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1. Facilitating and restricting a challenger: Patents and standards in the development of the Bull-Knutsen punched card system, 1919-1938.

Author

Heide, Lars

Subjects
PUNCHED card systems, PATENT law, HISTORY of Norway, 1905-1940, FRENCH history, 1914-1940, MONOPOLIES, CORPORATE history, HISTORY
Abstract

This paper discusses the various ways that patents and standards framed a challenger's opportunities. It recounts the history of the Bull punched card system, both in Norway in the 1920s and France in the 1930s, as it developed and became a challenger to IBM's monopoly. Bull faced the first mover's patents and standards differently. Standards paved the way for the challenger's actions, while patents hampered certain facilities for their duration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2009
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