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This paper examines the foreign exchange rate exposures of US companies and how they are linked to foreign macroeconomic determinants. I use US trade-weighted macroeconomic indices of foreign countries to explain the variation in foreign exchange rate exposures, measured as the sensitivities of stock returns to exchange rate returns of US non-financial companies over the period 1995 to 2017. I find strong evidence that the after-hedging exposures of potential exporters are affected by their expectations of foreign market gross domestic products, current account balances, consumer price indices, term spreads, unit labor costs as well as government expenditures.

Efficient distribution has a considerable influence on the sales volume of firms, and thus affects the firms' research and development (R&D) activities. This paper analyzes the relationship between competition in the transport sector and R&D of firms using the transportation services. We consider a two-region reciprocal market in which firms invest in cost-reducing R&D and use carriers that engage in price competition to supply their products to the foreign market. We show that, corresponding to the degree of R&D spillover, a transport cost (or price) reduction due to an increase in the number of carriers can increase or decrease the firms' R&D investments. This result is consistent with the finding in previous studies that trade liberalization can hinder R&D. Because inefficient firms lead to high prices in the market, an increase in the number of carriers may reduce consumer surplus. We further discuss a case in which firms have monopsony power in transportation services and show that our main results are robust to the extension.

INTRODUCTION. The Eurasian economic union (EAEU) institutions have a huge competence delegated by the EAEU Member-States. Effective implementation of such competence, especially in foreign trade, entails relevant international activity of the EAEU institutions. In this connection the article analyses international capability of the EAEU, relevant experience of the European Union as well as actual status and perspectives of the EAEU international activity in foreign trade.MATERIALS AND METHODS. The research is based on the analysis of the EAEU legislation, recent works of relevant researchers, experience of the European Union in respect of international cooperation. Methodological instruments are analysis, synthesis, deduction, induction and analogy.RESEARCH RESULTS. Successful development of foreign trade activity of the EAEU Member-States depends on effectiveness of the EAEU international activity. The research shows that EAEU international activity in foreign trade is not as effective as it could be. This has a negative impact on foreign market accessibility for the EAEU Member-States goods. In view of the above a thorough research of appropriate EU legal base was conducted. It shows, that effectiveness of the EU in promotion of its interests on the international stage, including in the foreign trade, is based on relevant legal mechanisms, which allows to take into account both positions of the EU and its Member-States. Such experience with combination of the specific characters of Eurasian integration will help to make necessary amendments to the EAEU legal base to increase its effectiveness.DISCUSSION AND CONLUSIONS. The author makes conclusion on the necessity of amendments to the EAEU international activity legal base, with use of the researched European Union experience. In particular, the EAEU institutions need additional competence for more independence and flexibility at international level. This will improve the EAEU international activity, including conclusion of free trade agreements (regardless of concluded agreements of the EAEU, the scale of international activity of the EAEU is not comparable with the European Union’s one), create conditions for export promotion, and help to strengthen the EAEU image as independent participant of international relations.

Diplomski rad „Prilagođavanje promocije inozemnom tržištu“ govori na koji način se prilagođavaju promotivne aktivnosti, koje su specifičnosti komunikacije na koje se nailazi, koji čimbenici utječu na međunarodnu promociju i koja je uloga promotivnih poruka. Međunarodna promocija provodi se s ciljem stvaranja odnosa između proizvođača i potrošača, upoznavanja tržišta s proizvodom ili uslugom, povećanja prodaje, stvaranja ugleda i pozitivne slike o proizvodu ili poduzeću te poticanja uspjeha i rasta prodaje. Promocija u međunarodnom marketingu promatra se kroz ekonomsko, kulturno, socijalno, pravno i političko okruženje, a čimbenici koji imaju najvažniju ulogu u stvaranju marketinške komunikacije su način komuniciranja, običaji, tradicija i religija. Analizom prilagođavanja promocije na primjeru turističkih usluga prikazano je što pružatelj usluge mora učiniti kako bi bio uspješan i prepoznat na međunarodnom tržištu. Također, prikazano je kako se optimalno i učinkovito koriste mediji te oblikuju promotivne aktivnosti. Graduation thesis "Adapting promotion to the foreign market" tells how promotional activities are adjusted, what are the specifics of communication encountered, what factors influence international promotion and what is the role of promotional messages. International promotion is carried out with the aim of creating a relationship between producers and consumers, introducing the market to the product or service, increasing sales, creating a reputation and a positive image of the product or company, and encouraging success and sales growth. Promotion in international marketing is viewed through the economic, cultural, social, legal and political environment, and the factors that play the most important role in creating marketing communication are the way of communication, customs, tradition and religion. Analyzing the adaptation of promotion on the example of tourist services shows what the service provider must do in order to be successful and recognized on the international market. Also, it is shown how to optimally and efficiently use the media and shape promotional activities.

The aim of this paper is to understand the ideas of Vieira Souto on currency and exchange in Brazil during the First Republic. Historiography does not discuss the economic thougth that influenced the debate about economic policies in the period. For him, the currency was not related to the oscillations of the exchange rate, but to the variations in the transactions with the foreign market. Thus, he presents an interpretation of the Brazilian economic reality that allows him to be characterized as a precursor of developmentalism in Brazil.

This study examines the recent history and current state of a special area of Japanese-Hungarian economic relations, foreign direct investments (FDI) in Hungary. We reviewed the flow of Japanese capital into Hungary. Foreign direct capital investments can improve productivity on the one hand via technology transfer, and one the other hand, they may have further positive effects through corporate relationships, such as market access or improved financing conditions. Through these means, they strengthen economic growth. When analyzing the data on the historical development of Japanese investment, we showed that the automotive industry plays a dominant role. Based on our results, the influx of Japanese FDI into the Hungarian economy is mutually advantageous to both parties. The most important result for Hungary was economic growth and for Japan, the easier access to the EU markets. Japanese-Hungarian relations are not limited to economic cooperation, they are present in everyday life and continue to grow closer.

The traditional food of a culture in a society is continuously inherited from the old generation to the new generation. The traditional element is an in-depth understanding of the function of each material, techniques of preparation, and the practice in our daily cooking. This understanding in the form of preparation, meal preparation, tips, use of certain equipment, and raw materials are mysteries difficult to be unravelled. The Malay cultural heritage food is an integral asset among Malaysians in general and the Malay race in particular. Malay cuisine is one of the special and unique blended of many traditions from around the region. However, when Malay culture and cuisine are introduced to other countries, they faced certain hurdles and challenges. This study investigates the issues and challenges faced by Malay cuisine in the foreign market. The points in question are, 1) Why are Malay cuisine difficult to be exported to other countries 2) Why Malay cuisine is less popular than cuisines from other countries? 3) What are the factors that make foods from a country of origin can be successfully exported? These issues and challenges will be parsed and discussed based on the existing written collection. Recommendations will be made on the mechanisms that enable the success of Malay cuisine food to be commercialized abroad, as well as future research examining the success factors of traditional food exported abroad.

Existing research into retailers’ foreign market exits has uncovered a number of drivers that lead multinational retailers to divest from certain countries. While scholars have investigated these drivers in isolation from one another, combinations of drivers that affect divestment decisions simultaneously remain under-researched despite scholars having indicated their importance and having called for a detailed, more holistic analysis. In this study, using a case study approach and qualitative content analysis of a wide variety of publicly available contemporary documents from different perspectives and experts, we investigate the drivers leading to all 32 country exits of the 50 largest grocery retailers in Europe in the 5-year period between 2014 and 2018. In line with previous research, the study shows the most frequent exit drivers are a low performance of the subsidiary, a low performance of the parent company, and a strategic refocus of the parent company. However, we demonstrate that for most exits, combinations of multiple interrelated drivers at the subsidiary level, the host-country level, and the parent level have a joint influence on retailers’ decisions to exit foreign markets. We also show that exits often include both failure-related drivers and strategy-related drivers. Furthermore, using the configurational approach, we identify exemplary combinations of market exit drivers that occur frequently and propose five archetypes of such combinations that suffice to explain all market exits in the dataset. For future research, we propose extending our typology through the application of a similar approach to different contexts and to use quantitative research based on the qualitative findings to generate more generalizable results.

The trade policy pursued by the US government certainly provides as one of the most important measures to stimulate the export of those commodity groups that determine the development of the country's economy, shape its innovative nature and the possibilities for the expansionist promotion of American capital in the global, global geo-economic space. Such goods include high tech products of the American manufacturing industry, the forms, means, tools and methods of export promotion of which are the subject of this study. Having studied the evolutionary dynamics of the volume and structure of the stimulating elements of export regulation of American high-tech products for the period 1946–2019, we identified long-term trends characterizing the effective combination of assistance, encouragement, assistance and support to national exporters of the relevant commodity groups in the foreign trade activities of the United States. Based on the results of the study, conclusions are drawn about the unconditional priority of stimulating the export of high-tech products of the US manufacturing industry during the entire period under consideration, characterized by a flexible combination of the use of appropriate forms, means, tools and methods of this stimulation. The author emphasizes the primacy of expediency and efficiency in the choice of directions for the expansionary promotion of high-tech products of the American economy to the foreign market, which, of course, is of practical interest for Russian use.

The types and key features of competitive strategies, the process of forming a competitive strategy of enterprises and the main ways to increase the competitiveness of enterprises in foreign markets are substantiated. The competitive positions of Ukrainian companies were studied and the importance of competitive strategies for sustainable enterprise development, high profitability and competitiveness in modern markets of goods and services was analyzed. The mechanism of improving the competitive position of Ukrainian companies in foreign markets is determined.

Colombia, gracias a su estratégica ubicación geográfica, lo que le permite, ser uno de los pocos países que cuenta con climas y suelos, que favorecen la gran diversidad de cultivos de todo tipo de frutas, verduras y hortalizas. Ha sido reconocido a nivel internacional como uno de los productores más atractivos en el mercado de alimentos, de frutas y verduras exóticas, lo que paulatinamente ha llamado la atención, de grandes empresas extranjeras, en busca de satisfacer su demanda. Así como de la competencia en busca de hacer sus productos mucho más atractivos y rentables que los nuestros. Empresas como Global Agricultural Trading nacen al dimensionar la oportunidad que este sector puede significar en el mercado extranjero, así como una oportunidad de mejorar los niveles de exportación los cuales en contraste con los de importación son mucho más bajos. Es importante resaltar que, aunque este negocio parezca sencillo, no hay que olvidar que, al ser un país tercermundista, contamos con algunas desventajas, en procesos y estandarización por parte de productores que están acostumbrados a un mercado más tradicional. Como empresa exportadora el trabajo inicia desde la selección de proveedores que cuenten con los requisitos lineamientos y parámetros necesarios para exportar, y de no ser así, ser una guía para que lo logren. Estar en constante indagación de oportunidades de negocio, revaluando periódicamente estrategias en busca de reducir algún costo o proceso innecesario dentro de la cadena de suministro que brinde una ventaja, para así ser más rentables y atractivos. Colombia, thanks to its strategic geographical location, which allows it to be one of the few countries with climates and soils that favor the great diversity of crops of all types of fruits, vegetables and greens. It has been recognized internationally as one of the most attractive producers in the food market of exotic fruits and vegetables, which has gradually attracted the attention of large foreign companies in search of satisfying their demand. As well as the competition looking to make their products much more attractive and profitable than ours. Companies such as Global Agricultural Trading are born from the dimension of the opportunity that this sector can mean in the foreign market, as well as an opportunity to improve the export levels, which in contrast with the import levels are much lower. It is important to emphasize that, although this business seems simple, we must not forget that, being a third world country, we have some disadvantages in processes and standardization by producers who are accustomed to a more traditional market. As an exporting company, the work starts with the selection of suppliers that have the necessary requirements, guidelines and parameters to export, and if not, to be a guide for them to achieve it. To be in constant search of business opportunities, periodically reevaluating strategies in search of reducing some unnecessary cost or process within the supply chain that provides an advantage, in order to be more profitable and attractive. Profesional en Negocios Internacionales http://www.ustavillavicencio.edu.co/home/index.php/unidades/extension-y-proyeccion/investigacion Pregrado

Diplomski rad „Prilagođavanje proizvoda inozemnom tržištu“ govori o svim odlukama s kojima se susreće proizvođač kada se odluči plasirati proizvod na strano tržište. Prije plasiranja na strano tržište proizvođač mora razmotriti situaciju i postaviti si tri pitanja na koja mora naći odgovor ako želi proširiti poslovanje, a to su: što izvoziti, kako izvoziti i gdje izvoziti. Počevši od strategija ulaska na strana tržišta, odabira proizvoda kojeg će izvoziti ili razvoja potpuno novog proizvoda do odluka o karakteristikama i elementima koje proizvod mora sadržavati, odluke su koje proizvođač mora donijeti da bi bio uspješan na stranom tržištu. Donijeti odluku o izvozu nije tako lako jer svaka zemlja ima svoje uvjete i standarde na tržištu kojih se proizvođač mora pridržavati i poštivati. Svaka zemlja također već ima i svoje proizvođače koji prodaju na svojem, domaćem tržištu te svakom novom proizvođaču, bilo da je riječ o domaćem ili stranom tržištu, koji planira ući na to tržište predstavlja prijetnju. Analizom prilagođavanja dvaju proizvoda prehrambenog proizvođača Vindije prikazano je sve ono što jedan proizvođač mora napraviti kako bi bio uspješan na stranom tržištu te kako odrediti karakteristike i elemente proizvoda s ciljem uspješnosti i stvaranja lojalnih potrošača. Graduate thesis Adaptation of the product to the foreign market talks about all the decisions that the manufacturer encounters when he decides to place on a foreign market. Before placing on a foreign market, the manufacturer must consider the situation and ask three questions that must be answered if he wants to expand his business, and the questions are what to export, how to export and where to export. From strategies for entering foreign markets, to choosing a product to export or developing a brand new product and decisions on the characteristics and elements of the product which product must contain are all decisions that a manufacturer must make to be successful in a foreign market. Making a decision on exporting products is not so easy because each country has its own market conditions and standards that the manufacturer must adhere and respect. Each country also already has its own manufacturers who sell on their own, local market, and every new manufacturer, whether local or foreign, who plans to enter that market is a threat to local manufacturers. The analysis of the adaptation of two products of the food producer Vindija shows everything that one producer must do to be successful in a foreign market and how to determine the characteristics and elements of the product in order to succeed and create loyal consumers.

Based on the existing interpretations of foreign and Ukrainian scientists, the concept of "export potential of the enterprise" is generalized on the example of Gorodnytske forestry Soe. The analysis of the most well-known methods of assessing the export potential of the enterprise, taking into account a number of indicators of its activities, including financial indicators, indicators of foreign economic activity of the enterprise and others. The methodology and expediency of its use for estimation of export potential of the forestry enterprise are substantiated. Marketing tools for capacity assessment (SWOT-analysis and SPACE-analysis) were used, on the basis of which the analysis of the export potential of Gorodnytske Forestry SOE was carried out. This analysis allows us to identify strengths and weaknesses of the enterprise, determine the availability of potential and develop scenarios for the development and improvement of the enterprise in the future. On the basis of the considered methods, assessment of export potential of Gorodnytske Forestry SOE is carried out. Based on the analysis of the results and given the importance of assessing the export potential to establish the export potential of the enterprise, ensuring the efficient use of its resources and reserves, strategies and real ways to develop the export activities of the enterprise are proposed. A practical measure to ensure the development of the export potential of Gorodnytske Forestry SOE proposed production and sale of wooden pallets abroad, as the company has a long positive experience in the production of these products, as well as sufficient production capacity to implement this proposal. The analysis of the European pallets market showed an increase in demand for these products from foreign consumers. The calculated indicators of the financial condition of the enterprise and the indicators that characterize the foreign economic activity of Gorodnytske Forestry SOE over the past three years have shown the possibility of developing export potential through the production and export of pallets. The strategies of export potential development proposed in the article will have a positive economic effect for the enterprise and will help strengthen the position of this enterprise in the foreign market of forest products. Approbation of the proposed method of assessing the export potential of the enterprise on the example of Gorodnytske Forestry SOE confirmed the possibility of its use for any enterprise, which can improve financial performance and increase its profitability and competitiveness.

The purpose of the article is to study the current state of buckwheat market in Ukraine and the world. Dynamics of buckwheat growing in 2015, 2016, 2017, 2018 and its impact on the domestic and foreign buckwheat market in Ukraine are analyzed. The research is based on the statistics of the State Statistics Committee of Ukraine. The analysis of the buckwheat origin and the area of its growing in the world is conducted. It is established that buckwheat is grown both in Eurasia and America. In Europe, Asia and America, buckwheat is gaining in popularity every year. Due to the fact that this crop is used not only for food and feed purposes, it is also a valuable medicinal plant and a good honey plant. It is proved that Ukraine has all the necessary economic, natural and agro-climatic conditions for the buckwheat growing and not only to satisfy the internal market but also to be a leader among exporters in sales of this crop and products of its processing. It is established that a significant decrease in the buckwheat-growing areas has been observed in recent years, which leads to a decrease in the gross output of the crop. This situation contributes to the rise in retail prices of buckwheat and the loss of positions in the foreign market as a leading exporter in the world.

In recent years, globalization roles, the rapid development of communication technologies, easier access to information sources, the existence of manager's networks in international markets, and organization dynamic capabilities find out early and rapid internationalization as being international from inception or near their founding. When the studies dealing with the rapid and early internationalization process are examined, it is seen that they have carried out for manufacturing firms in particular produced high-tech products. But, especially health care business studies are rare. However, it is rare to work on businesses that provide healthcare services. In this study, Liv Hospital, which provides healthcare services and became international rapidly following its establishment, is examined as a case study. In this study, Liv Hospital, which provides healthcare services and became international in a short time following its establishment, will be examined as a case study. In conclusion, it is seen that Liv Hospital became international following its establishment, thanks to the international vision of its managers and their goals to be a leader in the foreign market. Business networks are one of the factors that facilitate early and rapid internationalization processes. Business networks of managers have also been efficient in the internationalization process of Liv Hospital. Therefore, internal and external factors that a business has an effective in early and rapid internationalization.

Conventional method of honey production is widely spread in the area of western Serbia. Despite the advantages of honey production in an organic manner, beekeepers are still hesitant to take this step, regardless of the difficulties with placement of such honey on the foreign market, so their products are mainly sold on the domestic market. Besides the undeniable nutritional value, honey produced in the conventional way with proper use of agro technical measures and implementation of the wide range of products in the treatment of bee diseases, in its composition very often contain residues of hazardous chemical compounds, pesticides, antibiotics. Research on four qualitative differences of the content of certain substances between the conventional and organic honey producers has been conducted in western Serbia. The research obtained five manufacturers, out of which two were engaged in organic manner of production, while the remaining three dealt with the conventional honey production. After examining the area and the apiaries in question, interviews with honeybee producers, the sampling of honey took place. Upon performed analysis, it was concluded that one conventionally produced sample of honey was not safe for human consumption, due to presence of pesticides.

Objective: Research into firm-level exporting, has been criticised for being excessively fragmented and inconsistent. The objective of this paper is to review extant research on export performance and propose a research framework which will go beyond the currently studied relationships and variables, and therefore formulate several recommendations for future research. Research Design & Methods: In doing so, the review adopts a broader view of export performance, which accounts for the possibility of a negative development of export ventures. Findings: The paper finds that institution-based, resource-based and industry-based views have been often used to address the determinants of export performance. While there are some complex interactions between host-country institutional factors, firm-level factors, and industry-level factors, these have been studied to a lesser extent. Also, the review highlights the need for a more nuanced and fine-grained understanding of export strategy, particularly embracing modern business models and devoting more attention to foreign market partners. Implications & Recommendations: Scholars should be more sensitive to previously neglected variables which can enhance the understanding of export performance and lead to more comprehensive empirical studies. Contribution & Value Added: The paper includes a conceptual framework proposing directions for future research, whereby a broader understanding of export performance is adopted, including also the possibility of export exits.

Price is the most important tool of company behavior on market, whose changes are caught immediately by customers, competitors and state structures. Adequate pricing can bring profit to the company and raise its competitiveness and stability on market. Unfortunately, rather often price decisions of home exporters working on non-raw material markets are only a response to competitors’ steps and they aim at reaching tactical, momentary but not strategic goals. Companies usually try to use the same price strategies on foreign markets as they use on national market. In conditions of the global crisis, uneven introduction of isolation regime and border closing by countries, breaking supply chains, bankruptcy or closure of national companies Russian exporters face the loss of distribution channels developed earlier. On the other hand, in these conditions they get an opportunity not only to settle on developed markets nut to penetrate new overseas markets in such segments, where the work of local companies was cut or shut down. In any case home exporters should think over their price strategy on foreign market and research changes in customer preferences, in their perception of company product value. The author gives recommendations aimed at improving exporters’ pricing in conditions of 2020 crisis on the basis of analyzing customers in view of their contribution to the company profit.

Purpose This paper aims to discuss business incubation to enter foreign markets in Brazil, Russia, India and China (BRIC) countries through the lens of an “international business incubator” (IBI). International market expansion offers huge opportunities for companies to increase their revenue, but there are also challenging tasks such as the establishment of a business company and the occupation of a strategic position abroad. Practitioners consider this process as the act of incubation, but the theoretical discussion lags behind the practice-led debate. Design/methodology/approach An illustrative, and theory-led, case study is presented that describes market expansion to BRIC countries through a network-based IBI. The empirical case is an illustrative Danish company with international operations in BRIC countries both with and without an IBI. Findings International business incubation represents a process, which can be influenced through an IBI, and business networking during foreign market entry is shaped by IBI brokerage (bridging, bonding and protecting) in different phases. IBI activities that are embedded in business networking support a company’s endeavours in getting a foothold and acquiring a strategic position in BRIC markets and facilitates the market penetration. Research limitations/implications The IBI’s activities to enter foreign markets should be thoroughly managed. Further studies should be conducted with cross-case comparisons and larger samples to reflect on the propositions established. Originality/value By linking the business networking theory with the practice-led understanding of business incubation, the study explores an under-conceptualised topic for international business and entrepreneurship scholars. The paper offers an initial understanding of how brokerage interacts with incubation during the entry of new markets.

Resumo O mogno africano é uma espécie arbórea muito valorizada pela indústria, pois sua madeira de alta qualidade possui grande potencial econômico tanto para o mercado interno quanto para o mercado externo. Apesar da alta valorização, os estudos e pesquisas sobre a espécie são escassos, sendo de extrema importância aprofundar o conhecimento. O objetivo do estudo foi avaliar o efeito de diferentes temperaturas sobre a germinação e vigor de sementes de mogno africano em condição de laboratório. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o inteiramente casualizado, em esquema fatorial 4x5, sendo 4 lotes de sementes e cinco regimes de temperatura (20, 25, 30, 35°C constantes e 20-30°C alternada), com quatro repetições de vinte e cinco sementes por tratamento. Inicialmente determinou-se o teor de água das sementes e em seguida realizou-se os seguintes testes: germinação, primeira contagem da germinação, comprimento, massa fresca e seca de plântulas. As temperaturas de 25 e 30ºC constantes são favoráveis à germinação e ao vigor das sementes de mogno africano. Temperaturas de 20 e 35ºC constante e 20-30ºC alternadas são prejudiciais ao processo germinativo, comprometendo o desempenho fisiológico das sementes. Nas temperaturas favoráveis à germinação, as sementes dos lotes 1 e 3 mostraram-se com qualidade fisiológica superior aos demais. Abstract African mahogany is a tree species highly valued by industry because its high quality wood has great economic potential both for the domestic market and for the foreign market. Despite the high valuation, the studies and research on the species are scarce, being extremely important to deepen its knowledge. The objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of different temperatures on the germination and vigor of African mahogany seeds. The experimental design was a completely randomized design, in a 4x5 factorial scheme, with four seed lots and five temperature regimes (20, 25, 30, 35°C constant and 20-30°C alternating), with four replications of twenty five seeds per treatment. Temperatures of 25 and 30°C are favorable to the germination and vigor of African mahogany seeds. Temperatures of 20 and 35ºC constant and 20-30ºC alternating are harmful to the germination process, compromising the physiological performance of the seeds. At temperatures favorable to germination, the seeds of lots 1 and 3 showed higher physiological quality than the others.

Straipsnyje nagrinėjama, kaip veiklos internacionalizacija galėtų padėti įmonei užimti didesnę rinkos dalį. Darbo objektas yra įmonės internacionalizacija. Tyrimo tikslas yra parinkti tinkamiausią užsienio rinką bendrovės UAB “X” veiklos internacionalizacijos procesams. Remiantis šio tyrimo tikslu, buvo suformuluoti šie uždaviniai: išnagrinėti teorinius internacionalizacijos procesų aspektus; identifikuoti internacionalizacijos modeliavimą ir filtravimą ir parinkti labiausiai pagrįstą užsienio rinką UAB “X” produktų integracijai. Šiam tyrimui pasitelkti darbo metodai: teorinių šaltinių analizė ir sintezė; filtruojanti analizė; įmonės veiklos rezultatų duomenų analizė, statistinių duomenų rinkimas ir lyginamoji analizė. Pagrindiniai tyrimo rezultatai: ištirti teoriniai internacionalizacijos procesų aspektai; pateiktas internacionalizacijos filtravimo modelis; atlikta įmonės veiklos internacionalizacijos analizė. Remiantis šio atvejo tyrimo duomenimis, ateityje būtų galima atlikti detalesnę konkrečios įmonės analizę. Tai dar labiau sustiprintų įmonės galimybes ateityje padidinti eksportuojamos produkcijos kiekius bei sėkmingiau įsilieti į užsienio rinkas. The article analyses how the internationalisation of the performance could help an enterprise to occupy a part of any foreign market. The subject of the study is the internationalisation of the performance of an enterprise. The study aims to choose the most attractive foreign market for the internationalisation of the performance a JSC Ltd. Considering the aim of the study, the following objectives were defined: to review the theoretical aspects of internationalisation processes; identify the modelling and filtering of the internationalisation of the performance; select the most reasonable foreign market for the integration of a JSC Ltd product. The research methods used in the study were the analysis and synthesis of theoretical sources, the analysis of filtering and the data of the performance of the enterprise, the collection of statistical data, and comparative analysis. The main outcomes of the research. The theoretical aspects of internationalisation processes have been examined, i.e. different approaches and forms of performance internationalisation are reviewed; the prevailing models of the internationalisation of the performance have been discussed, and the model of filtering internationalisation is presented; analysis of the internationalisation of the performance of an enterprise is provided. The results of the study obtained can be significant and practical to improve export of a JSC Ltd, as well as become a guideline for other small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) focusing on the internationalisation of their performance.

As transações comerciais devem ser integrantes das estratégias operacionais das organizações, em especial as dos agronegócios, resultando na maximização de recursos, aumento da rentabilidade, maior performance da atividade e de cada agente, vislumbrando a diminuição dos custos de transação. Ao explorar qualitativamente, via análise de conteúdo a relação comercial entre produtores de leite e laticínios, o estudo constatou que existem elevados custos de transação, sobretudo pelo excesso de assimetria de informação e presença do freteiro como agenciador. Por parte da indústria, inexistência de ferramentas e condutas de suporte e assistência, além de ambiguidades no pagamento ao produtor. Pela face do produtor, a falta de gestão e motivação em continuar com a atividade, estando em condição de comodismo, macula seu produto por não possuir eficiência produtiva. Em agravo, os governos estão distantes, não ofertando adequadamente e suficiente assistência e extensão, políticas de apoio e regulação (implantação e cobrança da IN62). Por outro lado, o mercado, através de suas sazonalidades e demais players (nacionais e estrangeiros) influenciam no preço, na oferta e demanda por produtos lácteos, e na perpetuação da atividade, principalmente por parte dos produtores. O estudo se enaltece pela necessidade de profissionalização da atividade leiteira, sugerindo a existência de preço mínimo médio, uso de contratos, execução de normativas e aproximação da indústria junto ao produtor, visando aumento de competitividade da atividade, sua perenidade e maior share no mercado exterior. Palavras-chave: Custos. Competitividade. Performance. Cadeia Produtiva. Leite. Transação. Abstract: Business transactions must be integral to the operational strategies of the organizations, resulting in the maximization of resources, increase of profitability, greater performance of the activity and of each agent, and reduction of transaction costs. By analyzing the commercial relationship between milk producers and dairy products, the study found that there are high transaction costs, mainly due to the excess of information asymmetry and the presence of the freighter as an agent. On the industry side, there are no tools and conduits for support and assistance, as well as ambiguities in payment to the producer. By the face of the producer, the lack of management and motivation to continue with the activity, being in a condition of comfort, stains its product because it does not have productive efficiency. In distress, governments are distant, not offering adequate and sufficient assistance and extension, policies of support and regulation (implantation and collection of IN62). On the other hand, the market, through its seasonal and other players (domestic and foreign), influence the price, supply and demand for dairy products, and the perpetuation of the activity, mainly by the producers. The study is praised for the need to professionalize dairy activity, suggesting the existence of a minimum price, use of contracts, enforcement of regulations and the approximation of the industry to the producer, aiming to increase the competitiveness of the activity, its perenniality and greater share in the foreign market. Keywords: Costs. Competitiveness. Performance. Productive chain. Milk. Transaction.

This article uses firm × national market export and import data for all Swedish private sector firms for 1997–2014 to examine the firm-level contribution of trade and foreign ownership to the correlation between Swedish value added growth and partner country gross domestic product (GDP) growth. Export and import links increase the firm-level correlation but net out for firms that both export to and import from the same market, evidence that this type of ‘natural hedging’ can help reduce a firm's exposure to foreign economic shocks. We proceed to aggregate the firm-level results to the whole economy and find that severing firm-level ties with a foreign market is predicted to lower the correlation between Swedish value added growth and foreign GDP growth from 0.72 to 0.64 on average. Gabaix's ‘granularity’ of trade is central to this result: if all firms are given equal weight overall correlations are essentially unaffected by severing firm level ties. Natural hedging is quantitatively important at the firm level and also plays a role in limiting overall comovements.