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In this article, a regional ocean surface waves dataset from Sentinel‐1 A and B Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) satellites has been described. The ocean wave data have been extracted from the Sentinel‐1 level‐2 OCN (ocean) product as provided by the European Space Agency and downloadable for this region from the Copernicus Australasia regional data hub. The source OCN data have been produced by evolving versions of Sentinel‐1 Instrument Processing Facility (IPF). The structure of the source OCN NetCDF files changes over time and presents a challenge in performing long duration, time series analyses, including the examination of potential inconsistencies in OCN wave data, due to employment of different IPF versions over the duration of the satellite missions. Here, the input OCN wave data have been homogenized to a single, easily usable standard format after applying a quality assurance and control procedure that removes various inconsistencies in variables, coordinates, dimensions and land flag, and through the addition of new auxiliary variables. The new format has the desirable properties of being compact in size, consistent in structure, and scalable in temporal and spatial coverage. It is also convenient to use and offers opportunities to perform fast, multi‐year regional processing and analysis for calibration and validation studies and scientific applications. No re‐processing of Sentinel‐1 level‐1 data has been carried out in this work. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Patient load, lack of time and treatment incentives are the major problems faced by healthcare professionals of being outdated and compromising quality of healthcare. Evidence based medicine has an enormous role to play in improving the present situation. Objective of study is to determine attitude, skills and barriers in practice of evidence based medicine among practitioners and pharmacy students. A cross sectional study was conducted. Institutional ethical committee permission, individual institute permission and consent from all the participants were obtained prior to the study. 323 students and 139 practitioner's responses were collected. 99.4 % of the pharmacy students and 94.2 % of practitioners were aware of evidence based medicine and had positive attitude towards evidence based medicine. The level of confidence for doing various tasks related to evidence based practice is varying widely among students. 56.3 % of pharmacy student's concurred lack of time, lack of skills and non-availability of resources were the major barriers in practice. 74.8 % practitioner's agreed that enhancing pharmacy student's knowledge in evidence based medicine will help to solve clinical queries in minimum time. Evidence based medicine practice among the pharmacy students and practitioners showed positive attitude towards evidence based medicine and supported skill development programs such as hands on training, workshops and seminars. Curriculum modifications in all healthcare professional's education according to the current needs are to be incorporated to enhance the patient care quality in this era of information explosion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Niemann Pick disease is a rare lysosomal storage disease of infancy which occurs due to accumulation of sphingomyelin in various tissues of the body. This leads to characteristic features of failure to thrive, marked organomegaly and neurodegenerative regression. The disease is uncommon in South East Asia and here we present this case as it is rarely found in Bangladesh. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A retrospective descriptive study was carried out at subcenter Abidal, Srinagar to assess morbidity pattern among the population who visited this center. Secondary data was taken and analyzed using Microsoft excel. Results showed female population more often visited the center. Among the majority of recorded cases acute infections and fevers, hypertension, musculoskeletal disorders and anemia were a major contributing ailment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper bivariate summation-integral type hybrid operators are constructed and their approximation properties are explored. We investigate the rate of convergence and order of approximation. Local approximation results are obtained using mixed modulus of continuity, Lipschitz-maximal and Peetre's K-functional. Global approximation results are studied using weight functions. Approximation properties in Bogel functional space are also explored. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this research work the thermoelectric and electrical performance of Sn doped Tellurium Telluride Tl8.67SnxSb1.33-xTe6 (x=0.61, 0.63, 0.65, 0.67, 0.68, 0.70), was studied. The samples were synthesized by melting method. By XRD and EDX analysis it has been confirmed that single phase tetragonal crystal structure with no any other impurities. The See beck co-efficient (thermo power) (S) shows increasing positive trend showing p-type semiconductor characteristics with whole temperature range from 300 to 550 K. At ambient temperature complex behavior of See beck coefficient for Sn doped compounds has been observed initially S decreasing with increase in Sn concentration i.e. x=0.65, and then S increases with increase in Sn contents up to x=0.70. In additional the electrical conductivity (s) and the power factors have also shows the same complex behavior with the increase of Sn concentrations.. Telluride's are narrow band-gap semiconductors, with all elements in common oxidation states, according to (Tl+)9(Sb3+) (Te2-)6.It is found that the power factor is increases with Sn concentrations as well as increase in temperature range from 300-500 K. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background. Previous studies demonstrated higher mortality for patients with a longer pre-intensive care unit (ICU) hospital length of stay (LOS), in well-resourced settings. Objectives. The study aimed to determine the association between pre-ICU hospital LOS and ICU outcomes in a resource-limited setting. We hypothesised that longer pre-ICU hospital LOS would be associated with higher ICU mortality. Methods. This was a retrospective cohort study measuring the association between pre-ICU hospital LOS and ICU outcomes using data extracted from a regional hospital ICU in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. Consecutive ICU admissions of all patients (medical and surgical) older than 18 years were included during the study period September 2014 to August 2018. A corrected sample size of 2 040 patients was identified. Multivariable logistic regression was used to assess the primary outcome of ICU mortality, and multivariable Cox proportional hazard regression was used for the secondary outcome of ICU LOS. Results. The median pre-ICU hospital LOS was 1 day (interquartile range (IQR) 0 - 2 days). The median length of ICU stay was 2.4 days (IQR 1.1 - 4.8 days) and the observed ICU mortality was 16% (n=327/2 040). Pre-ICU hospital LOS was not associated with ICU mortality in the unadjusted (odds ratio (OR) 1.00; 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.98 - 1.02; p=0.68; n=2 040) and fully adjusted logistic regression models (OR 1.00; 95% CI 0.98 - 1.03; p=0.90; n=1 981) using a complete case analysis for missing patient-level covariates. In Cox proportional hazard models, there was no association between pre-ICU hospital LOS and ICU LOS (hazard ratio 1.00; 95% CI 0.98 - 1.03; p=0.72; n=1 967), including when stratified by admission source. Conclusions. Pre-ICU hospital LOS was not associated with either ICU mortality or ICU LOS in a resource-limited setting. Future studies should aim to include multicentre data and evaluate long-term outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main motive of this paper is to study the Bianchi Type-III cosmological model in the context of f(T) gravity. We construct some f(T) models for expalning the evolutionary behavior of equation of state parameter !DE and energy density DE. These parameters are calculated in terms of T=T0 and redshift z. To solve the field equations of the theory we have used hybrid expansion law which shows a transition from decelerated phase to an accelerated phase in f(T) theory gravity. We discuss these cosmological parameters graphically by taking different values of redshift and EoS parameter. The crossing of phantom divide line can be seen in exponential and combined f(T) models whereas it can not be seen in logarithmic models. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The COVID-19 pandemic gripped every aspect of human life with its widespread pervasive impact. The burgeoning impact of the COVID-19 can be judged and determined by the huge number of sicknesses due to it, apart from the enormous death toll. Methodology: A record-based longitudinal study was carried out by collecting data of all the deaths among Covid-19 patients admitted for treatment in 2 tertairy care centres of Government Medical College and associated hospitals which were designated as Covid centre in the last week of April 2020 A total of 530 case records of deaths of the confirmed COVID-19 patients admitted from April 2020 to the 1st week of January 2021 were collected and analysed. 30 deaths having missing data were excluded from analysis. Results: In our study, out of 500 deaths, male deaths (66%) were more as compared to female deaths (34%). the maximum number of deaths were reported in the age group of 61-80 years (59.1%), followed by the age group of 41-60 years (29.2%), followed by the age group of >80 and least amongst aged <40 years out of 500 deaths, comorbidity was present amongst 51.4% of cases while 48.6% didn't have any comorbidities The median duration between hospital admission and death was 4 days (2-8). Conclusion: The study concludes that the mortality reported in the tertiary care hospital was mainly seen in the elderly age groups and most dominant among males and hypertension being the main comorbidity associated. The average duration between admissions to death is comparably low in Kashmir. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Let G = (V;E) be a graph. A total labeling ψ: V ⋃ E → {1, 2, ....k} is called totally irregular total k-labeling of G if every two distinct vertices u and v in V (G) satisfy wt(u) ≠wt(v); and every two distinct edges u 1 u 2 and v 1 v 2 in E(G) satisfy wt(u 1 u 2) ≠ wt(v 1 v 2); where wt(u) = ψ (u) + ∑ uv∊E(G) ψ(uv) and wt(u 1 u 2) = ψ(u 1) + ψ(u 1 u 2) + ψ(u 2): The minimum k for which a graph G has a totally irregular total k-labeling is called the total irregularity strength of G, denoted by ts(G): In this paper, we determine the exact value of the total irregularity strength of cubic graphs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The experiment was evaluated to find out the serum antibody titer of broiler breeders raised under different rearing systems (cage vs. floor) against Newcastle disease virus and infectious bronchitis disease virus. Two hundred and forty-day-old broiler breeders were equally divided into six groups Floor (V+CH), (V+Not CH) and (Not V+CH) and cage (V+CH), (V+Not CH), and (Not V+CH). Birds were vaccinated with Mukteswar, La Sota, and Massachusetts M41 in 1st week, 3rd week, and 4th week. Blood /serum samples were collected at 42 days of age. Collected data were analyzed by using a complete randomized design. The geometric mean titer (GMT) for Newcastle disease virus (NDV) of broiler breeders reared under floor versus cage housing system was measured by using the hem agglutination inhibition test and the defensive potentiality of vaccines was measured by determining the survivability rate of chickens by challenge infection. Birds vaccinated and virus-challenged showed a protective antibody titer against Newcastle disease virus in both housing systems. Significantly higher GMT was recorded for the non-vaccinated group having virus-challenged in cage female (9.76 ±0.34) and floor female (9.94 ±0.23). Protective antibody titer was calculated for broiler breeders who were regularly vaccinated. There were no significant differences (P≥0.05) observed in the cage versus floor housing system. Higher serum antibody titer in caged females (9.22±0.36) and floor (8.98±0.32) was calculated due to infection challenges. Morbidity and mortality were significantly affected by the cage and floor-rearing system. Frequencies of diseased birds and mortality were found higher on the floor compared to cages in the non-vaccinated group. Despite the regular vaccination sick female broiler breeders were found higher compared to cage broiler breeders. In the non-vaccinated group floor reared birds have a higher percentage of morbidity and mortality compared to cages. In conclusion cage and floor-rearing systems have no adverse effect on serum antibody titer and survivability of broiler breeders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Peatlands are recognized for their ecological significance and vital role in global carbon sequestration and are facing threats worldwide. This research links plantation forestry to water color due to dissolved organic carbon in the waters of the peatlands of Deosai National Park, District Skardu, Gilgit-Baltistan, Pakistan, in the context of water quality and its sustainable conservation. The research question of the study is, do plantation forests enhance dissolved organic carbon concentration? Monitoring of the amounts of dissolved organic carbon in seepage water taken from peatlands and forests in Gilgit-Baltistan's Deosai National Park provides an answer to this question. The results depict a lower concentration level of dissolved organic carbon in forest samples as compared to peatland samples from Deosai National Park waters. Because the litter in mature forest crops is more consolidated, less dissolved organic carbon leaches. Further studies that focus on a more detailed sampling regime for data collection are required. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Prevalence of IgG antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 infection provides essential information for deciding disease prevention and mitigation measures. We estimate the seroprevalence of SARS-CoV-2 specific IgG antibodies in District Srinagar. Methods: 2906 persons >18 years of age selected from hospital visitors across District Srinagar participated in the study. We tested samples for the presence of SARS-CoV-2 specific IgG antibodies using a chemiluminescent microparticle immunoassay-based serologic test. Results: Age- and gender-standardized seroprevalence was 3.6% (95% CI 2.9% to 4.3%). Age 30–69 years, a recent history of symptoms of an influenza-like-illness, and a history of being placed under quarantine were significantly related to higher odds of the presence of SARS-CoV-2 specific IgG antibodies. The estimated number of SARS-CoV-2 infections during the two weeks preceding the study, adjusted for test performance, was 32602 with an estimated (median) infection-to-known-case ratio of 46 (95% CI 36 to 57). Conclusions: The seroprevalence of SARS-CoV-2 specific IgG antibodies is low in the District. A large proportion of the population is still susceptible to the infection. A sizeable number of infections remain undetected, and a substantial proportion of people with symptoms compatible with COVID-19 are not tested. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The reduction in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) transmission through breastmilk with maternal combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) has led many pregnant women living with HIV and healthcare providers to question exclusive formula feeding in resource-rich settings. Here, we describe cART prophylaxis in 3 breastfed infants whose mothers had sustained virologic suppression; all 3 of these infants remained uninfected. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The dynamics of non-Newtonian fluids along with nanoparticles is quite interesting with numerous industrial applications. The current predominately predictive modeling deals with the flow of the viscoelastic micropolar fluid in the presence of nanoparticles. A progressive amendment in the heat and concentration equations is made by exploiting the Cattaneo-Christov (C-C) heat and mass flux expressions. Besides, the thermal radiation effects are contributed in the energy equation and aspect of the radiation parameter, and the Prandtl number is specified by the one-parameter approach. The formulated expressions are converted to the dimensionless forms by relevant similarity functions. The analytical solutions to these expressions have been erected by the homotopy analysis method. The variations in physical quantities, including the velocity, the temperature, the effective local Nusselt number, the concentration of nanoparticles, and the local Sherwood number, have been observed under the influence of emerging parameters. The results have shown good accuracy compared with those of the existing literature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Moringa is a multipurpose plant due to enormous benefits but chilling temperature in winter results in various physiological and metabolic disturbances in cells of this plant which leads to vegetative growth inhibition in moringa. To overcome this problem, foliar application of various biostimulants might be viable option. Moringa leaf extract is also getting popularity as bio-stimulant. Therefore, present study was conducted to test the growth of moringa seedling under low temperature regime (12.9–20.1 °C) in response to foliar application of moringa leaf extract, hydrogen peroxide, ascorbic acid and salicylic acid. Seeds of moringa accessions were collected from concerning locations and seedlings were grown in polythene bags filled with equal ratio of compost, sand, silt and clay. All foliar treatments were applied twice at the age of one and three months of seedlings. Growth and biochemical parameters were recorded by using standard procedures. Foliar application of moringa leaf extract at the rate of 3% significantly improved the number of branches (66%), leaves (52%), leaflets (42%), leaf chlorophyll a (41%) and b (71%) and total chlorophyll (49%) contents, membrane stability index (45%) and leaf phenolic contents (78%) of moringa seedlings as compared to control after first round of treatment application. After second round of foliar application of moringa leaf extract at the rate of 3% significantly increased the number of branches (92%), leaves (141%), leaflets (61%), leaf chlorophyll a (51%) and b (61%), total chlorophyll contents (54%), membrane stability index (60%) and leaf phenolic contents (63%) of moringa seedlings. Vigorous growth of moringa seedlings under low temperature stress ensured the defensive potential of moringa leaf extract against low temperature stress. • Moringa oleifera leaf extract, rich in minerals and growth hormones, is a very effective under low temperature stress. • Foliar application of MLE improved growth and biochemical parameters of moringa grown under low temperature conditions. • More growth was observed in local moringa as compared to Indian cultivar grown under low temperature conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Wheat is regarded as a main staple crop in Pakistan because its contribution to the daily diet of a common man is 60%. Late sowing of wheat not only reduces yield but also affects efficiency of other production factors but it is not possible to absolutely avoid late sowing. Moringa leaf extract (MLE), exogenously applied either through seed or plant foliage, is known to boost field crops productivity under both normal and unfavorable conditions. A study was conducted to evaluate the crop growth enhancing potential of MLE alone and in combination with hydrogen peroxide, salicylic acid (SA) and ascorbic acid (ASA). The experimental design was a randomized complete block design with split plot arrangements having three replications. The treatments were control, hydropriming, MLE (3%) priming, MLE + H 2 O 2 (2 μM) + SA (50 mg L−1) + ASA (50 mg L−1) priming, water spray, MLE spray and MLE + H 2 O 2 + SA + ASA spray. Foliar treatments were applied twice during growth period at tillering and booting stages. Foliar application and priming approaches of MLE alone and with growth promoting substances were found to be better than control, and foliar effects were more prominent. Foliar application of MLE improved biological and grain yields and biochemical parameters as compared to control. It can be concluded that application of MLE as a priming agent improved the emergence parameters in normal and late sown wheat. Alone and blended MLE spray also enhanced the biochemical traits as well as growth attributes of wheat. Notably, application of moringa leaf extract alone portrays a beneficial role in terms of biological as well as economical yield of late sown wheat. • Fresh Moringa oleifera leaf extract, rich in minerals, antioxidants, vitamins, growth hormones and secondary metabolites, is a very effective bio-stimulant • Foliar application of MLE improved biological and grain yields and biochemical parameters of wheat • Application of MLE as a priming agent improved the emergence parameters in normal and late sown wheat • MLE alone and blended spray also enhanced the biochemical traits as well as growth attributes of wheat. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We present detailed shape-based analyses to compare the performance of metal foil-based capacitive pressure sensors based on the shape of the diaphragm (top electrode). We perform a detailed analysis on the use of new material and deflection in various shaped diaphragms to act as a performance indicator for pressure-based capacitive sensors. A low-cost, recyclable, and readily available material is used to present an alternative to the expensive materials used in conventional pressure sensors. Diaphragms of five different shapes (circle, ellipse, pentagon, square, and rectangle) are fabricated and analyzed. Mathematical, FEM, and experimental tests are performed for capacitive sensors fabricated in five different shapes. The mathematically calculated deflection for each shaped diaphragm is compared with the results of the corresponding FEM simulations. Two different experiments are performed to verify the performance of pressure sensors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study was designed to measure the mean values of body mass index (BMI), random blood sugar/ fast ing blood sugar (RBS/FBS) tests, and Hb A1c and to investigate the role of a genetic variant rs1544410 in the VDR gene in a Pakistani cohort. For this purpose, a total of 917 samples including 469 diabetes mellitus type 2 (T2DM), 145 DM type 1 (T1DM), and 303 healthy control were collected. Out of the total sample set, 500 individuals (250 T2DM cases and 250 controls) were genotyped for rs1544410. It was found that 65 (26.0%) cases and 32 (12.8%) controls had homozygous AA, while 69 (27.6%) cases and 139 (55.6%) controls had heterozygous AG, and 116 (46.4%) cases and 79 (31.6%) controls had homozygous GG (χ2 = 41.81, p = 0.0001). In addition, a similar distribution of allele frequency was determined in cases and controls [p value = 0.866; odds ratio (OR) = 0.967; relative risk (RR) = 1.034]. A significant difference was observed in homozygous dominant [OR = 2.394 (1.501-3.816); RR = 1.46 (1.225-1.740); p = 0.003] and homozygous recessive models [OR = 2.970 (2.086-4.227); RR = 1.798 (1.501-2.154); p = <0.0001] analysis of rs1544410 in the VDR gene. These findings suggest that the VDR gene is associated with T2DM and genotype GG of genetic variant rs1544410 is the susceptible genotype in our Pakistani cohort. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the storyline of metal nanoparticles, green synthesis is emerging at a very fast pace. In this experimentation phenomena, nanoparticles of Titanium dioxide were coalesced using an extract solution of oscimum sanctum herba as a bioreductant. This is novel and interesting method for synthesis of TiO2 nanoparticles. The prepared titanium dioxide nanoparticles were distinguished using ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy (UV-VIS), Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The girth range of TiO2 nanoparticles was evaluated to be in the range of 90-100 nm. Moreover, the reaction which was alkaline by behavior of the solution (pH = 8) resulted in the increase in absorbance (at 570 nm and 490 nm), which sparges the growth of the number of TiO2 nanoparticles in the studied solution. The microscopic technique showed that the diameter of TiO2 was in the range of 6-10 nm but with little agglomeration. Also, its Antibiofilm activity was accessed with correlation to optical densities, biofilm formation capability of microbes make their distortion tedious but fighting strategy of nanoparticles could be a revolution in antibacterial investigations 450 µg/l of nanoparticles from both the extracts targeted the biofilms of E.coli. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An agro-climatic study was carried out in eastern Indian state of Bihar (middle Indo-Gangetic Plains) to identify optimum planting schedules and water availability of rainfed crops based on moisture availability index (MAI), i.e., the ratio of weekly assured rainfall and potential evapotranspiration (PET) for delineating safe growing period and crop production potential at micro-level in order to develop climate smart agricultural production system. For this purpose, historical weekly rainfall data for a period ranging from 30 to 55 years of 110 rain-gauge stations and normal weekly PET were employed. The assured weekly rainfall at different probability levels, viz. 25, 50, and 75%, was computed employing incomplete gamma distribution technique. The study revealed that at 50% probability (i.e., 50 out of 100 years), the sowing window of rainfed crops with MAI ≥ 0.33 ranged from 19 to 24 SMW (standard meteorological week) over different districts in Zone I (North west alluvial plains), 18 to 23 SMW in Zone II (North east alluvial plains), 23–24 SMW in Zone IIIA (Part of South Bihar alluvial plains), and 24–25 SMW in Zone IIIB (Part of South Bihar alluvial plains). The districts under Zone II recorded the earliest sowing week for starting sowing of rainfed crops, and the most delayed start of sowing was recorded in the districts under Zone IIIB at all probability levels. Kishanganj District recorded the highest duration of water availability followed by West Chamaparan District at all MAI and probability levels. In terms of longer length of water availability and higher values of MAI, Zone II appeared to be the most potential agroclimatic zone followed by Zone I and Zone IIIA. The Zone IIIB was adjudged as the least potential Zone in terms of shorter water availability period for rainfed crop production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main aim of this article is to investigate some new families of q-special polynomials and to study their properties using different approaches. The 2-iterated q-Appell polynomial family is introduced and some properties of these polynomials are considered under q-umbral calculus methods. Some 2-iterated q-Appell and hybrid q-special polynomials are studied as members of this family. The numbers related to these polynomials are obtained. The graphical representation of the 2-iterated and hybrid q-Appell polynomials is presented. The zeros of these polynomials are investigated for some values of index n using numerical computation. The approximate solutions of the real zeros of these polynomials are also considered. The determinant forms for the 2-iterated q-Appell family and for the 2-iterated and hybrid q-special polynomials are established using linear algebraic approach. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We present an inclinometer which incorporates a movable electrode acting as a pendulum inside a parallel plate capacitor. The movable electrode acts as the bottom plate while the top plate is a fixed metal with varying area in the shape of a triangle. When the bottom plate moves under the influence of gravity, the overlapping area of the two plates of the parallel plate capacitor varies corresponding to a change in capacitance. The relation between the angle of tilt, overlapping area, and output capacitance is derived which is used to covert the output capacitance to the tilt angle. The inclinometer has a range of 50° with a resolution of 0.38° and a response time of ∼130 ms. This design has a pronounced advantage over current methods of making inclinometer. Generally, inclinometers incorporate MEMS-based accelerometers which need complex interface circuitry and are expensive to produce while having redundant features that are not required for inclinometers. Other specialized inclinometers use fluids that are prone to environmental changes and complex to manufacture due to the presence of fluids. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Over the previous 30 years, the status of diabetes has changed from being considered as a mellow issue of the elderly to one of the significant reasons for morbidity and mortality influencing the young and moderately aged individuals. The aim of the study was to estimate the prevalence of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and impaired fasting glycemia (IFG) in the adult population, age ≥ 20 years of District Srinagar and determine its sociodemographic and lifestyle correlates. The study was conducted among the adult population of District Srinagar with a sample size of 580. A three-stage cluster random sampling design was used, and study participants were selected using a Kish grid method. Sociodemographic data, anthropometric data, and other data were collected as per the pretested semi-structured proforma. The participants were then subjected to fasting venous blood glucose estimation. The American Diabetes Association (ADA) criteria 2015 were used for classifying the subjects as normal, pre-diabetic, and diabetics. The prevalence of T2DM was 9.8% and that of IFG was 22.2%,the majority of them (9.1%) had known T2DM. The prevalence of IFG and T2DM was statistically associated with increasing age (p < 0.001), marital status (p < 0.001), educational status (p < 0.001), high chocolates and carbonated drinks consumption (p < 0.001), level of physical inactivity (p < 0.05), body mass index (p < 0.001), family history of T2DM (p < 0.001), and smoking behavior and hypertension (p < 0.001). Our analysis suggests an increase in the prevalence of T2DM in District Srinagar. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Excellent dolomite exposures are observed in the eastern Salt Range (Pakistan), where the Cambrian Jutana Formation consists of two distinct units (i.e. oolitic - pisolitic unit and massive dolomite unit). Field observations revealed that the lower, oolitic-pisolitic unit mostly comprises medium to thick bedded, interlayered brown yellowish dolostone containing ooids/pisoids and faunal assemblages, and grey whitish sandstone with distinct depositional sedimentary features (i.e. trough-, herringbone- and hummockycross bedding). The upper massive dolostone unit consists of thick bedded to massive dolostone. These two units are separated by shale. Petrographic studies identified three dolomite types, which include: fine crystalline dolomite (Dol. I), medium-coarse crystalline dolomite (Dol. II) and fracture associated, coarse crystalline dolomite (Dol. III). Stable isotope studies indicate less depleted δ18O values for Dol. I (-6.44 to -3.76‰V-PDB), slightly depleted δ18O values for Dol. II (-7.73 to -5.24‰V-PDB) and more depleted δ18O values for Dol. III (-7.29 to -7.20‰V-PDB). The δ13C values of the three dolomite phases are well within the range of Cambrian sea-water signatures. Furthermore, δ26Mg-δ25Mg signatures (Dol. I; δ26Mg=-1.19 to -1.67, δ25Mg=-0.61 to -0.86 and Dol. II; δ26Mg=-1.34 to -1.59, δ25Mg=-0.70 to -0.83) indicate three phases of dolomitization in different diagenetic settings. First, an initial stage of dolomitization during the early Cambrian resulted from altered marine, Mg-rich fluids associated with mixing zone mechanism. Second, a late stage of dolomitization was associated with burial during late Permian. A third dolomitization phase was related to post-Eocene times. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mild agate mortar activation followed by sintering of precursors, in resemblance to modified solid state process, was studied for synthesis of the aurivillius bismuth titanate. Hand on mill activation was carried out for eight hours followed by annealing treatment at 1000°C for 12 hours in presence of air atmosphere to obtain the proper phase. Scherrer's formula was utilized to estimate crystallite size along with planes of orientation. Crystallite size was about 65nm while prominent peaks of orientations were (-117), (006), (111), (200) and others. FESEM and TEM studies were carried to obtain the morphology and estimated grain size of the synthesized aurivillius compound. Morphological features execute the material system to be nanocrystalline in nature as estimated from grain size measurement in correspondence with XRD crystallite size estimation. FTIR analysis confirms M-O coordinations of synthesized modified perovskite (aurivillius) sample. Optical property was evaluated from UV-VIS analysis with prominent absorption spectra in the visible region. Tauc plot was used to estimate the band gap to be about 2.86eV & 2eV for both direct and indirect transitions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Atypical pneumonia known as coronavirus disease (COVID-19) caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is highly infectious and is currently spreading rapidly around the globe [2]. In 12 women, the nucleic acid test from the throat swab was positive for SARS-CoV-2 but in only five women did both the CT scan and the nucleic acid test indicate COVID-19 (Fig. In summary, we found two neonates suspected for SARS-CoV-2 infection and five neonates with neonatal pneumonia, suggesting the possibility that adverse pregnancy outcomes may be linked to COVID-19 infection. [Extracted from the article]

Al-2219 alloy belongs to the class of age-hardenable materials applied in many industrial applications. To impart strength in components, it is usually tempered to T6 condition through age-hardening process. However, during this process, the components experience distortion thus adversely affecting the form accuracy. The present work is aimed at devising an appropriate processing route to produce age-hardened components through Incremental Sheet Forming (ISF) with reasonable accuracy and formability. Three different processing routes namely P-ISF-ST-T6 (ISF followed by solution treatment which is followed by age-hardening), P-ST-ISF-T6 (solution treatment followed by ISF which is followed by age-hardening) and P-ST-T6-ISF (solution treatment followed by age-hardening which is followed by ISF) are applied to produce a pyramid shape. The tensile properties of the starting sheet blank are observed to have significant influence both on the form error and formability. Yield strength appears to control the error in the flat wall and corner of pyramid in a way that the error decreases with a decrease in strength. Low yield strength, however, contrarily promotes geometrical error in the bottom of pyramid. Corner in the pyramid geometry suffers from the maximum error. Regarding formability, it is found to be governed by the area reduction in tensile fracture. The least cumulative error with reasonably high formability is offered by the P-ST-ISF-T6 route. The processing route is found to influence the distribution of residual stresses as well. The nature/magnitude of stresses in the material is transformed when ISF is performed, which further experience transformation if exposed to heat treatment. The material processed through the P-ST-T6-ISF route endures the maximum residual stresses, the route that also induces the highest form error. This reveals that higher residual stresses could cause higher form error in ISF. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ni(II), Cu(II) and Zn(II) complexes of diphenyldithiocarbamate have been synthesized with the aim of developing antioxidants, potential antibacterial and antifungal agents. Synthesized metal complexes were characterized by magnetic susceptibility, elemental analysis; conductivity measurements, mass spectra, infrared, ultra violet/visible and nuclear magnetic resonance verified the chemical composition of products. Magnetic susceptibility and spectroscopic studies suggested the predicted geometry of the diphenyldithiocarbamate complexes as octahedral geometry of Ni(II) complex distortion square-planer geometry distorted towards tetrahedral for Cu(II) and Zn(II) complexes. Synthesized metal complexes exhibited remarkable antioxidant potential as compared to standard. Zn(II) complex of diphenyldithiocarbamate exhibited IC50 of 31.45± 0.31 μM while the standard, butylated hydroxytoluene exhibited IC50 of 44.67±0.45 μM antioxidant activity. Synthesized metal complexes showed very good antibacterial and antifungal potential against Rhodococcuss, Actinomyces viscosus, Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli and the fungi, Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus flavus, Candida and Acetomyceta. It's concluded that synthesized metal complexes showed better antioxidant, antibacterial and antifungal potential as compared to diphenyldithiocarbamate as well as the standard and might turn out to be a valuable treatment of numerous kinds of diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Sample-size calculations are critical to ensure that randomised control trials return robust and reliable results. The estimated treatment effects used in these calculations is often significantly different from the actual treatment effect and can dramatically impact trial validity. Methods: This study examined sample-size calculations in randomised controlled trials designed to show superiority between two-arm parallel groups with a single primary outcome that were published in the top five anaesthetic journals for 2014 (as per Thomson Reuters impact factors). In particular, it sought to determine treatment effect estimations used in a priori sample-size calculations and compare them with actual treatment effects. Results: A PubMed search identified 209 possible articles; 52 were drawn for full text review; and 28 were included in the final analysis. The relative difference between expected and actual event rates was greater than 20% in 80% of trials and greater than 50% in 44% of trials. Conclusions: Unrealistic assumptions of treatment effects in randomised controlled trials published in anaesthesia journals are common. Trial sample sizes should be calculated thoughtfully and realistically and should be fully reported in both trial protocols and publications. Researchers should be aware of the opportunity cost as well as the possible dangers to patients when unrealistic assumptions are made. Where possible researchers should collaborate to achieve meaningful trial sample sizes to ensure robust clinical findings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In vitro antifungal potential of Trichoderma isolates, selective botanical extracts and fungicides against A. solani was evaluated. Trichoderma isolates, i.e. T. harzianum, T. viride and T. hamatum, were tested for their antifungal effect by dual culture technique at 48, 96, 144 and 172 hrs. T. hamatum produced the highest inhibition of A. solani in vitro, followed by T. hazianum and T. viride after 172 hrs. Methanolic leaf extracts of Elettaria cardamomum, Syzygium aromaticum, Curcuma longa and root extract of Parthenium hysterophorus showed up to 100% inhibition of A. solani, compared to control, while methanolic stem and leaf extracts of P. hysterophorus produced up to 90% inhibition of the pathogen. In vitro, six different systemic fungicides Triger 25% EC (Tebuconazole), Solex (Carbendazim 40% + Triadimefon 10%), Dew (Difenoconazole), Amistor Top SC (Azoxystrobin + Difenoconazole), Corel 25% EC (Difenoconazole), Reflex (Difenoconazole + Propiconazole) were tested against A. solani at 5, 10 and 15 ppm concentrations after 48, 96, 144 and 172 hrs. Corel and reflex at all concentrations produced best growth inhibition of A. solani. The inhibition was maximum by all fungicides at 15 ppm after 172 hrs. All fungicides had a promising inhibitory effect on A. solani, except Solex. It can be concluded from the present investigation that a combination of these strategies can be used in integrated disease management of A. solani on potato. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the present study, synthesis, characterization and antibacterial properties of un-doped and Cu-doped ZnO nanoparticles (NAPs) were explored and also have been investigated the effect of changing the dopant precursor material [Cu(NO3)2 to Cu(NO3)2.3H2O] on the surface morphology and the antibacterial properties of Cu-doped ZnO NAPs. The undoped ZnO NAPs, Cu-doped ZnO NAPs (M1 NAPs, Cu(NO3)2) and (M2 NAPs, Cu(NO3)2.3H2O) were fabricated through co-precipitation method. The synthesized NAPs were characterized by different spectroscopic and analytical techniques such as X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDAX) and Ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis) spectroscopy. The antibacterial activity of synthesized NAPs was carried out by agar diffusion method against different bacterial strains. Results from XRD, SEM, EDAX and UV-Vis examines confirmed the successful synthesis, crystalline nature and hexagonal wurzite structure of un-doped and M1 NAPs and M2 NAPs with the average grain size of 15.63 nm and 20.18 nm and 28.94 nm; and band gap energy of 3.68, 2.76 eV and 2.10 eV respectively. The synthesized Cudoped ZnO NAPs (M2 NAPs) were disclosed the remarkable and extraordinary antibacterial activity against E. coli, and B. subtilis, with the zone of inhibitions of 31 ± 0.4 mm and 27 ± 0.6 mm, respectively. Better and improved antibacterial propensity was also demonstrated by M1 NAPs than un-doped ZnO NAPs and standard drug. Results thus obtained corroborate and suggest the applications of un-doped ZnO NAPs and Cu-doped ZnO NAPs as antibacterial agents. Therefore, they are worthy candidates for future pharmaceutical applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Silver is commonly used antibacterial material, and showed improved results when doped to less expensive ZnO nanoparticles. Chemical reduction method with zinc acetate as host and silver nitrate as dopant precursor was used. The surface area of particles was enhanced by calcination in different atmospheric conditions. Antibacterial activity of synthesized nanoparticles was evaluated against different Gramnegative and Gram-positive bacterial strains. Minimum inhibitory (6 to 21 mM) and minimum bactericidal concentrations (23 to 47 mM) indicated that antibacterial activity of nanoparticles was increased by silver doping and calcination in oxygen atmosphere. The X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopic data further confirmed the hypothesis. Present study confirmed that oxygen treated silver-doped zinc oxide nanoparticles could have pharmacological applications as alternative for antibiotics and disinfectants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

3-(3,4-Dimethoxyphenyl)-1-(2,5-dimethylfuran-3-yl)prop-2-en-1-one (DDFP) was prepared by the reaction of 3-acetyl-2,5-dimethylfuran and 3,4-dimethoxybenzaldehyde. Data obtained from FT-IR, H-NMR, C-NMR, EIMS, and elemental analysis were consistent with the chemical structure of the newly prepared DDFP. Electronic absorption and emission spectrum of DDFP have been measured in different solvents. DDFP dye exhibits red shift in emission spectrum as solvent polarity increases, indicating a large change in dipole moment of DDFP molecule upon excitation due to intramolecular charge transfer in excited DDFP. Excited state intermolecular hydrogen bonding affects the energy of emission spectrum and fluorescence quantum yield of DDFP molecule. DDFP dye undergoes solubilization in different micelles and may be used as a probe or quencher to determine the critical micelle concentration (CMC) of CTAB and SDS. The pho to reactivity and net photochemical quantum yield (φ) of DDFP are determined in solvents CHCl, CHCl, CCl, and DMSO. The dye is relatively photostable in DMSO and displays photodecomposition in chloromethane solvents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, a novel application of Finite Element Update Method (FEUM) is proposed for the inverse identification of material constitutive parameters in transversely isotropic laminates. Two-dimensional Digital Image Correlation (2D-DIC) is used for full-field measurements which is required for the identification process. Instead of measuring the in-plane displacements, which is a well-known application of 2D-DIC, we seek to measure the pseudo-displacements resulting from out-of-plane (towards camera) deflection of plate under a point load. These pseudo-displacements are basically the perspective projection of the three dimensional displacement fields on the image-plane of the image acquisition system. The cost function in this method is defined in terms of these projections instead of the true displacements - and hence the name Projected Finite Element Update Method (PFEUM). In this article, identification of in-plane elastic moduli of Carbon Fiber Reinforced Plastic (CFRP) plate has been performed using plate bending experiments which show pre-dominantly out-of-plane deflection with little contribution from the in-plane displacements. Identification results are validated by direct experimental measurements of the unknown elastic constants as well as theoretical estimates based on volume ratio of constituents. The results show good conformance between estimated and target values for at least three material parameters namely E, E and G. Effects of experimental noise on parameter estimates has also been evaluated to explain the observed deviation in estimated parameters with current test configuration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Magnetic shape memory (MSM) alloys are relatively new and very promising “smart” materials that respond to magnetic fields and exhibit the shape memory effect at room temperature. Maximum strain varies from 6% to 12% of the MSM element’s length depending on its microstructure. The shape memory effect and the magnetic field-induced reorientation of MSM twin variants in low-temperature martensite phase have been subject to ongoing research for almost two decades. However, the magnetic field distribution in the MSM elements and effects of its varying magnetic permeability on bias magnetic field are not well studied. In this paper, we present an extension to the existing modeling approach for MSM elements applicable to actuator design. The effects arising from single-crystal anisotropy and demagnetization effects due to non-homogeneous multi-variant MSM microstructure are studied and discussed. The proposed approach is validated by comparing computational results with the previously reported measurement data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Objective: Increasingly happening disasters around the globe are one of the major threats to human health and life. Nurses being largest group in the healthcare team, play a vital role in disaster preparedness and response. Nurses must be equipped with proper knowledge and skills in order to prepare them for their effective role during large-scale disasters and mass casualty events. This study was designed to explore the disaster preparedness knowledge among nurses at two tertiary care hospitals in Lahore and to assess nurses' education and training needs in preparation for disasters. Methodology: A descriptive survey approach was adopted; using a questionnaire distributed to a convenient sample of 200 registered nurses working in two tertiary care hospitals in Lahore. Results: The research findings demonstrated that 48 percent of nurses had inadequate knowledge, 42 percent of them had moderately adequate knowledge and only ten percent of them had adequate knowledge on disaster preparedness. Statistically significant differences in the knowledge scores were observed based on the respondents' level of professional education. The Four Year BScN graduates scored significantly better than diploma and Post-RNBScN graduates. Majority (91%) of nurses acknowledged that they were inadequately prepared for disasters but were aware of the need for such preparation. Disaster training and education was considered extremely important by 73% of nurses. They recognized that disaster specific courses (69%) and disaster drills (44%) are useful tools for disaster preparedness. Conclusion: Nurses in two tertiary care hospitals in Lahore have inadequate knowledge regarding disaster preparedness and are inadequately prepared for disasters but are aware of the need for such preparation. Nurses in Pakistan, should be provided with knowledge and skills necessary to improve their ability to perform effectively in the event of a disaster. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The determination of captopril was performed by measuring the photoluminescence quenching of pH sensitive mercaptopropanoic acid capped CdTe quantum dots. Under optimum conditions, the calibration model (log F/F as a function of the concentration of captopril) was linear up to 8 × 10 mol/L (1.7 μg/mL) and the limit of detection (x - 3s) was 2.7 × 10 mol/L (18 ng/mL). A possible mechanism for quenching is proposed. The method was applied in the determination of captopril in two commercial pharmaceutical formulations, indicating that it can be used for simple and fast quantitative control of commercial medicines or pharmaceutical preparations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Magnetic shape memory (MSM) alloys are relatively new smart alloys, which have enormous potential to be used in actuators, sensors, and other electrical devices. Their large strain and considerable stress output can be controlled by magnetic fields or mechanical stresses. Maximum magnetic field-induced strain varies from 6% to 12% of the MSM element’s length depending on its microstructure. However, very low operational temperature limit is one of the main drawbacks of conventional MSM alloys. This makes their application in high-performance actuators challenging due to considerable power losses. This paper discusses different MSM actuator designs, optimized particularly for large force output for pneumatic electromagnetic valve applications. The thermal problem is addressed through analyzing the heat transfer conditions of each particular design and the effects of different cooling systems. An energy-efficient operating cycle for varying actuator loads that takes advantage of the shape memory effect is also proposed. This allows the minimization of energy losses, resulting in an acceptable increase in the temperature ensuring stable continuous actuation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

22q11.2 duplication syndrome is a recently discovered genetic syndrome with unclear neuropsychiatric sequelae. While its connection to 22q11.2 deletion syndrome is actively investigated, case reports on the neuropsychiatric sequelae of affected individuals have been previously described, largely focusing on comorbid autism spectrum disorder. Here, we present the case of an 8-year-old female experiencing episodes of severe behavioural regression following medical illness. We analyze the case and relate it to the available literature and identify potential risk factors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • ZrO 2 -CaCr 2 O 4 -BiOIO 3 nanocomposite were synthesised by facile co-precipitation method. • The NCs exhibits excellent photodegradation of cefixime and doxycycline. • The end product toxicity was evaluated against E.coli and S.epidermis. • Investigation of genotoxicity towards Allium cepa. • Elucidation of photodegradation pathway using ECOSAR software. Today, diverse form of antibiotic drugs has been used extensively for the treatment of various microbe related diseases. The improper handling and overusage of these antibiotics have tremendously affected the aquatic system. Therefore, the development of low cost and highly efficient photocatalyst for the effective degradation of antibiotics is paramount for the remediation of toxic pollutants in water bodies. In the present study, the ternary ZrO 2 -CaCr 2 O 4 -BiOIO 3 nanocomposite (NC) has been newly fabricated under simple chemical co-precipitation technique. The developed ternary NC was investigated for the photodegradation of cefixime (CFX) and doxycycline (DOX) under visible light irradiation. The prepared NC was characterized by various physiochemical analysis including HR-TEM, SEM, UV–vis DRS, XPS, FT-IR, ESR, PL, Raman, EIS, and N 2 adsorption and desorption analysis. The reusability of the photocatalyst was tested by performing six consecutive cycles. The toxicity of the degraded end products of CFX and DOX has been evaluated against E. coli and S. epidermis. The fabricated NC was investigated for its photodegradation efficiency under different parameters such as pH, antibiotic concentration, and NC dosage. The photodegradation mechanism was elucidated using scavenging study, and ESR analysis. The TOC results confirmed the complete mineralisation of CFX and DOX. Also, the possible degradation pathway of CFX and DOX was determined based on GC–MS analysis. The fabricated NC were investigated for the genotoxicity towards Allium cepa. The present study opens up a new insight for using ZrO 2 -CaCr 2 O 4 -BiOIO 3 photocatalyst for remediation of pharmaceutical pollutant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cancer is a leading cause of mortality and morbidity in the world. The aim of the present study was to measure the pattern of different cancers in Kashmir, India, a cancer belt with peculiar cancer profile. A hospital based cancer registry was started by the Department of Community Medicine, Government Medical College, Srinagar, in January 2006, wherein information was collected from cancer patients who were diagnosed and treated in the hospital. Data has been analysed for a period extending from January 2006 to December 2012. Descriptive analysis has been done by using statistical software. A total of 1598 cancer patients were admitted during this period. Overall male to female ratio was 1.33 : 1. Stomach cancer was the most commonly reported cancer (25.2%), followed by colorectal cancer (16.4%) and lung cancer (13.2%) among males. For females, colorectal cancer (16.8%), breast cancer (16.1%), and stomach cancer (10.4%) were the most frequently reported cancers in order of frequency. Tobacco related cancers contributed to more than three-fourths of cancers among men and more than half of cancers for women. There is an urgent need to set up a population based cancer registration system to understand the profile of cancers specific to this geographic region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The plankton and semi-plankton samples collected from four floodplain lakes (beels) of Barpeta district of lower Brahmaputra river basin, Assam state, northeastern India (NEI) revealed eighteen rotifer species of biodiversity and biogeographic interest belonging to five families and six genera. One species is new to the Indian Rotifera and one species is new to Assam. Our collections are characterized by two Australasian elements, five Oriental endemics, seven paleotropical species, and one cosmo (sub) tropical species. Nine species, restricted to date to NEI, are examples of regional distribution importance in India while six species depicted disjunct distribution in the country. Interestingly, seven species are categorized as Eastern hemisphere elements. All the taxa are illustrated to warrant validation as an increasing magnitude of 'unverifiable records' is a serious impediment for the progress of rotifer biodiversity in India. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background People with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) may rapidly cease work prematurely due to ill-health. A recent survey noted that a quarter of respondents with RA experienced job loss within a year of diagnosis and 50% stopped work within 6 years. Aims To develop and pilot workshops to increase the knowledge, skills and confidence of rheumatology team members to support work-related issues in outpatient clinics. Methods A 3-h interactive workshop, informed by rheumatology experts and the Royal College of General Practitioners (RCGP) National Education Programme (NEP) about work and health, was developed to address both knowledge and skills in the management of health and work consultations in an outpatient setting. Questionnaires were developed for use pre- and immediately post-workshop, with questions that focused on the confidence of delegates in managing these discussions and the importance they placed upon them. Results Ninety-nine participants attended five workshops throughout the UK between 2013 and 2104. Seventy-three per cent (72) completed the post-workshop questionnaire. Eighty-nine per cent found the workshop useful or very useful, 88% found it relevant or very relevant and 79% responded that it had an impact or a considerable impact on their practice. Wilcoxon matched pairs signed rank tests were carried out that showed an overall increase in confidence after training. Conclusions The results suggest that the workshop was both relevant and useful to participants and had an impact on their practice. This was true for all specialities. The workshops also highlighted participants' desire to understand how to use the 'fit note' to enhance their patient management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The column-structured Nb-doped TiO 2 (TNO) films with various Nb concentrations in the range between 0 and 10 at.% have been prepared by a sol–gel method. The phase compositions, element concentrations, microstructures, and optical-electron properties have been characterized by using X-ray diffraction, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, electron microscopy, and UV/Vis/Near-IR spectrophotometer. The experimental results show that all of the samples prepared in the present work exhibit column-structured morphology and Nb doping concentration has a non-monotonic effect upon the microstructure. The relatively low conductivity and high transmittance of the samples demonstrate that column-structured microstructures greatly improve the optical and electronic properties of TNO films. The favorable sample with 10 at.% Nb doping concentration exhibits a resistance of about 2.27 Ω cm and transmittance of approximately 68.78% with 85 nm thickness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Malignant Nodular Hidradenoma is an infrequent highly malignant, primary skin tumor derived from eccrine sweat glands. It has an aggressive course, with high recurrence, high rate of metastases and has very poor prognosis. It has been described as an "orphan"neoplasm. The tumor is similar to its benign counterpart but had additional features such as surface ulceration, numerous mitotic figures and infiltrative growth pattern. Pre-operative diagnosis is difficult by the fine needle aspiration cytology. Malignant nodular hidradenoma of chest wall in 35 years old women, who presented to us with a recurrent rapidly growing swelling over chest wall that grew rapidly over two months after first excision. Tissue diagnosis of first excised specimen was eccrine poroma that was similar to its benign counterpart. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]