, Fangjun, Xu, Yupeng, Campana, Riccardo, Del Monte, Ettore, Ceraudo, Francesco, Nuti, Alessio, Della Casa, Giovanni, Argan, Andrea, Minervini, Gabriele, Antonelli, Matias, Bonvicini, Valter, Boezio, Mirko, Cirrincione, Daniela, Munini, Riccardo, Rachevski, Alexandre, Vacchi, Andrea, Zampa, Nicola, Rashevskaya, Irina, Ficorella, Francesco, Picciotto, Antonino, Zorzi, Nicola, Baudin, David, Bouyjou, Florent, Gevin, Olivier, Limousin, Olivier, Hedderman, Paul, Pliego, Samuel, Xiong, Hao, de la Rie, Rob, Laubert, Phillip, Aitink-Kroes, Gabby, Kuiper, Lucien, Orleanski, Piotr, Skup, Konrad, Tcherniak, Denis, Turhan, Onur, Bozkurt, Ayhan, and Onat, Ahmet

Subjects
Astrophysics - Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics, Astrophysics - High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena
Abstract

The eXTP mission is a major project of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), with a large involvement of Europe. Its scientific payload includes four instruments: SFA, PFA, LAD and WFM. They offer an unprecedented simultaneous wide-band Xray timing and polarimetry sensitivity. A large European consortium is contributing to the eXTP study, both for the science and the instrumentation. Europe is expected to provide two of the four instruments: LAD and WFM; the LAD is led by Italy and the WFM by Spain. The WFM for eXTP is based on the design originally proposed for the LOFT ESA M3 mission, that underwent a Phase A feasibility study. It will be a wide field of view X-ray monitor instrument working in the 2-50 keV energy range, achieved with large-area Silicon Drift Detectors (SDDs), similar to the ones used for the LAD but with better spatial resolution. The WFM will consist of 3 pairs of coded mask cameras with a total combined field of view (FoV) of 90x180 degrees at zero response and a source localisation accuracy of ~1 arc min. The main goal of the WFM is to provide triggers for the target of opportunity observations of the SFA, PFA and LAD, in order to perform the core science programme, dedicated to the study of matter under extreme conditions of density, gravity and magnetism. In addition, the unprecedented combination of large field of view and imaging capability, down to 2 keV, of the WFM will allow eXTP to make important discoveries of the variable and transient X-ray sky, and provide X-ray coverage of a broad range of astrophysical objects covered under 'observatory science', such as gamma-ray bursts, fast radio bursts, gravitational wave electromagnetic counterparts. In this paper we provide an overview of the WFM instrument, explaining its design, configuration, and anticipated performance., Comment: 15 pages, 13 figures, Proceedings of SPIE 13093, Space Telescopes and Instrumentation 2024: Ultraviolet to Gamma Ray; Proceedings Volume 13093, Space Telescopes and Instrumentation 2024: Ultraviolet to Gamma Ray; 130931Y (2024); doi: 10.1117/12.3020020

Published
2024
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2. The STROBE-X Wide Field Monitor Instrument

Author

Remillard, Ronald A., Hernanz, Margarita, Zand, Jean in 't, Ray, Paul S., Bonvicini, Valter, Brandt, Søren, Brandt, Terri, Carmona, Alex, Evangelista, Yuri, Franco, Daniel Alvarez, Froning, Cynthia, Galvez, Jose-Luis, De Geronimo, Gianluigi, Grim, Martin, Kalemci, Emrah, Kuiper, Lucien, Kuvvetli, Irfan, Maccarone, Thomas J., Nowosielski, Witold, Pasham, Dheeraj R. R., Patruno, Alessandro, Persyn, Steven C., Roming, Peter W. A., Santangelo, Andrea, Schanne, Stephane, Tenzer, Christoph, Wilson-Hodge, Colleen A., Zampa, Gianluigi, and Zwart, Frans

Subjects
Astrophysics - Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics, Astrophysics - High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena
Abstract

The Wide Field Monitor (WFM) is one of the three instruments on the Spectroscopic Time-Resolving Observatory for Broadband Energy X-rays (STROBE-X) mission, which was proposed in response to the NASA 2023 call for a probe class mission. The WFM is a coded-mask camera system that would be the most scientifically capable wide-angle monitor ever flown. The field of view covers one third of the sky, to 50 percent mask coding, and the energy sensitivity is 2 to 50 keV. The WFM is designed to identify new X-ray transients and to capture spectral and timing changes in known sources with data of unprecedented quality. Science applications cover diverse classes, in including X-ray bursts that coincide with gravitational wave detections, gamma ray bursts and their transition from prompt emission to afterglow, subluminous GRBs that may signal shock breakout in supernovae, state transitions in accreting compact objects and their jets, bright flares in fast X-ray transients, accretion onset in transitional pulsars, and coronal flares from many types of active stars., Comment: 19 pages, 5 figures, accepted for publication in JATIS

Published
2024

3. The X/Gamma-ray Imaging Spectrometer (XGIS) on-board THESEUS: design, main characteristics, and concept of operation

Author

Labanti, Claudio, Amati, Lorenzo, Frontera, Filippo, Mereghetti, Sandro, Gasent-Blesa, José Luis, Tenzer, Christoph, Orleanski, Piotr, Kuvvetli, Irfan, Campana, Riccardo, Fuschino, Fabio, Terenzi, Luca, Virgilli, Enrico, Morgante, Gianluca, Orlandini, Mauro, Butler, Reginald C., Stephen, John B., Auricchio, Natalia, De Rosa, Adriano, Da Ronco, Vanni, Evangelisti, Federico, Melchiorri, Michele, Squerzanti, Stefano, Fiorini, Mauro, Bertuccio, Giuseppe, Mele, Filippo, Gandola, Massimo, Malcovati, Piero, Grassi, Marco, Bellutti, Pierluigi, Borghi, Giacomo, Ficorella, Francesco, Picciotto, Antonino, Zanini, Vittorio, Zorzi, Nicola, Demenev, Evgeny, Rashevskaya, Irina, Rachevski, Alexander, Zampa, Gianluigi, Vacchi, Andrea, Zampa, Nicola, Baldazzi, Giuseppe, La Rosa, Giovanni, Sottile, Giuseppe, Volpe, Angela, Winkler, Marek, Reglero, Victor, Connell, Paul H., Pinazo-Herrero, Benjamin, Navarro-González, Javier, Rodríguez-Martínez, Pedro, Castro-Tirado, Alberto J., Santangelo, Andrea, Hedderman, Paul, Lorenzi, Paolo, Sarra, Paolo, Pedersen, Søren M., Tcherniak, Denis, Guidorzi, Cristiano, Rosati, Piero, Trois, Alessio, and Piazzolla, Raffaele

Subjects
Astrophysics - Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics
Abstract

THESEUS is one of the three missions selected by ESA as fifth medium class mission (M5) candidates in its Cosmic Vision science program, currently under assessment in a phase A study with a planned launch date in 2032. THESEUS is designed to carry on-board two wide and deep sky monitoring instruments for X/gamma-ray transients detection: a wide-field soft X-ray monitor with imaging capability (Soft X-ray Imager, SXI, 0.3 - 5 keV), a hard X-ray, partially-imaging spectroscopic instrument (X and Gamma Imaging Spectrometer, XGIS, 2 keV - 10 MeV), and an optical/near-IR telescope with both imaging and spectroscopic capability (InfraRed Telescope, IRT, 0.7 - 1.8 $\mu$m). The spacecraft will be capable of performing fast repointing of the IRT to the error region provided by the monitors, thus allowing it to detect and localize the transient sources down to a few arcsec accuracy, for immediate identification and redshift determination. The prime goal of the XGIS will be to detect transient sources, with monitoring timescales down to milliseconds, both independently of, or following, up SXI detections, and identify the sources performing localisation at < 15 arcmin and characterize them over a broad energy band, thus providing also unique clues to their emission physics. The XGIS system consists of two independent but identical coded mask cameras, arranged to cover 2 steradians . The XGIS will exploit an innovative technology coupling Silicon Drift Detectors (SDD) with crystal scintillator bars and a very low-noise distributed front-end electronics (ORION ASICs), which will produce a position sensitive detection plane, with a large effective area over a huge energy band (from soft X-rays to soft gamma-rays) with timing resolution down to a few $\mu$s.Here is presented an overview of the XGIS instrument design, its configuration, and capabilities., Comment: Proceedings of the SPIE 2020, paper 11444-303

Published
2021

4. Gamma-ray Astrophysics in the MeV Range: the ASTROGAM Concept and Beyond

Author

De Angelis, Alessandro, Tatischeff, Vincent, Argan, Andrea, Brandt, Soren, Bulgarelli, Andrea, Bykov, Andrei, Costantini, Elisa, da Silva, Rui Curado, Grenier, Isabelle A., Hanlon, Lorraine, Hartmann, Dieter, Hernanz, Margarida, Kanbach, Gottfried, Kuvvetli, Irfan, Laurent, Philippe, Mazziotta, Mario N., McEnery, Julie, Morselli, Aldo, Nakazawa, Kazuhiro, Oberlack, Uwe, Pearce, Mark, Rico, Javier, Tavani, Marco, von Ballmoos, Peter, Walter, Roland, Wu, Xin, Zane, Silvia, Zdziarski, Andrzej, and Zoglauer, Andreas

Subjects
Astrophysics - Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics
Abstract

The energy range between about 100 keV and 1 GeV is of interest for a vast class of astrophysical topics. In particular, (1) it is the missing ingredient for understanding extreme processes in the multi-messenger era; (2) it allows localizing cosmic-ray interactions with background material and radiation in the Universe, and spotting the reprocessing of these particles; (3) last but not least, gamma-ray emission lines trace the formation of elements in the Galaxy and beyond. In addition, studying the still largely unexplored MeV domain of astronomy would provide for a rich observatory science, including the study of compact objects, solar- and Earth-science, as well as fundamental physics. The technological development of silicon microstrip detectors makes it possible now to detect MeV photons in space with high efficiency and low background. During the last decade, a concept of detector ("ASTROGAM") has been proposed to fulfil these goals, based on a silicon hodoscope, a 3D position-sensitive calorimeter, and an anticoincidence detector. In this paper we stress the importance of a medium size (M-class) space mission, dubbed "ASTROMEV", to fulfil these objectives., Comment: White Paper for the Voyage 2050 Program by ESA. Accepted for publication in "Experimental Astronomy". arXiv admin note: text overlap with arXiv:1711.01265

Published
2021
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5. The Modular X- and Gamma-Ray Sensor (MXGS)of the ASIM Payload on the International Space Station

Author

Østgaard, Nikolai, Balling, Jan E., Bjørnsen, Thomas, Brauer, Peter, Budtz-Jørgensen, Carl, Bujwan, Waldemar, Carlson, Brant, Christiansen, Freddy, Connell, Paul, Eyles, Chris, Fehlker, Dominik, Genov, Georgi, Grudziński, Pawel, Kochkin, Pavlo, Kohfeldt, Anja, Kuvvetli, Irfan, Thomsen, Per Lundahl, Pedersen, Søren Møller, Navarro-Gonzalez, Javier, Neubert, Torsten, Njøten, Kåre, Orleanski, Piotr, Qureshi, Bilal Hasan, Cenkeramaddi, Linga Reddy, Reglero, Victor, Reina, Manuel, Rodrigo, Juan Manuel, Rostad, Maja, Sabau, Maria D., Kristensen, Steen Savstrup, Skogseide, Yngve, Solberg, Arne, Stadsnes, Johan, Ullaland, Kjetil, and Yang, Shiming

Subjects
Physics - Instrumentation and Detectors, Astrophysics - Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics, Physics - Space Physics
Abstract

The Modular X- and Gamma-ray Sensor (MXGS) is an imaging and spectral X- and Gamma-ray instrument mounted on the starboard side of the Columbus module on the International Space Station. Together with the Modular Multi-Spectral Imaging Assembly (MMIA) (Chanrion et al. this issue) MXGS constitutes the instruments of the Atmosphere-Space Interactions Monitor (ASIM) (Neubert et al. this issue). The main objectives of MXGS are to image and measure the spectrum of X- and $\gamma$-rays from lightning discharges, known as Terrestrial Gamma-ray Flashes (TGFs), and for MMIA to image and perform high speed photometry of Transient Luminous Events (TLEs) and lightning discharges. With these two instruments specifically designed to explore the relation between electrical discharges, TLEs and TGFs, ASIM is the first mission of its kind.

Published
2019
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6. Catching Element Formation In The Act

Author

Fryer, Chris L., Timmes, Frank, Hungerford, Aimee L., Couture, Aaron, Adams, Fred, Aoki, Wako, Arcones, Almudena, Arnett, David, Auchettl, Katie, Avila, Melina, Badenes, Carles, Baron, Eddie, Bauswein, Andreas, Beacom, John, Blackmon, Jeff, Blondin, Stephane, Bloser, Peter, Boggs, Steve, Boss, Alan, Brandt, Terri, Bravo, Eduardo, Brown, Ed, Brown, Peter, Budtz-Jorgensen, Steve Bruenn. Carl, Burns, Eric, Calder, Alan, Caputo, Regina, Champagne, Art, Chevalier, Roger, Chieffi, Alessandro, Chipps, Kelly, Cinabro, David, Clarkson, Ondrea, Clayton, Don, Coc, Alain, Connolly, Devin, Conroy, Charlie, Cote, Benoit, Couch, Sean, Dauphas, Nicolas, deBoer, Richard James, Deibel, Catherine, Denisenkov, Pavel, Desch, Steve, Dessart, Luc, Diehl, Roland, Doherty, Carolyn, Dominguez, Inma, Dong, Subo, Dwarkadas, Vikram, Fan, Doreen, Fields, Brian, Fields, Carl, Filippenko, Alex, Fisher, Robert, Foucart, Francois, Fransson, Claes, Frohlich, Carla, Fuller, George, Gibson, Brad, Giryanskaya, Viktoriya, Gorres, Joachim, Goriely, Stephane, Grebenev, Sergei, Grefenstette, Brian, Grohs, Evan, Guillochon, James, Harpole, Alice, Harris, Chelsea, Harris, J. Austin, Harrison, Fiona, Hartmann, Dieter, Hashimoto, Masa-aki, Heger, Alexander, Hernanz, Margarita, Herwig, Falk, Hirschi, Raphael, Hix, Raphael William, Hoflich, Peter, Hoffman, Robert, Holcomb, Cole, Hsiao, Eric, Iliadis, Christian, Janiuk, Agnieszka, Janka, Thomas, Jerkstrand, Anders, Johns, Lucas, Jones, Samuel, Jose, Jordi, Kajino, Toshitaka, Karakas, Amanda, Karpov, Platon, Kasen, Dan, Kierans, Carolyn, Kippen, Marc, Korobkin, Oleg, Kobayashi, Chiaki, Kozma, Cecilia, Krot, Saha, Kumar, Pawan, Kuvvetli, Irfan, Laird, Alison, Laming, Martin, Larsson, Josefin, Lattanzio, John, Lattimer, James, Leising, Mark, Lennarz, Annika, Lentz, Eric, Limongi, Marco, Lippuner, Jonas, Livne, Eli, Lloyd-Ronning, Nicole, Longland, Richard, Lopez, Laura A., Lugaro, Maria, Lutovinov, Alexander, Madsen, Kristin, Malone, Chris, Matteucci, Francesca, McEnery, Julie, Meisel, Zach, Messer, Bronson, Metzger, Brian, Meyer, Bradley, Meynet, Georges, Mezzacappa, Anthony, Miller, Jonah, Miller, Richard, Milne, Peter, Misch, Wendell, Mitchell, Lee, Mosta, Philipp, Motizuki, Yuko, Muller, Bernhard, Mumpower, Matthew, Murphy, Jeremiah, Nagataki, Shigehiro, Nakar, Ehud, Nomoto, Ken'ichi, Nugent, Peter, Nunes, Filomena, O'Shea, Brian, Oberlack, Uwe, Pain, Steven, Parker, Lucas, Perego, Albino, Pignatari, Marco, Pinedo, Gabriel Martinez, Plewa, Tomasz, Poznanski, Dovi, Priedhorsky, William, Pritychenko, Boris, Radice, David, Ramirez-Ruiz, Enrico, Rauscher, Thomas, Reddy, Sanjay, Rehm, Ernst, Reifarth, Rene, Richman, Debra, Ricker, Paul, Rijal, Nabin, Roberts, Luke, Ropke, Friedrich, Rosswog, Stephan, Ruiter, Ashley J., Ruiz, Chris, Savin, Daniel Wolf, Schatz, Hendrik, Schneider, Dieter, Schwab, Josiah, Seitenzahl, Ivo, Shen, Ken, Siegert, Thomas, Sim, Stuart, Smith, David, Smith, Karl, Smith, Michael, Sollerman, Jesper, Sprouse, Trevor, Spyrou, Artemis, Starrfield, Sumner, Steiner, Andrew, Strong, Andrew W., Sukhbold, Tuguldur, Suntzeff, Nick, Surman, Rebecca, Tanimori, Toru, The, Lih-Sin, Thielemann, Friedrich-Karl, Tolstov, Alexey, Tominaga, Nozomu, Tomsick, John, Townsley, Dean, Tsintari, Pelagia, Tsygankov, Sergey, Vartanyan, David, Venters, Tonia, Vestrand, Tom, Vink, Jacco, Waldman, Roni, Wang, Lifang, Wang, Xilu, Warren, MacKenzie, West, Christopher, Wheeler, J. Craig, Wiescher, Michael, Winkler, Christoph, Winter, Lisa, Wolf, Bill, Woolf, Richard, Woosley, Stan, Wu, Jin, Wrede, Chris, Yamada, Shoichi, Young, Patrick, Zegers, Remco, Zingale, Michael, and Zwart, Simon Portegies

Subjects
Astrophysics - High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena
Abstract

Gamma-ray astronomy explores the most energetic photons in nature to address some of the most pressing puzzles in contemporary astrophysics. It encompasses a wide range of objects and phenomena: stars, supernovae, novae, neutron stars, stellar-mass black holes, nucleosynthesis, the interstellar medium, cosmic rays and relativistic-particle acceleration, and the evolution of galaxies. MeV gamma-rays provide a unique probe of nuclear processes in astronomy, directly measuring radioactive decay, nuclear de-excitation, and positron annihilation. The substantial information carried by gamma-ray photons allows us to see deeper into these objects, the bulk of the power is often emitted at gamma-ray energies, and radioactivity provides a natural physical clock that adds unique information. New science will be driven by time-domain population studies at gamma-ray energies. This science is enabled by next-generation gamma-ray instruments with one to two orders of magnitude better sensitivity, larger sky coverage, and faster cadence than all previous gamma-ray instruments. This transformative capability permits: (a) the accurate identification of the gamma-ray emitting objects and correlations with observations taken at other wavelengths and with other messengers; (b) construction of new gamma-ray maps of the Milky Way and other nearby galaxies where extended regions are distinguished from point sources; and (c) considerable serendipitous science of scarce events -- nearby neutron star mergers, for example. Advances in technology push the performance of new gamma-ray instruments to address a wide set of astrophysical questions., Comment: 14 pages including 3 figures

Published
2019

7. The enhanced X-ray Timing and Polarimetry mission - eXTP

Author

Zhang, ShuangNan, Santangelo, Andrea, Feroci, Marco, Xu, YuPeng, Lu, FangJun, Chen, Yong, Feng, Hua, Zhang, Shu, Brandt, Søren, Hernanz, Margarita, Baldini, Luca, Bozzo, Enrico, Campana, Riccardo, De Rosa, Alessandra, Dong, YongWei, Evangelista, Yuri, Karas, Vladimir, Meidinger, Norbert, Meuris, Aline, Nandra, Kirpal, Pan, Teng, Pareschi, Giovanni, Orleanski, Piotr, Huang, QiuShi, Schanne, Stephane, Sironi, Giorgia, Spiga, Daniele, Svoboda, Jiri, Tagliaferri, Gianpiero, Tenzer, Christoph, Vacchi, Andrea, Zane, Silvia, Walton, Dave, Wang, ZhanShan, Winter, Berend, Wu, Xin, Zand, Jean J. M. in 't, Ahangarianabhari, Mahdi, Ambrosi, Giovanni, Ambrosino, Filippo, Barbera, Marco, Basso, Stefano, Bayer, Jörg, Bellazzini, Ronaldo, Bellutti, Pierluigi, Bertucci, Bruna, Bertuccio, Giuseppe, Borghi, Giacomo, Cao, XueLei, Cadoux, Franck, Ceraudo, Francesco, Chen, TianXiang, Chen, YuPeng, Chevenez, Jerome, Civitani, Marta, Cui, Wei, Cui, WeiWei, Dauser, Thomas, Del Monte, Ettore, Di Cosimo, Sergio, Diebold, Sebastian, Doroshenko, Victor, Dovciak, Michal, Du, YuanYuan, Ducci, Lorenzo, Fan, QingMei, Favre, Yannick, Fuschino, Fabio, Gálvez, José Luis, Gao, Min, Ge, MingYu, Gevin, Olivier, Grassi, Marco, Gu, QuanYing, Gu, YuDong, Han, DaWei, Hong, Bin, Hu, Wei, Ji, Long, Jia, ShuMei, Jiang, WeiChun, Kennedy, Thomas, Kreykenbohm, Ingo, Kuvvetli, Irfan, Labanti, Claudio, Latronico, Luca, Li, Gang, Li, MaoShun, Li, Xian, Li, Wei, Li, ZhengWei, Limousin, Olivier, Liu, HongWei, Liu, XiaoJing, Lu, Bo, Luo, Tao, Macera, Daniele, Malcovati, Piero, Martindale, Adrian, Michalska, Malgorzata, Meng, Bin, Minuti, Massimo, Morbidini, Alfredo, Muleri, Fabio, Paltani, Stephane, Perinati, Emanuele, Picciotto, Antonino, Piemonte, Claudio, Qu, JinLu, Rachevski, Alexandre, Rashevskaya, Irina, Rodriguez, Jerome, Schanz, Thomas, Shen, ZhengXiang, Sheng, LiZhi, Song, JiangBo, Song, LiMing, Sgro, Carmelo, Sun, Liang, Tan, Ying, Uttley, Phil, Wang, Juan, Wang, LangPing, Wang, YuSa, Watts, Anna L., Wen, XiangYang, Wilms, Jörn, Xiong, ShaoLin, Yang, JiaWei, Yang, Sheng, Yang, YanJi, Yu, Nian, Zhang, WenDa, Zampa, Gianluigi, Zampa, Nicola, Zdziarski, Andrzej A., Zhang, AiMei, Zhang, ChengMo, Zhang, Fan, Zhang, Long, Zhang, Tong, Zhang, Yi, Zhang, XiaoLi, Zhang, ZiLiang, Zhao, BaoSheng, Zheng, ShiJie, Zhou, YuPeng, Zorzi, Nicola, and Zwart, J. Frans

Subjects
Astrophysics - Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics, Astrophysics - High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena
Abstract

In this paper we present the enhanced X-ray Timing and Polarimetry mission - eXTP. eXTP is a space science mission designed to study fundamental physics under extreme conditions of density, gravity and magnetism. The mission aims at determining the equation of state of matter at supra-nuclear density, measuring effects of QED, and understanding the dynamics of matter in strong-field gravity. In addition to investigating fundamental physics, eXTP will be a very powerful observatory for astrophysics that will provide observations of unprecedented quality on a variety of galactic and extragalactic objects. In particular, its wide field monitoring capabilities will be highly instrumental to detect the electro-magnetic counterparts of gravitational wave sources. The paper provides a detailed description of: (1) the technological and technical aspects, and the expected performance of the instruments of the scientific payload; (2) the elements and functions of the mission, from the spacecraft to the ground segment., Comment: Accepted for publication on Sci. China Phys. Mech. Astron. (2019)

Published
2018
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8. The e-ASTROGAM mission (exploring the extreme Universe with gamma rays in the MeV-GeV range)

Author

De Angelis, Alessandro, Tatischeff, Vincent, Tavani, Marco, Oberlack, Uwe, Grenier, Isabelle A., Hanlon, Lorraine, Walter, Roland, Argan, Andrea, von Ballmoos, Peter, Bulgarelli, Andrea, Donnarumma, Immacolata, Hernanz, Margarita, Kuvvetli, Irfan, Pearce, Mark, Zdziarski, Andrzej, Aboudan, Alessio, Ajello, Marco, Ambrosi, Giovanni, Bernard, Denis, Bernardini, Elisa, Bonvicini, Valter, Brogna, Andrea, Branchesi, Marica, Budtz-Jorgensen, Carl, Bykov, Andrei, Campana, Riccardo, Cardillo, Martina, Coppi, Paolo, De Martino, Domitilla, Diehl, Roland, Doro, Michele, Fioretti, Valentina, Funk, Stefan, Ghisellini, Gabriele, Grove, J. Eric, Hamadache, Clarisse, Hartmann, Dieter H., Hayashida, Masaaki, Isern, Jordi, Kanbach, Gottfried, Kiener, Jurgen, Knodlseder, Jurgen, Labanti, Claudio, Laurent, Philippe, Limousin, Olivier, Longo, Francesco, Mannheim, Karl, Marisaldi, Martino, Martinez, Manel, Mazziotta, Mario N., McEnery, Julie, Mereghetti, Sandro, Minervini, Gabriele, Moiseev, Alexander, Morselli, Aldo, Nakazawa, Kazuhiro, Orleanski, Piotr, Paredes, Josep M., Patricelli, Barbara, Peyre, Jean, Piano, Giovanni, Pohl, Martin, Ramarijaona, Harald, Rando, Riccardo, Reichardt, Ignasi, Roncadelli, Marco, da Silva, Rui Curado, Tavecchio, Fabrizio, Thompson, David J., Turolla, Roberto, Ulyanov, Alexei, Vacchi, Andrea, Wu, Xin, and Zoglauer, Andreas

Subjects
Astrophysics - High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena, Astrophysics - Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics, Astrophysics - Solar and Stellar Astrophysics, Nuclear Experiment
Abstract

e-ASTROGAM (`enhanced ASTROGAM') is a breakthrough Observatory mission dedicated to the study of the non-thermal Universe in the photon energy range from 0.3 MeV to 3 GeV. The mission is based on an advanced space-proven detector technology, with unprecedented sensitivity, angular and energy resolution, combined with polarimetric capability. In the largely unexplored MeV-GeV domain, e-ASTROGAM will open a new window on the non-thermal Universe, making pioneering observations of the most powerful Galactic and extragalactic sources, elucidating the nature of their relativistic outflows and their effects on Galactic ecosystems. With a line sensitivity in the MeV energy range one to two orders of magnitude better than previous generation instruments, will determine the origin of key isotopes fundamental for the understanding of supernova explosion and the chemical evolution of our Galaxy. The mission will provide unique data of significant interest to a broad astronomical community, complementary to powerful observatories such as LIGO-Virgo-GEO600-KAGRA, SKA, ALMA, E-ELT, TMT, LSST, JWST, Athena, CTA, IceCube, KM3NeT, and the promise of eLISA. Keywords: High-energy gamma-ray astronomy, High-energy astrophysics, Nuclear Astrophysics, Compton and Pair creation telescope, Gamma-ray bursts, Active Galactic Nuclei, Jets, Outflows, Multiwavelength observations of the Universe, Counterparts of gravitational waves, Fermi, Dark Matter, Nucleosynthesis, Early Universe, Supernovae, Cosmic Rays, Cosmic antimatter., Comment: Exp Astron (2017)

Published
2016
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9. Effects of Bulk and Surface Conductivity on the Performance of CdZnTe Pixel Detectors

Author

Bolotnikov, Aleksey E., Chen, C. M. Hubert, Cook, Walter R., Harrison, Fiona A., Kuvvetli, Irfan, and Schindler, Stephen M.

Subjects
Physics - Instrumentation and Detectors, Physics - Space Physics
Abstract

We studied the effects of bulk and surface conductivity on the performance of high-resistivity CdZnTe (CZT) pixel detectors with Pt contacts. We emphasize the difference in mechanisms of the bulk and surface conductivity as indicated by their different temperature behaviors. In addition, the existence of a thin (10-100 A) oxide layer on the surface of CZT, formed during the fabrication process, affects both bulk and surface leakage currents. We demonstrate that the measured I-V dependencies of bulk current can be explained by considering the CZT detector as a metal-semiconductor-metal system with two back-to-back Schottky-barrier contacts. The high surface leakage current is apparently due to the presence of a low-resistivity surface layer that has characteristics which differ considerably from those of the bulk material. This surface layer has a profound effect on the charge collection efficiency in detectors with multi-contact geometry; some fraction of the electric field lines originated on the cathode intersects the surface areas between the pixel contacts where the charge produced by an ionizing particle gets trapped. To overcome this effect we place a grid of thin electrodes between the pixel contacts; when the grid is negatively biased, the strong electric field in the gaps between the pixels forces the electrons landing on the surface to move toward the contacts, preventing the charge loss. We have investigated these effects by using CZT pixel detectors indium bump bonded to a custom-built VLSI readout chip.

Published
2001
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10. X-ray Space Technology Transfer for Improved Mammography Screening

Author

O'Dell, Stephen L., Gaskin, Jessica A., Pareschi, Giovanni, Spiga, Daniele, Nardo, Francesco, Kuvvetli, Irfan, Ferreira, Desiree Della Monica, Massahi, Sonny, Christensen, Finn Erland, O'Dell, Stephen L., Gaskin, Jessica A., Pareschi, Giovanni, Spiga, Daniele, Nardo, Francesco, Kuvvetli, Irfan, Ferreira, Desiree Della Monica, Massahi, Sonny, and Christensen, Finn Erland

Abstract

Breast imaging using monochromatic x-rays promises lower doses and better image quality relative to conventional approaches. Currently, the broad-energy spectrum emitted by an x-ray tube is degrading performance due to beam hardening, i.e., low energy x-rays are predominantly absorbed by the tissue, increasing dose, while high energy x-rays pass through the tissue unattenuated, decreasing image contrast. It has been suggested that the use of coated mirrors capable of mono-chromating x-ray hard spectra has the capability of reducing ionizing radiation exposure while also improving image quality during x-ray medical screening procedures. This research study is centered around screening for breast cancer using Digital Mammography (DM) techniques. We present a simplified prototype system developed at DTU Space and implemented to validate a Wolter telescope design. The experimental setup consists of a source up to 40 keV, a high resolution roto-translation mechanical support and an advanced high resolution (55 micron), energy-sensitive Si detector with quantum efficiency (13.78% @22 keV). For testing, phantom objects will be used as samples, allowing for a realistic assessment of the use of space technology for breast screening. In this work, experimental measurements of absorbed dose reduction and contrast-to-noise are reported.

Published
2023

11. The enhanced x-ray timing and polarimetry mission: eXTP: an update on its scientific cases, mission profile and development status

Author

Zhang, Shuang Nan, Santangelo, Andrea, Xu, Yupeng, Feroci, Marco, Hernanz, Margarita, Lu, Fangjun, Chen, Yong, Feng, Hua, Nandra, Kirpal, Jiang, Weichun, Svoboda, Jiri, Brandt, Søren, Schanne, Stéphane, Zand, Jean, Michalska, Malgorzata, Bozzo, Enrico, Kalemci, Emrah, Agudo, Ivan, Ahangarianabhari, Mahdi, Aitink-Kroes, Gabby, Ambrosi, Giovanni, Ambrosino, Filippo, An, Zhenghua, Perez Torres, Miguel Angel, Antonelli, Matias, Argan, Andrea, Babinec, Viktor, Baldini, Luca, Barbera, Marco, van Baren, Coen, Baudin, David, Bayer, Jörg, Bellazzini, Ronaldo, Bellutti, Pierluigi, Bertucci, Bruna, Bertuccio, Giuseppe, Bi, Xingzi, Boezio, Mirko, Bonvicini, Valter, Bonvicini, Walter, Bordas, Pol, Borghese, Alice, Borghi, Giacomo, Bouyjou, Florent, Bozkurt, Ayhan, Brez, Alessandro, Brienza, Daniele, Cadoux, Franck, Campana, Riccardo, Cao, Jiewei, Cao, Xuelei, Casares, Jorge, Cavazzuti, Elisabetta, Ceraudo, Francesco, Chen, Tianxiang, Chen, Wen, Chen, Can, Chen, Yupeng, Chen, Xin, Chen, Yehai, Chenevez, Jerome, Cheng, Yaodong, Cirrincione, Daniela, Civitani, Marta, Cong, Min, Zelati, Francesco Coti, Cui, Weiwei, Cui, Tao, Cui, Wei, Dai, Boyu, Dauser, Thomas, De Angelis, Nicolas, De Marco, Barbara, De Rosa, Alessandra, Monte, Ettore Del, Cosimo, Sergio Di, Diebold, Sebastian, Dilillo, Giuseppe, Ding, Fei, Dohnal, Roman, Dong, Zefang, Donnarumma, Immacolata, Dovciak, Michal, Du, Yuanyuan, Ducci, Lorenzo, Evangelista, Yuri, Fan, Qingmei, Favre, Yannick, Ferrés, Patrícia, Fiandrini, Emanuele, Ficorella, Francesco, Fuschino, Fabio, Gálvez, José Luis, Gao, Na, Gao, Min, Ge, Yuqiang, Ge, Mingyu, Gevin, Olivier, Grassi, Marco, Gu, Yudong, Gu, Quanying, Guan, Ju, Guedel, Manuel, Han, Xingbo, Han, Dawei, He, Huilin, He, Junwang, Hedderman, Paul, den Herder, Jan Willem, Hong, Bin, Hormaetxe, Ander, Hou, Dongjie, Hu, Zexun, Hu, Hao, Hu, Qingbao, Hu, Yu, Huang, Yue, Huang, Jiangjiang, Huang, Qiushi, Huo, Jia, Hynek, Richard, Iwasawa, Kazumi, Izzo, Lucca, Ji, Long, Jia, Shumei, Jiang, Bowen, Jiang, Wei, Jiang, Jiechen, Jiang, Xiaowei, Jiao, Yang, Jin, Ge, Jin, Fan, Jose, Jordi, Karas, Vladimir, Kennedy, Thomas, Kirsch, Christian, Kole, Merlin, Komarek, Martin, Kreykenbohm, Ingo, Kuiper, Lucien, Kuvvetli, Irfan, Labanti, Claudio, Latronico, Luca, Laubert, Phillip, Li, Tao, Li, Longhui, Li, Hong, Li, Duo, Li, Wei, Li, Maoshun, Li, Gang, Li, Xiaobo, Li, Chengkui, Li, Bing, Li, Haibo, Liang, Hong, Liao, Qiuyan, Liao, Jinyuan, Limousin, Olivier, Lin, Yanjian, Linares, Manuel, Liu, Rui, Liu, Yichen, Liu, Zhihao, Liu, Hongwei, Liu, Xiaojing, Liu, Xiaohua, Cicero, Ugo Lo, Loehring, Jens, Lombardi, Giovanni, Lorenz, Maximilian, Lu, Bing, Lucchesi, Leonardo, Luo, Tao, Luo, Laidan, Ma, Jia, Ma, Xiang, Macera, Daniele, Malcovati, Piero, Manfreda, Alberto, Paredes, Josep Maria, Marinucci, Andrea, Martindale, Adrian, Meidinger, Norbert, Mele, Filippo, Mendes, Vasco, Meng, Bin, Merkl, Martin, Meuris, Aline, Miniutti, Giovanni, Minuti, Massimo, Morbidini, Alfredo, Morgante, Gianluca, Muleri, Fabio, Munini, Riccardo, Mussolin, Lorenzo, Negri, Barbara, Nie, Jianyin, Novák, Petr, Nowosielski, Witold, Nuti, Alessio, Onat, Ahmet, Orleanski, Piotr, Orsini, Leonardo, Ottensamer, Roland, Ou, Ge, Pacciani, Luigi, Paltani, Stephane, Pan, Teng, Pan, Kai, Pareschi, Giovanni, Patruno, Alessandro, Pepponi, Giancarlo, Perinati, Emanuele, Piazzolla, Raffaele, Picciotto, Antonino, Piemonte, Claudio, Pinchera, Michele, Pliego, Samuel, Poutanen, Juri, Qi, Liqiang, Qi, Fazhi, Qiang, Pengfei, Qiao, Fangjian, Qiao, Zheng, Qiu, Xiangbiao, Qiu, Chengbo, Qu, Jinlu, Rachevski, Alexandre, Rashevskaia, Irina, Rea, Nanda, Ribo, Marc, de la Rie, Rob, Rodriguez, Jerome, Gil, Pablo Rodríguez, Sala, Gloria, Schanz, Thomas, Serafinelli, Roberto, Sgro, Carmelo, Shen, Zhengxiang, Sheng, Lizhi, Shi, Jingyan, Sironi, Giorgia, Skup, Konrad, Song, Liming, Song, Zeyu, Song, Jiangbo, Spandre, Gloria, Spiga, Daniele, Su, Yongquan, Sun, Liang, Sungur, Müberra, Svéda, Libor, Tagliaferri, Gianpiero, Tan, Ying, Tao, Lian, Tcherniak, Denis, Tenzer, Chris, Todaro, Michela, Tolos, Laura, Torok, Gabriel, Torres, Diego F., Trois, Alessio, Turhan, Onur, Uttley, Phil, Vacchi, Andrea, Virgilli, Enrico, Vogel, Channah, Walton, Dave, Wang, Jian, Wang, Xianqi, Wang, Bo, Wang, Langping, Wang, Xiaofeng, Wang, Dianlong, Wang, Yusa, Wang, Juan, Wang, Hao, Wang, Ruijie, Wang, Ping, Wang, Lingjun, Wang, Wenshuai, Wang, Tian, Wang, Haoyu, Wang, Zhanshan, Watts, Anna L., Wen, Xiangyang, Wilms, Jörn, Winter, Berend, Wu, Xin, Wu, Chao, Wu, Zhenyu, Wu, Qiong, Wu, Kaiji, Xiong, Hao, Xiong, Shaolin, Xu, Wei, Xu, Zhao, Xu, Jingjing, Xu, Xiongwei, Xue, Jiadai, Yan, Yongqing, Yan, Xingtao, Yang, Xianghui, Yang, Yanji, Yang, Xiongtao, Yang, Sheng, Yang, Jiawei, Yang, Yingquan, Yi, Shuxu, Yu, Yonggao, Yu, Ke, Zampa, Ganluigi, Zampa, Nicola, Zane, Silvia, Zdziarski, Andrzej A., Zhang, Long, Zhang, Shu, Zhang, Wenda, Zhang, Xiaoli, Zhang, Zhen, Zhang, Jiawei, Zhang, Fan, Zhang, Ziliang, Zhang, Dali, Zhang, Honglin, Zhang, Aimei, Zhang, Tong, Zhang, Hongmei, Zhang, Juan, Zhang, Liang, Zhang, Yueting, Zhao, Li, Zhao, Baosheng, Zhao, Zijian, Zhao, Xiaofan, Zhao, Haisheng, Zhao, Xiaoyun, Zheng, Shijie, Zhou, Yupeng, Zhou, Xiaohong, Zhu, Jiahuan, Zhu, Yuxuan, Zhu, Cheng, Zhu, Zhencai, Zorzi, Nicola, Zwart, Frans, den Herder, Jan-Willem A., Nikzad, Shouleh, Nakazawa, Kazuhiro, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Agenzia Spaziale Italiana, Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación (España), Federal Ministry of Economics and Technology (Germany), and Foundation for Polish Science

Subjects
Equation of state, Extreme gravity, Black hole, X-ray timing, X-ray polarimetry, Neutron star, Extreme magnetism, Extreme density
Abstract

Space Telescopes and Instrumentation 2022: Ultraviolet to Gamma Ray (2022), Montreal, Jul 17-22, 2022.--Proceedings of SPIE - The International Society for Optical Engineering vol. 12181 Article number 121811W.-- Full list of authors: Zhang, Shuang-Nan; Santangelo, Andrea; Xu, Yupeng; Feroci, Marco; Hernanz, Margarita; Lu, Fangjun; Chen, Yong; Feng, Hua; Nandra, Kirpal; Jiang, Weichun; Svoboda, Jiri; Brandt, Soren; Schanne, Stephane; in't Zand, Jean; Michalska, Malgorzata; Bozzo, Enrico; Kalemci, Emrah; Agudo, Ivan; Ahangarianabhari, Mahdi; Aitink-Kroes, Gabby; Ambrosi, Giovanni; Ambrosino, Filippo; An, Zhenghua; Perez Torres, Miguel Angel; Antonelli, Matias; Argan, Andrea; Babinec, Viktor; Baldini, Luca; Barbera, Marco; van Baren, Coen; Baudin, David; Bayer, Joerg; Bellazzini, Ronaldo; Bellutti, Pierluigi; Bertucci, Bruna; Bertuccio, Giuseppe; Bi, Xingzi; Boezio, Mirko; Bonvicini, Valter; Bonvicini, Walter; Bordas, Pol; Borghese, Alice; Borghi, Giacomo; Bouyjou, Florent; Bozkurt, Ayhan; Brez, Alessandro; Brienza, Daniele; Cadoux, Franck; Campana, Riccardo; Cao, Jiewei; Cao, Xuelei; Casares, Jorge; Cavazzuti, Elisabetta; Ceraudo, Francesco; Chen, Tianxiang; Chen, Wen; Chen, Can; Chen, Yupeng; Chen, Xin; Chen, Yehai; Chenevez, Jerome; Cheng, Yaodong; Cirrincione, Daniela; Civitani, Marta; Cong, Min; Coti Zelati, Francesco; Cui, Weiwei; Cui, Tao; Cui, Wei; Dai, Boyu; Dauser, Thomas; De Angelis, Nicolas; De Marco, Barbara; De Rosa, Alessandra; Del Monte, Ettore; Di Cosimo, Sergio; Diebold, Sebastian; Dilillo, Giuseppe; Ding, Fei; Dohnal, Roman; Dong, Zefang; Donnarumma, Immacolata; Dovciak, Michal; Du, Yuanyuan; Ducci, Lorenzo; Evangelista, Yuri; Fan, Qingmei; Favre, Yannick; Ferres, Patricia; Fiandrini, Emanuele; Ficorella, Francesco; Fuschino, Fabio; Luis Galvez, Jose; Gao, Na; Gao, Min; Ge, Yuqiang; Ge, Mingyu; Gevin, Olivier; Grassi, Marco; Gu, Yudong; Gu, Quanying; Guan, Ju; Guedel, Manuel; Han, Xingbo; Han, Dawei; He, Huilin; He, Junwang; Hedderman, Paul; den Herder, Jan-Willem; Hong, Bin; Hormaetxe, Ander; Hou, Dongjie; Hu, Zexun; Hu, Hao; Hu, Qingbao; Hu, Yu; Huang, Yue; Huang, Jiangjiang; Huang, Qiushi; Huo, Jia; Hynek, Richard; Iwasawa, Kazumi; Izzo, Lucca; Ji, Long; Jia, Shumei; Jiang, Bowen; Jiang, Wei; Jiang, Jiechen; Jiang, Xiaowei; Jiao, Yang; Jin, Ge; Jin, Fan; Jose, Jordi; Karas, Vladimir; Kennedy, Thomas; Kirsch, Christian; Kole, Merlin; Komarek, Martin; Kreykenbohm, Ingo; Kuiper, Lucien; Kuvvetli, Irfan; Labanti, Claudio; Latronico, Luca; Laubert, Phillip; Li, Tao; Li, Longhui; Li, Hong; Li, Duo; Li, Wei; Li, Maoshun; Li, Gang; Li, Xiaobo; Li, Chengkui; Li, Bing; Li, Haibo; Liang, Hong; Liao, Qiuyan; Liao, Jinyuan; Limousin, Olivier; Lin, Yanjian; Linares, Manuel; Liu, Rui; Liu, Yichen; Liu, Zhihao; Liu, Hongwei; Liu, Xiaojing; Liu, Xiaohua; Lo Cicero, Ugo; Loehring, Jens; Lombardi, Giovanni; Lorenz, Maximilian; Lu, Bing; Lucchesi, Leonardo; Luo, Tao; Luo, Laidan; Ma, Jia; Ma, Xiang; Macera, Daniele; Malcovati, Piero; Manfreda, Alberto; Maria Paredes, Josep; Marinucci, Andrea; Martindale, Adrian; Meidinger, Norbert; Mele, Filippo; Mendes, Vasco; Meng, Bin; Merkl, Martin; Meuris, Aline; Miniutti, Giovanni; Minuti, Massimo; Morbidini, Alfredo; Morgante, Gianluca; Muleri, Fabio; Munini, Riccardo; Mussolin, Lorenzo; Negri, Barbara; Nie, Jianyin; Novak, Petr; Nowosielski, Witold; Nuti, Alessio; Onat, Ahmet; Orleanski, Piotr; Orsini, Leonardo; Ottensamer, Roland; Ou, Ge; Pacciani, Luigi; Paltani, Stephane; Pan, Teng; Pan, Kai; Pareschi, Giovanni; Patruno, Alessandro; Pepponi, Giancarlo; Perinati, Emanuele; Piazzolla, Raffaele; Picciotto, Antonino; Piemonte, Claudio; Pinchera, Michele; Pliego, Samuel; Poutanen, Juri; Qi, Liqiang; Qi, Fazhi; Qiang, Pengfei; Qiao, Fangjian; Qiao, Zheng; Qiu, Xiangbiao; Qiu, Chengbo; Qu, Jinlu; Rachevski, Alexandre; Rashevskaia, Irina; Rea, Nanda; Ribo, Marc; de la Rie, Rob; Rodriguez, Jerome; Rodriguez Gil, Pablo; Sala, Gloria; Schanz, Thomas; Serafinelli, Roberto; Sgro, Carmelo; Shen, Zhengxiang; Sheng, Lizhi; Shi, Jingyan; Sironi, Giorgia; Skup, Konrad; Song, Liming; Song, Zeyu; Song, Jiangbo; Spandre, Gloria; Spiga, Daniele; Su, Yongquan; Sun, Liang; Sungur, Muberra; Sveda, Libor; Tagliaferri, Gianpiero; Tan, Ying; Tao, Lian; Tcherniak, Denis; Tenzer, Chris; Todaro, Michela; Tolos, Laura; Torok, Gabriel; Torres, Diego F.; Trois, Alessio; Turhan, Onur; Uttley, Phil; Vacchi, Andrea; Virgilli, Enrico; Vogel, Channah; Walton, Dave; Wang, Jian; Wang, Xianqi; Wang, Bo; Wang, Langping; Wang, Xiaofeng; Wang, Dianlong; Wang, Yusa; Wang, Juan; Wang, Hao; Wang, Ruijie; Wang, Ping; Wang, Lingjun; Wang, Wenshuai; Wang, Tian; Wang, Haoyu; Wang, Zhanshan; Watts, Anna L.; Wen, Xiangyang; Wilms, Joern; Winter, Berend; Wu, Xin; Wu, Chao; Wu, Zhenyu; Wu, Qiong; Wu, Kaiji; Xiong, Hao; Xiong, Shaolin; Xu, Wei; Xu, Zhao; Xu, Jingjing; Xu, Xiongwei; Xue, Jiadai; Yan, Yongqing; Yan, Xingtao; Yang, Xianghui; Yang, Yanji; Yang, Xiongtao; Yang, Sheng; Yang, Jiawei; Yang, Yingquan; Yi, Shuxu; Yu, Yonggao; Yu, Ke; Zampa, Ganluigi; Zampa, Nicola; Zane, Silvia; Zdziarski, Andrzej A.; Zhang, Long; Zhang, Shu; Zhang, Wenda; Zhang, Xiaoli; Zhang, Zhen; Zhang, Jiawei; Zhang, Fan; Zhang, Ziliang; Zhang, Dali; Zhang, Honglin; Zhang, Aimei; Zhang, Tong; Zhang, Hongmei; Zhang, Juan; Zhang, Liang; Zhang, Yueting; Zhao, Li; Zhao, Baosheng; Zhao, Zijian; Zhao, Xiaofan; Zhao, Haisheng; Zhao, Xiaoyun; Zheng, Shijie; Zhou, Yupeng; Zhou, Xiaohong; Zhu, Jiahuan; Zhu, Yuxuan; Zhu, Cheng; Zhu, Zhencai; Zorzi, Nicola; Zwart, Frans, The enhanced X-ray Timing and Polarimetry mission (eXTP) is a flagship observatory for X-ray timing, spectroscopy and polarimetry developed by an International Consortium. Thanks to its very large collecting area, good spectral resolution and unprecedented polarimetry capabilities, eXTP will explore the properties of matter and the propagation of light in the most extreme conditions found in the Universe. eXTP will, in addition, be a powerful X-ray observatory. The mission will continuously monitor the X-ray sky, and will enable multiwavelength and multi-messenger studies. The mission is currently in phase B, which will be completed in the middle of 2022. © 2022 SPIE. All rights reserved., The Chinese team acknowledges support by the Chinese Academy of Sciences through the Strategic Priority Research Program, Grant No. XDA15020100. The Italian authors acknowledge funding support by the Italian Space Agency (under agreement n. 2020-3-HH.0 and ASI-INAF n.2017-14-H.O) and INFN (project XRO -X-ray Observatories). The Spanish authors acknowledge funding support from the MICIN/AEI grant PID2019-108709GB-I00. The German team acknowledges support from the Bundesministerium fur Wirtschaft und Technologie through the Deutsches Zentrum fur Luft-und Raumfahrt e.V. (DLR) under the grant number FKZ 50 OO 1902. The Polish team acknowledges FNP grant POIR.04.04.00-00-5C65/17. The Czech team acknowledges support from the GACR project 21-06825X. The Turkish team acknowledges support from the Turkish Space Agency., With funding from the Spanish government through the Severo Ochoa Centre of Excellence accreditation SEV-2017-0709

Published
2022
Full Text
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12. The enhanced X-ray Timing and Polarimetry mission – eXTP:an update on its scientific cases, mission profile and development status

Author

den Herder, Jan-Willem A., Nikzad, Shouleh, Nakazawa, Kazuhiro, Zhang, Shuang Nan, Santangelo, Andrea, Xu, Yupeng, Feroci, Marco, Hernanz, Margarita, Lu, Fangjun, Chen, Yong, Feng, Hua, Nandra, Kirpal, Jiang, Weichun, Svoboda, Jiri, Brandt, Søren, Schanne, Stéphane, Zand, Jean, Michalska, Malgorzata, Bozzo, Enrico, Kalemci, Emrah, Agudo, Ivan, Ahangarianabhari, Mahdi, Aitink-Kroes, Gabby, Ambrosi, Giovanni, Ambrosino, Filippo, An, Zhenghua, Perez Torres, Miguel Angel, Antonelli, Matias, Argan, Andrea, Babinec, Viktor, Baldini, Luca, Barbera, Marco, van Baren, Coen, Baudin, David, Bayer, Jörg, Bellazzini, Ronaldo, Bellutti, Pierluigi, Bertucci, Bruna, Bertuccio, Giuseppe, Bi, Xingzi, Boezio, Mirko, Bonvicini, Valter, Bonvicini, Walter, Bordas, Pol, Borghese, Alice, Borghi, Giacomo, Bouyjou, Florent, Bozkurt, Ayhan, Brez, Alessandro, Brienza, Daniele, Cadoux, Franck, Campana, Riccardo, Cao, Jiewei, Cao, Xuelei, Casares, Jorge, Cavazzuti, Elisabetta, Ceraudo, Francesco, Chen, Tianxiang, Chen, Wen, Chen, Can, Chen, Yupeng, Chen, Xin, Chen, Yehai, Chenevez, Jerome, Cheng, Yaodong, Cirrincione, Daniela, Civitani, Marta, Cong, Min, Zelati, Francesco Coti, Cui, Weiwei, Cui, Tao, Cui, Wei, Dai, Boyu, Dauser, Thomas, De Angelis, Nicolas, De Marco, Barbara, De Rosa, Alessandra, Monte, Ettore Del, Cosimo, Sergio Di, Diebold, Sebastian, Dilillo, Giuseppe, Ding, Fei, Dohnal, Roman, Dong, Zefang, Donnarumma, Immacolata, Dovciak, Michal, Du, Yuanyuan, Ducci, Lorenzo, Evangelista, Yuri, Fan, Qingmei, Favre, Yannick, Ferrés, Patrícia, Fiandrini, Emanuele, Ficorella, Francesco, Fuschino, Fabio, Gálvez, José Luis, Gao, Na, Gao, Min, Ge, Yuqiang, Ge, Mingyu, Gevin, Olivier, Grassi, Marco, Gu, Yudong, Gu, Quanying, Guan, Ju, Guedel, Manuel, Han, Xingbo, Han, Dawei, He, Huilin, He, Junwang, Hedderman, Paul, den Herder, Jan Willem, Hong, Bin, Hormaetxe, Ander, Hou, Dongjie, Hu, Zexun, Hu, Hao, Hu, Qingbao, Hu, Yu, Huang, Yue, Huang, Jiangjiang, Huang, Qiushi, Huo, Jia, Hynek, Richard, Iwasawa, Kazumi, Izzo, Lucca, Ji, Long, Jia, Shumei, Jiang, Bowen, Jiang, Wei, Jiang, Jiechen, Jiang, Xiaowei, Jiao, Yang, Jin, Ge, Jin, Fan, Jose, Jordi, Karas, Vladimir, Kennedy, Thomas, Kirsch, Christian, Kole, Merlin, Komarek, Martin, Kreykenbohm, Ingo, Kuiper, Lucien, Kuvvetli, Irfan, Labanti, Claudio, Latronico, Luca, Laubert, Phillip, Li, Tao, Li, Longhui, Li, Hong, Li, Duo, Li, Wei, Li, Maoshun, Li, Gang, Li, Xiaobo, Li, Chengkui, Li, Bing, Li, Haibo, Liang, Hong, Liao, Qiuyan, Liao, Jinyuan, Limousin, Olivier, Lin, Yanjian, Linares, Manuel, Liu, Rui, Liu, Yichen, Liu, Zhihao, Liu, Hongwei, Liu, Xiaojing, Liu, Xiaohua, Cicero, Ugo Lo, Loehring, Jens, Lombardi, Giovanni, Lorenz, Maximilian, Lu, Bing, Lucchesi, Leonardo, Luo, Tao, Luo, Laidan, Ma, Jia, Ma, Xiang, Macera, Daniele, Malcovati, Piero, Manfreda, Alberto, Paredes, Josep Maria, Marinucci, Andrea, Martindale, Adrian, Meidinger, Norbert, Mele, Filippo, Mendes, Vasco, Meng, Bin, Merkl, Martin, Meuris, Aline, Miniutti, Giovanni, Minuti, Massimo, Morbidini, Alfredo, Morgante, Gianluca, Muleri, Fabio, Munini, Riccardo, Mussolin, Lorenzo, Negri, Barbara, Nie, Jianyin, Novák, Petr, Nowosielski, Witold, Nuti, Alessio, Onat, Ahmet, Orleanski, Piotr, Orsini, Leonardo, Ottensamer, Roland, Ou, Ge, Pacciani, Luigi, Paltani, Stephane, Pan, Teng, Pan, Kai, Pareschi, Giovanni, Patruno, Alessandro, Pepponi, Giancarlo, Perinati, Emanuele, Piazzolla, Raffaele, Picciotto, Antonino, Piemonte, Claudio, Pinchera, Michele, Pliego, Samuel, Poutanen, Juri, Qi, Liqiang, Qi, Fazhi, Qiang, Pengfei, Qiao, Fangjian, Qiao, Zheng, Qiu, Xiangbiao, Qiu, Chengbo, Qu, Jinlu, Rachevski, Alexandre, Rashevskaia, Irina, Rea, Nanda, Ribo, Marc, de la Rie, Rob, Rodriguez, Jerome, Gil, Pablo Rodríguez, Sala, Gloria, Schanz, Thomas, Serafinelli, Roberto, Sgro, Carmelo, Shen, Zhengxiang, Sheng, Lizhi, Shi, Jingyan, Sironi, Giorgia, Skup, Konrad, Song, Liming, Song, Zeyu, Song, Jiangbo, Spandre, Gloria, Spiga, Daniele, Su, Yongquan, Sun, Liang, Sungur, Müberra, Svéda, Libor, Tagliaferri, Gianpiero, Tan, Ying, Tao, Lian, Tcherniak, Denis, Tenzer, Chris, Todaro, Michela, Tolos, Laura, Torok, Gabriel, Torres, Diego F., Trois, Alessio, Turhan, Onur, Uttley, Phil, Vacchi, Andrea, Virgilli, Enrico, Vogel, Channah, Walton, Dave, Wang, Jian, Wang, Xianqi, Wang, Bo, Wang, Langping, Wang, Xiaofeng, Wang, Dianlong, Wang, Yusa, Wang, Juan, Wang, Hao, Wang, Ruijie, Wang, Ping, Wang, Lingjun, Wang, Wenshuai, Wang, Tian, Wang, Haoyu, Wang, Zhanshan, Watts, Anna L., Wen, Xiangyang, Wilms, Jörn, Winter, Berend, Wu, Xin, Wu, Chao, Wu, Zhenyu, Wu, Qiong, Wu, Kaiji, Xiong, Hao, Xiong, Shaolin, Xu, Wei, Xu, Zhao, Xu, Jingjing, Xu, Xiongwei, Xue, Jiadai, Yan, Yongqing, Yan, Xingtao, Yang, Xianghui, Yang, Yanji, Yang, Xiongtao, Yang, Sheng, Yang, Jiawei, Yang, Yingquan, Yi, Shuxu, Yu, Yonggao, Yu, Ke, Zampa, Ganluigi, Zampa, Nicola, Zane, Silvia, Zdziarski, Andrzej A., Zhang, Long, Zhang, Shu, Zhang, Wenda, Zhang, Xiaoli, Zhang, Zhen, Zhang, Jiawei, Zhang, Fan, Zhang, Ziliang, Zhang, Dali, Zhang, Honglin, Zhang, Aimei, Zhang, Tong, Zhang, Hongmei, Zhang, Juan, Zhang, Liang, Zhang, Yueting, Zhao, Li, Zhao, Baosheng, Zhao, Zijian, Zhao, Xiaofan, Zhao, Haisheng, Zhao, Xiaoyun, Zheng, Shijie, Zhou, Yupeng, Zhou, Xiaohong, Zhu, Jiahuan, Zhu, Yuxuan, Zhu, Cheng, Zhu, Zhencai, Zorzi, Nicola, Zwart, Frans, den Herder, Jan-Willem A., Nikzad, Shouleh, Nakazawa, Kazuhiro, Zhang, Shuang Nan, Santangelo, Andrea, Xu, Yupeng, Feroci, Marco, Hernanz, Margarita, Lu, Fangjun, Chen, Yong, Feng, Hua, Nandra, Kirpal, Jiang, Weichun, Svoboda, Jiri, Brandt, Søren, Schanne, Stéphane, Zand, Jean, Michalska, Malgorzata, Bozzo, Enrico, Kalemci, Emrah, Agudo, Ivan, Ahangarianabhari, Mahdi, Aitink-Kroes, Gabby, Ambrosi, Giovanni, Ambrosino, Filippo, An, Zhenghua, Perez Torres, Miguel Angel, Antonelli, Matias, Argan, Andrea, Babinec, Viktor, Baldini, Luca, Barbera, Marco, van Baren, Coen, Baudin, David, Bayer, Jörg, Bellazzini, Ronaldo, Bellutti, Pierluigi, Bertucci, Bruna, Bertuccio, Giuseppe, Bi, Xingzi, Boezio, Mirko, Bonvicini, Valter, Bonvicini, Walter, Bordas, Pol, Borghese, Alice, Borghi, Giacomo, Bouyjou, Florent, Bozkurt, Ayhan, Brez, Alessandro, Brienza, Daniele, Cadoux, Franck, Campana, Riccardo, Cao, Jiewei, Cao, Xuelei, Casares, Jorge, Cavazzuti, Elisabetta, Ceraudo, Francesco, Chen, Tianxiang, Chen, Wen, Chen, Can, Chen, Yupeng, Chen, Xin, Chen, Yehai, Chenevez, Jerome, Cheng, Yaodong, Cirrincione, Daniela, Civitani, Marta, Cong, Min, Zelati, Francesco Coti, Cui, Weiwei, Cui, Tao, Cui, Wei, Dai, Boyu, Dauser, Thomas, De Angelis, Nicolas, De Marco, Barbara, De Rosa, Alessandra, Monte, Ettore Del, Cosimo, Sergio Di, Diebold, Sebastian, Dilillo, Giuseppe, Ding, Fei, Dohnal, Roman, Dong, Zefang, Donnarumma, Immacolata, Dovciak, Michal, Du, Yuanyuan, Ducci, Lorenzo, Evangelista, Yuri, Fan, Qingmei, Favre, Yannick, Ferrés, Patrícia, Fiandrini, Emanuele, Ficorella, Francesco, Fuschino, Fabio, Gálvez, José Luis, Gao, Na, Gao, Min, Ge, Yuqiang, Ge, Mingyu, Gevin, Olivier, Grassi, Marco, Gu, Yudong, Gu, Quanying, Guan, Ju, Guedel, Manuel, Han, Xingbo, Han, Dawei, He, Huilin, He, Junwang, Hedderman, Paul, den Herder, Jan Willem, Hong, Bin, Hormaetxe, Ander, Hou, Dongjie, Hu, Zexun, Hu, Hao, Hu, Qingbao, Hu, Yu, Huang, Yue, Huang, Jiangjiang, Huang, Qiushi, Huo, Jia, Hynek, Richard, Iwasawa, Kazumi, Izzo, Lucca, Ji, Long, Jia, Shumei, Jiang, Bowen, Jiang, Wei, Jiang, Jiechen, Jiang, Xiaowei, Jiao, Yang, Jin, Ge, Jin, Fan, Jose, Jordi, Karas, Vladimir, Kennedy, Thomas, Kirsch, Christian, Kole, Merlin, Komarek, Martin, Kreykenbohm, Ingo, Kuiper, Lucien, Kuvvetli, Irfan, Labanti, Claudio, Latronico, Luca, Laubert, Phillip, Li, Tao, Li, Longhui, Li, Hong, Li, Duo, Li, Wei, Li, Maoshun, Li, Gang, Li, Xiaobo, Li, Chengkui, Li, Bing, Li, Haibo, Liang, Hong, Liao, Qiuyan, Liao, Jinyuan, Limousin, Olivier, Lin, Yanjian, Linares, Manuel, Liu, Rui, Liu, Yichen, Liu, Zhihao, Liu, Hongwei, Liu, Xiaojing, Liu, Xiaohua, Cicero, Ugo Lo, Loehring, Jens, Lombardi, Giovanni, Lorenz, Maximilian, Lu, Bing, Lucchesi, Leonardo, Luo, Tao, Luo, Laidan, Ma, Jia, Ma, Xiang, Macera, Daniele, Malcovati, Piero, Manfreda, Alberto, Paredes, Josep Maria, Marinucci, Andrea, Martindale, Adrian, Meidinger, Norbert, Mele, Filippo, Mendes, Vasco, Meng, Bin, Merkl, Martin, Meuris, Aline, Miniutti, Giovanni, Minuti, Massimo, Morbidini, Alfredo, Morgante, Gianluca, Muleri, Fabio, Munini, Riccardo, Mussolin, Lorenzo, Negri, Barbara, Nie, Jianyin, Novák, Petr, Nowosielski, Witold, Nuti, Alessio, Onat, Ahmet, Orleanski, Piotr, Orsini, Leonardo, Ottensamer, Roland, Ou, Ge, Pacciani, Luigi, Paltani, Stephane, Pan, Teng, Pan, Kai, Pareschi, Giovanni, Patruno, Alessandro, Pepponi, Giancarlo, Perinati, Emanuele, Piazzolla, Raffaele, Picciotto, Antonino, Piemonte, Claudio, Pinchera, Michele, Pliego, Samuel, Poutanen, Juri, Qi, Liqiang, Qi, Fazhi, Qiang, Pengfei, Qiao, Fangjian, Qiao, Zheng, Qiu, Xiangbiao, Qiu, Chengbo, Qu, Jinlu, Rachevski, Alexandre, Rashevskaia, Irina, Rea, Nanda, Ribo, Marc, de la Rie, Rob, Rodriguez, Jerome, Gil, Pablo Rodríguez, Sala, Gloria, Schanz, Thomas, Serafinelli, Roberto, Sgro, Carmelo, Shen, Zhengxiang, Sheng, Lizhi, Shi, Jingyan, Sironi, Giorgia, Skup, Konrad, Song, Liming, Song, Zeyu, Song, Jiangbo, Spandre, Gloria, Spiga, Daniele, Su, Yongquan, Sun, Liang, Sungur, Müberra, Svéda, Libor, Tagliaferri, Gianpiero, Tan, Ying, Tao, Lian, Tcherniak, Denis, Tenzer, Chris, Todaro, Michela, Tolos, Laura, Torok, Gabriel, Torres, Diego F., Trois, Alessio, Turhan, Onur, Uttley, Phil, Vacchi, Andrea, Virgilli, Enrico, Vogel, Channah, Walton, Dave, Wang, Jian, Wang, Xianqi, Wang, Bo, Wang, Langping, Wang, Xiaofeng, Wang, Dianlong, Wang, Yusa, Wang, Juan, Wang, Hao, Wang, Ruijie, Wang, Ping, Wang, Lingjun, Wang, Wenshuai, Wang, Tian, Wang, Haoyu, Wang, Zhanshan, Watts, Anna L., Wen, Xiangyang, Wilms, Jörn, Winter, Berend, Wu, Xin, Wu, Chao, Wu, Zhenyu, Wu, Qiong, Wu, Kaiji, Xiong, Hao, Xiong, Shaolin, Xu, Wei, Xu, Zhao, Xu, Jingjing, Xu, Xiongwei, Xue, Jiadai, Yan, Yongqing, Yan, Xingtao, Yang, Xianghui, Yang, Yanji, Yang, Xiongtao, Yang, Sheng, Yang, Jiawei, Yang, Yingquan, Yi, Shuxu, Yu, Yonggao, Yu, Ke, Zampa, Ganluigi, Zampa, Nicola, Zane, Silvia, Zdziarski, Andrzej A., Zhang, Long, Zhang, Shu, Zhang, Wenda, Zhang, Xiaoli, Zhang, Zhen, Zhang, Jiawei, Zhang, Fan, Zhang, Ziliang, Zhang, Dali, Zhang, Honglin, Zhang, Aimei, Zhang, Tong, Zhang, Hongmei, Zhang, Juan, Zhang, Liang, Zhang, Yueting, Zhao, Li, Zhao, Baosheng, Zhao, Zijian, Zhao, Xiaofan, Zhao, Haisheng, Zhao, Xiaoyun, Zheng, Shijie, Zhou, Yupeng, Zhou, Xiaohong, Zhu, Jiahuan, Zhu, Yuxuan, Zhu, Cheng, Zhu, Zhencai, Zorzi, Nicola, and Zwart, Frans

Abstract

The enhanced X-ray Timing and Polarimetry mission (eXTP) is a flagship observatory for X-ray timing, spectroscopy and polarimetry developed by an International Consortium. Thanks to its very large collecting area, good spectral resolution and unprecedented polarimetry capabilities, eXTP will explore the properties of matter and the propagation of light in the most extreme conditions found in the Universe. eXTP will, in addition, be a powerful X-ray observatory. The mission will continuously monitor the X-ray sky, and will enable multiwavelength and multi-messenger studies. The mission is currently in phase B, which will be completed in the middle of 2022.

Published
2022

13. The X/Gamma-ray Imaging Spectrometer (XGIS) for THESEUS and other mission opportunities

Author

den Herder, Jan-Willem A., Nikzad, Shouleh, Nakazawa, Kazuhiro, Amati, Lorenzo, Labanti, Claudio, Mereghetti, Sandro, Frontera, Filippo, Campana, Riccardo, Auricchio, Natalia, Baldazzi, Giuseppe, Bellutti, Pierluigi, Bertuccio, Giuseppe, Branchesi, Marica, Butler, Reginald C., Caballero-Garcia, Maria D., Camisasca, Anna E., Castro-Tirado, Alberto J., Cavazzini, Leo, Ciolfi, Riccardo, De Rosa, Adriano, Evangelisti, Federico, Farinelli, Ruben, Ferro, Lisa, Ficorella, Francesco, Fiorini, Mauro, Fuschino, Fabio, Gasent-Blesa, José L., Ghirlanda, Giancarlo, Grassi, Marco, Guidorzi, Cristiano, Hedderman, Paul, Kuvvetli, Irfan, Rosa, Giovanni La, Lorenzi, Paolo, Malcovati, Piero, Marchesini, Ezequiel, Marisaldi, Martino, Melchiorri, Michele, Mele, Filippo, Michalska, Malgorzata, Orlandini, Mauro, Orleanski, Piotr, Pedersen, Søren Møller, Piazzolla, Raffaele, Rachevski, Alexandre, Rashevskaya, Irina, Rosati, Piero, Reglero, Victor, Ronchini, Samuele, Santangelo, Andrea, Salvaterra, Ruben, Sarra, Paolo, Sortino, Francesca, Sottile, Giuseppe, Stratta, Giulia, Squerzanti, Stefano, Stephen, John B., Tenzer, Chris, Terenzi, Luca, Trois, Alessio, Vacchi, Andrea, Virgilli, Enrico, Volpe, Angela, Winkler, Marek, Zampa, Gianluigi, Zampa, Nicola, Zdziarski, Andrzej, den Herder, Jan-Willem A., Nikzad, Shouleh, Nakazawa, Kazuhiro, Amati, Lorenzo, Labanti, Claudio, Mereghetti, Sandro, Frontera, Filippo, Campana, Riccardo, Auricchio, Natalia, Baldazzi, Giuseppe, Bellutti, Pierluigi, Bertuccio, Giuseppe, Branchesi, Marica, Butler, Reginald C., Caballero-Garcia, Maria D., Camisasca, Anna E., Castro-Tirado, Alberto J., Cavazzini, Leo, Ciolfi, Riccardo, De Rosa, Adriano, Evangelisti, Federico, Farinelli, Ruben, Ferro, Lisa, Ficorella, Francesco, Fiorini, Mauro, Fuschino, Fabio, Gasent-Blesa, José L., Ghirlanda, Giancarlo, Grassi, Marco, Guidorzi, Cristiano, Hedderman, Paul, Kuvvetli, Irfan, Rosa, Giovanni La, Lorenzi, Paolo, Malcovati, Piero, Marchesini, Ezequiel, Marisaldi, Martino, Melchiorri, Michele, Mele, Filippo, Michalska, Malgorzata, Orlandini, Mauro, Orleanski, Piotr, Pedersen, Søren Møller, Piazzolla, Raffaele, Rachevski, Alexandre, Rashevskaya, Irina, Rosati, Piero, Reglero, Victor, Ronchini, Samuele, Santangelo, Andrea, Salvaterra, Ruben, Sarra, Paolo, Sortino, Francesca, Sottile, Giuseppe, Stratta, Giulia, Squerzanti, Stefano, Stephen, John B., Tenzer, Chris, Terenzi, Luca, Trois, Alessio, Vacchi, Andrea, Virgilli, Enrico, Volpe, Angela, Winkler, Marek, Zampa, Gianluigi, Zampa, Nicola, and Zdziarski, Andrzej

Abstract

We describe the science case, design and expected performances of the X/Gamma-ray Imaging Spectrometer (XGIS), a GRB and transients monitor developed and studied for the THESEUS mission project, capable of covering an exceptionally wide energy band (2 keV – 10 MeV), with imaging capabilities and location accuracy <15 arcmin up to 150 keV over a Field of View of 2sr, a few hundreds eV energy resolution in the X-ray band (<30 keV) and few micro seconds time resolution over the whole energy band. Thanks to a design based on a modular approach, the XGIS can be easily re-scaled and adapted for fitting the available resources and specific scientific objectives of future high-energy astrophysics missions, and especially those aimed at fully exploiting GRBs and high-energy transients for multi-messenger astrophysics and fundamental physics.

Published
2022

14. The Instrument Control Unit processing hardware and software of the Wide Field Monitor on eXTP

Author

den Herder, Jan-Willem A., Nikzad, Shouleh, Nakazawa, Kazuhiro, Kalemci, Emrah, Turhan, Onur, Kuvvetli, Irfan, Schanne, Stéphane, Hernanz, Margarita, Orlean´ski, Piotr, Tenzer, Christopher, Sungur, Müberra, Onat, Ahmet, Bozkurt, Ayhan, Baltacı, M. Akif, Gálvez, Jose L., Brandt, Søren, Skup, Konrad, Tcherniak, Denis, Michalska, Malgosia, den Herder, Jan-Willem A., Nikzad, Shouleh, Nakazawa, Kazuhiro, Kalemci, Emrah, Turhan, Onur, Kuvvetli, Irfan, Schanne, Stéphane, Hernanz, Margarita, Orlean´ski, Piotr, Tenzer, Christopher, Sungur, Müberra, Onat, Ahmet, Bozkurt, Ayhan, Baltacı, M. Akif, Gálvez, Jose L., Brandt, Søren, Skup, Konrad, Tcherniak, Denis, and Michalska, Malgosia

Abstract

The eXTP (enhanced X-ray Timing and Polarimetry) mission is a joint large mission of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) and European partners designed to study the state of matter under extreme conditions of density, gravity and magnetism. One of the four major instruments on eXTP is the Wide Field Monitor (WFM) which consist of 3 pairs of coded mask cameras with a total combined Field of View (FoV) of 90×180 degrees at zero response. With its enormous FoV, a source localization accuracy of 1 arcmin and an energy range of 2-50 keV the primary objective of the WFM is to provide triggers for the pointing instruments on the eXTP with less than one day reaction time. Its large area and resolution will be enough to detect state changes in compact objects as well. The WFM instrument is controlled by the Data Handling Unit located inside the Instrument Control Unit. The challenging requirement of broadcasting time and end-position of the triggering event to end-users in 30s necessitates special on-board data processing software (the eXTP burst online trigger, or XBOT), a hardware that can perform such processing and associated control software that would feed the raw data from the cameras into the XBOT and relaying alerts to the on-board data handling unit on the spacecraft side. Moreover, the WFM software performs several tasks related to the science data preparation, telecommand and telemetry management, and control of the cameras utilizing four LEON4 processing cores of E698 PM SoC from OCE Technology. This presentation discusses the details of the processing hardware and the interaction between different software components of the WFM on eXTP.

Published
2022

15. The Wide Field Monitor onboard the Chinese-European X-ray mission eXTP

Author

den Herder, Jan-Willem A., Nikzad, Shouleh, Nakazawa, Kazuhiro, Hernanz, Margarita, Brandt, Søren, Zand, Jeanint, Evangelista, Yuri, Meuris, Aline, Tenzer, Chris, Zampa, Gianluigi, Orleanski, Piotr, Kalemci, Emrah, Sungur, Müberra, Schanne, Stéphane, Zwart, Frans, de la Rie, Rob, Laubert, Phillip, van Baren, Coen, Aitink-Kroes, Gabby, Kuiper, Lucien, Bayer, Jörg, Hedderman, Paul, Pliego, Samuel, Xiong, Hao, Campana, Riccardo, del Monte, Ettore, Feroci, Marco, Ceraudo, Francesco, Gevin, Olivier, Kuvvetli, Irfan, Tcherniak, Denis, Skup, Konrad, Michalska, Malgorzata, Nowosielski, Witold, Hormaetxe, Ander, Gálvez, José Luis, Ferrés, Patrícia, Patruno, Alessandro, Bonvicini, Walter, Antonelli, Matias, Boezio, Mirko, Cirrincione, Daniela, Munini, Riccardo, Rachevski, Alexandre, Vacchi, Andrea, Zampa, Nicola, Rashevskaya, Irina, Argan, Andrea, Turhan, Onur, Bozkurt, Ayhan, Onat, Ahmet, Bozzo, Enrico, Santangelo, Andrea, Zhang, Shuang Nan, Lu, Fangjun, Xu, Yupeng, den Herder, Jan-Willem A., Nikzad, Shouleh, Nakazawa, Kazuhiro, Hernanz, Margarita, Brandt, Søren, Zand, Jeanint, Evangelista, Yuri, Meuris, Aline, Tenzer, Chris, Zampa, Gianluigi, Orleanski, Piotr, Kalemci, Emrah, Sungur, Müberra, Schanne, Stéphane, Zwart, Frans, de la Rie, Rob, Laubert, Phillip, van Baren, Coen, Aitink-Kroes, Gabby, Kuiper, Lucien, Bayer, Jörg, Hedderman, Paul, Pliego, Samuel, Xiong, Hao, Campana, Riccardo, del Monte, Ettore, Feroci, Marco, Ceraudo, Francesco, Gevin, Olivier, Kuvvetli, Irfan, Tcherniak, Denis, Skup, Konrad, Michalska, Malgorzata, Nowosielski, Witold, Hormaetxe, Ander, Gálvez, José Luis, Ferrés, Patrícia, Patruno, Alessandro, Bonvicini, Walter, Antonelli, Matias, Boezio, Mirko, Cirrincione, Daniela, Munini, Riccardo, Rachevski, Alexandre, Vacchi, Andrea, Zampa, Nicola, Rashevskaya, Irina, Argan, Andrea, Turhan, Onur, Bozkurt, Ayhan, Onat, Ahmet, Bozzo, Enrico, Santangelo, Andrea, Zhang, Shuang Nan, Lu, Fangjun, and Xu, Yupeng

Abstract

The eXTP (enhanced X-ray Timing and Polarimetry) mission is a major project of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), with a large involvement of Europe. The scientific payload of eXTP includes four instruments: the SFA (Spectroscopy Focusing Array) and the PFA (Polarimetry Focusing Array) - led by China - the LAD (Large Area Detector) and the WFM (Wide Field Monitor) - led by Europe (Italy and Spain). They offer a unique simultaneous wide-band X-ray timing and polarimetry sensitivity. The WFM is a wide field X-ray monitor instrument in the 2-50 keV energy range, consisting of an array of six coded mask cameras with a field of view of 180ºx90ºat an angular resolution of 5 arcmin and 4 silicon drift detectors in each camera. Its unprecedented combination of large field of view and imaging down to 2 keV will allow eXTP to make important discoveries of the variable and transient X-ray sky and is essential in detecting transient black holes, that are part of the primary science goals of eXTP, so that they can be promptly followed up with other instruments on eXTP and elsewhere.

Published
2022

16. Gamma-ray astrophysics in the MeV range:The ASTROGAM concept and beyond

Author

De Angelis, Alessandro, Tatischeff, Vincent, Argan, Andrea, Brandt, Søren, Bulgarelli, Andrea, Bykov, Andrei, Costantini, Elisa, Silva, Rui Curado da, Grenier, Isabelle A., Hanlon, Lorraine, Hartmann, Dieter, Hernanz, Margarida, Kanbach, Gottfried, Kuvvetli, Irfan, Laurent, Philippe, Mazziotta, Mario N., McEnery, Julie, Morselli, Aldo, Nakazawa, Kazuhiro, Oberlack, Uwe, Pearce, Mark, Rico, Javier, Tavani, Marco, Ballmoos, Peter von, Walter, Roland, Wu, Xin, Zane, Silvia, Zdziarski, Andrzej, Zoglauer, Andreas, De Angelis, Alessandro, Tatischeff, Vincent, Argan, Andrea, Brandt, Søren, Bulgarelli, Andrea, Bykov, Andrei, Costantini, Elisa, Silva, Rui Curado da, Grenier, Isabelle A., Hanlon, Lorraine, Hartmann, Dieter, Hernanz, Margarida, Kanbach, Gottfried, Kuvvetli, Irfan, Laurent, Philippe, Mazziotta, Mario N., McEnery, Julie, Morselli, Aldo, Nakazawa, Kazuhiro, Oberlack, Uwe, Pearce, Mark, Rico, Javier, Tavani, Marco, Ballmoos, Peter von, Walter, Roland, Wu, Xin, Zane, Silvia, Zdziarski, Andrzej, and Zoglauer, Andreas

Abstract

The energy range between about 100 keV and 1 GeV is of interest for a vast class of astrophysical topics. In particular, (1) it is the missing ingredient for understanding extreme processes in the multi-messenger era; (2) it allows localizing cosmic-ray interactions with background material and radiation in the Universe, and spotting the reprocessing of these particles; (3) last but not least, gamma-ray emission lines trace the formation of elements in the Galaxy and beyond. In addition, studying the still largely unexplored MeV domain of astronomy would provide for a rich observatory science, including the study of compact objects, solar- and Earth-science, as well as fundamental physics. The technological development of silicon microstrip detectors makes it possible now to detect MeV photons in space with high efficiency and low background. During the last decade, a concept of detector (“ASTROGAM”) has been proposed to fulfil these goals, based on a silicon hodoscope, a 3D position-sensitive calorimeter, and an anticoincidence detector. In this paper we stress the importance of a medium size (M-class) space mission, dubbed “ASTROMEV”, to fulfil these objectives.

Published
2021

17. Catching Element Formation In The Act.:The Case for a New MeV Gamma-Ray Mission: Radionuclide Astronomy in the 2020s. A White Paper for the 2020 Decadal Survey

Author

Fryer, Chris L., Timmes, Frank, Hungerford, Aimee L., Couture, Aaron, Adams, Fred, Aoki, Wako, Arcones, Almudena, Arnett, David, Auchettl, Katie, Avila, Melina, Badenes, Carles, Baron, Eddie, Bauswein, Andreas, Beacom, John, Blackmon, Jeff, Blondin, Stephane, Bloser, Peter, Boggs, Steve, Boss, Alan, Brandt, Terri, Bravo, Eduardo, Brown, Ed, Brown, Peter, Budtz-Jorgensen, Steve Bruenn. Carl, Burns, Eric, Calder, Alan, Caputo, Regina, Champagne, Art, Chevalier, Roger, Chieffi, Alessandro, Chipps, Kelly, Cinabro, David, Clarkson, Ondrea, Clayton, Don, Coc, Alain, Connolly, Devin, Conroy, Charlie, Cote, Benoit, Couch, Sean, Dauphas, Nicolas, deBoer, Richard James, Deibel, Catherine, Denisenkov, Pavel, Desch, Steve, Dessart, Luc, Diehl, Roland, Doherty, Carolyn, Dominguez, Inma, Dong, Subo, Dwarkadas, Vikram, Fan, Doreen, Fields, Brian, Fields, Carl, Filippenko, Alex, Fisher, Robert, Foucart, Francois, Fransson, Claes, Frohlich, Carla, Fuller, George, Gibson, Brad, Giryanskaya, Viktoriya, Gorres, Joachim, Goriely, Stephane, Grebenev, Sergei, Grefenstette, Brian, Grohs, Evan, Guillochon, James, Harpole, Alice, Harris, Chelsea, Harris, J. Austin, Harrison, Fiona, Hartmann, Dieter, Hashimoto, Masa-aki, Heger, Alexander, Hernanz, Margarita, Herwig, Falk, Hirschi, Raphael, Hix, Raphael William, Hoflich, Peter, Hoffman, Robert, Holcomb, Cole, Hsiao, Eric, Iliadis, Christian, Janiuk, Agnieszka, Janka, Thomas, Jerkstrand, Anders, Johns, Lucas, Jones, Samuel, Jose, Jordi, Kajino, Toshitaka, Karakas, Amanda, Karpov, Platon, Kasen, Dan, Kierans, Carolyn, Kippen, Marc, Korobkin, Oleg, Kobayashi, Chiaki, Kozma, Cecilia, Krot, Saha, Kumar, Pawan, Kuvvetli, Irfan, Laird, Alison, Laming, Martin, Larsson, Josefin, Lattanzio, John, Lattimer, James, Leising, Mark, Lennarz, Annika, Lentz, Eric, Limongi, Marco, Lippuner, Jonas, Livne, Eli, Lloyd-Ronning, Nicole, Longland, Richard, Lopez, Laura A., Lugaro, Maria, Lutovinov, Alexander, Madsen, Kristin, Malone, Chris, Matteucci, Francesca, McEnery, Julie, Meisel, Zach, Messer, Bronson, Metzger, Brian, Meyer, Bradley, Meynet, Georges, Mezzacappa, Anthony, Miller, Jonah, Miller, Richard, Milne, Peter, Misch, Wendell, Mitchell, Lee, Mosta, Philipp, Motizuki, Yuko, Muller, Bernhard, Mumpower, Matthew, Murphy, Jeremiah, Nagataki, Shigehiro, Nakar, Ehud, Nomoto, Ken'ichi, Nugent, Peter, Nunes, Filomena, O'Shea, Brian, Oberlack, Uwe, Pain, Steven, Parker, Lucas, Perego, Albino, Pignatari, Marco, Pinedo, Gabriel Martinez, Plewa, Tomasz, Poznanski, Dovi, Priedhorsky, William, Pritychenko, Boris, Radice, David, Ramirez-Ruiz, Enrico, Rauscher, Thomas, Reddy, Sanjay, Rehm, Ernst, Reifarth, Rene, Richman, Debra, Ricker, Paul, Rijal, Nabin, Roberts, Luke, Ropke, Friedrich, Rosswog, Stephan, Ruiter, Ashley J., Ruiz, Chris, Savin, Daniel Wolf, Schatz, Hendrik, Schneider, Dieter, Schwab, Josiah, Seitenzahl, Ivo, Shen, Ken, Siegert, Thomas, Sim, Stuart, Smith, David, Smith, Karl, Smith, Michael, Sollerman, Jesper, Sprouse, Trevor, Spyrou, Artemis, Starrfield, Sumner, Steiner, Andrew, Strong, Andrew W., Sukhbold, Tuguldur, Suntzeff, Nick, Surman, Rebecca, Tanimori, Toru, The, Lih-Sin, Thielemann, Friedrich-Karl, Tolstov, Alexey, Tominaga, Nozomu, Tomsick, John, Townsley, Dean, Tsintari, Pelagia, Tsygankov, Sergey, Vartanyan, David, Venters, Tonia, Vestrand, Tom, Vink, Jacco, Waldman, Roni, Wang, Lifang, Wang, Xilu, Warren, MacKenzie, West, Christopher, Wheeler, J. Craig, Wiescher, Michael, Winkler, Christoph, Winter, Lisa, Wolf, Bill, Woolf, Richard, Woosley, Stan, Wu, Jin, Wrede, Chris, Yamada, Shoichi, Young, Patrick, Zegers, Remco, Zingale, Michael, and Zwart, Simon Portegies

Abstract

Gamma-ray astronomy explores the most energetic photons in nature to address some of the most pressing puzzles in contemporary astrophysics. The unique information provided by MeV gamma-ray astronomy to help address frontiers makes now a compelling time for the community to advocate for a new mission to be operational in the 2020s and beyond.

Published
2019
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18. The Modular X- and Gamma-Ray Sensor (MXGS) of the ASIM Payload on the International Space Station

Author

Østgaard, Nikolai, Balling, Jan E., Bjørnsen, Thomas, Brauer, Peter, Budtz-Jørgensen, Carl, Bujwan, Waldemar, Carlson, Brant, Christiansen, Freddy, Connell, Paul, Eyles, Chris, Fehlker, Dominik, Genov, Georgi, Grudziński, Pawel, Kochkin, Pavlo, Kohfeldt, Anja, Kuvvetli, Irfan, Thomsen, Per Lundahl, Pedersen, Søren Møller, Navarro-Gonzalez, Javier, Neubert, Torsten, Njøten, Kåre, Orleanski, Piotr, Qureshi, Bilal, Cenkeramaddi, Linga, Reglero, Victor, Reina, Manuel, Rodrigo, Juan, Rostad, Maja, Sabau, Maria, Kristensen, Steen Savstrup, Skogseide, Yngve, Solberg, Arne, Stadsnes, Johan, Ullaland, Kjetil, Yang, Shiming, Østgaard, Nikolai, Balling, Jan E., Bjørnsen, Thomas, Brauer, Peter, Budtz-Jørgensen, Carl, Bujwan, Waldemar, Carlson, Brant, Christiansen, Freddy, Connell, Paul, Eyles, Chris, Fehlker, Dominik, Genov, Georgi, Grudziński, Pawel, Kochkin, Pavlo, Kohfeldt, Anja, Kuvvetli, Irfan, Thomsen, Per Lundahl, Pedersen, Søren Møller, Navarro-Gonzalez, Javier, Neubert, Torsten, Njøten, Kåre, Orleanski, Piotr, Qureshi, Bilal, Cenkeramaddi, Linga, Reglero, Victor, Reina, Manuel, Rodrigo, Juan, Rostad, Maja, Sabau, Maria, Kristensen, Steen Savstrup, Skogseide, Yngve, Solberg, Arne, Stadsnes, Johan, Ullaland, Kjetil, and Yang, Shiming

Abstract

The Modular X- and Gamma-ray Sensor (MXGS) is an imaging and spectral X- and Gamma-ray instrument mounted on the starboard side of the Columbus module on the International Space Station. Together with the Modular Multi-Spectral Imaging Assembly (MMIA) (Chanrion et al. this issue) MXGS constitutes the instruments of the Atmosphere-Space Interactions Monitor (ASIM) (Neubert et al. this issue). The main objectives of MXGS are to image and measure the spectrum of X- and γ-rays from lightning discharges, known as Terrestrial Gamma-ray Flashes (TGFs), and for MMIA to image and perform high speed photometry of Transient Luminous Events (TLEs) and lightning discharges. With these two instruments specifically designed to explore the relation between electrical discharges, TLEs and TGFs, ASIM is the first mission of its kind. With an imaging system and a large detector area MXGS will, for the first time, allow estimation of the location of the source region and characterization of the energy spectrum of individual events. The sensors have fast readout electronics to minimize pileup effects, giving high time resolution of photon detection for comparison with measurements on μs-time scales of lightning processes measured by the MMIA and other sensors in space or on the ground. The detectors cover the large energy range of the relevant photon energies. In this paper we describe the scientific objectives, design, performance, imaging capabilities and operational modes of the MXGS instrument.

Published
2019

19. Semiconductor detector with segmented cathode

Author

Kuvvetli, Irfan, Budtz-Jørgensen, Carl, Kuvvetli, Irfan, and Budtz-Jørgensen, Carl

Abstract

Disclosed is a semiconductor radiation detector for detecting X-ray and / or gamma-ray radiation. The radiation detector comprises: a converter element for converting incident X-ray and gamma-ray photons into electron-hole pairs; a plurality of first cathode electrodes extending along a first axis and being arranged on a first side of the converter element with a pitch (P) along a second axis perpendicular to the first axis; at least one anode electrode arranged on a second side of the converter element; a readout circuitry; and a processing unit connected to the readout circuitry. The Processing unit being configured to determine for each of the plurality of first cathode electrodes the electrical potential at a first and second point in time (t1) (t2) resulting in a plurality of determined potentials; and estimate the location of the event in the converter element along the second axis by processing the plurality of determined potentials.

Published
2018

20. Radiation detector

Author

Kuvvetli, Irfan, Budtz-Jørgensen, Carl, Kuvvetli, Irfan, and Budtz-Jørgensen, Carl

Abstract

Disclosed is a semiconductor radiation detector for detecting X-ray and / or gamma-ray radiation. The radiation detector comprises: a converter element for converting incident X-ray and gamma-ray photons into electron-hole pairs; a plurality of first cathode electrodes extending along a first axis and being arranged on a first side of the converter element with a pitch (P) along a second axis perpendicular to the first axis; at least one anode electrode arranged on a second side of the converter element; a readout circuitry; and a processing unit connected to the readout circuitry. The Processing unit being configured to determine for each of the plurality of first cathode electrodes the electrical potential at a first and second point in time (t1) (t2) resulting in a plurality of determined potentials; and estimate the location of the event in the converter element along the second axis by processing the plurality of determined potentials.

Published
2018

21. New Position Algorithms for the 3-D CZT Drift Detector

Author

Budtz-Jørgensen, Carl, Kuvvetli, Irfan, Budtz-Jørgensen, Carl, and Kuvvetli, Irfan

Abstract

The 3-D position sensitive CZT detector for high-energy astrophysics developed at DTU has been investigated with a digitizer readout system. The 3-D CZT detector is based on the CZT drift-strip detector principle and was fabricated using a REDLEN CZT crystal (20 mm x 20 mm x 5 mm). The detector contains 12 drift cells, each comprising one collecting anode strip with four drift strips, biased such that the electrons are focused and collected by the anode strips. Three-dimensional position determination is achieved using the anode strip signals, the drift-strip signals, and the signals from ten cathode strips. For the characterization work, we used a DAQ system with a 16 channels 250-MHz 14-b digitizer, SIS3316. It allowed us to analyze the pulse shapes of the signals from four detector cells at a time. The 3-D CZT setup was characterized with a finely collimated radioactive source of Cs-137 at 662 keV. The analysis required development of novel position determination algorithms which are the subject of this paper. Using the digitizer readout, we demonstrate improved position determination compared to the previous read out system based on analog electronics. Position resolutions of 0.4-mm full width at half maximum (FWHM) in the x-, y-, and z-directions were achieved and the energy resolution was 7.2-keV FWHM at 662 keV. The timing information allows identification of multiple interaction events within one detector cell, e.g., Compton scattering followed by photoelectric absorption. These characteristics are very important for a high-energy spectral-imager suitable for use in advanced Compton telescopes, or as focal detector for new hard X-ray and soft gamma-ray focusing telescopes or in polarimeter instrumentation. CZT detectors are attractive for these applications since they offer relatively high-quantum efficiency. From a technical point of view it is advantageous that their cooling requirements are modest.

Published
2017

22. The LOFT mission concept: a status update

Author

den Herder, Jan-Willem A., Takahashi, Tadayuki, Bautz, Marshall, Feroci, M., Bozzo, E., Brandt, Søren, Hernanz, M., van der Klis, M., Liu, L.-P., Orleanski, P., Pohl, M., Santangelo, A., Schanne, S., Stella, L., Takahashi, T., Tamura, H., Watts, A., Wilms, J., Zane, S., Bhattacharyya, S., Agudo, I., Ahangarianabhari, M., Albertus, C., Alford, M., Alpar, A., Altamirano, D., Alvarez, L., Amati, L., Amoros, C., Andersson, Niclas, Antonelli, A., Argan, A., Artigue, R., Artigues, B., Atteia, J.-L., Azzarello, P., Bakala, P., Ballantyne, D., Baldazzi, G., Baldo, M., Balman, S., Barbera, M., van Baren, C., Barret, D., Baykal, A., Begelman, M., Behar, O., Belloni, T., Bernardini, F., Bertuccio, G., Bianchi, S., Bianchini, A., Binko, P., Blay, P., Bocchino, F., Bode, M., Bodin, Peter, Bombaci, I., Bonnet Bidaud, J.-M., Boutloukos, S., Bouyjou, F., Bradley, L., Braga, J., Briggs, M. S., Brown, Elliot John, Buballa, M., Bucciantini, N., Burderi, L., Burgay, M., Bursa, M., Budtz-Jørgensen, Carl, Cackett, E., Cadoux, F., Cais, P., Caliandro, G. A., Campana, S., Cao, Xianyi, Capitanio, F., Casares, J., Casella, P., Castro-Tirado, A. J., Cavazzuti, E., Cavechi, Y., Celestin, S., Cerda-Duran, P., Chakrabarty, D., Chamel, N., Château, F., Chen, Y., Chenevez, Jérôme, Chernyakova, M., Coker, J., Cole, R., Collura, A., Coriat, M., Cornelisse, R., Costamante, L., Cros, A., Cui, W., Cumming, A., Cusumano, G., Czerny, B., D'Aì, A., D'Ammando, F., D'Elia, V., Dai, Zhuojun, Del Monte, E., De Luca, A., De Martino, D., Dercksen, J. P. C., De Pasquale, M., De Rosa, A., Del Santo, M., Di Cosimo, S., Degenaar, N., den Herder, J. W., Diebold, S., Di Salvo, T., Dong, Y., Donnarumma, I., Doroshenko, V., Doyle, G., Drake, S. A., Durant, M., Emmanoulopoulos, D., Enoto, T., Erkut, M. H., Esposito, P., Evangelista, Y., Fabian, A., Falanga, M., Favre, Y., Feldman, C., Fender, R., Feng, Huan, Ferrari, V., Ferrigno, C., Finger, M. H., Fraser, G. W., Frericks, M., Fullekrug, M., Fuschino, F., Gabler, M., Galloway, D. K., Gálvez Sanchez, J. L., Gandhi, P., Gao, Z., Garcia-Berro, E., Gendre, B., Gevin, O., Gezari, S., Giles, A. B., Gilfanov, M., Giommi, P., Giovannini, G., Giroletti, M., Gogus, E., Goldwurm, A., Goluchová, K., Götz, D., Gou, L., Gouiffes, C., Grandi, P., Grassi, M., Greiner, J., Grinberg, V., Groot, P., Gschwender, M., Gualtieri, L., Guedel, M., Guidorzi, C., Guy, L., Haas, D., Haensel, P., Hailey, M., Hamuguchi, K., Hansen, Flemming, Hartmann, D. H., Haswell, C. A., Hebeler, K., Heger, A., Hempel, M., Hermsen, W., Homan, J., Hornstrup, Allan, Hudec, R., Huovelin, J., Huppenkothen, D., Inam, S. C., Ingram, A., In't Zand, J. J. M., Israel, G., Iwasawa, K., Izzo, L., Jacobs, H. M., Jetter, F., Johannsen, T., Jenke, P. A., Jonker, P., Josè, J., Kaaret, P., Kalamkar, K., Kalemci, E., Kanbach, G., Karas, V., Karelin, D., Kataria, D., Keek, L., Kennedy, T., Klochkov, D., Kluzniak, W., Koerding, E., Kokkotas, K., Komossa, S., Korpela, S., Kouveliotou, C., Kowalski, A. F., Kreykenbohm, I., Kuiper, L. M., Kunneriath, D., Kurkela, A., Kuvvetli, Irfan, La Franca, F., Labanti, C., Lai, D., Lamb, F. K., Lachaud, C., Laubert, P. P., Lebrun, F., Li, X., Liang, E., Limousin, O., Lin, D., Linares, M., Linder, D., Lodato, G., Longo, F., Lu, F., Lund, Niels, Maccarone, T. J., Macera, D., Maestre, S., Mahmoodifar, S., Maier, D., Malcovati, P., Malzac, J., Malone, C., Mandel, I., Mangano, V., Manousakis, A., Marelli, M., Margueron, J., Marisaldi, M., Markoff, S. B., Markowitz, A., Marinucci, A., Martindale, A., Martínez, G., McHardy, I. M., Medina-Tanco, G., Mehdipour, M., Melatos, A., Mendez, M., Mereghetti, S., Migliari, S., Mignani, R., Michalska, M., Mihara, T., Miller, J. M., Mineo, T., Miniutti, G., Morsink, S., Motch, C., Motta, S., Mouchet, M., Mouret, G., Mulacova, Jana Hanis, Muleri, F., Muñoz-Darias, T., Negueruela, I., Neilsen, J., Neubert, Torsten, Norton, A. J., Nowak, M., Nucita, A., O'Brien, P., Oertel, M., Olsen, Poul Erik Holmdahl, Orienti, M., Orio, M., Orlandini, M., Osborne, J. P., Osten, R., Ozel, F., Pacciani, L., Paerels, F., Paltani, S., Paolillo, M., Papadakis, I., Papitto, A., Paragi, Z., Paredes, J. M., Patruno, A., Paul, B., Pederiva, F., Perinati, E., Pellizzoni, A., Penacchioni, A. V., Peretz, U., Perez, M. A., Perez-Torres, M., Peterson, B. M., Petracek, V., Pittori, C., Pons, J., Portell, J., Possenti, A., Postnov, K., Poutanen, J., Prakash, M., Prandoni, I., Le Provost, H., Psaltis, D., Pye, J., Qu, Jing, Rambaud, D., Ramon, P., Ramsay, G., Rapisarda, M., Rashevski, A., Rashevskaya, I., Ray, P. S., Rea, N., Reddy, S., Reig, P., Reina Aranda, M., Remillard, R., Reynolds, C., Rezzolla, L., Ribo, M., de la Rie, R., Riggio, A., Rios, A., Rischke, D. H., Rodríguez-Gil, P., Rodriguez, J., Rohlfs, R., Romano, P., Rossi, E. M. R., Rozanska, A., Rousseau, A., Rudak, B., Russell, D. M., Ryde, F., Sabau-Graziati, L., Sakamoto, T., Sala, G., Salvaterra, R., Salvetti, D., Sanna, A., Sandberg, J., Savolainen, T., Scaringi, S., Schaffner-Bielich, J., Schatz, H., Schee, J., Schmid, C., Serino, M., Shakura, N., Shore, S., Schnittman, J. D., Schneider, Raphael, Schwenk, A., Schwope, A. D., Sedrakian, A., Seyler, J.-Y., Shearer, A., Slowikowska, A., Sims, M., Smith, P. J., Sobolewska, M., Sochora, V., Soffitta, P., Soleri, P., Song, L., Spencer, A., Stamerra, A., Stappers, B., Staubert, R., Steiner, A. W., Stergioulas, N., Stevens, A. L., Stratta, G., Strohmayer, T. E., Stuchlik, Z., Suchy, S., Suleimanov, V., Tamburini, F., Tauris, T., Tavecchio, F., Tenzer, C., Thielemann, F. K., Tiengo, A., Tolos, L., Tombesi, F., Tomsick, J., Torok, G., Torrejon, J. M., Torres, D. F., Torresi, Elena, Tramacere, A., Traulsen, I., Trois, A., Turolla, R., Turriziani, S., Typel, S., Uter, P., Uttley, P., Vacchi, A., Varniere, P., Vaughan, S., Vercellone, S., Vietri, M., Vincent, F. H., Vrba, V., Walton, D., Wang, Z., Watanabe, Shigeki, Wawrzaszek, R., Webb, N., Weinberg, N., Wende, H., Wheatley, P., Wijers, R., Wijnands, R., Wille, Mads, Wilson-Hodge, C. A., Winter, B., Walk, S. J., Wood, K., Woosley, S. E., Wu, X., Xu, Ruichao, Yu, Wenye, Yuan, Y., Zampa, N., Zampieri, L., Zdunik, L., Zdziarski, A., Zech, A., Zhang, S., Zingale, M., Zwart, F., den Herder, Jan-Willem A., Takahashi, Tadayuki, Bautz, Marshall, Feroci, M., Bozzo, E., Brandt, Søren, Hernanz, M., van der Klis, M., Liu, L.-P., Orleanski, P., Pohl, M., Santangelo, A., Schanne, S., Stella, L., Takahashi, T., Tamura, H., Watts, A., Wilms, J., Zane, S., Bhattacharyya, S., Agudo, I., Ahangarianabhari, M., Albertus, C., Alford, M., Alpar, A., Altamirano, D., Alvarez, L., Amati, L., Amoros, C., Andersson, Niclas, Antonelli, A., Argan, A., Artigue, R., Artigues, B., Atteia, J.-L., Azzarello, P., Bakala, P., Ballantyne, D., Baldazzi, G., Baldo, M., Balman, S., Barbera, M., van Baren, C., Barret, D., Baykal, A., Begelman, M., Behar, O., Belloni, T., Bernardini, F., Bertuccio, G., Bianchi, S., Bianchini, A., Binko, P., Blay, P., Bocchino, F., Bode, M., Bodin, Peter, Bombaci, I., Bonnet Bidaud, J.-M., Boutloukos, S., Bouyjou, F., Bradley, L., Braga, J., Briggs, M. S., Brown, Elliot John, Buballa, M., Bucciantini, N., Burderi, L., Burgay, M., Bursa, M., Budtz-Jørgensen, Carl, Cackett, E., Cadoux, F., Cais, P., Caliandro, G. A., Campana, S., Cao, Xianyi, Capitanio, F., Casares, J., Casella, P., Castro-Tirado, A. J., Cavazzuti, E., Cavechi, Y., Celestin, S., Cerda-Duran, P., Chakrabarty, D., Chamel, N., Château, F., Chen, Y., Chenevez, Jérôme, Chernyakova, M., Coker, J., Cole, R., Collura, A., Coriat, M., Cornelisse, R., Costamante, L., Cros, A., Cui, W., Cumming, A., Cusumano, G., Czerny, B., D'Aì, A., D'Ammando, F., D'Elia, V., Dai, Zhuojun, Del Monte, E., De Luca, A., De Martino, D., Dercksen, J. P. C., De Pasquale, M., De Rosa, A., Del Santo, M., Di Cosimo, S., Degenaar, N., den Herder, J. W., Diebold, S., Di Salvo, T., Dong, Y., Donnarumma, I., Doroshenko, V., Doyle, G., Drake, S. A., Durant, M., Emmanoulopoulos, D., Enoto, T., Erkut, M. H., Esposito, P., Evangelista, Y., Fabian, A., Falanga, M., Favre, Y., Feldman, C., Fender, R., Feng, Huan, Ferrari, V., Ferrigno, C., Finger, M. H., Fraser, G. W., Frericks, M., Fullekrug, M., Fuschino, F., Gabler, M., Galloway, D. K., Gálvez Sanchez, J. L., Gandhi, P., Gao, Z., Garcia-Berro, E., Gendre, B., Gevin, O., Gezari, S., Giles, A. B., Gilfanov, M., Giommi, P., Giovannini, G., Giroletti, M., Gogus, E., Goldwurm, A., Goluchová, K., Götz, D., Gou, L., Gouiffes, C., Grandi, P., Grassi, M., Greiner, J., Grinberg, V., Groot, P., Gschwender, M., Gualtieri, L., Guedel, M., Guidorzi, C., Guy, L., Haas, D., Haensel, P., Hailey, M., Hamuguchi, K., Hansen, Flemming, Hartmann, D. H., Haswell, C. A., Hebeler, K., Heger, A., Hempel, M., Hermsen, W., Homan, J., Hornstrup, Allan, Hudec, R., Huovelin, J., Huppenkothen, D., Inam, S. C., Ingram, A., In't Zand, J. J. M., Israel, G., Iwasawa, K., Izzo, L., Jacobs, H. M., Jetter, F., Johannsen, T., Jenke, P. A., Jonker, P., Josè, J., Kaaret, P., Kalamkar, K., Kalemci, E., Kanbach, G., Karas, V., Karelin, D., Kataria, D., Keek, L., Kennedy, T., Klochkov, D., Kluzniak, W., Koerding, E., Kokkotas, K., Komossa, S., Korpela, S., Kouveliotou, C., Kowalski, A. F., Kreykenbohm, I., Kuiper, L. M., Kunneriath, D., Kurkela, A., Kuvvetli, Irfan, La Franca, F., Labanti, C., Lai, D., Lamb, F. K., Lachaud, C., Laubert, P. P., Lebrun, F., Li, X., Liang, E., Limousin, O., Lin, D., Linares, M., Linder, D., Lodato, G., Longo, F., Lu, F., Lund, Niels, Maccarone, T. J., Macera, D., Maestre, S., Mahmoodifar, S., Maier, D., Malcovati, P., Malzac, J., Malone, C., Mandel, I., Mangano, V., Manousakis, A., Marelli, M., Margueron, J., Marisaldi, M., Markoff, S. B., Markowitz, A., Marinucci, A., Martindale, A., Martínez, G., McHardy, I. M., Medina-Tanco, G., Mehdipour, M., Melatos, A., Mendez, M., Mereghetti, S., Migliari, S., Mignani, R., Michalska, M., Mihara, T., Miller, J. M., Mineo, T., Miniutti, G., Morsink, S., Motch, C., Motta, S., Mouchet, M., Mouret, G., Mulacova, Jana Hanis, Muleri, F., Muñoz-Darias, T., Negueruela, I., Neilsen, J., Neubert, Torsten, Norton, A. J., Nowak, M., Nucita, A., O'Brien, P., Oertel, M., Olsen, Poul Erik Holmdahl, Orienti, M., Orio, M., Orlandini, M., Osborne, J. P., Osten, R., Ozel, F., Pacciani, L., Paerels, F., Paltani, S., Paolillo, M., Papadakis, I., Papitto, A., Paragi, Z., Paredes, J. M., Patruno, A., Paul, B., Pederiva, F., Perinati, E., Pellizzoni, A., Penacchioni, A. V., Peretz, U., Perez, M. A., Perez-Torres, M., Peterson, B. M., Petracek, V., Pittori, C., Pons, J., Portell, J., Possenti, A., Postnov, K., Poutanen, J., Prakash, M., Prandoni, I., Le Provost, H., Psaltis, D., Pye, J., Qu, Jing, Rambaud, D., Ramon, P., Ramsay, G., Rapisarda, M., Rashevski, A., Rashevskaya, I., Ray, P. S., Rea, N., Reddy, S., Reig, P., Reina Aranda, M., Remillard, R., Reynolds, C., Rezzolla, L., Ribo, M., de la Rie, R., Riggio, A., Rios, A., Rischke, D. H., Rodríguez-Gil, P., Rodriguez, J., Rohlfs, R., Romano, P., Rossi, E. M. R., Rozanska, A., Rousseau, A., Rudak, B., Russell, D. M., Ryde, F., Sabau-Graziati, L., Sakamoto, T., Sala, G., Salvaterra, R., Salvetti, D., Sanna, A., Sandberg, J., Savolainen, T., Scaringi, S., Schaffner-Bielich, J., Schatz, H., Schee, J., Schmid, C., Serino, M., Shakura, N., Shore, S., Schnittman, J. D., Schneider, Raphael, Schwenk, A., Schwope, A. D., Sedrakian, A., Seyler, J.-Y., Shearer, A., Slowikowska, A., Sims, M., Smith, P. J., Sobolewska, M., Sochora, V., Soffitta, P., Soleri, P., Song, L., Spencer, A., Stamerra, A., Stappers, B., Staubert, R., Steiner, A. W., Stergioulas, N., Stevens, A. L., Stratta, G., Strohmayer, T. E., Stuchlik, Z., Suchy, S., Suleimanov, V., Tamburini, F., Tauris, T., Tavecchio, F., Tenzer, C., Thielemann, F. K., Tiengo, A., Tolos, L., Tombesi, F., Tomsick, J., Torok, G., Torrejon, J. M., Torres, D. F., Torresi, Elena, Tramacere, A., Traulsen, I., Trois, A., Turolla, R., Turriziani, S., Typel, S., Uter, P., Uttley, P., Vacchi, A., Varniere, P., Vaughan, S., Vercellone, S., Vietri, M., Vincent, F. H., Vrba, V., Walton, D., Wang, Z., Watanabe, Shigeki, Wawrzaszek, R., Webb, N., Weinberg, N., Wende, H., Wheatley, P., Wijers, R., Wijnands, R., Wille, Mads, Wilson-Hodge, C. A., Winter, B., Walk, S. J., Wood, K., Woosley, S. E., Wu, X., Xu, Ruichao, Yu, Wenye, Yuan, Y., Zampa, N., Zampieri, L., Zdunik, L., Zdziarski, A., Zech, A., Zhang, S., Zingale, M., and Zwart, F.

Published
2016

23. WFI electronics and on-board data processing

Author

den Herder, Jan-Willem A., Takahashi, Tadayuki, Bautz, Marshall, Plattner, Markus, Albrecht, Sebastian, Bayer, Jörg, Brandt, Søren, Drumm, Paul, Hälker, Olaf, Kerschbaum, Franz, Koch, Anna, Kuvvetli, Irfan, Meidinger, Norbert, Ott, Sabine, Ottensamer, Roland, Reiffers, Jonas, Schanz, Thomas, Skup, Konrad, Steller, Manfred, Tenzer, Chris, Thomas, Chris, den Herder, Jan-Willem A., Takahashi, Tadayuki, Bautz, Marshall, Plattner, Markus, Albrecht, Sebastian, Bayer, Jörg, Brandt, Søren, Drumm, Paul, Hälker, Olaf, Kerschbaum, Franz, Koch, Anna, Kuvvetli, Irfan, Meidinger, Norbert, Ott, Sabine, Ottensamer, Roland, Reiffers, Jonas, Schanz, Thomas, Skup, Konrad, Steller, Manfred, Tenzer, Chris, and Thomas, Chris

Published
2016

24. X-Ray and Gamma-Ray Radiation Detector

Author

Kuvvetli, Irfan, Budtz-Jørgensen, Carl, Kuvvetli, Irfan, and Budtz-Jørgensen, Carl

Abstract

Disclosed is a semiconductor radiation detector for detecting X-ray and / or gamma-ray radiation. The detector comprises a converter element for converting incident X-ray and gamma-ray photons into electron-hole pairs, at least one cathode, a plurality of detector electrodes arranged with a pitch (P) along a first axis, a plurality of drift electrodes, a readout circuitry being configured to read out signals from the plurality of detector electrodesand a processing unit connected to the readout circuitry and being configured to detect an event in the converter element. The readout circuitry is further configured to read out signals from the plurality of drift electrodes, and the processing unit is further configured to estimate a location of the event along the first axis by processing signals obtained from both the detector electrodes and the drift electrodes, the location of the event along said first axis is estimated with a precision being greater than the pitch (P).

Published
2015

25. Development of CdZnTe detector systems for space applications

Author

Kuvvetli, Irfan

Abstract

This work covers a comprehensive investigation of the issues confronting radiation damage in CdZnTe drift strip detectors planned for use as space instrumentation. Five main problems requiring investigation are identified and addressed including requirement specification with particular emphasis on device material properties, particle induced radiation damage, energy resolution improvement, noise minimization, and electron sensitive detector geometry. This thesis reports on experimental studies of the radiation damage effects of a 2.7 mm thick CdZnTe drift strip detector exposed to 30 MeV protons in order to describe the effect on the electron trapping characteristic of the material. The experimental studies, reported on this thesis, have been performed at DSRI, in collaboration with the cyclotron facility at Copenhagen University Hospital. The detector characteristics were evaluated after exposure to a number of fluences in the range from 2 × 108 to 60 × 108p+/cm2. Even for the highest fluences, which had a dramatic effect on the spectroscopic performance, the detector was recovered after an appropriate annealing procedure. The radiation damage was studied as a function of depth inside the detector material. A numerical model that emulates the physical processes of the charge transport in the CdZnTe detector was used to derive the electron transport property as a function of fluence.

Published
2003

26. Observing GRBs with the LOFT Wide Field Monitor

Author

Brandt, Søren, Hernanz, M., Feroci, M., Amati, L., Alvarez, Azzarello, P., Barret, D., Bozzo, E., Budtz-Jørgensen, Carl, Campana, R., Castro-Tirado, A., Cros, A., Del Monte, E., Donnarumma, I., Evangelista, Y., Galvez Sanchez, J.L., Götz, D., Hansen, Flemming, den Herder, J.W., Hornstrup, Allan, Hudec, R., Karelin, D., van der Klis, M., Korpela, S., Kuvvetli, Irfan, Lund, Niels, Orleanski, P., Pohl, M., Rachevski, A., Santangelo, A., Schanne, S., Schmid, C., Stella, L., Suchy, S., Tenzer, C., Vacchi, A., Wilms, J., Zampa, N., in’t Zand, J.J.M., Zdziarski, A., Brandt, Søren, Hernanz, M., Feroci, M., Amati, L., Alvarez, Azzarello, P., Barret, D., Bozzo, E., Budtz-Jørgensen, Carl, Campana, R., Castro-Tirado, A., Cros, A., Del Monte, E., Donnarumma, I., Evangelista, Y., Galvez Sanchez, J.L., Götz, D., Hansen, Flemming, den Herder, J.W., Hornstrup, Allan, Hudec, R., Karelin, D., van der Klis, M., Korpela, S., Kuvvetli, Irfan, Lund, Niels, Orleanski, P., Pohl, M., Rachevski, A., Santangelo, A., Schanne, S., Schmid, C., Stella, L., Suchy, S., Tenzer, C., Vacchi, A., Wilms, J., Zampa, N., in’t Zand, J.J.M., and Zdziarski, A.

Abstract

LOFT (Large Observatory For X-ray Timing) is one of the four candidate missions currently under assessment study for the M3 mission in ESAs Cosmic Vision program to be launched in 2024. LOFT will carry two instruments with prime sensitivity in the 2–30 keV range: a 10 m2 class large area detector (LAD) with a <1° collimated field of view and a wide field monitor (WFM) instrument. The WFM is based on the coded mask principle, and 5 camera units will provide coverage of more than 1/3 of the sky. The prime goal of the WFM is to detect transient sources to be observed by the LAD. With its wide field of view and good energy resolution of <500 eV, the WFM will be an excellent instrument for detecting and studying GRBs and X-ray flashes. The WFM will be able to detect ~150 gamma ray bursts per year, and a burst alert system will enable the distribution of ~100 GRB positions per year with a ~1 arcmin location accuracy within 30 s of the burst.

Published
2013

27. LOFT - The large observatory for x-ray timing

Author

Feroci, M., Den Herder, J.W., Argan, A., Campana, R., Del Monte, E., De Rosa, A., Donnarumma, I., Muleri, F., Rapisarda, M., Soffitta, P., Trois, A., In't Zand, J.J.M., Kuiper, L.M., Bozzo, E., Azzarello, P., Courvoisier, T., Ferrigno, C., Manousakis, A., Tramacere, A., Alpar, A., Van Der Klis, M., Watts, A., Altamirano, D., Uttley, P., Wijers, R., Wijnands, R., Hernanz, M., Alvarez, L., Caliandro, G.A., Sanchez, J.L. Galvez, Isern, J., Karelin, D., Papitto, A., Rea, N., Sala, G., Tolos, L., Amati, L., Fuschino, F., Marisaldi, M., Orlandini, M., Barret, D., Amoros, C., Cros, A., Lin, D., Rambaud, D., Webb, N., Andersson, N., Antonelli, A., D'Elia, V., Gendre, B., Giommi, P., Stratta, G., Balman, S., Barbera, M., D'Aí, A., Di SalvoT., Belloni, T., Campana, S., Motta, S., Ahangarianabhari, M., Bertuccio, G., Bodin, P., Macera, D., Bianchini, A., Tamburini, F., Bidaud, J.-M. Bonnet, Götz, D., Gouiffes, C., Portel, J., Rodriguez, J., Schanne, S., Santangelo, A., Boutloukos, S., Diebold, S., Klochkov, D., Kokkotas, K., Labanti, C., Maier, D., Oze, F., Perinati, E., Suchy, S., Sulemainov, V., Tenzer, C., Uter, P., Wende, H., Braga, J., Rodríguez-Gi, P., Brandt, Søren, Budtz-Jørgensen, Carl, Chenevez, Jérôme, Hansen, Flemming, Hornstrup, Allan, Kuvvetli, Irfan, Lund, Niels, Migliari, S., Miller, J.M., Bucciantini, N., Burderi, L., Bursa, M., Hudec, R., Karas, V., Sochora, V., Fabian, A., Pohl, M., Cadoux, F.R., Favre, Y., Cais, P., Stella, L., Casella, P., Israel, G., Chakrabarty, D., Homan, J., Nowak, M., Remillard, R., Weinberg, N., Zane, S., Coker, J., Kataria, D., Kennedy, T., Linder, D., Mignani, R., Smith, A., Smith, P.J., Walton, D., Winter, B., Artigue, R., Cumming, A., De Martino, D., Drago, A., Guidorzi, C., Durant, M., Falanga, M., Feldman, C., Fraser, G.W., Martindale, A., O'Brien, P., Osborne, J.P., Vaughan, S., Finger, M.H., Galloway, D.K., Heger, A., Cole, R., Giles, A.B., Gilfanov, M., Di Cosimo, S., Groot, P., Hartmann, D.H., Haswell, C.A., Norton, A.J., Wilson-Hodge, C.A., Huovelin, J., Korpela, S., Ingram, A., Izzo, L., Evangelista, Y., Brown, E., Kaaret, P., Keek, L., Kluzniak, W., Zdziarski, A., Kouveliotou, C., Lai, D., Lamb, F.K., Lodato, G., Longo, F., Grassi, M., Malcovati, P., Cusumano, G., Mangano, V., Mineo, T., Romano, P., Stelzer, B., Vercellone, S., Smith, D.M., Bianchi, S., Matt, G., Melatos, A., Mendez, M., Sanna, A., Soleri, P., Gezari, S., Miller, M.C., Reynolds, C., Aranda, M. Reina, Sabau-Graziati, L., Morsink, S., Motch, C., Mouchet, M., Garcia-Berro, E., Orleanski, P., Wawrzaszek, R., Osten, R., Psaltis, D., Paul, B., Petracek, V., Poutanen, J., Zampa, N., Pacciani, L., Ramsay, G., Rachevski, A., Vacchi, A., Zampa, G., Ray, P.S., Wood, K., Jonker, P., Reddy, S., Reig, P., Haas, D., Rossi, E.M.R., Ryde, F., Salvaterra, R., Schee, J., Stuchlik, Z., Torok, G., Wilms, J., Kreykenbohm, I., Schmid, C., Wille, M., Schwenk, A., Schwope, A.D., Shearer, A., Stappers, B., Stergioulas, N., Strohmayer, T.E., Takahashi, T., Watanabe, S., Torrejon, J.M., Torres, D.F., Vrba, V., Wheatley, P., Orio, M., Zampieri, L., Zhang, B., Turriziani, S., Giovannini, G., Giroletti, M., Orienti, M., Baldazzi, G., Goldwurm, A., Lebrun, F., Varniere, P., Collura, A., Emmanoulopoulos, D., Maccarone, T.J., McHardy, I.M., Markowitz, A., Miniutti, G., Cackett, E., Seyler, J.-Y., Feroci, M., Den Herder, J.W., Argan, A., Campana, R., Del Monte, E., De Rosa, A., Donnarumma, I., Muleri, F., Rapisarda, M., Soffitta, P., Trois, A., In't Zand, J.J.M., Kuiper, L.M., Bozzo, E., Azzarello, P., Courvoisier, T., Ferrigno, C., Manousakis, A., Tramacere, A., Alpar, A., Van Der Klis, M., Watts, A., Altamirano, D., Uttley, P., Wijers, R., Wijnands, R., Hernanz, M., Alvarez, L., Caliandro, G.A., Sanchez, J.L. Galvez, Isern, J., Karelin, D., Papitto, A., Rea, N., Sala, G., Tolos, L., Amati, L., Fuschino, F., Marisaldi, M., Orlandini, M., Barret, D., Amoros, C., Cros, A., Lin, D., Rambaud, D., Webb, N., Andersson, N., Antonelli, A., D'Elia, V., Gendre, B., Giommi, P., Stratta, G., Balman, S., Barbera, M., D'Aí, A., Di SalvoT., Belloni, T., Campana, S., Motta, S., Ahangarianabhari, M., Bertuccio, G., Bodin, P., Macera, D., Bianchini, A., Tamburini, F., Bidaud, J.-M. Bonnet, Götz, D., Gouiffes, C., Portel, J., Rodriguez, J., Schanne, S., Santangelo, A., Boutloukos, S., Diebold, S., Klochkov, D., Kokkotas, K., Labanti, C., Maier, D., Oze, F., Perinati, E., Suchy, S., Sulemainov, V., Tenzer, C., Uter, P., Wende, H., Braga, J., Rodríguez-Gi, P., Brandt, Søren, Budtz-Jørgensen, Carl, Chenevez, Jérôme, Hansen, Flemming, Hornstrup, Allan, Kuvvetli, Irfan, Lund, Niels, Migliari, S., Miller, J.M., Bucciantini, N., Burderi, L., Bursa, M., Hudec, R., Karas, V., Sochora, V., Fabian, A., Pohl, M., Cadoux, F.R., Favre, Y., Cais, P., Stella, L., Casella, P., Israel, G., Chakrabarty, D., Homan, J., Nowak, M., Remillard, R., Weinberg, N., Zane, S., Coker, J., Kataria, D., Kennedy, T., Linder, D., Mignani, R., Smith, A., Smith, P.J., Walton, D., Winter, B., Artigue, R., Cumming, A., De Martino, D., Drago, A., Guidorzi, C., Durant, M., Falanga, M., Feldman, C., Fraser, G.W., Martindale, A., O'Brien, P., Osborne, J.P., Vaughan, S., Finger, M.H., Galloway, D.K., Heger, A., Cole, R., Giles, A.B., Gilfanov, M., Di Cosimo, S., Groot, P., Hartmann, D.H., Haswell, C.A., Norton, A.J., Wilson-Hodge, C.A., Huovelin, J., Korpela, S., Ingram, A., Izzo, L., Evangelista, Y., Brown, E., Kaaret, P., Keek, L., Kluzniak, W., Zdziarski, A., Kouveliotou, C., Lai, D., Lamb, F.K., Lodato, G., Longo, F., Grassi, M., Malcovati, P., Cusumano, G., Mangano, V., Mineo, T., Romano, P., Stelzer, B., Vercellone, S., Smith, D.M., Bianchi, S., Matt, G., Melatos, A., Mendez, M., Sanna, A., Soleri, P., Gezari, S., Miller, M.C., Reynolds, C., Aranda, M. Reina, Sabau-Graziati, L., Morsink, S., Motch, C., Mouchet, M., Garcia-Berro, E., Orleanski, P., Wawrzaszek, R., Osten, R., Psaltis, D., Paul, B., Petracek, V., Poutanen, J., Zampa, N., Pacciani, L., Ramsay, G., Rachevski, A., Vacchi, A., Zampa, G., Ray, P.S., Wood, K., Jonker, P., Reddy, S., Reig, P., Haas, D., Rossi, E.M.R., Ryde, F., Salvaterra, R., Schee, J., Stuchlik, Z., Torok, G., Wilms, J., Kreykenbohm, I., Schmid, C., Wille, M., Schwenk, A., Schwope, A.D., Shearer, A., Stappers, B., Stergioulas, N., Strohmayer, T.E., Takahashi, T., Watanabe, S., Torrejon, J.M., Torres, D.F., Vrba, V., Wheatley, P., Orio, M., Zampieri, L., Zhang, B., Turriziani, S., Giovannini, G., Giroletti, M., Orienti, M., Baldazzi, G., Goldwurm, A., Lebrun, F., Varniere, P., Collura, A., Emmanoulopoulos, D., Maccarone, T.J., McHardy, I.M., Markowitz, A., Miniutti, G., Cackett, E., and Seyler, J.-Y.

Published
2012

28. Kuvvetli, Irfan

Author

Kuvvetli, Irfan and Kuvvetli, Irfan

Published
2012

29. Low-energy CZT detector array for the ASIM mission

Author

Cenkeramaddi, Linga Reddy, Genov, Georgi, Kohfeldt, Anja, Njoten, Kare, Rostad, Maja Elise, Skogseide, Yngve, Roscoe, Magnus, Solberg, Arne, Stadsnes, Johan, Ullaland, Kjetil, Østgaard, Nikolai, Budtz-Jørgensen, Carl, Kuvvetli, Irfan, Mikkelsen, Sindre, Mæhlum, Gunnar, Cenkeramaddi, Linga Reddy, Genov, Georgi, Kohfeldt, Anja, Njoten, Kare, Rostad, Maja Elise, Skogseide, Yngve, Roscoe, Magnus, Solberg, Arne, Stadsnes, Johan, Ullaland, Kjetil, Østgaard, Nikolai, Budtz-Jørgensen, Carl, Kuvvetli, Irfan, Mikkelsen, Sindre, and Mæhlum, Gunnar

Abstract

In this article we introduce the low-energy CZT (CdZnTe) 16 384-pixel detector array on-board the Atmosphere Space Interaction Monitor (ASIM), funded by the European Space Agency. This detector is a part of the larger Modular X-and Gamma-ray sensor (MXGS). The CZT detector array is sensitive to photons with energies between 15 keV and 400 keV. The principal objective of the MXGS instrument is to detect Terrestrial Gamma ray Flashes (TGFs), which are related to thunderstorm activity. The concept of the detector array is presented, together with brief descriptions of its mechanical structure and electronics. A method for detector characterization is outlined and preliminary experimental results are shown.

Published
2012

30. BGO front-end electronics and signal processing in the MXGS instrument for the ASIM mission

Author

Skogseide, Yngve, Cenkeramaddi, Linga Reddy, Genov, Georgi, Njoten, Kare, Rostad, Maja Elise, Solberg, Arne, Stadsnes, Johan, Ullaland, Kjetil, Ostgaard, Nikolai, Budtz-Jørgensen, Carl, Kuvvetli, Irfan, Skogseide, Yngve, Cenkeramaddi, Linga Reddy, Genov, Georgi, Njoten, Kare, Rostad, Maja Elise, Solberg, Arne, Stadsnes, Johan, Ullaland, Kjetil, Ostgaard, Nikolai, Budtz-Jørgensen, Carl, and Kuvvetli, Irfan

Abstract

This paper presents the Bismuth Germanate Oxide (BGO) front-end electronics design and signal processing in Modular X- and Gamma ray sensor (MXGS) instrument onboard the Atmosphere Space Interaction Monitor (ASIM) mission, funded by the European Space Agency. University of Bergen is responsible for the design and development of the detector layers and readout electronics for the MXGS instrument. The principal objective of the instrument is to detect Terrestrial Gamma ray Flashes (TGFs), which are related to thunderstorm activity. The digital pulse processing scheme used in the MXGS BGO detector gives it a significantly higher rate capability than what has been achieved in other instruments used in the study of terrestrial gamma flashes. The front-end electronics for the BGO detector layer in MXGS system also uses fewer components compared to conventional analog front-ends for BGO detectors, thereby increasing its reliability and projected lifetime in the harsh space environment. The MXGS instrument is expected to see about 1000 TGFs in a time period of one year.

Published
2012

31. ORIGIN: Metal Creation and Evolution from the Cosmic Dawn

Author

Herder, J. W. den, Piro, L., Ohashi, T., Kouveliotou, C., Hartmann, D. H., Kaastra, J. S., Amati, L., Andersen, M. I., Arnaud, M., Attéia, J-L., Bandler, S., Barbera, M., Barcons, X., Barthelmy, S., Basa, S., Basso, S., Boer, M., Branchini, E., Branduardi-Raymont, G., Borgani, S., Boyarsky, A., Brunetti, G., Budtz-Jørgensen, Carl, Burrows, D., Butler, N., Campana, S., Caroli, E., Ceballos, M., Christensen, Finn Erland, Churazov, E., Comastri, A., Colasanti, L., Cole, R., Content, R., Corsi, A., Costantini, E., Conconi, P., Cusumano, G., de Plaa, J., De Rosa, A., Del Santo, M., Di Cosimo, S., De Pasquale, M., Doriese, R., Ettori, S., Evans, P., Ezoe, Y., Ferrari, L., Finger, H., Figueroa-Feliciano, T., Friedrich, P., Fujimoto, R., Furuzawa, A., Fynbo, J., Gatti, F., Galeazzi, M., Gehrels, N., Gendre, B., Ghirlanda, G., Ghisellini, G., Gilfanov, M., Giommi, P., Girardi, M., Grindlay, J., Cocchi, M., Godet, O., Guedel, M., Haardt, F., Hartog, R. den, Hepburn, I., Hermsen, W., Hjorth, J., Hoekstra, H., Holland, A., Hornstrup, Allan, van der Horst, A., Hoshino, A., Zand, J. in 't, Irwin, K., Ishisaki, Y., Jonker, P., Kitayama, T., Kawahara, H., Kawai, N., Kelley, R., Kilbourne, C., de Korte, P., Kusenko, A., Kuvvetli, Irfan, Labanti, M., Macculi, C., Maiolino, R., Hesse, M. Mas, Matsushita, K., Mazzotta, P., McCammon, D., Méndez, M., Mignani, R., Mineo, T., Mitsuda, K., Mushotzky, R., Molendi, S., Moscardini, L., Natalucci, L., Nicastro, F., O'Brien, P., Osborne, J., Paerels, F., Page, M., Paltani, S., Pedersen, K., Perinati, E., Ponman, T., Pointecouteau, E., Predehl, P., Porter, S., Rasmussen, A., Rauw, G., Röttgering, H., Roncarelli, M., Rosati, P., Quadrini, E., Ruchayskiy, O., Salvaterra, R., Sasaki, S., Sato, K., Savaglio, S., Schaye, J., Sciortino, S., Shaposhnikov, M., Sharples, R., Shinozaki, K., Spiga, D., Sunyaev, R., Suto, Y., Takei, Y., Tanvir, N., Tashiro, M., Tamura, T., Tawara, Y., Troja, E., Tsujimoto, M., Tsuru, T., Ubertini, P., Ullom, J., Ursino, E., Verbunt, F., van de Voort, F., Viel, M., Wachter, S., Watson, D., Weisskopf, M., Werner, N., White, N., Willingale, R., Wijers, R., Yamasaki, N., Yoshikawa, K., Zane, S., Herder, J. W. den, Piro, L., Ohashi, T., Kouveliotou, C., Hartmann, D. H., Kaastra, J. S., Amati, L., Andersen, M. I., Arnaud, M., Attéia, J-L., Bandler, S., Barbera, M., Barcons, X., Barthelmy, S., Basa, S., Basso, S., Boer, M., Branchini, E., Branduardi-Raymont, G., Borgani, S., Boyarsky, A., Brunetti, G., Budtz-Jørgensen, Carl, Burrows, D., Butler, N., Campana, S., Caroli, E., Ceballos, M., Christensen, Finn Erland, Churazov, E., Comastri, A., Colasanti, L., Cole, R., Content, R., Corsi, A., Costantini, E., Conconi, P., Cusumano, G., de Plaa, J., De Rosa, A., Del Santo, M., Di Cosimo, S., De Pasquale, M., Doriese, R., Ettori, S., Evans, P., Ezoe, Y., Ferrari, L., Finger, H., Figueroa-Feliciano, T., Friedrich, P., Fujimoto, R., Furuzawa, A., Fynbo, J., Gatti, F., Galeazzi, M., Gehrels, N., Gendre, B., Ghirlanda, G., Ghisellini, G., Gilfanov, M., Giommi, P., Girardi, M., Grindlay, J., Cocchi, M., Godet, O., Guedel, M., Haardt, F., Hartog, R. den, Hepburn, I., Hermsen, W., Hjorth, J., Hoekstra, H., Holland, A., Hornstrup, Allan, van der Horst, A., Hoshino, A., Zand, J. in 't, Irwin, K., Ishisaki, Y., Jonker, P., Kitayama, T., Kawahara, H., Kawai, N., Kelley, R., Kilbourne, C., de Korte, P., Kusenko, A., Kuvvetli, Irfan, Labanti, M., Macculi, C., Maiolino, R., Hesse, M. Mas, Matsushita, K., Mazzotta, P., McCammon, D., Méndez, M., Mignani, R., Mineo, T., Mitsuda, K., Mushotzky, R., Molendi, S., Moscardini, L., Natalucci, L., Nicastro, F., O'Brien, P., Osborne, J., Paerels, F., Page, M., Paltani, S., Pedersen, K., Perinati, E., Ponman, T., Pointecouteau, E., Predehl, P., Porter, S., Rasmussen, A., Rauw, G., Röttgering, H., Roncarelli, M., Rosati, P., Quadrini, E., Ruchayskiy, O., Salvaterra, R., Sasaki, S., Sato, K., Savaglio, S., Schaye, J., Sciortino, S., Shaposhnikov, M., Sharples, R., Shinozaki, K., Spiga, D., Sunyaev, R., Suto, Y., Takei, Y., Tanvir, N., Tashiro, M., Tamura, T., Tawara, Y., Troja, E., Tsujimoto, M., Tsuru, T., Ubertini, P., Ullom, J., Ursino, E., Verbunt, F., van de Voort, F., Viel, M., Wachter, S., Watson, D., Weisskopf, M., Werner, N., White, N., Willingale, R., Wijers, R., Yamasaki, N., Yoshikawa, K., and Zane, S.

Abstract

ORIGIN is a proposal for the M3 mission call of ESA aimed at the study of metal creation from the epoch of cosmic dawn. Using high-spectral resolution in the soft X-ray band, ORIGIN will be able to identify the physical conditions of all abundant elements between C and Ni to red-shifts of z=10, and beyond. The mission will answer questions such as: When were the first metals created? How does the cosmic metal content evolve? Where do most of the metals reside in the Universe? What is the role of metals in structure formation and evolution? To reach out to the early Universe ORIGIN will use Gamma-Ray Bursts (GRBs) to study their local environments in their host galaxies. This requires the capability to slew the satellite in less than a minute to the GRB location. By studying the chemical composition and properties of clusters of galaxies we can extend the range of exploration to lower redshifts (z ~ 0.2). For this task we need a high-resolution spectral imaging instrument with a large field of view. Using the same instrument, we can also study the so far only partially detected baryons in the Warm-Hot Intergalactic Medium (WHIM). The less dense part of the WHIM will be studied using absorption lines at low redshift in the spectra for GRBs.

Published
2011

32. CZT drift strip detectors for high energy astrophysics

Author

Kuvvetli, Irfan, Budtz-Jørgensen, Carl, Caroli, E., Auricchio, N., Kuvvetli, Irfan, Budtz-Jørgensen, Carl, Caroli, E., and Auricchio, N.

Abstract

Requirements for X- and gamma ray detectors for future High Energy Astrophysics missions include high detection efficiency and good energy resolution as well as fine position sensitivity even in three dimensions.We report on experimental investigations on the CZT drift detector developed DTU Space. It is operated in the planar transverse field (PTF) mode, with the purpose of demonstrating that the good energy resolution of the CZT drift detector can be combined with the high efficiency of the PTF configuration. Furthermore, we demonstrated and characterized the 3D sensing capabilities of this detector configuration.The CZT drift strip detector (10mm×10mm×2.5mm) was characterized in both standard illumination geometry, Photon Parallel Field (PPF) configuration and in PTF configuration. The detection efficiency and energy resolution are compared for both configurations . The PTF configuration provided a higher efficiency in agreement with calculations. The detector energy resolution was found to be the same (3keV FWHM at 122keV) in both in PPF and PTF .The depth sensing capabilities offered by drift strip detectors was investigated by illuminating the detector using a collimated photon beam of 57Co radiation in PTF configuration. The width (300μm FWHM at 122keV) of the measured depth distributions was almost equal to the finite beam size. However, the data indicate that the best achievable depth resolution for the CZT drift detector is 90μm FWHM at 122keV and that it is determined by the electronic noise from the setup.

Published
2010

33. Development of a 3D CZT detector prototype for Laue Lens telescope

Author

Caroli, Ezio, Auricchio, Natalia, Del Sordo, Stefano, Abbene, Leonardo, Budtz-Jørgensen, Carl, Casini, Fabio, Curado da Silva, Rui M., Kuvvetli, Irfan, Milano, Luciano, Natalucci, Lorenzo, Quadrini, Egidio M., Stephen, John B., Ubertini, Pietro, Zanichelli, Massimiliano, Zappettini, Andrea, Caroli, Ezio, Auricchio, Natalia, Del Sordo, Stefano, Abbene, Leonardo, Budtz-Jørgensen, Carl, Casini, Fabio, Curado da Silva, Rui M., Kuvvetli, Irfan, Milano, Luciano, Natalucci, Lorenzo, Quadrini, Egidio M., Stephen, John B., Ubertini, Pietro, Zanichelli, Massimiliano, and Zappettini, Andrea

Abstract

We report on the development of a 3D position sensitive prototype suitable as focal plane detector for Laue lens telescope. The basic sensitive unit is a drift strip detector based on a CZT crystal, (~19×8 mm2 area, 2.4 mm thick), irradiated transversally to the electric field direction. The anode side is segmented in 64 strips, that divide the crystal in 8 independent sensor (pixel), each composed by one collecting strip and 7 (one in common) adjacent drift strips. The drift strips are biased by a voltage divider, whereas the anode strips are held at ground. Furthermore, the cathode is divided in 4 horizontal strips for the reconstruction of the third interaction position coordinate. The 3D prototype will be made by packing 8 linear modules, each composed by one basic sensitive unit, bonded on a ceramic layer. The linear modules readout is provided by a custom front end electronics implementing a set of three RENA-3 for a total of 128 channels. The front-end electronics and the operating logics (in particular coincidence logics for polarisation measurements) are handled by a versatile and modular multi-parametric back end electronics developed using FPGA technology.

Published
2010

34. Characterization of large cadmium zinc telluride crystals grown by traveling heater method

Author

Chen, H., Awadalla, S.A., Iniewski, K., Lu, P.H., Harris, F., Mackenzie, J., Hasanen, T., Chen, W., Redden, R., Bindley, G., Kuvvetli, Irfan, Budtz-Jørgensen, Carl, Luke, P., Amman, M., Lee, J.S., Bolotnikov, A.E., Camarda, G.S., Cui, Y., Hossain, A., James, R.B., Chen, H., Awadalla, S.A., Iniewski, K., Lu, P.H., Harris, F., Mackenzie, J., Hasanen, T., Chen, W., Redden, R., Bindley, G., Kuvvetli, Irfan, Budtz-Jørgensen, Carl, Luke, P., Amman, M., Lee, J.S., Bolotnikov, A.E., Camarda, G.S., Cui, Y., Hossain, A., and James, R.B.

Abstract

The focus of this paper is to evaluate thick, 20 X 20 X 10 and 10 X 10 X 10 mm(3), cadmium zinc telluride (CZT), Cd0.9Zn0.1Te, crystals grown using the traveling heater method (THIM). The phenomenal spectral performance and small size and low concentration of Te inclusions/precipitates of these crystals indicate that the THM is suitable for the mass production of CZT radiation detectors that can be used in a variety of applications. Our result also proves that with careful material selection using IR and high-quality fabrication processes, the theoretical energy resolution limit can be achieved.

Published
2008

35. Characterization of CZT detectors for the ASIM mission

Author

Budtz-Jørgensen, Carl, Kuvvetli, Irfan, Skogseide, Y, Ullaland, K, Ostgaard, N, Budtz-Jørgensen, Carl, Kuvvetli, Irfan, Skogseide, Y, Ullaland, K, and Ostgaard, N

Abstract

The National Space Institute, Technical University of Denmark is responsible for the selection and characterization of the CZT detector crystals for the X and gamma -ray instrument MXGS onboard ESA’s Atmospheric Space Interaction Monitor (ASIM) mission. The Modular X- and Gamma ray Sensor (MXGS) shall, situated on the International Space Station, detect Terrestrial Gamma ray Flashes (TGF) generated in the Earth atmosphere. TGFs are believed to be produced in connection with thunderstorms and ASIM will therefore also be equipped with optical instruments which trigger on lightening.

Published
2008

36. Measurements of Charge Sharing Effects in Pixilated CZT/CdTe Detectors

Author

Kuvvetli, Irfan, Budtz-Jørgensen, Carl, Kuvvetli, Irfan, and Budtz-Jørgensen, Carl

Abstract

In this paper, charge sharing and charge loss effects in pixilated CZT/CdTe detectors are investigated by measurements. We measured charge sharing effects function of the inter-pixel gap (with same pixel pitch), the photon energy and the detector bias voltage for a large numbers of CZT and CdTe pixel detector samples. The results are used for the development of the large area X-ray and Gamma ray detector for the Atmosphere-Space Interactions Monitor (ASIM) planned for the ISS ESA Columbus module. Charge sharing measurements on detector samples with identical size and pixel geometry with different inter-pixel gap showed charge loss on the gap surface which is linear dependent on gap size.

Published
2007

37. Performance updating of CdZnTe strip-drift detectors

Author

Shorohov, M., Tsirkunova, I., Loupilov, A., Gostilo, V., Budtz-Jørgensen, Carl, Kuvvetli, Irfan, Shorohov, M., Tsirkunova, I., Loupilov, A., Gostilo, V., Budtz-Jørgensen, Carl, and Kuvvetli, Irfan

Abstract

Efficiency of strip-drift structure of contacts for improvement of charge collection conditions in CdZnTe detectors was shown some years ago. For such detector with area 10 x 10 mm(2) and thickness 3 mm of crystal, produced by eV products we obtained energy resolution 1.9 and 12.0 keV on energies 59.6 and 662 keV correspondingly. Recently, significant progress was done in CdZnTe crystals growth technology. In the present paper we present preliminary result of performance updating of CdZnTe strip-drift detectors based on crystal of 10 x 10 x 6 mm 3 produced by Yinnel Tech company. Results of crystal input characterization, the value of leakage current and inter-strip resistivity for all strips and energy resolution for collecting strips of detector are presented. The energy resolutions 1.8 and 11.0 keV on energies 59.6 and 662 keV correspondingly were obtained although the thickness of detector was two times more than earlier.

Published
2007

38. The XEUS Hard X-ray camera

Author

Budtz-Jørgensen, Carl, Tankahashi, C.T., Piro, L., Kuvvetli, Irfan, Holland, A., Lumb, D., De Korte, P., Budtz-Jørgensen, Carl, Tankahashi, C.T., Piro, L., Kuvvetli, Irfan, Holland, A., Lumb, D., and De Korte, P.

Published
2004

39. Radiation damage measurements on CZT drift strip detectors

Author

Kuvvetli, Irfan, Budtz-Jørgensen, Carl, Korsbech, Uffe C C, Jensen, H.J., Kuvvetli, Irfan, Budtz-Jørgensen, Carl, Korsbech, Uffe C C, and Jensen, H.J.

Abstract

At DSRI, in collaboration with the cyclotron facility at Copenhagen University Hospital, we have performed a study of radiation effects exposing a 2.7 mm thick CZT drift strip detector to 30 MeV protons. The detector characteristics were evaluated after exposure to a number of fluences in the range from 2 x 10(8) to 60 x 10(8) p(+)/cm(2). Even for the highest fluences, which had a dramatic effect on the spectroscopic performance, we were able to recover the detectors after an appropriate annealing procedure. The radiation damage was studied as a function of depth inside the detector material. A numerical model that emulates the physical processes of the charge transport in the CZT detector was used to derive the charge trapping parameter, mutau(e), (the product of charge mobility and trapping time) as a function of fluence. The analysis showed that the electron trapping increased proportionately with the proton dose. The radiation contribution to the electron trapping was found to obey the following relation: (mutau(e)(-1))(rad) = (2.5+/-0.2) x 10(-7) x Phi (V/cm)(2) with the proton fluence, Phi in p(+)/cm(2). The trapping depth dependence, however, did not agree well with the damage profile calculated using the standard Monte Carlo simulations, TRIM [1], for the proton-induced radiation effects. The present results suggest that proton-induced nuclear reactions contribute significantly to the radiation damage. Further work will elaborate on these effects.

Published
2003

40. The effect of cathode bias (field effect) on the surface leakage current of CdZnTe detectors

Author

Bolotnikov, A.E., Chen, C.M.H., Cook, W.R., Harrison, F.A., Kuvvetli, Irfan, Schindler, S.M., Stahle, C.M., Parker, B.H., Bolotnikov, A.E., Chen, C.M.H., Cook, W.R., Harrison, F.A., Kuvvetli, Irfan, Schindler, S.M., Stahle, C.M., and Parker, B.H.

Abstract

Surface resistivity is an important parameter of multi-electrode CZT detectors such as coplanar-grid, strip, or pixel detectors. Low surface resistivity results in a high leakage current and affects the charge collection efficiency in the areas near contacts. Thus, it is always desirable to have the surface resistivity of the detector as high as possible. In the past the most significant efforts were concentrated to develop passivation techniques for CZT detectors. However, as we found, the field-effect caused by a bias applied on the cathode can significantly reduce the surface resistivity even though the detector surface was carefully passivated. In this paper we illustrate that the field-effect is a common feature of the CZT multi-electrode detectors, and discuss how to take advantage of this effect to improve the surface resistivity of CZT detectors.

Published
2003

41. The First Terrestrial Electron Beam Observed by The Atmosphere-Space Interactions Monitor (ASIM).

Author

Sarria, David, Kochkin, Pavlo, Østgaard, Nikolai, Carlson, Brant, Mezentsev, Andrey, Lehtinen, Nikolai, Marisaldi, Martino, Maiorana, Carolina, Albrechtsen, Kjetill, Torsten, Neubert, Reglero, Victor, Ullaland, Kjetill, Yang, Shiming, Genov, Georgi, Qureshi, Bilal Hasan, Budtz-Jørgensen, Carl, Kuvvetli, Irfan, Christiansen, Freddy, Chanrion, Olivier, and Heumesser, Matthias

Published
2019

42. Catching Element Formation In The Act

Author

Fryer, Chris L., Timmes, Frank, Hungerford, Aimee L., Couture, Aaron, Adams, Fred, Aoki, Wako, Arcones, Almudena, Arnett, David, Auchettl, Katie, Avila, Melina, Badenes, Carles, Baron, Eddie, Bauswein, Andreas, Beacom, John, Blackmon, Jeff, Blondin, Stéphane, Bloser, Peter, Boggs, Steve, Boss, Alan, Brandt, Terri, Bravo, Eduardo, Brown, E., Brown, Peter, Bruenn, Steve, Budtz-Jørgensen, Carl, Burns, Eric, Calder, Alan, Caputo, Regina, Champagne, Art, Chevalier, Roger, Chieffi, Alessandro, Chipps, Kelly, Cinabro, David, Clarkson, Ondrea, Clayton, Don, Coc, Alain, Connolly, Devin, Conroy, Charlie, Côté, Benoit, Couch, Sean, Dauphas, Nicolas, deBoer, Richard James, Deibel, Catherine, Denisenkov, Pavel, Desch, Steve, Dessart, Luc, Diehl, Roland, Doherty, Carolyn, Domínguez, Inma, Dong, Subo, Dwarkadas, Vikram, Fan, Doreen, Fields, Brian, Fields, Carl, Filippenko, Alex, Fisher, Robert, Foucart, Francois, Fransson, Claes, Fröhlich, Carla, Fuller, George, Gibson, Brad, Giryanskaya, Viktoriya, Görres, Joachim, Goriely, Stéphane, Grebenev, Sergei, Grefenstette, Brian, Grohs, Evan, Guillochon, James, Harpole, Alice, Harris, Chelsea, Austin Harris, J., Harrison, Fiona, Hartmann, Dieter, Hashimoto, Masa-aki, Heger, Alexander, Hernanz, Margarita, Herwig, Falk, Hirschi, Raphael, Hix, Raphael William, Höflich, Peter, Hoffman, Robert, Holcomb, Cole, Hsiao, Eric, Iliadis, Christian, Janiuk, Agnieszka, Janka, Thomas, Jerkstrand, Anders, Johns, Lucas, Jones, Samuel, José, Jordi, Kajino, Toshitaka, Karakas, Amanda, Karpov, Platon, Kasen, Dan, Kierans, Carolyn, Kippen, Marc, Korobkin, Oleg, Kobayashi, Chiaki, Kozma, Cecilia, Krot, Saha, Kumar, Pawan, Kuvvetli, Irfan, Laird, Alison, Laming, (John) Martin, Larsson, Josefin, Lattanzio, John, Lattimer, James, Leising, Mark, Lennarz, Annika, Lentz, Eric, Limongi, Marco, Lippuner, Jonas, Livne, Eli, Lloyd-Ronning, Nicole, Longland, Richard, Lopez, Laura A., Lugaro, Maria, Lutovinov, Alexander, Madsen, Kristin, Malone, Chris, Matteucci, Francesca, McEnery, Julie, Meisel, Zach, Messer, Bronson, Metzger, Brian, Meyer, Bradley, Meynet, Georges, Mezzacappa, Anthony, Miller, Jonah, Miller, Richard, Milne, Peter, Misch, Wendell, Mitchell, Lee, Mösta, Philipp, Motizuki, Yuko, Müller, Bernhard, Mumpower, Matthew, Murphy, Jeremiah, Nagataki, Shigehiro, Nakar, Ehud, Nomoto, Ken'ichi, Nugent, Peter, Nunes, Filomena, O'Shea, Brian, Oberlack, Uwe, Pain, Steven, Parker, Lucas, Perego, Albino, Pignatari, Marco, Pinedo, Gabriel Martínez, Plewa, Tomasz, Poznanski, Dovi, Priedhorsky, William, Pritychenko, Boris, Radice, David, Ramirez-Ruiz, Enrico, Rauscher, Thomas, Reddy, Sanjay, Rehm, Ernst, Reifarth, Rene, Richman, Debra, Ricker, Paul, Rijal, Nabin, Roberts, Luke, Röpke, Friedrich, Rosswog, Stephan, Ruiter, Ashley J., Ruiz, Chris, Savin, Daniel Wolf, Schatz, Hendrik, Schneider, Dieter, Schwab, Josiah, Seitenzahl, Ivo, Shen, Ken, Siegert, Thomas, Sim, Stuart, Smith, David, Smith, Karl, Smith, Michael, Sollerman, Jesper, Sprouse, Trevor, Spyrou, Artemis, Starrfield, Sumner, Steiner, Andrew, Strong, Andrew W., Sukhbold, Tuguldur, Suntzeff, Nick, Surman, Rebecca, Tanimori, Toru, The, Lih-Sin, Thielemann, Friedrich-Karl, Tolstov, Alexey, Tominaga, Nozomu, Tomsick, John, Townsley, Dean, Tsintari, Pelagia, Tsygankov, Sergey, Vartanyan, David, Venters, Tonia, Vestrand, Tom, Vink, Jacco, Waldman, Roni, Wang, Lifang, Wang, Xilu, Warren, MacKenzie, West, Christopher, Craig Wheeler, J., Wiescher, Michael, Winkler, Christoph, Winter, Lisa, Wolf, Bill, Woolf, Richard, Woosley, Stan, Wu, Jin, Wrede, Chris, Yamada, Shoichi, Young, Patrick, Zegers, Remco, Zingale, Michael, and Portegies Zwart, Simon

Subjects
High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena (astro-ph.HE), astro-ph.HE, Astrophysics and Astronomy, Astrophysics::High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena, FOS: Physical sciences, Astrophysics::Cosmology and Extragalactic Astrophysics, Astrophysics - High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena, Astrophysics::Galaxy Astrophysics
Abstract

Gamma-ray astronomy explores the most energetic photons in nature to address some of the most pressing puzzles in contemporary astrophysics. It encompasses a wide range of objects and phenomena: stars, supernovae, novae, neutron stars, stellar-mass black holes, nucleosynthesis, the interstellar medium, cosmic rays and relativistic-particle acceleration, and the evolution of galaxies. MeV gamma-rays provide a unique probe of nuclear processes in astronomy, directly measuring radioactive decay, nuclear de-excitation, and positron annihilation. The substantial information carried by gamma-ray photons allows us to see deeper into these objects, the bulk of the power is often emitted at gamma-ray energies, and radioactivity provides a natural physical clock that adds unique information. New science will be driven by time-domain population studies at gamma-ray energies. This science is enabled by next-generation gamma-ray instruments with one to two orders of magnitude better sensitivity, larger sky coverage, and faster cadence than all previous gamma-ray instruments. This transformative capability permits: (a) the accurate identification of the gamma-ray emitting objects and correlations with observations taken at other wavelengths and with other messengers; (b) construction of new gamma-ray maps of the Milky Way and other nearby galaxies where extended regions are distinguished from point sources; and (c) considerable serendipitous science of scarce events -- nearby neutron star mergers, for example. Advances in technology push the performance of new gamma-ray instruments to address a wide set of astrophysical questions., 14 pages including 3 figures

43. The enhanced X-ray Timing and Polarimetry mission—eXTP

Author

ShuangNan Zhang, Andrea Santangelo, Marco Feroci, YuPeng Xu, FangJun Lu, Yong Chen, Hua Feng, Shu Zhang, Søren Brandt, Margarita Hernanz, Luca Baldini, Enrico Bozzo, Riccardo Campana, Alessandra De Rosa, YongWei Dong, Yuri Evangelista, Vladimir Karas, Norbert Meidinger, Aline Meuris, Kirpal Nandra, Teng Pan, Giovanni Pareschi, Piotr Orleanski, QiuShi Huang, Stephane Schanne, Giorgia Sironi, Daniele Spiga, Jiri Svoboda, Gianpiero Tagliaferri, Christoph Tenzer, Andrea Vacchi, Silvia Zane, Dave Walton, ZhanShan Wang, Berend Winter, Xin Wu, Jean J. M. in’ t Zand, Mahdi Ahangarianabhari, Giovanni Ambrosi, Filippo Ambrosino, Marco Barbera, Stefano Basso, Jörg Bayer, Ronaldo Bellazzini, Pierluigi Bellutti, Bruna Bertucci, Giuseppe Bertuccio, Giacomo Borghi, XueLei Cao, Franck Cadoux, Francesco Ceraudo, TianXiang Chen, YuPeng Chen, Jerome Chevenez, Marta Civitani, Wei Cui, WeiWei Cui, Thomas Dauser, Ettore Del Monte, Sergio Di Cosimo, Sebastian Diebold, Victor Doroshenko, Michal Dovciak, YuanYuan Du, Lorenzo Ducci, QingMei Fan, Yannick Favre, Fabio Fuschino, José Luis Gálvez, Min Gao, MingYu Ge, Olivier Gevin, Marco Grassi, QuanYing Gu, YuDong Gu, DaWei Han, Bin Hong, Wei Hu, Long Ji, ShuMei Jia, WeiChun Jiang, Thomas Kennedy, Ingo Kreykenbohm, Irfan Kuvvetli, Claudio Labanti, Luca Latronico, Gang Li, MaoShun Li, Xian Li, Wei Li, ZhengWei Li, Olivier Limousin, HongWei Liu, XiaoJing Liu, Bo Lu, Tao Luo, Daniele Macera, Piero Malcovati, Adrian Martindale, Malgorzata Michalska, Bin Meng, Massimo Minuti, Alfredo Morbidini, Fabio Muleri, Stephane Paltani, Emanuele Perinati, Antonino Picciotto, Claudio Piemonte, JinLu Qu, Alexandre Rachevski, Irina Rashevskaya, Jerome Rodriguez, Thomas Schanz, ZhengXiang Shen, LiZhi Sheng, JiangBo Song, LiMing Song, Carmelo Sgro, Liang Sun, Ying Tan, Phil Uttley, Bo Wang, DianLong Wang, GuoFeng Wang, Juan Wang, LangPing Wang, YuSa Wang, Anna L. Watts, XiangYang Wen, Jörn Wilms, ShaoLin Xiong, JiaWei Yang, Sheng Yang, YanJi Yang, Nian Yu, WenDa Zhang, Gianluigi Zampa, Nicola Zampa, Andrzej A. Zdziarski, AiMei Zhang, ChengMo Zhang, Fan Zhang, Long Zhang, Tong Zhang, Yi Zhang, XiaoLi Zhang, ZiLiang Zhang, BaoSheng Zhao, ShiJie Zheng, YuPeng Zhou, Nicola Zorzi, J. Frans Zwart, ITA, GBR, FRA, DEU, ESP, DNK, POL, CZE, CHN, Institut de Recherches sur les lois Fondamentales de l'Univers (IRFU), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris-Saclay, eXTP, Zhang, ShuangNan, Santangelo, Andrea, Feroci, Marco, Xu, YuPeng, Lu, FangJun, Chen, Yong, Feng, Hua, Zhang, Shu, Brandt, Søren, Hernanz, Margarita, Baldini, Luca, Bozzo, Enrico, Campana, Riccardo, De Rosa, Alessandra, Dong, YongWei, Evangelista, Yuri, Karas, Vladimir, Meidinger, Norbert, Meuris, Aline, Nandra, Kirpal, Pan, Teng, Pareschi, Giovanni, Orleanski, Piotr, Huang, QiuShi, Schanne, Stephane, Sironi, Giorgia, Spiga, Daniele, Svoboda, Jiri, Tagliaferri, Gianpiero, Tenzer, Christoph, Vacchi, Andrea, Zane, Silvia, Walton, Dave, Wang, ZhanShan, Winter, Berend, Wu, Xin, in’ t Zand, Jean J. M., Ahangarianabhari, Mahdi, Ambrosi, Giovanni, Ambrosino, Filippo, Barbera, Marco, Basso, Stefano, Bayer, Jörg, Bellazzini, Ronaldo, Bellutti, Pierluigi, Bertucci, Bruna, Bertuccio, Giuseppe, Borghi, Giacomo, Cao, XueLei, Cadoux, Franck, Ceraudo, Francesco, Chen, TianXiang, Chen, YuPeng, Chevenez, Jerome, Civitani, Marta, Cui, Wei, Cui, WeiWei, Dauser, Thoma, Del Monte, Ettore, Di Cosimo, Sergio, Diebold, Sebastian, Doroshenko, Victor, Dovciak, Michal, Du, YuanYuan, Ducci, Lorenzo, Fan, QingMei, Favre, Yannick, Fuschino, Fabio, Gálvez, José Lui, Gao, Min, Ge, MingYu, Gevin, Olivier, Grassi, Marco, Gu, QuanYing, Gu, YuDong, Han, DaWei, Hong, Bin, Hu, Wei, Ji, Long, Jia, ShuMei, Jiang, WeiChun, Kennedy, Thoma, Kreykenbohm, Ingo, Kuvvetli, Irfan, Labanti, Claudio, Latronico, Luca, Li, Gang, Li, MaoShun, Li, Xian, Li, Wei, Li, ZhengWei, Limousin, Olivier, Liu, HongWei, Liu, XiaoJing, Lu, Bo, Luo, Tao, Macera, Daniele, Malcovati, Piero, Martindale, Adrian, Michalska, Malgorzata, Meng, Bin, Minuti, Massimo, Morbidini, Alfredo, Muleri, Fabio, Paltani, Stephane, Perinati, Emanuele, Picciotto, Antonino, Piemonte, Claudio, Qu, JinLu, Rachevski, Alexandre, Rashevskaya, Irina, Rodriguez, Jerome, Schanz, Thoma, Shen, ZhengXiang, Sheng, LiZhi, Song, JiangBo, Song, LiMing, Sgro, Carmelo, Sun, Liang, Tan, Ying, Uttley, Phil, Wang, Bo, Wang, DianLong, Wang, GuoFeng, Wang, Juan, Wang, LangPing, Wang, YuSa, Watts, Anna L., Wen, XiangYang, Wilms, Jörn, Xiong, ShaoLin, Yang, JiaWei, Yang, Sheng, Yang, YanJi, Yu, Nian, Zhang, WenDa, Zampa, Gianluigi, Zampa, Nicola, Zdziarski, Andrzej A., Zhang, AiMei, Zhang, ChengMo, Zhang, Fan, Zhang, Long, Zhang, Tong, Zhang, Yi, Zhang, XiaoLi, Zhang, ZiLiang, Zhao, BaoSheng, Zheng, ShiJie, Zhou, YuPeng, Zorzi, Nicola, Zwart, J. Frans, and High Energy Astrophys. & Astropart. Phys (API, FNWI)

Subjects
Gravity (chemistry), Computer science, space mission: eXTP, X-ray timing, Polarimetry, General Physics and Astronomy, FOS: Physical sciences, 01 natural sciences, 7. Clean energy, Physics and Astronomy (all), Settore FIS/05 - Astronomia E Astrofisica, Observatory, X-ray instrumentation, 0103 physical sciences, X-ray polarimetry, Ground segment, Aerospace engineering, 010306 general physics, 010303 astronomy & astrophysics, Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics (astro-ph.IM), High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena (astro-ph.HE), Spacecraft, sezele, business.industry, Payload, Gravitational wave, Astrophysics::Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics, Space Science, business, Astrophysics - Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics, Astrophysics - High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena, [PHYS.ASTR]Physics [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]
Abstract

In this paper we present the enhanced X-ray Timing and Polarimetry mission - eXTP. eXTP is a space science mission designed to study fundamental physics under extreme conditions of density, gravity and magnetism. The mission aims at determining the equation of state of matter at supra-nuclear density, measuring effects of QED, and understanding the dynamics of matter in strong-field gravity. In addition to investigating fundamental physics, eXTP will be a very powerful observatory for astrophysics that will provide observations of unprecedented quality on a variety of galactic and extragalactic objects. In particular, its wide field monitoring capabilities will be highly instrumental to detect the electro-magnetic counterparts of gravitational wave sources. The paper provides a detailed description of: (1) the technological and technical aspects, and the expected performance of the instruments of the scientific payload; (2) the elements and functions of the mission, from the spacecraft to the ground segment., Accepted for publication on Sci. China Phys. Mech. Astron. (2019)

Published
2019
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