Search

Currently, Ukraine is in the aspect for various directions of the regulations of the legal environment as a whole. Therefore, now in its history, it is expedient to find different directions of normative models for fighting corruption. Forming the normative-legal aspect of the historical period in Ukraine and the former USSR, it is extremely appropriate to allocate a number of fundamental, single-out directions. After all, the normative model of the fight against corruption is formed on the part of our state based on the behavior of individuals and the reproduction of deviations from the isolated legal aspect that they provide as a whole. This normative model is aimed at the era of „Stalinism”. Therefore, in order to overcome the fight against the formation of corruption in the conditions of martial law in Ukraine, human rights in general are greatly violated, because the aspectual totalitarianism was formed incompatible with their emergence. There are also positive aspects to the expediency of the formation: it was formed to study the educational discipline in the conditions of martial law in Ukraine, an appropriate interaction between the isolated degree of human authority and the degree of aspectism in general. Inheritance of being brought to normative responsibility and bearing – implies for the persons who are closest to the top of the authorities in the conditions of martial law in Ukraine – the closer the entourage is to the top, the more it implies a very high risk of temptation. That is, the formation of the principle of implementation of the normative surface model responsibility: „top-down”, which is an extremely necessary means of implementing the social, legal and economic model of justice as a whole. Improving the educational environment in the conditions of martial law in Ukraine also expediently forms a model of fighting corruption in the economic direction – the realization of strong legal and economic responsibility of a person is necessary, according to the recommendations of the „leader”. For the necessary permissible time, such personalities formed the model party elites. This formed model forms the basis of directions during the times of Khrushchev and Brezhnev. It is also appropriate to recall two more specific features of the economic model created under the conditions of martial law in Ukraine: firstly, the formation of an individual in the permissible direction of his power requires a normative and legal argument, secondly, money in this model has only a secondary role or not have a conceptual aspect as a whole. Noting that the educational component in the conditions of martial law in Ukraine is a model of combating corruption, I ensure the impossibility of the desire to force people into power structures on the basis of personal considerations and irresponsibility; therefore, it contains the main arguments of public power and its resulting bribery of the individual as a whole. The educational component in the conditions of martial law in Ukraine forms a model of the fight against corruption, has complete impunity and the impossibility of argumentation in general. These arguments are formed in periods of rich revolutionary legal norms, when the newly created state did not receive the necessary management functions of leadership or deliberately creates only destructive trends in the economy. Normativity of the economy of the existence of this legal model is precisely the time of the administration of the Provisional Government, because reforms in education as a whole are expediently addressed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article, we critically examine the nature and legal force of interim measures requests (IMRs) issued by the Human Rights Committee (HR Committee) in response to communications received under the Optional Protocol to the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR-OP1). Despite the lack of express provisions in the Covenant or the Optional Protocol regarding the power of the HR Committee to issue IMRs or the obligation of States to comply with them, the HR Committee has established its own Rules of Procedure to issue purportedly binding IMRs in certain circumstances. This article is the first thorough examination of whether IMRs are binding and, if so, on what basis. We conclude that States parties must comply with IMRs in good faith under Article 26 of the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties. However, we note that this interpretation requires a forward-leaning approach that privileges the object and purposes of the ICCPR-OP1. The article contributes to the ongoing debate surrounding the legal nature and force of IMRs issued by the HR Committee. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The potential of comprehending and managing microscale flows to enhance energy processes, especially in heat transfer and propulsion applications, remains largely untapped particularly for supercritical fluids, which have gained increased interest over the past years due to the higher power and thermodynamic efficiencies they provide. This work, therefore, presents the first comprehensive, open-source dataset carefully curated and structured for studying microconfined high-pressure transcritical fluid channel flows under various regimes. Particularly, the dataset contains 18 direct numerical simulations of carbon dioxide at different bulk pressures and velocities confined between differentially-heated walls. For all cases, the thermodynamic conditions selected impose the fluid to undergo a transcritical trajectory across the pseudo-boiling region. The data collection comprises an array of physical quantities that enable comprehensive parametric analyses spanning laminar, transitional, and turbulent flow regimes. This data repository is poised to provide access to the detailed study and modeling of the complex flow physics observed in high-pressure transcritical fluids, especially those closely linked to improving microfluidics performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Seismic-wave scattering is observed, to variable degrees, on Earth, its moon and Mars. Current scattering models and data processing typically rely on two end-member phenomena: weak, single- or multiple-scattering events (ballistic) on the one hand, or intense scattering such that the wavefield retains no path information or bearing on its origin (diffuse).This study explores the existence of scattering behaviour intermediate between these end-members, as well as the properties of heterogeneous media that facilitate a transition between them. We apply multiscale entropy and frequency-correlation analysis to seismic coda, and observe a distinct transitional behaviour is present within a part of the investigated parameter space. Analysis of terrestrial, lunar and Martian seismograms further demonstrate the applicability of these new methods across a wide range of scattering behaviours, while also highlighting their shortcomings. Results from the planetary data indicate partially non-diffuse behaviour and low complexity within specific bandwidths of lunar wavefields, potentially contradicting the current paradigm that lunar wavefields are diffuse, and require continued study. Furthermore, Martian seismograms are shown to possess greater statistical entropy than lunar seismograms and diffuse energy properties, yet still display distinct phase arrivals, suggesting substantial scattering and transitional scattering behaviour on Mars. The robust, comparative nature of multiscale entropy and frequency-correlation analysis, applied to idealised simulation as well as three separate planetary bodies, provides a promising framework for future exploration of scattered wavefields across ballistic, transitional and diffuse regimes, that complements existing methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper applies fractional calculus to a practical example in fluid mechanics, illustrating its impact beyond traditional integer order calculus. We focus on the classic problem of a rigid body rotating within a uniformly rotating container, which generates a liquid vortex from an undisturbed initial state. Our aim is to compare the time evolutions of the physical system in fractional and integer order models by examining the torque transmission from the rotating body to the surrounding liquid. This is achieved through closed-form, time-developing solutions expressed in terms of Mittag–Leffler and Bessel functions. Analysis reveals that the rotational velocity and, consequently, the vortex structure of the liquid are influenced by three distinct time zones that differ between integer and noninteger models. Anomalous diffusion, favoring noninteger fractions, dominates at early times but gradually gives way to the integer derivative model behavior as time progresses through a transitional regime. Our derived vortex formula clearly demonstrates how the liquid vortex is regulated in time for each considered fractional model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Emerging research indicates that ground-level ozone (O3) has become a leading contributor to air quality concerns in many Chinese cities, with the Yangtze River Delta (YRD) region facing particular challenges. This study investigated the characterization of air pollutants in Wujiang, which is located within the YRD demonstration zone, during the warm season (April–September) of 2022. The contributions of emission and meteorology to O3 were identified, the O3-NOX-VOC sensitivities were discussed, and the VOC sources and their contributions to O3 formation were analyzed. A random forest model revealed that the high O3 concentration was mainly caused by a combination of increased emission intensity due to the resumption of work and production after the COVID-19 pandemic, along with adverse meteorological conditions. The results revealed more than 92% of the pollution days were related to O3 during the warm season, and the impact of O3 precursor emissions was slightly greater than that of the meteorological conditions. O3 formation was in the VOC-limited regime, and emission reduction strategies targeting VOCs, particularly aromatics such as toluene and xylene, have been identified as the most effective approach for mitigating O3 pollution. Changes in O3-NOX-VOC sensitivity were also observed from the VOC-limited regime to the transitional regime, which was primarily driven by variations in the NOX concentrations. The VOC source analysis results showed that the contributions of gasoline vehicle exhaust and diesel engine exhaust (mobile source emissions) were significantly greater than those of the other sources, accounting for 20.8% and 16.5% of the total VOC emissions, respectively. This study highlights the crucial role of mobile source emission control in mitigating O3 pollution. Furthermore, prioritizing the control of VOC emission sources with minimal NOX contributions is highly recommended within the VOC-limited regime. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Under the influence of climate change, the increasing occurrence of extreme weather events, such as heatwaves, has led to an enhanced frequency of ozone (O 3) pollution issues. In August 2022, the Sichuan Basin (SCB), a typical large-scale geographical terrain located in southwestern China, experienced the most severe heatwave in the last 20 years. The heatwave led to substantial disparities in O 3 levels across the region. Here, by integrating observations, machine learning, and numerical simulations, we aim to understand the diverse O 3 formation mechanisms in two megacities, Chengdu (western location) and Chongqing (eastern location). Observational data showed that Chengdu experienced a consecutive 17 d period of O 3 exceedance, in contrast to Chongqing, where O 3 concentrations remained below the standard. Meteorological and precursor factors were assessed, highlighting high temperatures, intense solar radiation, and overnight accumulative pollutants as key contributors to O 3 concentrations. The interplay of isoprene, temperature, and O 3 , alongside the observation-based box model and MEGAN simulations, underscored the significant role of intensified biogenic volatile organic compounds (BVOCs) in O 3 formation. Interestingly, Chongqing exhibited nearly double the BVOC emissions of Chengdu, yet contributed less to O 3 concentrations. This discrepancy was addressed through CMAQ-DDM (Decoupled Direct Method) simulations and satellite diagnosis by investigating the O 3 –NO x –VOC sensitivity. Notably, Chengdu displayed a VOC-driven sensitivity, while Chongqing showed a transitional regime. Moreover, the regional transport also played a pivotal role in the spatial divergence of O 3 pollution. Cross-regional transport predominantly influenced Chongqing (contributing ∼ 80 %), whereas Chengdu was mainly affected by the emissions within the basin. The local accumulated pollutants gave rise to the atmospheric oxidizing capacity, resulting in a substantial photochemical contribution to O 3 levels (49.9 ppbv h -1) in Chengdu. This comparison of the difference provides insights into the complex interplay of meteorology, natural emissions, and anthropogenic sources during heatwaves, guiding the necessity of targeted pollution control measures on regional scales. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Enhanced ozone (O3) pollution has emerged as a pressing environmental concern in China, particularly for densely populated megacities and major city clusters. However, volatile organic compounds (VOCs), the key precursors to O3 formation, have not been routinely measured. In this study, we characterize the spatial and temporal patterns of VOCs and examine the role of VOCs in O3 production in five cities (Dongying (DY), Rizhao (RZ), Yantai (YT), Weihai (WH), and Jinan (JN)) in the North China Plain (NCP) for two sampling periods (June and December) in 2021 through continuous field observations. Among various VOC categories, alkanes accounted for the largest proportion of VOCs in the cities. For VOCs, chemical reactivities, aromatic hydrocarbons, and alkenes were dominant contributors to O3 formation potential (OFP). Unlike inland regions, the contribution to OFP from OVOCs increased greatly at high O3 concentrations in coastal regions (especially YT). Model simulations during the O3 episode show that the net O3 production rates were 27.87, 10.24, and 10.37 ppbv/h in DY, RZ, and JN. The pathway of HO2 + NO contributed the most to O3 production in JN and RZ, while RO2 + NO was the largest contributor to O3 production in DY. The relative incremental reactivity (RIR) revealed that O3 formation in DY was the transitional regime, while it was markedly the VOC-limited regime in JN and RZ. The O3 production response is influenced by NOx concentration and has a clear daily variation pattern (the sensitivity is greater from 15:00 to 17:00). The most efficiencies in O3 reduction could be achieved by reducing NOx when the NOx concentration is low (less than 20 ppbv in this study). This study reveals the importance of ambient VOCs in O3 production over the NCP and demonstrates that a better grasp of VOC sources and profiles is critical for in-depth O3 regulation in the NCP. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Middle Triassic Tredian Formation is well exposed in the western region of the Salt Range. It is mostly composed of sandstone with minor alternations of shales and dolomite. This is the first integrated attempt using petrographical and geochemical features to reveal palaeoclimate during deposition of the Tredian Formation. This work sheds light on the petrographical and geochemical properties of the Tredian sandstone in order to date various layers and evaluate the palaeoclimate. The formation was sampled at two distinct stratigraphic layers for petrographic and geochemical analysis of major and trace elements. The sandstone of the Tredian Formation is sub‐feldspathic to feldspathic arenite with sub‐angular to rounded grains that are moderately to extensively sorted. The relative proportions of the quartz, feldspars and lithoclasts in the examined sandstone samples shows that the Tredian sediments originated from the interior of the craton during a transitional continental regime. Chemical index of alteration values of 59, chemical index of weathering values of 67, and plagioclase index of alteration values of 74.5 indicate a low to moderate degree of weathering in the Tredian sediment source region. Based on the silica content, SiO2/Al2O3 ratios (2.7–6.1; mean 4.1), and chemical maturity index, it is deduced that the Tredian Formation was deposited in chemically immature to sub‐mature and dry to semi‐arid conditions. Geochemical proxies indicate the acidic source of sediment and deposition on the passive margin of the Indian Plate. The trace element characteristics of the sediments, especially the Rb/Sr, Cu/Zn, Ni/Co, V/Cr and Sr/Ba ratios, indicate that the sediments originated from the first weathering cycle and support the notion that they were deposited in an oxidising continental environment. A semi‐arid to arid palaeoclimate predominated through the Middle Triassic at the north‐western passive continental margin of the Indian Plate in the south‐eastern Neo‐Tethys. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

O3 poses a significant threat to human health and the ecological environment. In recent years, O3 pollution has become increasingly serious, making it difficult to accurately control O3 precursor emissions. Satellite indicator methods, such as the FNR (formaldehyde-to-nitrogen dioxide ratio (HCHO/NO2 ratio)), provide an effective way to identify ozone pollution control areas on a large geographical scale due to their simple acquisition of datasets. This can help determine the primary factors contributing to O3 pollution and assist in managing it. Based on TROPOMI data from May 2018 to December 2022, combined with ground-based monitoring data from the China National Environmental Monitoring Centre, we explored the uncertainty associated with using the HCHO/NO2 ratio (FNR) as an indicator in ozone control area determination. We focused on the four representative regions in China: Jing-Jin-Ji-Lu-Yu (JJJLY), Jiang-Zhe-Hu-Wan (JZHW), Chuan-Yu (CY), and South China. By using the statistical curve-fitting method, we found that the FNR thresholds were 3.5–5.1, 2.0–4.0, 2.5–4.2, and 1.7–3.5, respectively. Meanwhile, we analyzed the spatial and temporal characteristics of the HCHO, NO2, and O3 control areas. The HCHO concentrations and NO2 concentrations had obvious cyclical patterns, with higher HCHO column densities occurring in summer and higher NO2 concentrations in winter. These high values always appeared in areas with dense population activities and well-developed economies. The distribution characteristics of the ozone control areas indicated that during O3 pollution periods, the urban areas with industrial activities and high population densities were primarily controlled by VOCs, and the suburban areas gradually shifted from VOC-limited regimes to transitional regimes and eventually reverted back to VOC-limited regimes. In contrast, the rural and other remote areas with relatively less development were mainly controlled by NOx. The FNR also exhibited periodic variations, with higher values mostly appearing in summer and lower values appearing in winter. This study identifies the main factors contributing to O3 pollution in different regions of China and can serve as a valuable reference for O3 pollution control. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista Anuario de Historia Regional y de las Fronteras is the property of Universidad Industrial de Santander and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Lua Nova is the property of CEDEC and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In the summer of 1604, the Transylvanian Council of Government, which had been formed shortly before, submitted a longer report to King Rudolf I of Hungary. They reported on the administration and financial situation of the newly pacified province of Transylvania. The most pressing issue, however, was the pay and maintenance of the mercenary corps stationed in Transylvania. Accordingly, the bulk of the report is devoted to discussing problems relating to the army. The report gives us an idea of how a Council of Government (Regiment) that had already been 'tried and tested' in the Austrian hereditary provinces functioned in Transylvania, and introduces the challenges members of the Council had to face. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, the concentration of surface ozone (O3) has increased in China. The formation regime of ozone is closely related to the ratio of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) to nitrogen oxides (NOx). To explain this increase in ozone, we determined the sensitivity of ozone generation by determining the regional threshold of the ratio of formaldehyde to nitrogen dioxide (HCHO/NO2) in the satellite troposphere. The different FNR(HCHO/NO2) ratio ranges indicate three formation regimes: VOC limited, transitional, and NOx limited. Polynomial fitting models were used to determine the threshold range for the transitional regime in the BTH region (2.0, 3.1). The ozone formation regime in the BTH (Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei) region mainly exhibited a transitional and NOx-limited regime. VOC-limited regimes are mainly distributed in urban agglomeration areas, transitional regimes are mainly concentrated in urban expansion areas, and non-urban areas are mainly controlled by NOx. The concentrations of HCHO and NO2 in the BTH region showed a trend of urban agglomeration areas > urban expansion areas > non-urban areas in different land types from 2019 to 2022, whereas the FNR showed an opposite trend. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose is to attempt to analyze the socio-political development and military situation in the Volyn area during the Ukrainian Revolution of 1917--1921. The research methodology is based on the use of general scientific and specifically historical research methods, including problemchronological, synchronous, diachronic, comparative-historical, etc. The scientific novelty. An attempt is made to summarize the events of the Ukrainian revolution on the territory of Volyn in the context of the national and international situation. Conclusions. During 1917--1921, Volyn, like all of Ukraine, experienced revolutionary upheavals. During the time of administration by the Russian Provisional Government, the people of Volyn felt the rise of national consciousness in the general revolutionary wave, formed the structures of the national movement, and undertook the democratization and Ukrainization of social and political life. In November 1917, Volyn, as a part of the Ukrainian People's Republic, almost immediately fell into the vortex of the first Bolshevik-Ukrainian war. Also, the front of World War I ran through the region, which certainly left its mark. The outermost west of Volyn continued to be under the control of the Austrians until November 1918. In 1919, it became one of the epicenters of the Ukrainian Revolution, where significant events took place (including V. Oskilko's coup d'état attempt, O. Volokh's theft of the state treasury, the Liubar Declaration, etc.). Shortly, Volyn became the place of the last chord of the Ukrainian revolution -- the 2nd Winter Campaign of the Ukrainian People's Republic Army. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Advancements in space exploration and sample return technology present a unique opportunity to leverage sample return capsules (SRCs) towards studying atmospheric entry of meteoroids and asteroids. Specifically engineered for the secure transport of valuable extraterrestrial samples from interplanetary space to Earth, SRCs offer unexpected benefits that reach beyond their intended purpose. As SRCs enter the Earth's atmosphere at hypervelocity, they are analogous to naturally occurring meteoroids and thus, for all intents and purposes, can be considered artificial meteors. Furthermore, SRCs are capable of generating shockwaves upon reaching the lower transitional flow regime, and thus can be detected by strategically positioned geophysical instrumentation. NASA's OSIRIS-REx (Origins, Spectral Interpretation, Resource Identification, and Security-Regolith Explorer) SRC is one of only a handful of artificial objects to re-enter the Earth's atmosphere from interplanetary space since the end of the Apollo era and it will provide an unprecedented observational opportunity. This review summarizes past infrasound and seismic observational studies of SRC re-entries since the end of the Apollo era and presents their utility towards the better characterization of meteoroid flight through the atmosphere. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this communication, the solution of the differential Riccati equation is shown to provide a closed analytical expression for the transient settling velocity of arbitrary non-spherical particles in a still, unbounded viscous fluid. Such a solution is verified against the numerical results of the integrated differential equation, establishing its accuracy, and validated against previous experimental, theoretical and numerical studies, illustrating the effect of particle sphericity. The developed closed analytical formulae are simple and applicable to general initial velocity conditions in the Stokes, transitional and Newtonian regimes, extending the range of application of former published analytical approximate solutions on this subject. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Executive power should be constrained by checks and balances. The United States' long and strong tradition of concerns about executive power, and its complementary tradition of Madisonian checks and balances on and to the executive, include the selection of supreme court justices. Neither the U.S. Constitution nor the constitution of any state places solely in the executive the power to appoint a justice to begin a new term on the (federal or state) supreme court. However, several states fail to constrain gubernatorial power in selecting justices to finish a term already started by another justice and these interim appointments are the norm in several such states. This Article argues that states with interim supreme court appointments should subject the governor's appointment power to a nominating commission or a confirmation vote. And this Article argues that the urgency of adopting such a constraint on the governor is highest in states--Minnesota, Georgia, and Oregon--in which the supreme court acquires most of its new members through interim appointment, and in which an interim appointment nearly always leads to a safe multi-term position on the supreme court. Supreme court appointments are simply too important to leave to the unchecked discretion of a single person. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Pasado y Memoria. Revista de Historia Contemporánea is the property of Pasado y Memoria and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Earthquakes rarely occur in isolation but rather as complex sequences of fore, main and aftershocks. Assessing the associated seismic hazard requires a holistic view of event interactions. We conduct frictional sliding experiments on faulted Westerly Granite samples at mid‐crustal stresses to investigate fault damage and roughness effects on aftershock generation. Abrupt laboratory fault slip is followed by periods of extended stress relaxation and aftershocks. Large roughness promotes less co‐seismic slip and high aftershock activity whereas smooth faults promote high co‐seismic slip with few aftershocks. Conditions close to slip instability generate lab‐quake sequences that exhibit similar statistical distributions to natural earthquakes. Aftershock productivity in the lab is linearly related to the residual strain energy on the fault which, in turn, is controlled by the level of surface heterogeneity. We conclude that roughness and damage govern slip stability and seismic energy partitioning between fore, main and aftershocks in lab and nature. Plain Language Summary: Earthquakes commonly occur as sequences of fore, main and aftershocks rather than isolated events. A complete assessment of seismic hazard thus requires a holistic view of interactions between seismic events. We investigated such event interactions during frictional experiments on Westerly Granite. The samples contained rough and planar fault surfaces and we investigated seismic events, specifically aftershocks after abrupt laboratory slip. We observed that larger roughness promotes less slip on the fault during macroscopic failure but more aftershock activity. Smooth faults, on the other hand, promote more slip in large events with few aftershocks. The statistical characteristics of small lab‐quake sequences and aftershocks are statistically indistinguishable from natural earthquakes. We conclude that roughness and damage govern slip stability and seismic energy partitioning between fore, main and aftershocks in lab and nature. Key Points: Aftershock productivity in lab experiments is directly correlated with residual stress on the fault after abrupt slipBoth residual stress and aftershock productivity are substantially higher on rough than on smooth faultsSpatio‐temporal clustering of laboratory seismicity in the transitional frictional regime is similar to Southern California seismicity [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to the advantages of asynchronous motors with short-circuited rotors, they are used in many electric drive systems. In order to get an overview of the behavior of the motor during the technological process, it has to be tested. The paper presents a case study of a 1.1 kW asynchronous motor with a short-circuited rotor. Its direct starting process is analyzed. The analysis results in starting current values and transitional regime duration. From the performed analysis it is found that at no-load operation, the maximum value of the starting current is 5.57 time higher than the rated current. At the same time, it is observed that the supply of the three phases of the motor is not carried out simultaneously, which causes a demanding operating process for the motor. For these reasons it is necessary to test the motor before it is introduced into a drive system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Al-Adab / Al-ādāb is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Since their development at the end of the 50s, panel methods were widely used for the fast simulation of aerospace objects reentry. Although improvements were proposed for the continuum regime formulations, the bridging functions usually employed in the transitional regime did not go through major changes since then. With the current interest in designing Very Low Earth Orbit satellites and more efficient reentry vehicles, a greater level of preciseness is now required for the fast computation of the aerodynamic and aerothermodynamic wall quantities in rarefied regime. In this context, this paper presents a new approach to build Machine Learning based surrogates going from the choice of the design variables and the Design of Experiments, to the models training and evaluation. Hence, kriging and Artificial Neural Networks are respectively trained to predict the pressure and heat flux stagnation coefficients, and the pressure, friction and heat flux coefficient distributions in the rarefied portion of any aerodynamic shape's reentry. • New reduced models for the wall quantities in hypersonic rarefied conditions. • Kriging models for the stagnation heat flux and pressure coefficients. • Neural networks for the friction, heat flux and pressure coefficient distributions. • A thorough and challenging validation of the models has been carried out. • A more precise and generic alternative to classic panel methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper discusses the analysis and computations of chaos–hyperchaos (or vice versa) transition in Rössler–Nikolov–Clodong O (RNC-O) hyperchaotic system. Our work is motivated by our previous analysis of hyperchaotic transitional regimes of RNC-O system and the results recently obtained from another researchers. The analysis and numerical simulations show that chaos–hyperchaos transition in RNC-O system is coupled to change in the equilibria type as one large hyperchaotic attractor occurs. Moreover, we show that for this system, a zero-Hopf bifurcation is not possible. We also consider the cases when the divergence of the system is a constant and detected two families of exact solutions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Tudigou porphyry Cu deposit is located in the central part of the southern Qinling belt. Copper mineralization is closely associated with monzogranite porphyry. Zircon LA–ICP–MS U–Pb dating of monzogranite porphyry suggests that the ages of magmatism at Tudigou vary between 150 ± 1 and 148 ± 1 Ma and overlap with the molybdenite Re–Os age of 150–148 Ma, indicating that the Tudigou intrusion and associated mineralization formed during the Late Jurassic. The enrichment in large‐ion lithophile elements, depletion in high‐field‐strength elements, high Ba/Th and La/Yb ratios, and negative correlation between Dy/Yb and La/Sm ratios, together with narrow ranges of εHf(t) values (εHf(t) = −4.0 to +1.4) suggest monzogranite porphyry was derived from a metasomatized lithospheric mantle with minor crustal components contribution, which is also evidenced by the lead isotopic result. The La/Yb ratios of 30 Mesozoic plutons in the southern Qinling belt were used to calculate the Moho depth, which suggests that the magmatism and mineralization in the region occurred during lithosphere thinning in response to the tectonic transition from compression to extension transitional regime. The calculated oxygen fugacity of the Late Mesozoic porphyry deposits in the Qinling–Dabie orogen have identical ΔFMQ values (averaging +1.4 to +2.4). However, the V/Sc ratios (the proxy for water content) are distinct among different deposit sizes, indicating that the dissolved water in the magma plays a critical role in porphyry‐type mineralization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cardiovascular diseases have been a leading cause of death for the past several decades. A comparison of blood flow patterns through diseased and treated arteries can be beneficial in diagnosis and treatment. The computational fluid dynamic (CFD) analysis was utilized to numerically simulate the blood flow dynamics of stenosed and stented carotid artery bifurcation. Two lumen models were generated: first with the stenosis and then a stent was introduced to remove the abnormality. The control volume method was implemented to discretize the blood domain, and then the steady-state velocity inlet was used based on the measured blood flow rate. The transitional flow was observed in the post-stenotic region due to the high Reynold's number near peak systole; however, the flow exhibited laminar characteristics at the peak diastole. Four distinct locations downstream of the stenosis were used to compare the results. The internal carotid artery (ICA) stenosis resulted in high wall shear stresses, irregular flow patterns, and low-pressure areas. The velocity and pressure profiles oscillated in the immediate vicinity downstream of the stenosis. The stented model showed minimal pressure and velocity fluctuations, as well as minimal wall shear stresses. Additionally, for the stented model, the flow could not enter the transitional regime under both conditions. The proposed simulation methodology can be utilized until the abnormalities in the carotid artery geometry are removed and normal blood flow characteristics are achieved, which then become the basis for an optimal design of a carotid artery stent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article aims to analyze the composition of the provisional councils in the captaincy of Bahia, when Salvador was the seat of the provisional government, between 1549 and 1763. In this sense, the study asks: how were the provisional governments constituted? What were your assignments? What were its members? Methodologically, the chronological limit is the period from 1581, institution of the first provisional government, to 1766. We consider that the provisional governments were responsible for administering the captaincy when the governor was absent, either because of the vacancy of the position or because of his removal. Methodologically, documents contained in the Arquivo Histórico Ultramarino, present in the "Projeto Resgate Barão do Rio Branco", were used, as well as a theoretical and bibliographical discussion on the government and its characteristics in the Kingdom of Portugal during the first Modernity. A subject still little studied, the analysis of the actions and characteristics of the provisional regime tends to indicate a better understanding of the dynamics of power, laws, politics and society existing in the captaincy of Bahia in the colonial period. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We shall discuss in this paper the elaboration of 1890 Penal Code since the initial discussions for the replacement of 1830 Criminal Code, passing through its promulgation in the Provisional Republican Government to the receptivity among the magistrates. Throughout our analysis, we shall highlight Article 157 of 1890 punitive laws because it criminalized Spiritism. Through the analysis of historical sources, we shall discuss how the 1889 draft written by João Vieira de Araújo was organized to replace the 1830 Criminal Code and the refutation of this draft; the production of 1890 Penal Code by João Baptista Pereira and the lack of receptivity of the new penal laws among Law professionals; the attempt to replace the punitive system in a new draft by Vieira de Araújo in 1897; the positioning of the Brazilian Bar Association with the participation of Baptista Pereira; the considerations of the legislator of the Penal Code in defense of his work; and the new attempt to replace 1890 Penal Code by Galdino Siqueira in 1913. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Historia Constitucional is the property of Revista Historia Constitucional and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Estudos Ibero-Americanos is the property of EDIPUCRS - Editora Universitaria da PUCRS and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Accurate representations of slip and transitional flow regimes present a challenge in the simulation of rarefied gas flow in confined systems with complex geometries. In these regimes, continuum-based formulations may not capture the physics correctly. This work considers a regularized multi-relaxation time lattice Boltzmann (LB) method with mixed Maxwellian diffusive and halfway bounce-back wall boundary treatments to capture flow at high Kn. The simulation results are validated against atomistic simulation results from the literature. We examine the convergence behavior of LB for confined systems as a function of inlet and outlet treatments, complexity of the geometry, and magnitude of pressure gradient and show that convergence is sensitive to all three. The inlet and outlet boundary treatments considered in this work include periodic, pressure, and a generalized periodic boundary condition. Compared to periodic and pressure treatments, simulations of complex domains using a generalized boundary treatment conserve mass but require more iterations to converge. Convergence behavior in complex domains improves at higher magnitudes of pressure gradient across the computational domain, and lowering the porosity deteriorates the convergence behavior for complex domains. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista Catalana de Dret Ambiental is the property of Universitat Rovira I Virgili and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Intersecoes: Revista de Estudios Interdisciplinares is the property of Editora da Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (EdUERJ) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The Hayabusa2 mission impact experiment on asteroid Ryugu created an unexpectedly large crater. The associated regime of low-gravity, low-strength cratering remained largely unexplored so far, because these impact conditions cannot be re-created in laboratory experiments on Earth. Here we show that the target cohesion may be very low and the impact probably occurred in the transitional cratering regime, between strength and gravity. For such conditions, our numerical simulations are able to reproduce the outcome of the impact on Ryugu, including the effects of boulders originally located near the impact point. Consistent with most recent analysis of Ryugu and Bennu, cratering scaling-laws derived from our results suggest that surfaces of small asteroids must be very young. However, our results also show that the cratering efficiency can be strongly affected by the presence of a very small amount of cohesion. Consequently, the varying ages of different geological surface units on Ryugu may be due to the influence of cohesion. Hayabusa2 mission impact experiment on asteroid Ryugu formed a crater larger than expected. Here, the authors show numerical impact simulations and find that the target cohesion may be very low, indicating the Hayabusa2 impact experiment probably occurred in the transitional cratering regime. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Multiphase flows are encountered in various industries, and the Coriolis flowmeter (CFM) is considered a high potential flowmeter for the metering of these flows. However, the decoupling effect and asymmetrical gas distribution in a CFM might decrease the accuracy of its multiphase flow metering The asymmetry of gas distribution in a CFM and its influence on the metering accuracy have only been qualitatively investigated in a few studies. The present paper quantitatively describes the gas distribution asymmetry in several CFMs under different flow conditions by numerical simulation. The simulation methodology is developed and validated by a results comparison with a conducted experiment and published data for bubbly, stratified and transitional flow regimes. U-shaped and triangle-shaped CFMs of different diameters are investigated at different gas volume fractions and flow rates. It is shown that the increase in the gas volume fraction and the reduction in the mixture flow rate lead to the increase in the gas distribution asymmetry. The strong correlation between the gas distribution asymmetry and the experimentally observed CFM error is demonstrated. The correction of the CFM error is proposed based on this correlation allowing the metering error to be decreased from 34% to 10% for the investigated conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Climate and natural vegetation dynamics are key drivers of global vegetation fire, but anthropogenic burning now prevails over vast areas of the planet. Fire regime classification and mapping may contribute towards improved understanding of relationships between those fire drivers. We used 15 years of daily active fire data from the MODIS fire product (MCD14ML, collection 6) to create global maps of six fire descriptors (incidence, size inequality, season length, interannual variability, intensity, and fire season modality). Using multiple correspondence analysis (MCA) and hierarchical agglomerative clustering, we identified three fire macroregimes: Wild, Tamed, and Domesticated, each of which splitting into prototypical and transitional regimes. Interpretation of the six fire regimes in terms of their main drivers relied on the global maps of anthromes and Köppen climate types. The analysis yielded a two‐dimensional space where the principal dimension of variability is primarily defined by interannual variability in fire activity and fire season length, and the secondary axis is based mainly on fire incidence. The Wild fire macroregime occurs mostly in cold wildlands, where burning is sporadic and fire seasons are short. Tamed fires predominate in seasonally dry tropical rangelands and croplands with high fire incidence. Domesticated fires are characteristic of humid, warm temperate and tropical croplands and villages with low fire incidence. The Tamed and Domesticated fire macroregimes, representing managed burning, account for 86% of all active fires in our dataset and for 70% of the global burnable area. Fourteen percent of active fires were found in the cold wildlands, and in the rangelands and forests of steppe and desert climates of the Wild macroregime. These results highlight the extent of human control over global pyrogeography in the Anthropocene. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Themis: Revista de Derecho is the property of Themis Asociacion and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

An observation-based method (OBM) is developed to investigate the sensitivity of ozone formation to precursors during two persistent elevated ozone episodes observed at 77 stations in Guangdong. Average OH concentrations derived at the 77 stations between 08:00 and 13:00 local time stay within a narrow range of 2.5×106 to 5.5×106 cm -3 with a weak dependence on the NO x. These values are in good agreement with OH values observed at a rural station in the Pearl River Delta (PRD). They also agree well with a box model constrained by the ambient conditions observed during the two episodes. The OBM has been used to evaluate the ozone production efficiency, ε (NO x or volatile organic compound, VOC), defined as the number of O 3 molecules produced per molecule of NO x (or VOC) oxidized. Average values of ε (NO x) and ε (VOC) determined by the OBM are 3.0 and 2.1 ppb ppb -1 , respectively, and both compared well with values in previous studies. Approximately 67 % of the station days exhibit ozone formation sensitivity to NO x , and approximately 20 % of the station days are in the transitional regime sensitive to both NO x and VOC, and only approximately 13 % of the station days are sensitive to VOC. These results are in semi-quantitative agreement with the ozone formation sensitivity calculated by the box model constrained by ambient conditions observed during the two episodes. However, our OBM results differ from those of most previous investigations, which suggested that limiting the emission of VOC rather than NO x would be more effective in reducing ozone reduction in Guangdong. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper reproduces the translation of letters sent by Stephen P. Timoshenko—well known specialist in elasticity, vibrations, stability, and structures, in the 20th century—to his colleague Vladimir I. Vernadsky. Letters originated from the USA where Timoshenko resided at the time, and were directed to France, where Vernadsky was working while also looking to come to the USA having left Russia after the Bolshevik Revolution. By a twist of fate, these letters turned out to be housed at the Library of Columbia University, in New York City. This happened since the first five letters were acquired by Bakhmeteff Archive at Columbia University where Boris Bakhmeteff, formerly the Ambassador of the Russian Provisional Government to the USA, was employed as a professor of civil engineering during the years 1931–1951. Timoshenko could not have imagined that these private and candid letters would be available for public viewing at the library, and especially, in the country that he criticized harshly. Each letter is accompanied with a discussion. It appears that these letters shed some light on Timoshenko's personality in addition to what can be inferred by reading his autobiography As I Remember. The motivation of this study is two-fold: (a) to bring to the attention of readers the translations of letters of S.P. Timoshenko, addressed to V.I. Vernadsky, and to provide (b) discussion on his attitudes, on the one hand, to the Jews, and anti-Semitism in the USA as compared with Ukraine, and on the other, to the USA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, Chinese cities have faced persistent O 3 pollution challenges. O 3 concentrations at urban mountain sites, serving as proxies for urban background O 3 levels, can help address data gaps in O 3 research in China. This study, for the first time, analyzed O 3 data from ten urban mountain sites during 2015–2022 using statistical methods like the Mann-Kendall test, Theil-Sen slope estimation, and Pearson correlation analysis to reveal characteristics and trends in urban background O 3 and proposed a metric for assessing mountain sites as urban background stations. Results indicate that O 3 at mountain sites were generally higher than at plain sites, regardless of mean, 10th percentile, or 90th percentile the average maximum daily 8-h average (MDA8) O 3. Although mountain sites exhibited similar annual and diurnal variations as plain sites, their amplitudes were significantly lower. Significant upward trends (P < 0.05) in MDA8 O 3 were observed mainly at plain sites, whereas trends at mountain sites were insignificant (P > 0.05) during 2015–2022. The increase in urban ground-level O 3 was largely due to changes in VOCs and NO x emission structures, which reduce nighttime titration effects while enhancing daytime O 3 production. The insignificant trends observed at mountain sites suggest that these mountain sites may be in NO x -limited or transitional regimes rather than VOCs-limited regimes, which is also associated with their lower NO x concentrations compared to plain sites. These findings suggest that if China continues to prioritize the reduction of NO x emissions, urban ground-level O 3 could further increase and approach the O 3 at mountain sites. Finally, this study proposes that the correlation in nighttime O 3 concentrations between mountain and plain stations can serve as a valuable indicator for evaluating the suitability of mountain stations as regional background stations in urban areas. It recommends mountain sites in cities such as Changji, Nanping for urban background O 3 monitoring stations. • O 3 levels at mountain sites were generally higher than at plain sites, with similar annual and diurnal patterns but lower variation amplitudes. • The significant upward trends in the average maximum daily 8-h average (MDA8) O 3 from 2015 to 2022 were mainly concentrated at plain sites. • The nighttime O 3 correlation between mountain and plain stations can assess the suitability of mountain sites as urban background stations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ozone (O 3) is produced by photochemical reactions of NO X and VOCs in the troposphere under sunlight. The column densities of formaldehyde (HCHO) and nitrogen dioxide (NO 2), derived from satellite data, serve as indicators of VOCs and NO X emissions in the troposphere. Through analyzing the unique characteristics of the threshold range for the HCHO/NO 2 ratio (FNR), the mechanisms of O 3 formation across different regions over a prolonged period can be identified. In this study, we utilized the Empirical Orthogonal Function (EOF) technique to characterize O 3 patterns during the warm season (April to October) spanning 2013–2019. This period is divided into three stages: 2013–2014, 2015–2016, and 2017–2019. Using the third-order fitting model, we assessed the FNR values across different regions in China: BTH (Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei), YRD (Yangtze River Delta), GD (Guangdong), and CY (Chuan-Yu). The FNR value ranges for these regions are as follows: ([1.2,2.0], [1.3,2.1], [2.4,3.2], [1.4,2.2]) during 2013–2014, ([1.1,1.9], [1.2,2.0], [2.0,2.8], [1.2,2.0]) during 2015–2016, and ([1.0,1.8], [1.0,1.8], [1.7,2.5], [1.1,1.9]) during 2017–2019, respectively. Ultimately, our research indicates a shift in certain regions from a VOC-limited regime towards a transitional regime. This shift correlates with a significant decline in anthropogenic NO X emissions, attributed to the stringent emission control strategies extensively implemented between 2013 and 2019. The spatial expansion of the transitional regime aligns with increasing O 3 concentrations, simultaneously offering guidance for the development of effective emission reduction strategies. • Comprehensive analysis of ozone formation in China, focusing on major regions including and using advanced methodologies like the Empirical Orthogonal Function (EOF) and polynomial model. • Clear categorization of regions into VOC S -limited, NO X -limited, and transition zones, emphasizing pollution dynamics and control factors. • Growing transition and NO x -limited zones in Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei and Yangtze Delta highlight the urgent need for NO x and VOC reduction strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Research gap in hybrid nanofluid research is compiled and discussed. • Particle size effects of Al 2 O 3 –MWCNT hybrid nanofluids are experimentally investigated in the transition region. • Hybrid nanofluids of Al 2 O 3 –MWCNT, (60:40) were prepared using four different particle sizes, and their properties were evaluated. • Effects of using different particle sizes on the start and end of the transition regime are discussed. • Effects of particle size variation in the hybrid nanofluids on the thermal efficiency were discussed. This study reports an experimental investigation of nanoparticle sizes effects on the heat transfer characteristics of hybrid nanofluids along the transitional flow regime. Four different particle sizes were used to prepare hybrid nanofluids of Al 2 O 3 and MWCNT (i.e., 5 nm and 20 nm for Al 2 O 3 and <7 nm and 30–50 nm for MWCNT nanoparticles). Three hybrid nanofluids with different particle combinations (i.e., Al 2 O 3 (5 nm) – MWCNT (<7 nm), Al 2 O 3 (20 nm) – MWCNT(<7 nm) and Al 2 O 3 (20 nm) – MWCNT (30–50 nm)) at a percentage weight composition (PWC) of 60:40 and 0.3 volume concentration were prepared. Results showed that particle sizes significantly affected the convective heat transfer characteristics of the nanofluids. Along the transition region, all three fluids were found to have different critical Reynold numbers 1152, 1172, and 1898 for Al 2 O 3 (20 nm) – MWCNT (<7 nm), Al 2 O 3 (5 nm) – MWCNT (<7 nm) and Al 2 O 3 (20 nm) – MWCNT (30–50) respectively. Al 2 O 3 (20 nm) – MWCNT (<7 nm) have shown better heat transfer performances. Its Nusselt number shows an enhancement of about 48.86 % along the transition region. And its coefficient of thermal performance (COP) was better than that of Al 2 O 3 (20 nm) – MWCNT (30–50 nm) and Al 2 O 3 (5 nm) – MWCNT (<7 nm) with 43.53 % and 21.89 %, respectively. While its friction factor and pressure drop were lower than that of Al 2 O 3 (5 nm) – MWCNT (<7 nm) nanofluid by 5.2 % and 12.78 %. It was concluded that for a 60:40 hybrid nanofluid of Al 2 O 3 and MWCNT, particle sizes have influenced heat transfer characteristics and affected other flow characteristics along the transition regime. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a new analytical model for the early stages of vapor bubble growth in superheated liquids. The model bridges a gap in current knowledge by focusing on the surface tension-controlled, near-equilibrium growth regime and its transition to an inertia-controlled regime. A unified analytical model is derived by combining a perturbation method for the initial growth regime with a complementary outer solution to model the subsequent bubble growth rate. The model successfully predicts the initial delay in bubble growth due to surface tension effects. Two non-dimensional parameters govern this delay period: the initial perturbation from the equilibrium radius and the Ohnesorge number at the onset of nucleation. The Ohnesorge number encapsulates the interplay between viscous damping and surface tension forces acting on the bubble during its early growth stages. The analytical solutions presented here allow for quantifying the surface-tension, inertial, and transitional regimes while establishing a simple criterion for estimating the influence of thermal effects on early-stage growth. Our findings emphasize the significance of considering the surface tension delay, particularly for short timescales. The derived analytical solutions and the obtained correlation for surface-tension-induced delay may prove a practical tool and could be integrated into existing models of vapor bubble growth. • New model for early vapor bubble growth in superheated liquids. • Predicts initial growth delay due to surface tension effects. • Quantifies surface-tension, inertial, and transitional growth regimes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper we report on direct numerical simulations of turbulent convection in a cuboidal pool that contains liquid water in the lower part and air in the upper one. The bottom wall is uniformly heated and natural convection is established in both phases, accompanied by water evaporation across the free surface of the water. The descent of the free surface due to evaporation is computed via a newly developed tracking algorithm based on the ghost-fluid method. We present results for three different cases which correspond to different pool heights. In all of them, the natural convection in the water lies in the soft-turbulence regime. Whereas in the gas, it lies in the laminar, transitional and soft-turbulence regimes, respectively. Our analysis focuses on the characteristics of the convective patterns in the two phases and the statistics of the various flow quantities of interest. According to our simulations, the flow in the water is organized in a single-roll Large-Scale Circulation (LSC). In the gas, it is organized in single or dual-roll LSCs, depending on the aspect ratio of the pool. Interestingly, the impingement points of the LSCs of the two phases at the free surface remain very close to one another, which is attributed to the continuity of the shear stresses across the free surface. Further, after the initial transient period, both the free-surface temperature and the evaporative mass flux are stabilized and remain almost constant, but they exhibit small-scale fluctuations in time due to turbulence. Also, the transport of water vapor in air has similar properties as the heat transport, and the ratio between the Sherwood and Nusselt numbers is very close to the Lewis number for air. [Display omitted] • Direct numerical simulations of turbulent convection in water pools with evaporation. • Dynamic computation of the evaporation rate and descent of the free surface. • The impingement points of the large-scale circulations at the free surface coincide. • The evaporation rate is stabilized but exhibits small fluctuations due to turbulence. • The ratio of the Sherwood and Nusselt numbers in air is close to the Lewis number. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]