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Endogenous miR22 is associated with a diverse range of biological processes through post-translational modification of gene expression and its deregulation results in various diseases including cancer. Its expression is usually tissue or cell-specific, however, the reasons behind this tissue or cell specificity are not clearly outlined till-date. Therefore, our keen interest was to investigate the mechanisms of tissue or cell-specific expression of miR22. In the current study, miR22 expression showed a tissues-specific difference in the poly(I:C) induced inflammatory mouse lung and brain tissues. The cell-specific different expression of miR22 was also observed in inflammatory glial cells and endothelial cells. The pattern of RPL29 expression was also similar to miR22 in these tissues and cells under the same treatment. Interestingly, the knockdown of RPL29 exerted an inhibitory effect on miR22 and its known transcription factors including Fos-B and c-Fos. Fos-B and c-Fos were also differentially expressed in the two cell lines transfected with poly(I:C). The knockdown of c-Fos also exerted its negative effects on miR22 expression in both cells. These findings suggest that RPL29 might have regulatory roles on tissue or cell-specific expression of miR22 through the transcription activities of c-Fos and also possibly through Fos-B.

The Hangu Formation (Paleocene) consists of sandstone, siltstone, carbonaceous shale, coal and laterite. It is well exposed in the Trans Indus Surghar range and the southern Hazara basin. The sandstone is yellowish brown, fine to coarse grained and medium to thick bedded. The sandstone of the Hangu Formation is classified as quartz arenite on the Q-F-L diagram. It is mostly grain supported and are cemented by silica cement. The study of different stratigraphic sections reveal that Hangu Formation can be sub-divided into a number of lithofacies on the basis of sedimentary structures and lithological variations.These include lateritic lithofacies, coal and carbonaceous shale, cross-bedded sandstone, bioclastic limestone and bioturbated sandstone. All these lithofacies are well-developed in the Baroch Nala section of the Surghar range except the lateritic lithofacies which contains a thin bed of ferruginous clay. In the studied sections of the Hazara basin, the lateritic lithofacies is the only well-developed lithofacies present in the area. The coal occurs at two stratigraphic levels in the Baroch Nala section. The lower coal seam is thick and its chemical study indicates higher calorific value and carbon content than the upper coal seam and with low moisture/ash content. On the basis of the calorific value, the coal of the Hangu Formation is characterized as highvolatile bituminous. The degree of laterization is strong in the Langrial and Khanpur sections and moderate in Baroch Nala section

The function of the sperm storage tubules is directly correlated with the fertility of laying hens. However, little is known about the molecular mechanisms regulating the fertility traits in chicken. To identify genetic markers associated with reproductive traits, we calculated fertility rate at 61 to 69 wk (51 D) of Jing Hong chickens parent generation as the phenotype and the genotype were detected by the chicken 600K Affymetrix Axiom High Density single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP)-array. The genome-wide association study using 190 Jing Hong hens showed that the 20 SNP in chromosomes 3 and 13 were significantly associated with fertility rate. To verify these results, a total of 1900 Jing Hong laying hens from 2 populations (P1 and P2) were further genotyped by polymerase chain reaction–restriction fragments length polymorphisms method. The association analysis results revealed that 12 polymorphisms (AX-75769978, AX-76582632, AX-75730546, AX-75730496, AX-75730588, AX-76530282, AX-76530329, AX-76529310, AX-75769906, AX-75755394, AX-80813697 and AX-76582809) out of 20 showed highly significant effects (P

The detail study of the Paleocene Hangu Formation consisting of sandstone, carbonaceous shale, coal, and laterite has been carried out for its source and reservoir rock potential in the Salt Range, Surghar Range, and Attock-Cherat Ranges. The TOC values of the shales range from 0.33-11.19 (2.97 wt. %) and are characterized as good to very good quality source rock except the samples from Attock-Cherat Ranges. Similarly, the free (S1) and cracked hydrocarbons (S2) amount are very small suggesting Hangu Formation as a poor source rock for free and cracked hydrocarbons except the samples from the Lumshiwal Nala. The generative potential, type of kerogen and thermal maturity calculated on the basis of TOC, S1, S2, HI, PI and Tmax all characterized Hangu Formation as fair to excellent gas or oil source, type III and mixed type III/II kerogen and immature source rock. The Hangu Formation sandstone is brownish to yellowish brown, fine to coarse grained, medium to thick bedded and massive in places. The major diagenetic changes observed in a sandstone of the Hangu Formation are; compaction, cementation, replacement and grain fracturing. The effect of mechanical compaction is more evident than that of chemical compaction. Grain contact ranges from pointed to long through sutured. The type of cement present includes silica-cement, calcite-cement, dolomite-cement, and iron-oxide cement. Silica-cement is present as both overgrowth and pore-filling cement. Clay rim is present around few grains. The process of early calcite cementation, mechanical compaction, silica, and iron oxide cementation destroys the reservoir properties of the Hangu Formation sandstone. There is no visible porosity observed except the dissolution of few grains at their margins. However, during the process of uplifting such porosity usually filled by the iron- oxide cementation. Hence, Hangu Formation is an immature source rock with a poor reservoir potential.

BackgroundHigh expression of CXCL10 and its receptor CXCR3 is a response in inflammatory tissues and cells. Macrophage polarization and autophagy play important roles in macrophage related inflammatory. The cellular function of CXCL10-CXCR3 axis in macrophages is not well addressed. In this report, we determined the roles of CXCL10-CXCR3 axis in macrophage polarization and autophagy. ResultsFirst CXCL10 promotes the expression of M2 polarization markers (Arg1, Mrc1, Mmp9, VEGFa) and decreases the expression of M1 markers (IL-1b, IL-6, TNFa). In contrast, CXCR3 antagonist AMG487 promotes the expression of M1 markers and inhibits that of M2 markers. Next, we found that activation of CXCR3 by CXCL10 promotes the expression of autophagy proteins (Atg5-Atg12 complex, p62, LC3-II, and Lamp1) and AMG487 inhibits their expression. Moreover, knockdown Lamp1 by siRNA not only inhibits CXCR3 activation induced autophagy, but also switches the CXCL10-CXCR3 from M2 polarization to M1 polarization. CXCR3 activation caused the JNK expression decreased, and JNK inhibitor SP600125 treatment potentiates the CXCR3 activation induced Lamp1 expression and M2 polarization. In conclusion, ConclusionsCXCL10-CXCR3 axis regulates the macrophage polarization and autophagy via the inhibitory JNK and Lamp1, and Lamp1 controls the switch of CXCR3 mediated M1/M2 polarization and acts as a linker between polarization and autophagy.