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Blue sharks, Prionace glauca, are cosmopolitan, extremely vagile sharks and the species among elasmobranchs for which most surveys containing tapeworm community data are available worldwide. In this study we report on the tapeworm fauna of three samples of blue sharks (n = 37) from two new regions (one sample from Galicia, north-east Atlantic, and two from Valencia, western Mediterranean), and compared it with previous studies, assessing the relative role of the ecological and evolutionary factors in structuring local tapeworm assemblages. Nine cestode taxa were identified, of which four included adult specimens, that is, Platybothrium auriculatum, Prosobothrium armigerum, Anthobothrium caseyi and Molicola horridus. The abundance of these species, and Brillouin's diversity index, differed significantly among samples without a clear geographical signal. A comparison with six previous surveys revealed that tapeworm assemblages were composed of the same ‘core’ taxa, with mean species richness typically ranging from two to four species. Global records of adult tapeworms in blue sharks included: 15 taxa identified at species level, of which only eight (generalist trypanorhynchs) were shared with other sympatric host species; five mostly with other carcharhinids; and three with large lamnid sharks sharing the blue sharks’ habitat. The composition of tapeworm communities of blue sharks is thus highly constrained by strong host specificity, with composition and abundance varying across localities depending on idiosyncratic environmental conditions.

Brewers spent grain (BSG) is the largest by-product originated from the brewery industry with a high potential for producing carbohydrases by solid-state fermentation. This work aimed to test the efficacy of a carbohydrases-rich extract produced from solid-state fermentation of BSG, to enhance the digestibility of a plant-based diet for European seabass (Dicentrarchus labrax). First, BSG was fermented with A. ibericus to obtain an aqueous lyophilized extract (SSF-BSG extract) and incorporated in a plant-based diet at increasing levels (0control; 0.1%, 0.2%, and 0.4%). Another diet incorporating a commercial carbohydrases-complex (0.04%; Natugrain; BASF) was formulated. Then, all diets were tested in in vitro and in vivo digestibility assays. In vitro assays, simulating stomach and intestine digestion in European seabass, assessed dietary phosphorus, phytate phosphorus, carbohydrates, and protein hydrolysis, as well as interactive effects between fish enzymes and dietary SSF-BSG extract. After, an in vivo assay was carried out with European seabass juveniles fed selected diets (0control; 0.1%, and 0.4%). In vitro digestibility assays showed that pentoses release increased 45% with 0.4% SSF-BSG extract and 25% with Natugrain supplemented diets, while amino acids release was not affected. A negative interaction between endogenous fish enzymes and SSF-BSG extract was observed in both diets. The in vivo digestibility assay corroborated in vitro data. Accordingly, the dietary supplementation with 0.4% SSF-BSG increased the digestibility of dry matter, starch, cellulose, glucans, and energy and did not affect protein digestibility. The present work showed the high potential of BSG to produce an added-value functional supplement with high carbohydrases activity and its potential contribution to the circular economy by improving the nutritional value of low-cost and sustainable ingredients that can be included in aquafeeds. © 2021, The Author(s)., Te authors thank UNICER, a sof-drink company (Porto, Portugal), for providing the brewer’s spent grain used in this study. Tis study was supported by the project “SPO3-Development of innovative sustainable protein and omega-3 rich feedstufs for aquafeeds, from local agro-industrial by-products”, reference POCI-01- 0145-FEDER-030377, funded by European Regional Development Fund (ERDF) and Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT) and by strategic funding of UIDB/04423/2020 by UIDB/04469/2020 unit, the BioTecNorte operation (NORTE-01-0145-FEDER-000004) through national funds provided by FCT, and under the scope of the strategic funding of UIDB/04469/2020 unit. Te H.F. and C.C were supported by grants SFRH/BD/131219/2017 and SFRH/BPD/114942/2016, respectively, from FCT, MCTES, FSE, and UE under the North Portugal Regional Operational Programme (NORTE2020). José Manuel Salgado was supported by Beatriz Galindo contract of Ministry of Education (Spain)., info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion

Issue/problem Leptospirosis is an endemic disease which is mandatorily notifiable in Spain. It is associated with occupational activities in which workers come into contact with rat urine. In our region, this disease's rates of prevalence and incidence are highest among red swamp crayfish collectors (Procambarus clarkii) (RSCC). The increase in outbreaks of leptospirosis over the last 7 years has motivated us to design and implement a Clinical Practice Guide (CPG) for health workers, informational material for the general population, and ID cards and specific information aimed at RSCCs, as a means of reducing the incidence rate. The guide may also serve as a useful tool in other regions and countries with activities associated with Leptospira-infected wetlands. Description of the problem The material we have designed is the result of a research project funded by the Consejería de Salud de Andalucía to identify leptospirosis incidence, prevalence, and risk factors among wetland RSCCs. Hardly any CPGs or informational material exist about this disease. The GPC and the educational material designed may be very useful in other environments with a high risk of leptospirosis. Results Prevalence of the disease was higher among RSCCs than among the general population (9.8% vs 3.1%) (OR: 3.4; CI 95%: 1.1-12.7) and accumulated incidence was 17.4%. Less than half of the workers adopted appropriate individual preventive measures. Lessons The risk of contracting leptospirosis is 3.4 times greater for the RSCC population than it is for the general population. Early detection and antibiotic therapy prevent aggravation of the disease in serious cases and may even prevent deaths. Education and the promotion of preventive measures among RSCCs reduces the risk of infection. The training of health professionals and the design of decision algorithms shorten and improve the quality of treatment for leptospirosis patients. Key messages Early detection and antibiotic therapy reduce the incidence of severe forms of leptospirosis. The material designed will help the risk population to adopt preventive measures and seek medical attention.

Spain has just declared a new marine protected area in the Mediterranean. This follows a protective trend taken by Spanish authorities during the last decades and has permitted Spain to honour its international compromises under the Convention on Biological Diversity. It contributes to a framework of protected areas established under conventional regimes such as OSPAR, RAMSAR or EU Natura 2000. The new area protects a ‘cetacean corridor’ and will be inscribed in the list of Specially Protected Areas of Mediterranean Importance under the Barcelona Convention regional framework.

Background:Axial involvement in patients diagnosed of Psoriatic arthritis (PsA) in variable in previous studies. Axial involvement (according GRAPPA criteria) is based upon inflammatory spinal symptoms pain with loss of lumbar mobility and the presence of radiological sacroiliitis and other radiographic signs of spondylitis in patients with PsA.Objectives:Evaluate the prevalence of axial involvement in PsA an their clinical features.Methods:All patients included in the monographic PsA consultation database of our second level hospital were analyzed. Demographic, clinical and analytical variables were collected. Statistical analysis was performed using SPPSS v.25Results:We included 145 patients with PsA (fulfilling CASPAR criteria) with a mean age at diagnosis of 45,4 (±13) years and time of evolution of the disease 9,3 (±6,2) years. The proportion of the affectation types were: peripheral 94 (64,8%), mixta 31 (21,4%) and axial 20 (13,8%). Therefore, 51 (35,2%) patients meet criteria for axial involvement, of with 31 (21,4%) also had associated peripheral involvement. Table 1 shows the differences between patients with and without axial disease. Axial involvement was higher in males than women [OR=2,3 (1,1-4,7), p=0,023]. HLAB27, determined in 106 patients, was more prevalent in axial PsA than in exclusive peripheral patients, 35% and 4,5% respectively [OR=11,3 (3,0-42,7), p25) less frequently than peripheral disease [OR=0,4 (0,2-0,8), p=0,01)]. We didn’t find any differences in other comorbidities (arterial hypertension, diabetes, hyperlipemia, hyperuricemia, ischemic heart disease, depression) between patines with axial or peripheral disease.TABLE 1.Differences between axial and peripheral patternsWith axial involvement, n=51Without axial involvement, n=94OR (IC 95%)p valueAge at diagnosis, years (SD)44,6 (±13,3)45,9 (±12,8)0,6Time of evolution, years (SD)10 (±6,8)8,9 (±5,8)0,3Men, n (%)36 (42,9%)48 (57,1%)2,3 (1,1-4,7)0,02HLAB27, n (%)14 (82,4%)3 (17,6%)11,3 (3,0-42,7)Skin Psoriasis, n (%)47 (36,4%)82 (63,6%)1,7 (0,5-5,6)0,4Onicopathy, n (%)11 (26,2%)31 (73,8%)0,6 (0,2-1,2)0,1Dactilytis, n (%)9 (32,1%)19 (67,9%)0,8 (0,3-2,0)0,7Enthesitis, n (%)13 (44,8%)16 (55,2%)1,7 (0,7-3,8)0,2Uveitis, n (%)2 (66,7%)1 (33,3%)3,8 (0,3-42,9)0,2Inflammatory bowel disease, n (%)2 (66,7%)1 (33,3%)3,8 (0,3-42,9)0,2Hyperlipemia, n (%)27 (31%)60 (69%)0,6 (0,3-1,3)0,2BMI >25, n (%)22 (26,5%)61 (73,5%)0,4 (0,2-0,8)0,01Hypertension, n (%)18 (39,1%)28 (60,9%)1,3 (0,6-2,6)0,5Hyperuricemia, n (%)16 (39%)25 (61%)1,3 (0,6-2,7)0,5Smokers, n (%)13 (50%)13 (50%)2,1 (0,9-5,0)0,08Ischemic heart disease, n (%)8 (53,3%)7 (46,7%)2,3 (0,8-6,8)0,1Depression, n (%)7 (30,4%)16 (69,6%)0,8 (0,3-2,0)0,6Diabetes, n (%)7 (30,4%)20 (74,1%)0,6 (0,2-1,5)0,3Conclusion:Prevalence of axial involvement in our cohort (35,2%) is found within the data reported in other studies (25-70%). Nevertheless, we found less prevalence of HLAB27 positive than other reports. Patients with HLAB27 positive, dactylitis or uveitis are diagnosed at earlier ages.Disclosure of Interests:None declared

Remotely Piloted Aircraft System (RPAS) is a capital issue for the majority of aviation actors nowadays. The integration of RPAS is an extremely demanding task that must be tackled by multiple standpoints: economic, social, technological or environmental among others. U-space is the answer from Europe to design the operation of multiple and different types of RPAS. U-space is a set of novel services designed to support efficient, safe and secure access to airspace, from the very low level to the upper airspace. This paper focuses on the terminal airspace to design the operational concept for the integration of RPAS in conjunction with conventional aircraft and general aviation. This work develops a holistic methodology to analyse the way RPAS integration affect crucial factors and tries to bring to the light different issues that can frustrate their integration. First, we focus on detailing the requirements specified by RPAS legislation. Second, all the requirements are gathered into different categories to perform further analysis. The categorisation identifies navigation, communication, surveillance, air traffic management and control, and safety as crucial categories (security is out of the scope of this study). The results provide for each category a proposal about how to solve the integration and implementation of RPAS in a TMA.

espanolLas nociones de derechos preferentes e intereses de los estados no son ajenas al derecho internacional general o al derecho del mar y, como hipotesis, existe una tendencia sutil y plausible de preferir los ultimos a los primeros al abordar el regimen juridico de los bienes comunes globales. Considerando el patrimonio cultural subacuatico (PCS) entre estos bienes comunes, este articulo analiza como construir un regimen juridico que proteja el PCS abandonando progresivamente la presencia de derechos y su sustitucion por la nocion de interes. Una busqueda de los titulares de este interes y su identificacion in casu a traves de la nocion revisada de vinculo verificable, el contenido y el alcance de sus capacidades juridicas y las responsabilidades que los actores interesados puedan tener (particularmente los Estados), y el regimen juridico que rige todos estos temas son el proposito de estas paginas. Este articulo discutira primero la nocion de derecho preferente como se usa en el derecho internacional y el derecho del mar, en general, seguido por el estudio de la presencia y proyeccion de esa nocion en los instrumentos juridicos internacionales actuales que rigen el PCS. Se seguira el mismo esquema de analisis cuando se aborde la nocion del interes juridico y su desempeno como un concepto operativo tanto a nivel general del derecho internacional como en el derecho del mar para, mas adelante, estudiar como esta nocion puede estar creando una nueva estructura de analisis para la proteccion del PCS. EnglishThe notions of preferential right and interest of states are not alien to general international law or the law of the sea and, as hypothesis, there is a subtle and plausible trend to prefer the later before the former when addressing the legal regime of global commons. Considering the underwater cultural heritage (UCH) as a possible component among these commons, this article discusses how to build up a legal regime protecting UCH progressively abandoning the presence of rights and its substitution by the notion of interest. A quest for the holders of this interest and their identification in casu through the revisited notion of verifiable link, the content and extent of their legal capacities and the responsibilities these stakeholders may have ⎯particularly states⎯, and the legal regime governing all these issues are the purpose of these pages. This article will discuss first the notion of preferential right as used in international law and the law of the sea, in general, followed by the study of the presence and projection of that notion in current international legal texts governing UCH. The same scheme of analysis will be followed when addressing the notion of legal interest and its performance as an operative concept both at the general level of international law and the law of the sea and, later, how this notion may be creating a new legal and political canvas for the protection of UCH.

Sustainability and optimality are the two main issues discussed in environmental economics and economic growth theory. This paper studies economic growth in the presence of two environmental externalities. The first one is local and gives account of the marginal damage from the emissions flow. The second one is aggregate, or global, and relates to the extreme damage which may happen if the accumulated stock of pollutants is on the threshold of a worldwide catastrophe. In this context, the decentralized equilibrium is inefficient and economic growth unsustainable. However, we find and completely characterize the socially optimal equilibrium, which shows that sustained growth is feasible along the balanced path. Efficiency alone is not sufficient for sustainability, but Pareto optimality is necessary to produce sustainable outcomes. According to our results, the sustainability of the optimal sustained long-run growth depends on environmental constraints, production and abatement technologies, individual preferences, and population dynamics. This means that government has a clear incentive for intervention by means of direct and indirect policies. These ones cover the usual Pigouvian taxes and subsidies, the setting of emission standards, and the public provision of abatement. Moreover, the government can promote eco-efficiency in the use of materials, implement information campaigns that influence social preferences for environmental conservation, or even put into action population controls and other measures that encourage the demographic transition.

Background:Cardiovascular diseases are more prevalent in inflammatory arthritis, such as psoriatic arthropathy (PsA), than in general population. An increase in the presence of anxiety-depressive disorders has been also described in patients with psoriatic disease.Objectives:To assess the prevalence of comorbilities in a cohort of patient with PsA, especially cardiovascular events and anxiety-depression disorders.Methods:Observational, cross- sectional study of a cohort of patients with PsA from a monographic clinical unit in a rheumatology department to describe the presence of comorbidities: hypertension, diabetes, hyperlipemia, hyperuricemia, smoking, obesity, depression and isquemic heart disease (IHD). The comorbidities were analyzed according to the type of disease: peripheral, mixed and axial involvement. For statistical analysis SPSS v.25 was used.Results:We included 145 patients: 84 men and 61 women. The mean age at diagnosis was 45,4 (± 12,9) years, and the mean time of evolution was 9.3 (± 6,2) years. No significant difference between genders was observed.Peripheral involvement was observed in 94 (64,8%), mixed 31 (21,4%) and axial involvement in 20 (13,8%). We did not find any differences between gender for peripheral and axial pattern, however 31% of men versus 8,2% of women presented a mixed pattern. [OR=5 (1,8-14), p= 0,001].The most common comorbidities founded were hyperlipemia, overweight and arterial hypertension. Table 1 shows all the comorbidities studied and their distribution by pattern.Patients with mixed involvement had a higher proportion of smokers [OR=2,9 (1,2-7,3), p=0,02] and a tendency to higher IHD [OR=2,8 (0,9-8,6), p=0,06].Overweight was significantly lower in axial pattern patients [OR=0,4 (0,2-0,8), p=0,01] and higher in the peripheral ones [OR=1,5 (1,1-2,1), p=0,01].IHD was prevalent in patients of our cohort (10,3%), it was significantly higher in men than in women [OR=12 (1,5-93,9), p=0,003], and more likely in mixed involvement (19,4%).Males with PsA also developed hyperuricemia more frequently [OR=6,5 (2,5-16,9), pConclusion:In our cohort, a high prevalence of comorbidities was found, especially hyperlipemia, metabolic syndrome and IHD. In general, overweight (BMI > 25) was very common and was associated to a peripheral disease while the axial disease showed as a protective factor.Table 1.Comorbilities in patterns of disease.PsA (n=145)Peripheral disease (n=94)Mixed disease(n=31)Axial disease(n=20)Age at diagnosis, year (DE)45,4 (±13)45,7 (±12,9)45 (±13)43,9 (±13,8)Time of evolution, years (DE)9,3 (±6,2)9,6 (±6,5)8,6 (±5,4)7,3 (±2,9)Men, n (%)84 (57,9%)48 (51,1%)26 (83,9%)10 (50%)Women n (%)61 (42,1%)46 (48,9%)5 (16,1%)10 (50%)Hyperlipemia, n (%)87 (60%)60 (63,8%)17 (54,8%)10 (50%)BMI >25, n (%)83 (57,2%)61 (64,9%)15 (48,4%)7 (35%)Hypertension, n (%)46 (31,7%)28 (29,8%)13 (41,9%)5 (25%)Hyperuricemia, n (%)41 (28,3%)25 (26,6%)11 (35,5%)5 (25%)Diabetes, n (%)27 (18,6%)20 (21,3%)6 (19,4%)1 (5%)Smokers, n (%)26 (17,9%)13 (13,8%)10 (32,3%)3 (15%)Depression, n (%)23 (15,9%)16 (17%)6 (19,4%)1 (5%)Metabolic syndrome n (%)23 (15,9%)15 (16%)5 (16%)3 (15%)IHD, n (%)15 (10,3%)7 (7,4%)6 (19,4%)2 (10%)Disclosure of Interests:None declared

Background:Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA) is associated with low bone density and hight risk fracture compared to general population.Objectives:The aim of this study is to assess the effect of some variables on fragility fractures in patients with RA.Methods:We perform an observational study in a cohort of patients diagnosed of RA according to 1987 and 2010 ACR criteria, to determine the frequency of osteoporotic fractures and associated clinical and densitometric variables. All patients diagnosed of RA were invited to participate in the study between 2013 and 2019, and to perform BMD DXA (GELunarProdigy®). SPSS25 was used to compare variables between patients with fracture and without fracture.Results:376 patients with RA were included (78,7% women), mean age 63,3 (±13,2) years old and a mean of evolution of the RA of 118,7(±96,7) months at the moment the BMD was performed. We found bone fracture in 47 (12,6%) patients. Fractures were associated to female gender (OR: 2,93 (1,08-7,93); p=0,02), lower height and weight (pTable 1 shows the characteristics and differences between patients with and without fragility fractures. Women presented high risk of osteoporosis in lumbar spine [OR=3,89(1,46-10,37); p=0,002] than men, but any differences between gender were found in BMD of femoral neck. Of the fractured patients, BMD T-score was normal in 2 (4,3%), Table 1.CharacteristicsPatients with fractures (n=47)Patients without fractures (n=327)OR (IC 95%); p valueFemales43 (14,7%)250 (85,3%)2,9 (1,1-7,8); p=0,02Age67,7 (±10,6)62,7 (±11,6)P=0,005Height152,4 (±9,4)157,3 (±8,8)P=0,001Weight66,2 (±16)73,3 (±14,4)P=0,003Smokers8 (12,1%)58 (87,9%)0,9 (0,4-2,1) p=0,89RF (+)35 (12,2%)252 (87,8%)0,9 (0,4-1,7) p=0,66ACPA+30 (12,3%)213 (87,7%)1,3 (0,6-2,8) p=0,44Steroids36 (14,4%)214 (85,6%)1,7 (0,8-3,5) p=0,13Biologics treatment16 (16,2%)83 (83,8%)1,5 (0,8-2,9) p=0,22Bone mineral density (BMD) in lumbar spine34 (16,8)168 (83,2)2,6 (1,3-5,2) p=0,006BMD femoral neck CF43 (17,8)198 (82,2)9,0 (2,7-29,6) pBMD lumbar spine17 (26,6)47 (73,4)3,4 (1,7-6,7) pBMD femoral neck20 (29,4)48 (70,6)4,4 (2,3-8,5) pMajor osteoporotic risk (FRAX)37 (23,6)120 (76,4)7,4 (3,2-17,2) pHip fracture risk (FRAX)34 (24,5)105 (75,5)5,9 (2,8-12,5) pConclusion:Women with RA present higher risk of fracture than men. The most sensitive indicator for fracture risk seems to be MBD in femoral neck.Disclosure of Interests:None declared

The three-dimensional (3D) documentation and surveying of cultural heritage can be carried out following several geomatics techniques such as laser scanning and thermography in order to detect the original 3D shape after applying reverse engineering solutions. In almost all cases, the integration of data collected by different instruments is needed to achieve a successful and comprehensive 3D model of the as-built architectural shape of the historical building. This paper describes the operations carried out by the authors to determine the as-built 3D model of the Escuelas Pias Church, related namely to the dome and circular nave. After the description of the church and historical notes, attention will be driven to the indirect registration results obtained with three different laser scanning software packages, highlighting similarities and differences, and the consequences while generating meshes. The 3D model carried out will then be described and the results of some investigations with regard to the hypotheses about the design of the dome and the origin of the alterations will be presented.

Additional file 1. Timeline of the measures included in the multifaceted intervention program.

In situ preservation is not necessarily the best underwater archaeological solution, nor is it legally required in all circumstances. Rather, it is the first and, per - haps, the most technically desirable option, when archaeological, legal, and political cir - cumstances—in that order—so advise. Otherwise, the removal of the historical object or objects found under the sea and their conservation outside the marine environment is another plausible option, provided the archaeological standards accepted by the interna - tional scientific community are met. This paper aims to clarify the legal contours of this rule, as codified by the UNESCO Convention on the Protection of the Underwater Cul - tural Heritage. To this end, it proposes the following basic hypothesis: in situ preservation, as a current legal principle in underwater archaeological activities, is the first option for the protection of that heritage; because it is an option, this preservation may take a different form depending on the circumstances; nothing legally prevents the removal of remains from the seabed, provided it is done properly and they are appropriately preserved; and, finally, if necessary, this should be done as soon as possible, given the circumstances.

Introduction The SMART (Study for Monitoring Antimicrobial Resistance Trends) surveillance study monitors antimicrobial susceptibility and extended spectrum β-lactamases (ESBLs) in Gram-negative bacilli recovered from intra-abdominal infections (IAI). Material and methods Antimicrobial susceptibility of 5,343 isolates from IAI recovered in 11 centres during the 2011-2015 SMART-Spain program was analysed by standard microdilution (EUCAST criteria) and compared with that from 2002-2010. ESBLs were phenotypically detected. Results Escherichia coli, the most common isolate, significantly decreased in community acquired IAI (60.9% 2002-2010 vs. 56.1% 2011-2015, P=0.0003). It was followed in prevalence by Klebsiella pneumoniae that increased both in the community (8.9% vs. 10.8%, P=0.016) and nosocomial (9.2% vs. 10.8%, P=0.029) IAI and P. aeruginosa, which significantly increased in community acquired IAI (5.6% vs. 8.0%, P=0.0003). ESBLs were more prevalent in K. pneumoniae (16.3%) than in E. coli (9.5%) of nosocomial origin and were more frequently isolated from elderly patients (>60 years). Considering all Enterobacteriaceae, ertapenem (92.3-100%) and amikacin (95.5%-100%) were the most active antimicrobials. Ertapenem activity, unlike amoxicillin-clavulanate or piperacillin-tazobactam, remained virtually unchanged in ESBL (100%) and non-ESBL (98.8%) E. coli producers. Its activity decreased in ESBL-K. pneumoniae (74.7%) but was higher than that of amoxicillin-clavulanate (14.0%) and piperacillin-tazobactam (24.0%). Interestingly, ertapenem susceptibility was maintained in >60% of ESBL isolates that were resistant to amoxicillin-clavulanate, piperacillin-tazobactam or fluoroquinolones. Conclusions SMART-Spain results support current guidelines which include ertapenem as empiric treatment in mild-moderate community-acquired IAI, particularly with ESBL producers. These recommendations will need to be updated with the recently introduction of new antimicrobials.

Dactylitis is a typical feature of psoriatic arthritis. However, dactylitis was included as a spondyloarthritis (SpA) feature for both (axial and peripheral) of the ASAS classification criteria, but data about its prevalence are scarce, especially in patients with a recent onset of the disease. Our objective was to determine the prevalence and characteristics associated with dactylitis in patients with early SpA.A baseline dataset from the ESPeranza cohort was used. This programme included patients who were suspected of having SpA (age45 years, symptoms duration of 3-24 months and with inflammatory back pain, or asymmetrical arthritis, or spinal/joint pain plus ≥1 of the SpA features). For this study, 609 patients who were diagnosed with SpA by their physician were included. Descriptive, univariable and multivariable logistic regression analyses were employed to investigate the association between the presence of dactylitis and the characteristics associated with SpA.Fifty-eight (9.5%) patients currently or previously had dactylitis. In the multivariable analysis, dactylitis was independently associated with peripheral arthritis (OR= 4.83; p0.001), enthesitis (OR= 2.49; p=0.01), psoriasis (OR= 3.62; p0.01) and the physician's visual analogue scale (OR= 0.82; p=0.01). However, 67% of the patients who had dactylitis did not have peripheral arthritis or psoriasis and 15% had predominantly axial disease.Dactylitis is a frequent manifestation in patients with SpA, even during the early stages of the disease. Its presence is mainly associated with peripheral manifestations and psoriasis. Nevertheless, dactylitis is not exclusive of patients with PsA or peripheral manifestations.

Background The aim of early RA treatment is remission. Intensive treatment with MTX achieve remission in 30–50% patients (pts). Modifiable risk factors, as smoking, alcohol, coffee and tea, may affect response to MTX. Objectives To study the influence of tobacco, alcohol, caffeine on the MTX response in early RA pats. Methods A case-control study (2010–2015): cases were pts who achieved DAS28 18years with early RA, treated with MTX, evaluated quarterly in a specialized unit early RA. All the pts underwent a structured interview about their smoking history and others habits. A descriptive and comparative study, was performed (SPSS21). Results 182 pts (age 50,96±13,11y, 67,6% female, 81,3% FR+ and 65,7% ACPA+) was treated with MTX and followed 105,03±7,15 months since 1995. More than 95% pts received MTX (in rapid escalation) in the first 24 months of the onset of symptoms. DAS28 Conclusions The treatment of early RA with MTX alone achieved high rates of remission, especially in non-smokers. Smoking cessation could significantly improve the response to MTX and therefore should be an integral part of the treatment of early RA patients. References Soderlin, et al. Scandinavian Journal of Rheumatology. 2011;40(4):249–55. Disclosure of Interest None declared

Background RA treatment involves starting early with a DMARD. MTX achieves good sustained response in 30–40% of patients (pts). When MTX response is insufficient add other DMARD by achieve RA remission. Different factors may affect the response to MTX Objectives To analyze the clinical and demographic characteristics related to response to MTX in RA pts DMARD-naive Methods We enrolled between 2011 and 2015, pts>18years RA diagnosed (ACR 1987 criteria), treated firs with MTX monotherapy (MTXm). A case-control study (MTXm persistence with CRP-DAS28 Results We included 222 pts (70 men and 152 women). The characteristics of cases (123) and controls (99) are shown in the table. The causes of MTXm suspension were remission (7), intolerance/toxicity (19) and inefficiency (79). MTX was discontinued in 40 (18.2%) pts, 28 (12.7%) of them by intolerance/toxicity. Of 123 (55.4%) responders, 71 (32.0%) were CRP-DAS28 Conclusions The initial treatment of RA with MTX is an effective and safe option, with a high drug survival. MTX response was not associated with antibody positivity (RF or ACPA), but it was significantly better in non-smokers patients and RF References Saevarsdottir S, et al. Arthritis Rheum 2011;63:26–36. V. K. Ranganath et al. Rheumatology 2013;52:1809–1817. Disclosure of Interest None declared

The Mugilidae are a group of fish with a great interest for aquaculture due to their omnivorous profile, rapid growth, and resistance to environmental variations. The selection of feed ingredients for these species is currently focused on an extensive use of plant by-products, with this being limited by their content in anti-nutritive factors (mainly phytate and non-starch polysaccharides, NSPs). Nevertheless, specific enzymes can be used to counteract some of those negative effects. In the present study, the effect of pretreating two high-plant feeds with a mixture of enzymes (glucanases + phytase) on the digestive use of protein and phosphorus by juvenile mullets (Mugil cephalus) was assessed using both in vitro and in vivo assays. The enzymatic treatment significantly modified the potential bioavailability of some nutrients, such as a reduction of sugars, pentoses, and phytic phosphorus. Also, it increased the digestibility of protein in one of the feeds but reduced that of phosphorus in both of them. The potential usefulness of enzyme treatment and the information provided by the two types of assays are discussed.

Application service providers (ASPs) now develop, deploy, and maintain complex computing platforms within multiple cloud infrastructures to improve resilience, responsiveness and elasticity of their applications. On the other hand, complex applications have little control and visibility over network resources, and need to use low-level hacks to extract network properties and prioritize traffic. This biased view, limits tenants' flexibility while deploying their applications and prevents them from implementing part of the application logic in the network. In this paper, we propose the CNSMO (CYCLONE Network Services Manager/Orchestrator) tool to bring the innovation at federated cloud environments by bridging these network service capabilities to cloud based services as part of the overall CYCLONE solution. The integration of networking aspects with purely federated clouds, will allow users to request specific infrastructures and manage their dedicated set of coordinated network and IT resources in an easy and transparent way while operating dynamic deployments of distributed applications.

Acute gastroenteritis (AGE) causes significant morbidity, especially in young children, and frequently requires hospitalization even in developed countries. Surveillance studies of AGE are important to determine the prevalence and variety of bacterial and viral pathogens, to initiate targeted preventive measures, such as vaccine programmes, and to monitor its impact. A prospective study was conducted in children

Objectives: The aim of the study was to characterize plasmids that harbour bla ESBL genes and their genetic environment in Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae clones circulating in Spain. Methods: The incompatibility group of plasmids within 58 strains harbouring bla CTX-M (n = 45) and bla SHV (n=15) genes was determined by rep-typing-PCR and hybridization. The bla ESBL genetic environment was determined by PCR and sequencing. Results: The bla CTX-M-9 genes (n = 14) were linked to In60 located in Incl1 (50%) or lncHl2 plasmids (28%). All bla CTX-M-14 genes (n = 13) were flanked by ISEcp1 and IS903 and 12 were associated with IncK plasmids. One of two bla CTX-M-10 genes was present in an IncK plasmid, but both genes were linked to a phage-related element. Five of seven bla CTX-M-1 (71%), all three bla CTX-M-32 and one of two bla CTX-M-3 genes were linked to IncN plasmids. The other bla CTX-M-3 gene was linked to IncA/C and the remaining two bla CTX-M-1 genes to IncFII plasmids. Three bla CTX-M-15 genes were associated with IncF (repFIA) and one with IncFII plasmids. All these genes from bla CTC-M group-1 showed the ISEcp1 upstream truncated by different insertion sequences. Forty-three percent of bla SHV-12 genes (n = 14) were located in Incl1 plasmids, all flanked by the IS26 and DEOR region. The only detected bla SHV-5 gene was located in an IncFII plasmid and flanked by recFand DEOR regions. Conclusions: A diversity of the plasmid incompatibility groups that harbour bla ESBL genes was observed, except for the bla CTX-M-14 gene. Moreover, a high variability was confirmed in the genetic environment of these genes as a result of insertion and deletion events.

The cure process of an epoxy-amine system was studied in composite materials based on an epoxy polymer matrix filled with silica particles. FT-NIR and Fluorimetry (based on the use of fluorescent labels) were used as analytical techniques. In order to study the effect of the structure of the interphase, the silica particles were surface coated with two different silanes: 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane and 3-aminopropylmethyldiethoxysilane. 1-pyrene-sulfonylchloride was chemically bonded to: (i) the coated silica particles and (ii) to the epoxy polymer matrix, using its fluorescence response to independently monitor the epoxy curing at the interface region and in the bulk respectively. The cure process was followed at different temperatures to subsequently study its kinetics either by fluorescence or by FT-NIR. An extent of reaction in terms of integrated fluorescence intensity was defined and the subsequent kinetic analysis allowed us to calculate apparent activation energies of the process. Comparing the curing reaction in the polymer bulk and at the interface it could be concluded that the epoxy curing at the interface proceeded faster but only during the first stages of the reaction. This result was attributed to a higher local concentration of amino groups at the interface. Finally, a comparison between FTIR and fluorescence results showed that both techniques provide complementary information about the curing reaction.

We study the sustainability of long-run growth in a two-sector economy where a renewable natural resource is exploited under private property rights. We obtain short- and long-run growth trajectories in closed form, examine transitional dynamics, and characterize convergence properties. We find conditions for sustainable long-run growth, which depend on the harvesting rate, and show that the speed of convergence decreases during transition. We identify a stronger version of Hartwick's rule and analyze parameter dependences for endogenous variables. Economic growth relies less on abundance or scarcity of natural resources than on the way they are managed.

ObjetivoDiseñar y validar un cuestionario autoadministrado evaluador de la función sexual en la mujerDiseñoEstudio transversal y multicéntricoEmplazamientoAtención primaria. Realizado en 9 centros sanitarios de la Comunidad ValencianaParticipantesMujeres sin riesgo de disfunción sexual, seleccionadas por muestreo consecutivo. Muestra inicial: 600; muestra válida: 212IntervencionesDiseño del cuestionario, de 14 preguntas a cumplimentar en 5–10 min, por un comité de expertos. Las participantes lo realizan en 2 ocasiones (test y retest) con un intervalo de 4 semanas. Evaluación diagnóstica por un comité de observadoresMediciones principalesFiabilidad entre preguntas de test y retest: a) una a una, mediante análisis de concordancia con índice kappa. Variaciones significativas mediante la prueba de la χ2 de bondad de ajuste; b) de las sumas de respuestas: comparación de medias (Wilcoxon) y posterior análisis mediante el coeficiente de correlación intraclase (CCI). La consistencia interna se determinó con el α de Cronbach y para la validez de contenidos se consideraron el consenso de expertos, la correlación interobservadores (CCI) y el análisis factorialResultadosFiabilidad entre preguntas una a una: kappa=0,597–0,743; χ2 no significativa. Fiabilidad entre sumas totales (Wilcoxon): no significativa (z=-0,312; p=0,755) (confianza del 95%). CCI: r=0,9587 (intervalo de confianza del 95%, 0,9460–0,9685), correlación significativa (confianza del 99%). Consistencia interna: a de Cronbach en el test de 0,8954 y en el retest de 0,8973. Correlación interobservadores (CCI): r=0,9498 (intervalo de confianza del 95%, 0,9386- 0,9611), significativa (confianza del 99%). Análisis factorial: agrupaciones de los ítems 9, 13 y 14; 1, 2, 3 y 10; 5, 6, 7 y 8ConclusionesEl cuestionario es estable, válido y fiable. Evalúa las fases de la respuesta sexual, la iniciativa y el grado de comunicación sexual. Recoge datos descriptivos acerca del desempeño sexual y resulta útil en la exploración y el diagnóstico de las disfunciones sexualesObjectiveTo design and validate a self-administered questionnaire to evaluate sexual function in womenDesignCross-sectional, multi-centre studySettingPrimary care, in 9 health centres of the Community of ValenciaParticipantsWomen not at risk of sexual dysfunction, selected by consecutive sampling. Initial sample 600, valid sample 212InterventionsQuestionnaire of 14 questions to be filled out in 5–10 minutes, designed by a committee of experts. The participants filled it out on two occasions (test and retest) with an interval of 4 weeks. Diagnostic assessment by a committee of observersMain measurementsReliability between test and retest questions:- One to one: analysis of concordance: kappa index. Significant variations: χ2 goodness of fit- On the sum of replies: comparison of means (Wilcoxon) and subsequent analysis: intra-class correlation coefficient (ICC). Internal consistency: Cronbach's alpha. Validity of contents: consensus of experts. Inter-observer correlation: ICC and factor analysisResultsReliability: one to one: Kappa from 0.597 to 0.743. χ2 not significant (ns). Between total sums (Wilcoxon), ns (z=-0.312, P=.755) (95% confidence). ICC: r=0.9587 (95% CI, 0.9460–0.9685), significant correlation (99% confidence). Internal consistency: Cronbach's alpha test: 0.8954, retest: 0.8973. Inter-observer correlation: ICC: r=0.9498 (CI, 0.9386–0.9611) significant (confidence 99%). Factor analysis: groupings of items 9, 13, 14; 1, 2, 3, 10; 5, 6, 7, 8ConclusionsThe questionnaire is stable, valid and reliable. It evaluates the stages of sexual response, initiative and degree of sexual communication. It collects data on sexualperformance. It is useful for exploring and diagnosing sexual dysfunction

This last 'decade of sanctions' began with a most comprehensive set of measures against Iraq, most of which remain in force, despite the fact that they have not solved the 'Iraq problem'. Some lessons may be learned, however, from the Iraqi experience. It has helped the UN Security Council develop the new 'smart sanctions', particularly those targeting regimes with basic human rights implications. Nevertheless, the Council has normally been reluctant to include human rights violations as the principal ratio decidendi of sanctions and, when sanctions are decided, the Council has adopted an ad hoc approach, thus avoiding the creation of precedents. Moreover, although important efforts to increase transparency and effective- ness have been made, the sanction regimes continue to be managed independently, with a case-by-case approach and allowing too much secrecy. Finally, the Council's new practice regarding 'authorizations' for the use of force against targeted states does not provide for a clear system of controls, and the vagueness of the mandate incorporates another caveat in the Council's resolutions. This paper explores whether these recent trends show a tendency towards 'deregulation' in the Security Council's action in defence of basic human rights, seeking as such to create a scenario governed by authoritative case-by-case decisions and avoiding a clear set of legal rules of public international law.

Modified glass fibers with three different amino silanes—(1) 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane (APTES), (2) 3-aminopropylmethyldiethoxysilane (APDES), and (3) 3-aminopropyldimethylethoxysilane (APMES)—were labeled with 5-dimethylaminonaphthalene-1-sulfonylchloride (DNS), and its fluorescence was followed as a function of curing time for two epoxide formulations (TRIEPOX-LM, Gairesa, Spain, and diglycidyl ester bisphenol A–ethylenediamine), as well as a function of water uptake. It was demonstrated that the fluorescence response from fluorophores directly attached to the coupling region in glass fibers/epoxy composites is a very sensible method for nondestructive and “in situ” monitoring of any changes that appear at the interphase (rigidity and solvent accessibility). In addition, fluorescence from a dansyl label shows more rigidity when APMES is used as the coupling agent. This suggests that the greater the cross-linking degree at the coupling region, the smaller the epoxy chain interdiffusion. Finally, the water uptake process in glass fiber/epoxy composites can be divided into two steps; the first step corresponds to the diffusion of water to the coupling region, and the second step corresponds to the hydrolysis of siloxane bonds in the interphase. Both steps are dependent on the surface treatment of the glass fibers. We would like to thank the European Commission for funding through the BRITE-EuRam Project (BE 97-4472) and to CAM (07N/0002/98).

Aqueous solutions of three silanes: 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane (APES), 3-aminopropylmethyldiethoxysilane (APDES), and 3-aminopropyldimethylethoxysilane (APMES), were used to cover glass fibers. The pyrenesulfonyl chloride fluorescent moiety (PSC) was chemically attached to the silanized substrate via the sulfonamide formation when the sulfonyl group of the PSC reacts with the amino residues of the coatings. It was studied the silane layer hydrolytic degradation phenomenon (pH = 7) was studied as a function of: i) temperature, and ii) coating layer type. A hydrolysis reaction mechanism of the polysiloxane bonded onto the glass fibers has been proposed and, the enthalpy change of the process was obtained (3.5 kcal/ mol). In addition, it was observed that the greater the silane functionality the faster the hydrolytic degradation.Se silanizaron fibras de vidrio mediante la utilización de disoluciones acuosas de tres silanos: 3-aminopropiltrietoxisilano (APES), 3-aminopropilmetildietoxisilano (APDES) y 3-aminopropildimetiletoxisilano (APMES). Se injertó químicamente una molécula fluorescente (cloruro de pirenosulfonilo, PSC) mediante la formación de una sulfonamida por reacción del grupo sulfonilo del PSC con los grupos amino de los recubrimientos. Se estudió el fenómeno de degradación hidrolítica del recubrimiento silano a pH = 7 en función de: i) la temperatura y ii) el tipo de recubrimiento. Se ha propuesto un mecanismo para la reacción de hidrólisis del polisiloxano enlazado a las fibras de vidrio y se ha obtenido la entalpía del proceso, cuyo valor fue de 3.5 kcal/mol. También se ha observado que a medida que la funcionalidad del silano aumenta, la degradación hidrolítica es más rápida.