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An infectious disease called infectious bovine rhinotracheitis (IBR) can lead to a number of disorders affecting cattle's respiratory system. The disease is caused by bovine alphaherpesvirus type 1 (BoAHV-1). Based on antigenic and genetic characteristics, BoAHV-1 strains are divided into subtypes 1.1, 1.2a, 1.2b, and 1.3. IBR is currently widespread throughout the world, with the exception of a few nations that have achieved eradication. The most significant characteristic of this illness is that, after a clinical or subclinical infection, the virus typically establishes a latent condition that can later be reactivated in the presence of stress, immunosuppressive conditions/substances, or other diseases. Primarily, the virus spreads by direct or indirect contact between animals. It may also be transmitted via the reproductive system, causing infectious balanoposthitis or vulvovaginitis. Most virus subtypes are associated with reproductive failure, such as fetal or embryonic resorption and abortions. The virus may also be transmitted through semen, which could lead to genital transfer. Bovine herpesvirus type 1 (BoHV-1) infection produces a variety of lesions. Lesion in the mucosal surface usually consists of white necrotic material. Regular methods for diagnosing BoHV-1 infections include isolation in cell culture, ELISA, VNT, and methods based on identification of nucleic acids, like PCR. The interplay of several host, pathogen, environmental, and management factors affects the spread of IBR. Through its impacts on health and fitness, IBR can lead to production losses. In order to minimize the severity of clinical signs and stop the infection from spreading, the veterinarian may advise that sick or at-risk animals be placed under immediate isolation and vaccinated (such as intranasal vaccination, including the use of both killed and live attenuated virus vaccines) as soon as an IBR diagnosis is obtained. [Open Vet J 2024; 14(10.000): 2525-2538]

In this study, the activity of oxidative stress parameters superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), glutathione reductase (GR), and glutathione S-transferase (GST), as well as the concentrations of vitamin E (Vit E) and SH groups in the digestive glands and gills of freshwater mussels Unio pictorum and Sinanodonta woodiana from the Sava River in Serbia were investigated. These parameters were determined in native and invasive mussels under the same environmental conditions. The activities of GSH-Px and GR and the concentration of Vit E were significantly higher in the digestive glands of the autochthonous species U. pictorum than in the invasive species S. woodiana, while the CAT activity and the concentration of SH groups were lower. In the gills of U. pictorum, GSH-Px activity and Vit E concentration were significantly higher, while CAT, GST, and SH groups were lower. Principal component analysis (PCA) showed that oxidative stress parameters were strictly tissue- and species-specific. In addition, integrated biomarker response (IBR) showed a combined response of enzymatic and non-enzymatic oxidative stress parameters depending on the tissue or species studied, indicating different metabolic activities and behaviors of an autochthonous versus an introduced bivalve species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An infectious disease called infectious bovine rhinotracheitis (IBR) can lead to a number of disorders affecting cattle's respiratory system. The disease is caused by bovine alphaherpesvirus type 1 (BoAHV-1). Based on antigenic and genetic characteristics, BoAHV-1 strains are divided into subtypes 1.1, 1.2a, 1.2b, and 1.3. IBR is currently widespread throughout the world, with the exception of a few nations that have achieved eradication. The most significant characteristic of this illness is that, after a clinical or subclinical infection, the virus typically establishes a latent condition that can later be reactivated in the presence of stress, immunosuppressive conditions/substances, or other diseases. Primarily, the virus spreads by direct or indirect contact between animals. It may also be transmitted via the reproductive system, causing infectious balanoposthitis or vulvovaginitis. Most virus subtypes are associated with reproductive failure, such as fetal or embryonic resorption and abortions. The virus may also be transmitted through semen, which could lead to genital transfer. Bovine herpesvirus type 1 (BoHV-1) infection produces a variety of lesions. Lesion in the mucosal surface usually consists of white necrotic material. Regular methods for diagnosing BoHV-1 infections include isolation in cell culture, enzyme linked immunosorbent assay, virus neutralisation test, and methods based on identification of nucleic acids, like PCR. The interplay of several host, pathogen, environmental, and management factors affects the spread of IBR. Through its impacts on health and fitness, IBR can lead to production losses. In order to minimize the severity of clinical signs and stop the infection from spreading, the veterinarian may advise that sick or at-risk animals be placed under immediate isolation and vaccinated (such as intranasal vaccination, including the use of both killed and live attenuated virus vaccines) as soon as an IBR diagnosis is obtained. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to determine the seroprevalence of reproductive and infectious diseases in tropical cattle in the Tambopata and Tahuamanu Provinces in the department of Madre de Dios, Peru. SAMPLE: 156 bovines from 7 cattle farms were sampled. These farms used exclusive grazing for food and natural mating for reproduction and did not have sanitary or vaccination programs. METHODS: The serum of blood samples was subjected to ELISA with commercial kits for the detection of antibodies against Neospora caninum, Mycobacterium avium subsp paratuberculosis (MAP), Leptospira interrogans, pestivirus bovine viral diarrhea virus-1, retrovirus bovine leukemia virus (BLV), orbivirus bluetongue virus (BTV), and herpesvirus bovine herpes virus-1 (BHV). The data were analyzed by means of association tests with χ2 (P < .05) and Spearman rank correlation (P < .05) in the SPSS v.15.0 software (IBM Corp). RESULTS: A low prevalence of antibodies to L interrogans, N caninum, M avium subsp paratuberculosis, bovine viral diarrhea virus-1 was found, but it was high to BTV, BLV, and BHV (100%, 53.85%, and 72.44%, respectively). The presence of BLV and BHV was higher in the Las Piedras District, bovines less than 5 years old, and cattle with breed characteristics of zebu and crossbred (P < .01). In addition, there was a significant correlation between both infections, showing 83.3% of BLV positivity that were also BHV positive (P < .01). CLINICAL RELEVANCE: The high prevalence of antibodies to BTV, BHV, and BLV could be due to livestock management practices, direct contact with infected animals, and variation of the presence of vectors and natural reservoirs in the context of climate change in the tropics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The increasing concentration of Antimony (Sb) in ecological environments has raised serious concerns about its potential biotoxicological impact. This study investigated the toxicokinetics, Global DNA Methylation (GDM), biomarker expression, and Integrated Biological Response (IBR) of Sb at different concentrations in zebrafish. The toxic mechanism of Sb exposure was simulated using molecular dynamics (MD). The results showed that significant differences effect existed (BCFk: liver > ovary > gut > brain) and uptake saturation phenomenon of Sb among zebrafish tissues. Over a 54-day exposure period, the liver emerged as the main target site for Sb-induced GDM, and the restoration was slower than in other tissues during the 54-day recovery period. Moreover, the concentration of Sb had a significant impact on the normally expression of biomarkers, with GSTM1 inhibited and MTF2, MT1, TET3, and p53 showing varying degrees of activation at different Sb concentrations. This could be attributed to Sb3+ potentially occupying the active site or tightly binding to the deep cavity of these genes. The IBR and MD results highlighted DNMT1 as the most sensitive biomarker among those assessed. This heightened sensitivity can be attributed to the stable binding of Sb3+ to DNMT1, resulting in alterations in the conformation of DNMT1's catalytic domain and inhibition of its activity. Consequently, this disruption leads to damage to the integrity of GDM. The study suggests that DNA methylation could serve as a valuable biomarker for assessing the ecotoxicological impact of Sb exposure. It contributes to a better understanding of the toxicity mechanisms in aquatic environments caused potential pollutants.

In this study, the activity of oxidative stress parameters superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), glutathione reductase (GR), and glutathione S-transferase (GST), as well as the concentrations of vitamin E (Vit E) and SH groups in the digestive glands and gills of freshwater mussels Unio pictorum and Sinanodonta woodiana from the Sava River in Serbia were investigated. These parameters were determined in native and invasive mussels under the same environmental conditions. The activities of GSH-Px and GR and the concentration of Vit E were significantly higher in the digestive glands of the autochthonous species U. pictorum than in the invasive species S. woodiana, while the CAT activity and the concentration of SH groups were lower. In the gills of U. pictorum, GSH-Px activity and Vit E concentration were significantly higher, while CAT, GST, and SH groups were lower. Principal component analysis (PCA) showed that oxidative stress parameters were strictly tissue- and species-specific. In addition, integrated biomarker response (IBR) showed a combined response of enzymatic and non-enzymatic oxidative stress parameters depending on the tissue or species studied, indicating different metabolic activities and behaviors of an autochthonous versus an introduced bivalve species.

Multibiomarker studies are useful to evaluate the early warning signs of environmental degradation, and their unified responses are often assessed through two common indexes, Integrated Biomarker Response (IBR) and Integrated Biological Responses version 2 (IBRv2). The R package IBRtools allows users to calculate both IBR and IBRv2 while simultaneously incorporating all the biomarkers under evaluation. The package includes functions for calculating the indexes IBR and IBRv2 and obtaining their standardized values, as well a function for radar chart creation and three example datasets. Here we describe the main algorithms involved in IBR and IBRv2 calculations, a description of the novel package and illustrate a workflow using data examples available on the package to guide the user on how to accurately acquire the values for either the IBR index or the IBRv2 index. The IBRtools package provides a user‐friendly platform for R users to obtain IBR index and IBRv2 values, making it straightforward even for large datasets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Seronegative latent carriers (SNLCs) are animals that carry the virus without detectable antibodies and pose a risk for disease transmission and diagnostic challenges, suggesting the importance of consideration of marker vaccines in managing them. Therefore, in this study, we evaluated two modified live infectious bovine rhinotracheitis (IBR) marker vaccines (single and double deletions) for their ability to generate SNLC calves. These vaccines were administered to four groups (n = 3 in each group) of three-month-old calves in the presence or absence of passive immunity. Three hundred days after the first vaccination and after confirming the IBR seronegativity of all animals, dexamethasone was administered intravenously for five consecutive days. Only animals immunized with the modified live IBR marker vaccine (single deletion) in the absence of passive immunity exhibited a more enduring immune response than those vaccinated in the presence of passive immunity. Moreover, the administration of a modified live IBR marker vaccine (double deletion) to calves with passive immunity generated SNLC. These findings underscore the potential of live IBR marker vaccine (double-deletions) to aid serological diagnostic tools and develop vaccination protocols in achieving the desired immune response, particularly in the context of latent carrier status, offering valuable insights into optimizing vaccination strategies for effective IBR control. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Infectious bovine rhinotracheitis is one of the diseases caused by bovine herpesvirus type 1; it affects cattle and can heavily damage the livestock industry. Several countries have adopted different prevention measures, and some of them have been declared free from infectious bovine rhinotracheitis. Our work is focused on data collected in the autonomous province of Bolzano (Italy). This province underwent an eradication program between 1991 and 2000. In 2000, the territory was declared IBR-free. Since 2001, a post-eradication program has been conducted, which includes annual milk testing. If a positive result is found, additional blood tests are performed. During the several years of the post-eradication program, positive results were detected in bulk milk and serum samples; our hypothesis is that these positive results are potentially caused by bovine herpesvirus type 2 cross-reactivity. Bovine alphaherpesviruses, BoAHV, can cause respiratory, genital and neurological disorders. In particular, bovine alphaherpesvirus type 1 (BoAHV1) is one of the most significant ruminant pathogens worldwide and it can heavily damage the livestock industry. BoAHV1 can cause infectious bovine rhinotracheitis (IBR) along with fertility disorders. Bovine alphaherpesvirus type 2 (BoAHV2) can cause two different conditions as well: pseudo-lumpy skin disease (PSLD) and bovine herpetic mammillitis (BHM). The autonomous province of Bolzano (Italy) has adopted several strategies to control and eradicate IBR, and it was declared in 2000 to be IBR-free by the European Commission. Since 2001, a post-eradication monitoring program has overseen the serological analysis of bulk milk and, in the presence of a positive result, a follow-up examination is performed on the individual blood serum of all bovines older than 24 months that belong to bulk milk-positive herds. Despite the detection of positives in both bulk milk and serum samples, South Tyrol has been declared IBR-free, as these positives have never been confirmed through seroneutralization. Between 2014 and 2022, approximately 41,000 bulk milk (averaging 4300 samples/year) and 3229 serum samples were tested for BoAHV1. The aim of this study was to evaluate the post-eradication program for IBR with a particular focus on the potential cross-reactivity with BoAHV2; for this reason, serum samples were also tested for BoAHV2 antibodies. This study could be of great importance for those countries that submit herds to an IBR monitoring and eradication program; performing further analyses to confirm and explain false positive outcomes would increase the reliability of the obtained results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background Bovine herpes virus (BoHV 1 and BoHV-5) are the causative agents of infectious bovine rhinotracheitis (IBR). IBR is responsible for important economic losses in the cattle industry. The envelope glycoprotein B (gB) is essential for BoHV infection of cattle's upper respiratory and genital tract. gB is one of the main candidate antigens for a potential recombinant vaccine since it induces a strong and persistent immune response. Results In this study, gB of BoHV-1 and BoHV-5 was characterized in terms of function, structure, and antigenicity through bioinformatics tools. gB showed conserved sequence and structure, so, both domains named PH Like 1 and 2 domains of each virus were selected for the design of a bivalent vaccine candidate. The immunoinformatic study showed that these two domains have epitopes recognizable by B and T lymphocytes, followed by this, the cDNA domains from BoHV-1/5 gB (Domains-gB) were transformed into the yeast Komagataella phaffii GS115 (previously known as Pichia pastoris). A recombinant protein with molecular weight of about 110 kDa was obtained from the culture media. The vaccine candidate protein (Domains-gB) was recognized by a monoclonal antibody from a commercial ELISA kit used for IBR diagnostic, which may suggest that the epitopes are conserved of the entire infectious virus. Conclusion Overall, it was shown that the recombinant domains of BoHV-1/5 gB have antigenic and immunogenic properties similar to the native gB. This vaccine candidate is promising to be used in future studies to assess its immunogenicity in an animal model.

Water pollution caused by widely used agricultural pesticide chlorpyrifos (CPF) has aroused extensive public concern. While previous studies have reported on toxic effect of CPF on aquatic animal, little is known about its effect on common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) livers. In this experiment, we exposed common carp to CPF (11.6 μg/L) for 15, 30, and 45 days to establish a poisoning model. Histological observation, biochemical assay, quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR), Western blot, and integrated biomarker response (IBR) were applied to assess the hepatotoxicity of CPF in common carp. Our results displayed that CPF exposure damaged histostructural integrity and induced liver injury in common carp. Furthermore, we found that CPF-induced liver injury may be associated with mitochondrial dysfunction and autophagy, as evidenced by swollen mitochondria, broken mitochondrial ridges, and increased the number of autophagosomes. Moreover, CPF exposure decreased the activities of ATPase (Na+/K+-ATPase, Ca2+-ATPase, Mg2+-ATPase, and Ca2+Mg2+-ATPase), altered glucose metabolism-related genes (GCK, PCK2, PHKB, GYS2, PGM1, and DLAT), and activated energy-sensing AMPK, indicating that CPF caused energy metabolism disorder. The activation of AMPK further induced mitophagy via AMPK/Drp1 pathway, and induced autophagy via AMPK/mTOR pathway. Additionally, we found that CPF induced oxidative stress (abnormal levels of SOD, GSH, MDA, and H2O2) in common carp livers, which further contributed to the induction of mitophagy and autophagy. Subsequently, we confirmed a time-dependent hepatotoxicity caused by CPF in common carp via IBR assessment. Our findings presented a new insight into molecular mechanism of CPF induced-hepatotoxicity in common carp, and provided a theoretical basis for evaluating CPF toxicity to aquatic organisms.

Introduction: Factors influencing breast reconstruction rates in Canada are complex and multi-factorial, ranging from patient-related to systemic considerations. For plastic surgeons, rates of immediate breast reconstruction (IBR) hinge on referral patterns from general surgeons performing breast cancer surgery and informed discussions with patients about their goals and risk tolerance. We seek to understand the reasons Alberta patients are not receiving IBR as reported by general surgeons. Methods: The Synoptec™ database is a synoptic operative report designed by Cancer Surgery Alberta™ and utilized by 95% of Alberta breast cancer surgeons. Within this report are mandatory questions regarding if a patient is receiving IBR and, if not, why. A retrospective review of this database was performed for all patients undergoing surgical treatment of breast cancer over two years. All statistical comparisons were made using chi-squared test for categorical variables with a p-value of 0.05 considered significant. Results: Of 6253 patients undergoing breast cancer surgery, 2649 underwent mastectomy and 615 mastectomy patients received IBR. The most commonly reported reasons patients did not undergo IBR were patient preference (55%), high likelihood of postoperative radiation therapy (20%), and high risk due to patient co-morbidities (12%). Resource limitations (2%) and a lack of an IBR discussion (3%) was rarely cited as reasons for no IBR. Conclusions: There are many reconstructive options following mastectomy in breast cancer survivors. This study provides a unique look into general surgeon reported reasons patients are not receiving IBR and demonstrates the need for further probing into the thought-process behind these reported reasons from both a surgeon and patient perspective.

Seronegative latent carriers (SNLCs) are animals that carry the virus without detectable antibodies and pose a risk for disease transmission and diagnostic challenges, suggesting the importance of consideration of marker vaccines in managing them. Therefore, in this study, we evaluated two modified live infectious bovine rhinotracheitis (IBR) marker vaccines (single and double deletions) for their ability to generate SNLC calves. These vaccines were administered to four groups (n = 3 in each group) of three-month-old calves in the presence or absence of passive immunity. Three hundred days after the first vaccination and after confirming the IBR seronegativity of all animals, dexamethasone was administered intravenously for five consecutive days. Only animals immunized with the modified live IBR marker vaccine (single deletion) in the absence of passive immunity exhibited a more enduring immune response than those vaccinated in the presence of passive immunity. Moreover, the administration of a modified live IBR marker vaccine (double deletion) to calves with passive immunity generated SNLC. These findings underscore the potential of live IBR marker vaccine (double-deletions) to aid serological diagnostic tools and develop vaccination protocols in achieving the desired immune response, particularly in the context of latent carrier status, offering valuable insights into optimizing vaccination strategies for effective IBR control.

Infectious bovine rhinotracheitis (IBR) is a highly contagious disease of bovines causing respiratory symptoms, abortions, and reduced milk yield, leading to huge economic losses. Reports on seroprevalence in bovines in India are available and restricted to districts/states. In the present study, a nationwide seroprevalence of IBR in bovines was conducted to provide a national IBR seroprevalence to the Chief Veterinarian who in turn can design the control strategies. A total of 15,592 cattle and buffalo serum samples from 25 states and 3 Union Territories viz., Jammu and Kashmir, Puducherry, and Andaman and Nicobar Islands were tested for IBR antibodies using Avidin‑Biotin (AB) ELISA. Cumulative seropositivity was found to be 31.37%. Maharashtra and Rajasthan states, part of the west zone of the country, showed the highest and lowest seroprevalence, respectively. A total of 11,423 cattle and 4,169 buffalo serum samples were tested, which showed 33.91% and 24.39% seropositivity, respectively. India has the highest buffalo population. Presently, India no IBR vaccination programs are implemented in India. Considering the high seroprevalence, the authorities should plan control strategies for vaccinating dairy cows and buffaloes in India.

Background: Bovine herpes virus (BoHV 1 and BoHV-5) are the causative agents of infectious bovine rhinotracheitis (IBR). IBR is responsible for important economic losses in the cattle industry. The envelope glycoprotein B (gB) is essential for BoHV infection of cattle's upper respiratory and genital tract. gB is one of the main candidate antigens for a potential recombinant vaccine since it induces a strong and persistent immune response. Results: In this study, gB of BoHV-1 and BoHV-5 was characterized in terms of function, structure, and antigenicity through bioinformatics tools. gB showed conserved sequence and structure, so, both domains named PH Like 1 and 2 domains of each virus were selected for the design of a bivalent vaccine candidate. The immunoinformatic study showed that these two domains have epitopes recognizable by B and T lymphocytes, followed by this, the cDNA domains from BoHV-1/5 gB (Domains-gB) were transformed into the yeast Komagataella phaffii GS115 (previously known as Pichia pastoris). A recombinant protein with molecular weight of about 110 kDa was obtained from the culture media. The vaccine candidate protein (Domains-gB) was recognized by a monoclonal antibody from a commercial ELISA kit used for IBR diagnostic, which may suggest that the epitopes are conserved of the entire infectious virus. Conclusion: Overall, it was shown that the recombinant domains of BoHV-1/5 gB have antigenic and immunogenic properties similar to the native gB. This vaccine candidate is promising to be used in future studies to assess its immunogenicity in an animal model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, the ELISA procedure was used to detect antibodies against bovine viral diarrhea (BVDV) and infectious bovine rhinotracheitis (IBRV) viruses. The BVDV serological survey in Aswan province in southern Egypt was carried out on 184 unvaccinated cattle and camels. The overall seroprevalence was 18.48% (34/184), but in cattle was 34.78% (32/92) and 2.18% (2/92) in camels. The serological survey was conducted on infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus (IBRV) antibodies was conducted on 460 unvaccinated cattle from three different provinces (Qena, Luxor, and Aswan). The overall seroprevalence was 60.00% (276/460). The infection rate in Aswan was higher (83.70%) than Qena and Luxor, 53.63% and 45.65%, respectively. Epidemiological status was established to clarify the influence of location in Qena, Luxor and Aswan for bovine viral diarrhea and infectious bovine rhinotracheitis and the effect of management systems in infection rate for cattle. The high predominance of antibodies in cattle may be the principal factor to limit the cattle industry in Egypt. This study aims to investigate the seroprevalence rate of Bovine alphaherpesvirus 1 and bovine viral diarrhea in cattle and camel in southern Egypt.

Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis (IBR) is caused by Bovine herpesvirus-1 (BoHV-1), an infectious diseasecausing huge economic loss in dairy cattle. To keep dairy farming healthy and highly productive, there should be an IBR surveillance programme in dairy cattle, hence a study on the seroprevalence of IBR was undertaken in the Andaman and Nicobar Islands where the density of livestock population was more. A total of 418 cattle serum samples during 2019-20 from 11 villages of two districts of Andaman and Nicobar Islands were screened for IBR antibodies using ICAR-NIVEDI Avidin Biotin ELISA, of which 107 were found positive revealing 25.60% of seropositivity. HF crossbred and Jersey breed showed seropositivity of 24.06% and 33.33% respectively. Cattle of 5-6 years of age showed high seropositivity of 27.65- 38.98%. Hence, it is recommended to test raw fresh semen/frozen semen straws, dairy animals regularly for IBR antigen/ antibodies to avoid the spread of infection.

Three commercially available infectious bovine rhinotracheitis (IBR) live marker vaccines were evaluated for their ability to provide clinical protection to vaccinated calves against wild-type (wt) Bovine alphaherpesvirus-1 (BoHV-1) challenge and their possible effect on wt BoHV-1 latency reactivation following the challenge. On 35 post-vaccination days (PVDs), all animals were challenged with wt BoHV-1. Only the calves in the control group developed severe forms of IBR. The reactivation of latent BoHV-1 was induced by dexamethasone (DMS) treatment on 28 post-challenge days (PCDs). All animals showed IBR clinical signs on three post-DMS treatment days (PDTDs). On PVD 14, all vaccinated animals developed neutralizing antibodies (NAs), whereas in control animals, the NAs appeared post-challenge. The positivity for glycoprotein-B (gB) was detected using real-time polymerase chain reactions in all animals from PCDs 1 to 7. In contrast, the gB-positivity was observed in the immunized calves from PDTDs 3 to 10. Positive expression of gD and gE was observed in nasal swabs of all calves on PDTD 7. These findings suggested that the IBR marker vaccines evaluated in this study protected against wt BoHV-1-induced disease but not against wt BoHV-1-induced latency reactivation, indicating the necessity of developing new products to protect animals from wt BoHV-1-induced latency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Factors influencing breast reconstruction rates in Canada are complex and multi-factorial, ranging from patient-related to systemic considerations. For plastic surgeons, rates of immediate breast reconstruction (IBR) hinge on referral patterns from general surgeons performing breast cancer surgery and informed discussions with patients about their goals and risk tolerance. We seek to understand the reasons Alberta patients are not receiving IBR as reported by general surgeons. The Synoptec™ database is a synoptic operative report designed by Cancer Surgery Alberta™ and utilized by 95% of Alberta breast cancer surgeons. Within this report are mandatory questions regarding if a patient is receiving IBR and, if not, why. A retrospective review of this database was performed for all patients undergoing surgical treatment of breast cancer over two years. All statistical comparisons were made using chi-squared test for categorical variables with a p- value of 0.05 considered significant. Of 6253 patients undergoing breast cancer surgery, 2649 underwent mastectomy and 615 mastectomy patients received IBR. The most commonly reported reasons patients did not undergo IBR were patient preference (55%), high likelihood of postoperative radiation therapy (20%), and high risk due to patient co-morbidities (12%). Resource limitations (2%) and a lack of an IBR discussion (3%) was rarely cited as reasons for no IBR. There are many reconstructive options following mastectomy in breast cancer survivors. This study provides a unique look into general surgeon reported reasons patients are not receiving IBR and demonstrates the need for further probing into the thought-process behind these reported reasons from both a surgeon and patient perspective. • Synoptic surgical reports require Albertan surgeons state why patients do not get IBR. • General surgeons report 50% of patients not receiving IBR did not want reconstruction. • Resource limitations reportedly accounted for only 2% of patients not receiving IBR. • Reconstruction was not discussed with 3% of patients not receiving IBR. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mercury (Hg) is a kind of heavy metal pollutant widely existing in the aquatic environment, and it is also recognized to have a highly toxic effect on fish. In this study, silver carp (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix) larvae were exposed to 0 (control), 1, 5, and 10 μg/L Hg2+ for 2 weeks. Antioxidant ability, neurotoxicity, and thyroid hormones (THs) content were evaluated. In comparison with the control, the superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and the glutathione (GSH) activity were lower in silver carp exposed to 10 μg/L Hg2+. The lowest catalase (CAT) activity was found in the 10 μg/L Hg2+, while malondialdehyde (MDA) content was not significantly different among all groups. Compared with the control, monoamine oxidase (MAO) activity and nitric oxide (NO) content were significantly higher in the 10 μg/L Hg2+, while acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity significantly decreased. Compared with the control, triiodothyronine (T3) content was significantly higher in the 1 μg/L Hg2+ and significantly lower in the 10 μg/L Hg2+; the 1 μg/L and 5 μg/L Hg2+ groups had significantly higher thyroxine (T4) content than the other groups. In the 1 μg/L Hg2+, the integrated biomarker response (IBR) index value was the highest. In summary, exposure to Hg could decrease the antioxidant ability, cause changes in neurotoxic parameters, and induce disorders of the thyroid hormone system in silver carp larvae. The results of this study may contribute to the understanding of the adverse effects of chronic mercury poisoning on fish. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bovine herpesvirus 1 (BoHV-1) is known to cause reproductive disorders in Sudanese camels. Egypt imports about 90% of its camels from Sudan, and the rest from Somalia. The BoHV1 is a viral disease of bovines that can be transmitted to camel, sheep, and goat. Due to the absence of anti-camel conjugated with fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC) in the market, we used protein-A conjugated with FITC which binds to the Fc region of IgG of many animal species. We, therefore, prepared rabbit anti-camel IgG conjugated with FITC and compared it with protein-A conjugated with FITC to the specificity and sensitivity of these compounds in IBR detection from 35 nasal swaps in imported Egyptian dromedary camels. The sensitivity and specificity of the prepared anti-camel IgG FITC and protein-A FITC were compared using Virus Neutralization Test. The labeled protein concentration in the prepared anti-camel conjugate was 2 mg/ml which was considered as an acceptable value. The degree of labeled protein (DOL) was 5.74 cm–1M–1 and optimal DOL usually fell between 2 and 10. The titer of the prepared anti-camel IgG-FITC was 3,125. The prepared anticamel IgG–FITC and protein-A-FITC showed a sensitivity of 93.75 and 90.9%, and a specificity of 71.43% and 62.5%, respectively. Our findings show no significant difference between protein-A conjugated FITC and prepared anti-camel IgG-conjugated FITC in the rapid diagnosis of BoHV-1 in Egyptian dromedary camels.

Regulation (EU) 2016/429 introduces comprehensive guidelines for managing transmissible animal diseases, including zoonoses. The subsequent Commission Implementing Regulation 2018/1882 categorizes these diseases into five groups, each with specific responses, ranging from mandatory eradication to optional eradication or surveillance. Key regulatory priorities include enhanced animal traceability, biosecurity, wildlife pathogen control, sustainable farming practices, and minimizing the impact of diseases on public health, animal health, and the environment. These objectives align with the European Green Deal, the Farm to Fork Strategy, the One Health approach, and the ongoing revaluation of European Inner Areas. They, including the Molise Region in Italy, are often remote, face service accessibility challenges, and suffer from depopulation and farm abandonment. Nonetheless, they hold significant potential for agropastoral and agri-food activities that can support tourism, the commercialization of local products, and recreational pursuits. Implementing optional programmes for animal diseases and zoonoses not subject to mandatory eradication could help the farms of these areas to mitigate productivity losses due to diseases like Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis and Paratuberculosis. The latter is a suspected zoonosis potentially linked to Crohn's disease in humans. Optional programmes could enhance economic returns, counteract depopulation, support animal welfare and pasture conservation, and reduce the risk of exposure to zoonotic diseases for residents and tourists attracted by the ecological appeal of these areas.

This study evaluated the seroprevalence and associated factors of Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis (IBR) and Bovine Viral Diarrhea (BVD), and to analyze the possible relationship between IBR, BVD, and the occurrence of mastitis. For this purpose, 854 crossbred dairy cows were evaluated from 69 properties allocated in the 12 municipalities that make up the Caparaó region, Espírito Santo (ES), Brazil. The seroprevalence of IBR and BVD was determined using the indirect ELISA test. Associations between variables were estimated using the prevalence ratio (PR) with a 95% confidence interval. The chi-square test was used to verify the significance of the associations (P < 0.05). The average prevalence of IBR and BVD was 48.59% and 26.46%, respectively. Animals seroreactive for IBR were more likely to develop subclinical mastitis (P < 0.01; PR: 1.27), and cows that were seroreactive for BVD were more likely to develop clinical mastitis (P < 0.01; PR: 2.24). Mechanical milking was considered a factor associated with IBR (P < 0.01; PR: 1.36) and BVD (P < 0.01; PR: 1.25). Reproductive management by natural breeding was considered a factor associated with IBR (P < 0.01; PR: 1.22). Animals seroreactive for BVD were more likely to develop reproductive problems (P < 0.01; PR: 1.34). It was concluded that the agents that cause IBR and BVD are widely disseminated in dairy cattle herds in the municipalities of the Caparaó region, ES, Brazil. The presence of IBR and BVD increased the chances of cows developing subclinical mastitis and clinical mastitis, respectively, and the cows that were mechanically milked were more likely to be seroreactive for IBR and BVD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pharmaceuticals are emerging pollutants of concern for aquatic ecosystems where they are occurring in complex mixtures. In the present study, the chronic toxicity of an environmentally relevant pharmaceutical mixture on juvenile rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) was investigated. Five pharmaceuticals (paracetamol, carbamazepine, diclofenac, naproxen and irbesartan) were selected based on their detection frequency and concentration levels in the Meuse river (Belgium). Fish were exposed for 42 days to three different concentrations of the mixture, the median one detected in the Meuse river, 10-times and 100-times this concentration. Effects on the nervous, immune, antioxidant, and detoxification systems were evaluated throughout the exposure period and their response standardized using the Integrated Biomarker Response (IBRv2) index. IBRv2 scores increased over time in the fish exposed to the highest concentration. After 42 days, fish exposed to the highest concentration displayed significantly higher levels in lysozyme activity (p

The increasing concentration of Antimony (Sb) in ecological environments has raised serious concerns about its potential biotoxicological impact. This study investigated the toxicokinetics, Global DNA Methylation (GDM), biomarker expression, and Integrated Biological Response (IBR) of Sb at different concentrations in zebrafish. The toxic mechanism of Sb exposure was simulated using molecular dynamics (MD). The results showed that significant differences effect existed (BCF k : liver > ovary > gut > brain) and uptake saturation phenomenon of Sb among zebrafish tissues. Over a 54-day exposure period, the liver emerged as the main target site for Sb-induced GDM, and the restoration was slower than in other tissues during the 54-day recovery period. Moreover, the concentration of Sb had a significant impact on the normally expression of biomarkers, with GSTM1 inhibited and MTF2, MT1, TET3, and p53 showing varying degrees of activation at different Sb concentrations. This could be attributed to Sb3+ potentially occupying the active site or tightly binding to the deep cavity of these genes. The IBR and MD results highlighted DNMT1 as the most sensitive biomarker among those assessed. This heightened sensitivity can be attributed to the stable binding of Sb3+ to DNMT1 , resulting in alterations in the conformation of DNMT1 's catalytic domain and inhibition of its activity. Consequently, this disruption leads to damage to the integrity of GDM. The study suggests that DNA methylation could serve as a valuable biomarker for assessing the ecotoxicological impact of Sb exposure. It contributes to a better understanding of the toxicity mechanisms in aquatic environments caused potential pollutants. [Display omitted] • Sb consistently damages the integrity of GDM, especially the liver. • Among the biomarkers evaluated for GDM, DNMT1 showed the highest sensitivity. • The Sb3+ can form stable bonds with biomarkers and induce conformational changes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

RESUMO Com frequência, infecções virais são associadas a problemas da reprodução em rebanhos de bovinos de corte e leite de todo o mundo. Este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar variáveis de manejo que possam constituir fatores de risco da infecção por BoHV-1 e/ou por BVDV em rebanhos leiteiros com histórico de problemas da reprodução em vacas mestiças em manejo extensivo e sem histórico de vacinação prévia para o controle de IBR e BVD. Anticorpos neutralizantes anti-BoHV-1, anti-BVDV e para ambos os vírus simultaneamente foram identificados em 62,5% (165/264), 45,1% (119/264) e 31,4% (83/264), respectivamente, das amostras analisadas. Os fatores de risco associados à infecção por BoHV-1 foram rebanhos com número total de fêmeas superior a 100, presença de ordenha mecânica, não utilização de inseminação artificial na reprodução e a compra infrequente de animais. Para BVDV, os fatores de risco foram aptidão mista (leite/corte) do rebanho, presença de ordenha mecânica, ausência de quarentena para os animais recém-adquiridos, presença de piquete de parição e a não utilização de inseminação artificial. Para a infecção simultânea (BoHV-1/BVDV), a presença de ordenha mecânica aumentou o risco em 3,36 vezes, e o uso de inseminação artificial reduziu em 56% o risco de infecção nos rebanhos avaliados.

La rentabilidad de los establos lecheros está fuertemente asociada con el desempeño reproductivo. Por lo tanto, la identificación de factores de riesgo que comprometen este desempeño es primordial para implementar estrategias que mejoren la productividad. En este estudio, se probaron los efectos del uso de inseminación artificial (IA), hatos grandes y seroprevalencia alta de enfermedades infecciosas reproductivas sobre el desempeño reproductivo. Se incluyeron al estudio 52 establos (10-100 vacas; 959 lactaciones) registrando eventos reproductivos durante 18 meses (partos 2011-2012). Las seroprevalencias de neosporosis, rinotraqueitis infecciosa bovina (IBR) y diarrea viral bovina (BVD) se registraron en cada establo. Se utilizaron análisis de regresión logística múltiples para determinar el grado de asociación (razón de momios, OR) entre factores potenciales de riesgo y variables reproductivas. Establos ≥33 vacas y seroprevalencia alta de neosporosis fueron factores de riesgo para Asistencia al Parto (OR 1.5 y 2.3, respectivamente). Seroprevalencias altas de IBR y BVD fueron factores de riesgo para Días a Primer Servicio>70 Días en Leche (DPS>70, OR 1.3 y 1.9, respectivamente). La IA fue un factor de riesgo común para DPS>70 y Días Abiertos>110 Días en Leche (OR 2.4 y 1.3, respectivamente). Establos ≥33 vacas fue un factor de riesgo para Vacas No Gestantes al Primer Servicio (OR 1.7). En conclusión, la IA, establos ≥33 vacas y seroprevalencias altas de neosporosis, IBR y BVD son factores asociados al desempeño reproductivo en establos de producción de leche a pequeña escala en varias regiones geográficas de México.

Objective: Animal trade has an important role in the economy but in contrast, it causes the spread of infectious diseases overall the world, in particular, the trans-boundary animal diseases. Therefore, the aim of this study is to report the prevalence rate of some transboundary infectious diseases to assess the effectiveness of quarantine measure in the detection of exotic disease and clarify the role of live animal trade in infectious transboundary diseases spread. Materials and Methods: The study was done on 176 serum samples obtained from cattle imported from Sudan in order to determine the prevalence of foot and mouth disease (FMD), Peste Des Petits Ruminants (PPR), and Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis (IBR). Three serological tests were used; Serum neutralization test for FMD, Indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (i-ELISA) for PPR, and Competitive ELISA for IBR. Results: The seroprevalence of FMD in tested sera was; 77.27% in the serotype A (A-Iran), 68.18% in the serotype A (A-Africa), 93.82% in the serotype O (O-Pan Asia), and 35.227% in the serotype South African Territories-2 (SAT-2) SAT-2. While the overall seroprevalence of PPR was 49.431% and the IBR was 93.75%. Conclusion: The result indicates the serious role of live animal trade as hubs for infectious diseases spread. Subsequently, the common control measures must be taken to avoid the spread of the diseases through the animal trade; which include screening, surveillance, precautions at borders, and vaccination. [J Adv Vet Anim Res 2019; 6(1.000): 92-99]

Objetivou-se com o presente estudo realizar uma revisão sistemática para estimar os impactos econômicos da infecção por Alfaherpesvirus Bovino 1 no Brasil a partir dos indicadores epidemiológicos por meio de uma metanálise. Foram usados descritores específicos para a recuperação de estudos a partir das bases Scopus, Pubmed, Biblioteca Digital Brasileira de Teses e Dissertações e do Catálogo de Teses e Dissertações da Capes, selecionando-se aqueles que se enquadraram nos critérios de inclusão estabelecidos entre os anos 2000 e 2020. Os estudos selecionados foram submetidos à análise estatística descritiva utilizando-se os dados de prevalência como desfecho primário com intervalo de confiança de 95%, sendo realizado metanálise de efeito randômico e avaliadas as medidas de heterogeneidade, significância, magnitude do efeito e aferição do viés de publicação. Os custos e estimativas de aborto foram calculados com base na prevalência encontrada para BoAHV1 no Brasil e as características do agente como subtipos virais que provocam o aborto, período de ocorrência, taxa média de prenhez e morbidade aplicados aos animais suscetíveis e aos valores de reposição animal. Os resultados foram obtidos a partir de 49 estudos incluídos para metanálise, onde se verificou uma prevalência de BoAHV1 de 54,12% (IC95%: 49,07% – 59,26%) na população bovina e 88,53% (IC95%: 82,97% – 92,43%) para os rebanhos. A partir da fórmula estruturada, se estima que ocorram 258.779 abortos bovinos, que totalizam um prejuízo, apenas baseado na ocorrência do aborto, de US$ 48.402.244,00 ao país. Destaca-se que em virtude dos prejuízos ocasionados, medidas de controle e erradicação mais rigorosas precisam ser implementadas a partir da elaboração de uma instrução normativa que contemple medidas de educação sanitária, vacinação, realização de exames para o trânsito e comércio de animais para que as infecções pelo BoAHV1 não continuem a impactar negativamente os produtores nacionais de forma econômica, produtiva e socialmente.

Inverter-based resources respond differently than synchronous generation sources during power system faults, challenging line protection reliability. Part I of this paper presented cases that challenge line protection schemes. In this paper (Part II), we provide solutions that can be applied to gain a substantial improvement in reliability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Inverter-based resources respond differently than synchronous generation sources during power system faults, challenging line protection reliability. To understand the reliability challenges, Sandia National Laboratories and North American Electric Reliability Corporation (NERC) led a collaborative study with four inverter manufacturers (mix of Type 3 Wind, Type 4 Wind, and PV Solar) and two North American protective relay manufacturers. As part of this study, an electromagnetic transients program (EMTP) with “real-code” models representing inverter firmware was used to investigate the protective relay response to faults on the modeled power system with the different inverter types. The currents and voltages obtained from the study were then played back through line relay hardware with settings typical of systems with conventional generation. The protective relays exhibited the expected reliability challenges but provided insight into the behavior of inverter-based resources during power system faults. In this paper, we share some of the challenging cases with the responses of the different line protection schemes. Using insight from the various event records, Part II of this paper shows how relay settings can be modified to obtain a substantial improvement in reliability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis (IBR) is caused by Bovine herpesvirus-1 (BoHV-1), an infectious diseasecausing huge economic loss in dairy cattle. To keep dairy farming healthy and highly productive, there should be an IBR surveillance programme in dairy cattle, hence a study on the seroprevalence of IBR was undertaken in the Andaman and Nicobar Islands where the density of livestock population was more. A total of 418 cattle serum samples during 2019-20 from 11 villages of two districts of Andaman and Nicobar Islands were screened for IBR antibodies using ICAR-NIVEDI Avidin Biotin ELISA, of which 107 were found positive revealing 25.60% of seropositivity. HF crossbred and Jersey breed showed seropositivity of 24.06% and 33.33% respectively. Cattle of 5-6 years of age showed high seropositivity of 27.65-38.98%. Hence, it is recommended to test raw fresh semen/frozen semen straws, dairy animals regularly for IBR antigen/antibodies to avoid the spread of infection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As for other European countries, IBR is a significant cause of financial losses in cattle in Slovakia. The State Veterinary and Food Administration of the Slovak Republic prepared a voluntary IBR control program for cattle farms in 1995, which was implemented in 1996. In subsequent years, 48-119 farms/year enrolled in the voluntary IBR control program. Since the end of 2006, the IBR control program became compulsory by law for all cattle farms in Slovakia. Serology was used to identify infected animals using a conventional ELISA amongst non-vaccinated cattle and a gE specific ELISA in cattle vaccinated with marker vaccine. Eradication is based on culling when the serological prevalence of IBR in a herd is below 15%. When the prevalence is higher than 15%, the culling is combined with the application of a marker vaccine. A radical method where all animals are slaughtered is used with the agreement of the farmer when appropriate, especially for very small herds. Depending upon the selected eradication method, the antibody positive cattle can be gradually replaced in the herds to eliminate financial losses due to the disease. The movement of cattle is under strict control requiring a health certificate issued by the state veterinary authority and the movement must be recorded in the central livestock registry. The next step for herds is monitoring to achieve official IBR-free status. Based on the official figures from The State Veterinary and Food Administration, 60.2% herds were free of IBR in Slovakia in 2020.

Three commercially available infectious bovine rhinotracheitis (IBR) live marker vaccines were evaluated for their ability to provide clinical protection to vaccinated calves against wild-type (wt) Bovine alphaherpesvirus-1 (BoHV-1) challenge and their possible effect on wt BoHV-1 latency reactivation following the challenge. On 35 post-vaccination days (PVDs), all animals were challenged with wt BoHV-1. Only the calves in the control group developed severe forms of IBR. The reactivation of latent BoHV-1 was induced by dexamethasone (DMS) treatment on 28 post-challenge days (PCDs). All animals showed IBR clinical signs on three post-DMS treatment days (PDTDs). On PVD 14, all vaccinated animals developed neutralizing antibodies (NAs), whereas in control animals, the NAs appeared post-challenge. The positivity for glycoprotein-B (gB) was detected using real-time polymerase chain reactions in all animals from PCDs 1 to 7. In contrast, the gB-positivity was observed in the immunized calves from PDTDs 3 to 10. Positive expression of gD and gE was observed in nasal swabs of all calves on PDTD 7. These findings suggested that the IBR marker vaccines evaluated in this study protected against wt BoHV-1-induced disease but not against wt BoHV-1-induced latency reactivation, indicating the necessity of developing new products to protect animals from wt BoHV-1-induced latency.

Manufacturing techniques applied to turbomachinery components represent a challenge in the aeronautical sector. These components are commonly composed of high resistant super-alloys; in order to satisfy the extreme working conditions, they have to support during their useful life. Besides, in the particular case of Integrally Bladed Rotors (IBR), they usually present complex geometries that need to be roughed and finished by milling and grinding processes, respectively. Thermoresistant superalloys present many challenges in terms of machinability what leads to find new alternatives to conventional manufacturing processes. In order to face this issue, this work presents a review of the last advances for IBR manufacturing and repairing processes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The manifestation of the intensity in the judgment of one alternative versus another in the peer comparison processes is a central element in some decision support techniques, such as the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP). However, its contribution regarding quality (expected performance) with respect to the priority vector has not been evaluated so far. Using the Intentional Bounded Rationality Methodology (IBRM), this work analyzes the gains obtained from requiring the decision-maker to report an intensity judgment in pairs (AHP) with respect to a technique that only requires expressing a preference (Ordering). The results show that when decision-makers have low levels of expertise, it is possible that a less informative and computational cheap technique (Ordering) performs better than a more informative and computational expensive one (AHP). When decision-makers have medium and high levels of expertise, AHP technique obtains modest gains with respect to the Ordering technique. This study proposes a cost-benefit analysis of decision support techniques contrasting the gains of a technique that requires more resources (AHP) against other that require less resources (Ordering). Our results can change the managing approach of the information obtained from experts' judgments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigated the ecotoxicological effects of differently sized (4–6 µm and 20–25 µm) low-density polyethylene (LDPE) microplastics (MPs), with and without adsorbed benzo-a-pyrene (BaP), in clam Scrobicularia plana. Biomarkers of oxidative stress (superoxide dismutase—SOD; catalase—CAT), biotransformation (glutathione-S-transferases—GST), oxidative damage (lipid peroxidation—LPO) and neurotoxicity (acetylcholinesterase—AChE) were analysed in gills and digestive glands at different time intervals for a total of 14 days of exposure. In order to have a better impact perspective of these contaminants, an integrated biomarker response index (IBR) and Health Index were applied. Biomarker alterations are apparently more related to smaller sized (4–6 µm) MPs in gills and to virgin LDPE MPs in the digestive gland according to IBR results, while the digestive gland was more affected by these MPs according to the health index.

he present study aimed to prepare a combined inactivated vaccine containing bovine viral diarrhea genotype-1(BVD-1),bovine viral diarrhea genotype-2 (BVD-2), infectious bovine rhinotracheitis (IBR),parainfluenza-3 (PI-3) and bovine respiratory syncytial virus(BRSV) and adjuvanted with montanide oil ISA 206. Quality control results proved that the pneumo-5 vaccine was pure and completely safe to be used in calves without abnormalities. Potency test was performed on two groups of calves three for each group, where the first group was vaccinated with pneumo-5 vaccine adjuvant with montanide oil ISA 206 and the second group was left as non-vaccinated control group. In group (1), serum neutralization test revealed that the serum neutralizing antibody titers in BVD-1 and BVD-2 developed more higher than the minimal acceptable titer of the protective level (log10 0.9), while log10 0.6 was protective against IBR, PI-3 and BRS viruses at one month of vaccination and remained protective till the end of experiment compared to group (2) that showed no neutralizing antibody response. The prepared vaccine proved to be highly potent as the developed BVD-1, BVD-2, IBR, PI-3 and BRSV antibodies remained within the protective level for 9 months post vaccination.

Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis (IBR) is a greatly infectious contagious disease. It is caused by the Bovine herpesvirus (BHV-1) that affected both young and adult cattle. This study was designed to determine the serosurveillances of infectious bovine rhinotracheitis in buffaloes in Baghdad province. A totally, 125 serum samples were randomly collected from buffaloes of different ages and genders during July to December/ 2016 from various regions of Baghdad. All serum samples were tested using indirect ELISA. Totally, there were 51 (40.80%) positive serum samples, while, 74 (59.20%) were seronegative for IBR. The seropositive percentages in different locations in Baghdad were ranged from 20% to 51.66% in buffaloes. The highest seropositive cases were found in the age group less than 1-2 years old (48.93%) with high seropositivity in females with percentage of 41.34%. The highest seropositivity, were occurred in autumn and winter than summer months. Moreover, higher seropositive percentage (57.14%) was recorded in December, whereas, the lowest percentage was in July (20 %). A significant difference (P< 0.01) was observed in infected buffalo between the winter month’s season and months of other seasons. In conclusion, this study reported the diagnosis of BHV1 in buffaloes in Baghdad by indirect ELISA. Moreover, a widespread of the disease in different locations and different clinical forms were reported. The IBR infection appeared to be increased with the presence of environmental risk factors such as cold months and the high density of animals' population.

Introduction: Implant-based immediate breast reconstruction (IBR) is a common surgical procedure in breast cancer patients. Comparative analysis concerning the placement of implants is still lacking. Hence, we aimed to analyze pre- versus subpectoral IBR in breast cancer patients. Patients: A single-center experience with implant-based IBR following skin/nipple-sparing mastectomy was evaluated. Patient demographics, incidence of major complications, and quality of life assessed with BREAST-Q were compared between the pre- and subpectoral cohort. Results: A total of 63 patients were included in this analysis of whom 29 underwent subpectoral and 34 underwent prepectoral IBR. Median duration of surgery was prolonged in the subpectoral versus the prepectoral group (104 ± 28 vs. 80 ± 91 min; p < 0.05). The mean number of major complications was significantly increased in the subpectoral group (1.41 ± 1.76 vs. 0.47 ± 0.75 per patient; p < 0.05). Detailed analysis showed a significantly increased incidence of implant dislocation (p < 0.05) and a trend concerning capsular contracture (p = 0.086, not significant) and necrosis (p = 0.092, not significant) in the subpectoral group. Quality of life was equal in both groups. Conclusion: The mean number of major complications in the subpectoral group should be considered when IBR is indicated. Prepectoral IBR seems to be a feasible alternative surgical treatment option with less major complications in selected patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Animal trade has an important role in the economy but in contrast, it causes the spread of infectious diseases overall the world, in particular, the trans-boundary animal diseases. Therefore, the aim of this study is to report the prevalence rate of some transboundary infectious diseases to assess the effectiveness of quarantine measure in the detection of exotic disease and clarify the role of live animal trade in infectious transboundary diseases spread. Materials and Methods: The study was done on 176 serum samples obtained from cattle imported from Sudan in order to determine the prevalence of foot and mouth disease (FMD), Peste Des Petits Ruminants (PPR), and Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis (IBR). Three serological tests were used; Serum neutralization test for FMD, Indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (i-ELISA) for PPR, and Competitive ELISA for IBR. Results: The seroprevalence of FMD in tested sera was; 77.27% in the serotype A (A-Iran), 68.18% in the serotype A (A-Africa), 93.82% in the serotype O (O-Pan Asia), and 35.227% in the serotype South African Territories-2 (SAT-2) SAT-2. While the overall seroprevalence of PPR was 49.431% and the IBR was 93.75%. Conclusion: The result indicates the serious role of live animal trade as "hubs" for infectious diseases spread. Subsequently, the common control measures must be taken to avoid the spread of the diseases through the animal trade; which include screening, surveillance, precautions at borders, and vaccination. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis, caused by Bovine Herpesvirus-1 (BoHV-1) maintains latency in trigeminal nerve ganglia of bovine. The sero-positive bull infected with BoHV-1 secretes the virus through semen intermittently, when the immune system is compromised. Sera from bulls housed at different bull stations were analyzed using gE protein specific IDEXX Kit, which showed 78.69% positivity. Each batch of semen from sero-positive bull was investigated further for presence of virus in semen by Real Time-PCR technique for validation of presence of virus in the frozen semen doses using gB specific primers and probe, which showed 0.968 % semen batches positive. This study showed that despite high sero prevalence in bull, the semen excretes very negligible amount of the virus indicating the subtypes circulating in farms of West Bengal, India is assumed to be respiratory type.

Manufacturing techniques applied to turbomachinery components represent a challenge in the aeronautical sector. These components are commonly composed of high resistant super-alloys; in order to satisfy the extreme working conditions, they have to support during their useful life. Besides, in the particular case of Integrally Bladed Rotors (IBR), they usually present complex geometries that need to be roughed and finished by milling and grinding processes, respectively. Thermoresistant superalloys present many challenges in terms of machinability what leads to find new alternatives to conventional manufacturing processes. In order to face this issue, this work presents a review of the last advances for IBR manufacturing and repairing processes.

El presente estudio se realizó para determinar si la vacunación con el herpes virus bovino tipo 1(HVB-1) como profilaxis para la rinotraqueitis infecciosa bovina tiene efecto sobre las características anatómicas y endocrinológicas del cuerpo lúteo en novillas Holstein mestizas en la región amazónica ecuatoriana. Se utilizaron 60 novillas repartidas en tres grupos de 20 animales cada uno: sin inmunógeno, vacuna a virus vivo y vacuna a virus muerto. Se determinó el diámetro del cuerpo lúteo en diferentes estadios (12 y 18 días posinseminación) de desarrollo mediante ultrasonografía trans-rectal y la concentración de la progesterona en la sangre, por inmunoensayo enzimático. Para el manejo del experimento todos los grupos fueron sometidos a un protocolo de sincronización con prosgestágenos y estradiol. Se observó diferencias estadísticas significativas en el diámetro promedio del cuerpo lúteo a los 12 y 18 días, siendo mayor en el tratamiento testigo (26,5 y 29,9 mm) respectivamente seguido del tratamiento con virus vivo con (19,5 y 17,9 mm) y el tratamiento con virus muerto con (19,2mm y 17,9mm). La concentración sanguínea de progesterona fue estadísticamente mayor a los 12 y 18 días post-tratamiento en el tratamiento testigo (5,1 y 5,7 ng/dl) seguido por el tratamiento con virus vivo (3,2 y 2,8 ng/dl) y el tratamiento con virus muerto (3,1 y 2,8 ng/dl) donde hubo valores estadísticamente diferentes en los tres tratamientos en estudio. La inoculación con el herpes virus bovino tipo 1 tiene efectos sobre el desarrollo temprano del cuerpo lúteo en novillas y la concentración de progesterona sanguínea.