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Energy savings gained through natural lighting could be offset by the loss of energy through windows, therefore, the target of this study is to examine the effects of enhancing the efficiency of lighting systems on the optimum window-to-wall ratio (WWR) of Jordanian residential structures. This research proposes the hypothesis that the WWR of residential structures that contain artificial lighting systems with increased efficiency will be lower than buildings in which solar lighting is provided. The energy simulation tool, DesignBuilder (DesignBuilder Software Ltd, Stroud, UK) was used to simulate an intricate model showing a standard Jordanian residential building with a size of 130 m2. The study offers useful guidance regarding the optimum WWR for key decisionmakers when designing energy-efficient residential structures in the context of Jordan. By considering the balance between gains and losses in solar heat and light gain to exploit energy from solar sources with no reverse effects, while making comparisons between different WWR situations, the findings indicate that the typical WWR for residential structures in Jordan that have efficient Light Emitting Diode (LED) systems of lighting installed could be between 25% and 30%, which is lower than the highest WWR stipulated by the ASHRAE standards.

Clean energy technologies have been developed to address the pressing global issue of climate change; however, the functionality of many of these technologies relies on materials that are considered critical. Critical materials are those that have potential vulnerability to supply disruption. In this paper, critical material intensity data from academic articles, government reports, and industry publications are aggregated and presented in a variety of functional units, which vary based on the application of each technology. The clean energy production technologies of gas turbines, direct drive wind turbines, and three types of solar photovoltaics (silicon, CdTe, and CIGS); the low emission mobility technologies of proton exchange membrane fuel cells, permanent-magnet-containing motors, and both nickel metal hydride and Li-ion batteries; and, the energy-efficient lighting devices (CFL, LFL, and LED bulbs) are analyzed. To further explore the role of critical materials in addressing climate change, emissions savings units are also provided to illustrate the potential for greenhouse gas emission reductions per mass of critical material in each of the clean energy production technologies. Results show the comparisons of material use in clean energy technologies under various performance, economic, and environmental based units.

Vsak industrijski objekt je znan po tem, da ima veliko porabo električne energije predvsem zaradi tehnologije dela. Redko pomislimo, da se lahko z uvedbo učinkovite razsvetljave dodatno prihrani pri porabi električne energije in hkrati zagotovi ugodje in boljše počutje zaposlenih. V magistrski nalogi sem povzel na kratko splošna dejstva o razsvetljavi in svetlobnotehničnih veličinah. Namreč, s projektiranjem razsvetljave v industriji se ne srečujemo ravno vsak dan, zato so podana priporočila in primeri dobre prakse pri načrtovanju tovrstne razsvetljave. Opisani so sistemi, kako lahko dokaj enostavno projektiramo učinkovito razsvetljavo, na drugi strani pa smo omejeni z zakonodajo, in standardi. Naloga je zaključena s primerom obstoječe razsvetljave v industriji izvedeni s fluorescentnimi sijalkami brez regulacije ter predlogom za vgradnjo učinkovite LED razsvetljave s pametno regulacijo. Every industrial facility is known to have a high consumption of electricity mainly because of the technology of work. Rarely do we consider that the introduction of efficient lighting saves electricity consumption while ensuring the comfort and well-being of employees. This master’s thesis briefly summarizes general facts about lighting and its technical quantities. Actually, we do not meet the designing of industry lighting just every day, therefore recommendations and examples of good practice in project design of this type of lighting are given. Furthermore, the thesis introduces a description of systems how efficient lighting could quite easily be designed, but on the other hand we are limited by the legislation, standards, etc. The last part of the thesis contains an example of existing lighting in an industrial facility using fluorescent lamps without regulation and a proposal for the installation of efficient LED lighting with intelligent control.

UNAM is the oldest and one of the most prestigious universities in the Americas. The main campus of the university is home of about 300 000 students and covers an area of about 4 square-kilometres in the south of Mexico City. UNAM is also one of the biggest electricity consumers in Mexico-City. More than 70 Million kWh electricity are consumed yearly, producing about 49 000 tons of CO2 emission. Within the paper we will show that this could be changed with a high financial and educational profit. As UNAM has no heating and only a few cooling systems, lighting is by far the biggest use of electricity. The existing lighting system is extremely inefficient while providing unsatisfactory illumination in some places. The UNEP Centre on Sustainable Production and Consumption (CSCP) together with Buro O-quadrat devised a project which demonstrates how UNAM can benefit from an upgrade to a highly efficient lighting system. What makes the project unique is that the results are not based on theoretical calculations but were corroborated by implementation results of a highly efficient lighting system in four different areas (a foyer, classrooms, a library and a workshop) and the measurement of the electricity savings. Within these four areas the average electricity saving was 84% and the combined pay-back time was 2.7 years. Based on the empirical results and an analysis of 10 UNAM-buildings a master plan was developed for the entire university campus. Here the objective was to establish the broad strategic principles for a successful lighting system upgrade, as well as the necessary budget and savings that could be achieved. The results demonstrate that an initial investment of US$ 14 million would result in electricity costs savings of US$ 68 million over the 20 year lifetime of the upgraded lighting system. About thirty per cent of the electricity consumed in UNAM today could be saved with a high profit on investment. In a second step we show that most of the remaining electricity consumption could be produced by solar energy. The Feed-in Tariff system in Germany has led to a high capacity of PV-production and lowered the cost for PV-systems: In May 2013 a 40 kW PV system, including all parts for the mounting, can be bought in Europe for a price of about 800 Euro/kW. Assuming that on 2% of the UNAM-area PV-systems would be installed, these systems could produce about 23 GWh with lower costs compared to the electricity price UNAM has to pay. Combining the investment for efficient lighting and PV-systems, about 60% (or about 29 000 tons) of the CO2-emissions of UNAM could be saved with a high rate of return. Best of all: What would be a more convincing way to educate 60 000 students every year about sustainability than a practical example of highly efficient lighting system and powered by solar energy? UNAM could be a light house for many other universities and schools.

Dissertação submetida como requisito parcial para obtenção do grau de Mestre em Engenharia Eletrotécnica e de Computadores – Ramo das Energias Renováveis e Sistemas de Potência Uma das maiores inquietações mundiais atuais está diretamente relacionada com a tomada de consciência de que é insustentável a população mundial continuar a utilizar recursos energéticos de origem meramente fóssil. Sendo assumido de uma forma generalizada que os edifícios são os maiores responsáveis por uma enorme parte do consumo da energia mundial, tornou-se evidente a necessidade de desenvolver meios para que os consumos de energia se tornem mais reduzidos. Neste contexto surgiu o conceito Nearly Zero Energy Buildings (NZEB) – Edifício de balanço energético quase zero. Esta ideia tem vindo a ser cada vez mais divulgada, representando uma das mais recentes tentativas levadas a cabo pela União Europeia (EU) para que o consumo energético de origem meramente fóssil nos edifícios seja reduzido. Este trabalho divide-se em três grandes blocos. Numa primeira fase, suporte teórico com recurso a várias leituras e consultas bibliográficas realizadas, serão abordadas temáticas afetas ao consumo de energia no Mundo, na Europa e mais concretamente, em Portugal. Neste contexto, serão abordados os conteúdos ligados aos documentos legislativos mais significativos que regulam a área da eficiência energética nos edifícios e será efetuada uma clarificação pormenorizada do conceito NZEB. No seguimento desta análise será abordado um caso real de um edifício existente. Para a sua análise e posteriores propostas de medidas no sentido de atingir o conceito NZEB, estabelece-se a construção do modelo de análise, onde é formulado o problema, definidos os objetivos do estudo e as hipóteses de trabalho; indicando-se o método escolhido, o procedimento de recolha de dados, os instrumentos utilizados e as características do meio onde se realiza a investigação. Proceder-se-á à descrição do edifício em estudo, à análise dos dados obtidos e à exposição de conteúdos afetos a diversas técnicas de melhorias, a diferentes tipos de soluções inovadoras e a um conjunto de estratégias, que poderão no contexto de uma reabilitação de um edifício proporcionar uma melhoria do seu desempenho energético. Nowadays one of the world's greatest concerns is directly related to the understanding that it is impossible for the world population to continue consuming energy resources of pure fossil origin as a first option. It is generally assumed that buildings account for a large part of the world's energy consumption and therefore it is generally accepted that energy consumption must be reduced. It is in this context that the concept Nearly Zero Energy Buildings (NZEB) arises. This idea has become increasingly popular, representing one of the most recent attempts of the European Union (EU) to reduce energy of pure fossil origin consumption in buildings. This work is divided into three major blocks. The first phase will be a theoretical support in which several summaries of bibliographical consultations will be presented, several themes related to the consumption of energy in the World, in Europe and, more specifically, in Portugal will be approached. In this context, content related to the most significant legislative documents regulating the area of energy efficiency in buildings will be addressed and a detailed clarification of the NZEB concept will be addressed. This analysis will be centred in a real case of an existing building. For its analysis and subsequent proposals to try to achieve a NZEB building, it will be developed an analysis model, from which the problem will be formulated, the objectives of the present study and the working hypotheses will be defined; the method, the data collection procedure, the instruments used and the characteristics of the environment where the research is carried out will also be mentioned. A description of the building under study, the analysis of the data obtained and the proposal of various improvement techniques, different types of innovative solutions and a set of strategies will be carried out. In the context of a rehabilitation these solutions may surely improve energy performance.

Despite the declining trends in total energy consumption, greenhouse gas emissions, energy intensity, and emission intensity over the past two decades, Romania still emits more greenhouse gas per unit of output than many other members of the European Union. The country is looking for further greening of its energy supply system to achieve the clean energy and climate change mitigation goals included in the European Unions 2030 target and 2050 Roadmap. Using an energy supply optimization model, TIMES, this study develops energy supply mixes for Romania under a baseline scenario that satisfies the European Unions current energy and climate targets for 2020, a green scenario that satisfies the European Unions 2030 energy and climate targets, and a super green scenario that satisfies the European Unions prospective 2050 energy road map. The study finds that although Romania could achieve the green scenario at a moderate cost, it would be challenging and costly to achieve the super green scenario.

Armenia and Georgia are taking the climate change agenda seriously and contributing to efforts for mitigating global climate change through various ways, including preparation of low-carbon development strategies for their future economic growth. The improvement of energy efficiency is one of the key elements of the low-carbon development strategies. This study develops a methodology to estimate a marginal abatement cost curve for energy efficiency measures and applies it to the building sector in both countries. The study finds that among the various energy efficiency measures considered, the replacement of energy inefficient lightbulbs (incandescent lamps) with efficient lightbulbs is the most cost-effective measure in saving energy and reducing greenhouse gas emissions from the building sector. Most energy efficiency improvement options considered in the study would produce net economic benefits even if the value of reduced carbon is not taken into account.

There has been a clear need for energy-efficient (EE) technologies that can be applicable in the municipal street lighting sector. The objective of this manual is to support the preparation and implementation of street lighting projects in India, using performance contracting and other public private partnership-based delivery approaches. This manual draws upon global best practices, including practices that have been tried and presented within India and South Asia; and draws from their failures and successes to document the major lessons learned. The manual provides a brief overall background of EE in India, the kind of barriers faced in the implementation of EE projects, and the kind of prevalent policy environment for EE in the country. The manual is divided into eight sections. Section one provides an overview of EE street lighting, its components, Indian standards for outdoor lighting, the key lamp technologies, and the potential for intelligent street lighting systems. Section two highlights the financial models for implementation of street lighting projects. Section three describes the essentials of undertaking a detailed energy audit to develop robust baselines. Section four focuses on procurement and contracting. Section five describes methodologies for developing monitoring and verification (M and V) protocols for EE Street lighting projects. Section six brings together the useful tools and matrices in implementation of street lighting projects. Section seven lists the key stakeholders involved in India in such projects and their potential role. Section eight provides details on international and Indian case studies on implementing EE in street lighting and key lessons from these case examples.

In many of places or buildings uses only artificial lighting scheme. The daylight is reduces the cost of energy consumption with lightin g load. In case of cloudy condition there is less availability of daylight. Thus for pr oper visualization of objects,manage lighting scheme with artificial as well as daylight harvesting. Using RELUX software design building with proper combination of artifici al and daylight schemes with help of sensor element for automatic ON-OFF control.The ano ther tool like DIALUX software reduces the unwanted shadow and glare effect in bui lding. Thus paper aim is design building with proper and efficient lighting scheme with control action of sensor on combination of artificial and daylight with saving of electrical energy cost. https://www.ijiert.org/paper-details?paper_id=140137

The project "Elaboration of a methodological guide to determine it pre-feasibility of migration projects to energy efficient lighting in companies in the industrial sector" aims to encourage companies to start energy efficiency projects, aligning itself with the global trend of saving energy resources and care for the environment, through the change in lighting. It provides a basis to assess the feasibility of such projects and give basic guidelines from the alignment until the financial study, in such a way that can determine whether it is feasible to develop a project in accordance with the particular objectives of the company where you want to apply, and organizational strategies, this becoming the most relevant and decisive for the decision making aspect. The work was divided in four chapters, the first one a description of project was completed to assure the user has all the things in mind to define and align with the company obtaining a clear identification of the purpose, justification, stakeholders and PESTA analysis at the end of the chapter the user has a project aligned not only with the Company but also with the national strategic objectives for efficiency energy. The second chapter describes the collection and analysis of information on three main aspects the structural of other methodological guides, the present of these projects in Colombia and the technical conditions that approach to illumination systems. With all the aspects defined aligning with National Government Agencies a project management processes that apply to this particular case were defined. Inside of the third chapter starts with IAEP processes, formulation and financial evaluation and finally in the fourth chapter proofs the methodology guide with the implementation based in the real Company case in the industrial sector., El proyecto “Elaboración de una guía metodológica para determinarla pre-factibilidad de proyectos de migración a iluminación eficiente en empresas del sector industrial” tiene como objetivo principal incentivar a las empresas a iniciar proyectos de eficiencia energética alineándose con la tendencia mundial del ahorro de recursos energéticos y cuidado al medio ambiente, a través del cambio en iluminación. Brinda una base para evaluar la prefactibilidad de proyectos de este tipo y dar los lineamientos básicos desde la alineación hasta el estudio financiero, de tal manera que puede determinar si es viable desarrollar un proyecto de acuerdo con los objetivos particulares de la empresa donde se quiere aplicar, y las estrategias organizacionales, convirtiéndose éste en el aspecto más relevante y determinante para la toma de decisiones. El trabajo se divide en cuatro capítulos, en el primero se desarrolla una descripción completa del proyecto lo que permite asegurar que el usuario tiene todas las cosas en mente para definir y alinear con la empresa de manera que se logra una identificación clara del propósito, la justificación, se realiza un análisis de stakeholders y entorno PESTA de manera que en el final del capítulo el usuario tiene un proyecto alineado no sólo con la Compañía, sino también con los objetivos estratégicos nacionales para la eficiencia energética. El segundo capítulo describe la recopilación y análisis de información en tres aspectos principales: la estructura de otras guías metodológicas, el presente de proyectos como este en Colombia y las condiciones técnicas que permiten el enfoque a los sistemas de iluminación. Con todos los aspectos definidos y alineados con las políticas y objetivos de entes gubernamentales se definen unos procesos de gerencia de proyectos que se aplican a este caso particular. El tercer capítulo comienza con los procesos de IAEP, formulación y evaluación financiera, finalmente, en el cuarto capítulo se prueba la guía metodológica con la implementación de la evaluación financiera con un caso real de una empresa real en el sector industrial., Especialización, Especialista en Desarrollo y Gerencia Integral de Proyectos

The World Bank (WB) has for many years been financing and conducting work to increase access to modern energy services among energy poor communities, and its efforts vary greatly from project to project, based largely on client-country context, requests, and needs. In mid-2014, CLASP evaluated a selection of recent WB EA projects to identify opportunities to expand and more effectively integrate and operationalize EE, a process and set of principles we refer to as EA+EE.

Dissertação de Natureza Científica para obtenção do grau de Mestre em Engenharia Civil na Área de Especialização de Edificações As mais recentes preocupações mundiais têm-se focado sobre a forma insustentável como a população utiliza os diversos recursos energéticos existentes. Os edifícios são responsáveis por grande parte do consumo da energia mundial, facto facilmente percetível visto que atualmente grande parte do tempo é despendido dentro destes. Muitos esforços têm vindo a ser desenvolvidos como forma de proporcionar que os consumos de energia realizados pela normal utilização dos edifícios venham a ser reduzidos. Neste sentido, o conceito NZEB, surge como o mais recente esforço desenvolvido pela União Europeia, para que o consumo nos edifícios possa vir a diminuir. Este conceito surge numa época relevante, visto que grande parte do património edificado na Europa, e especialmente em Portugal, necessita de ser intervencionado. Estas intervenções, apresentam-se como uma importante ferramenta, visto que será expectável que através delas, o consumo de energia nos edifícios venha a ser diminuído. Numa primeira fase, serão nesta dissertação abordadas temáticas afetas ao consumo de energia no Mundo e na Europa. Para além disso, efetua-se uma exposição de conteúdos ligados aos diversos documentos legislativos que regulam a área da eficiência energética nos edifícios, bem como será efetuada uma especificação muito pormenorizada do conceito NZEB. Seguidamente, proceder-se-á a uma exposição de conteúdos afetos a diversas técnicas construtivas, a diferentes tipos de materiais inovadores e a um conjunto de estratégias passivas, que poderão no contexto de uma reabilitação de um edifício proporcionar uma melhoria do seu desempenho energético. Para que se pudesse aprofundar a aplicabilidade deste conceito NZEB em Portugal, procedeu-se à realização de um estudo a um edifício de serviços em Coimbra. Para a realização deste estudo, elaborou-se, numa primeira fase, uma avaliação muito técnica e pormenorizada a um conjunto de elementos existentes, que possibilitaram a caraterização energética do edifício e a construção de um modelo de simulação do mesmo. Com um conjunto de simulações de sensibilidade, foram definidas um conjunto de propostas de melhoria com vista a estimar a possibilidade de este edifício atingir uma convergência ao conceito NZEB. Com a implementação das medidas de melhoria propostas e simuladas, conseguiu-se atingir uma redução do consumo anual do edifício em cerca de 41%, em relação ao consumo anual de 2013. A contribuição das energias renováveis na redução estimada é cerca de 19%. Desta forma, com a implementação das medidas de melhoria propostas, o edifício passará a apresentar um consumo médio anual de cerca 46 kWh/m2.ano. Este valor representa um passo importante na convergência do edifício para NZEB, e vai ao encontro dos valores que outros países já estabeleceram como referencia para este tipo de edifícios. Abstract: The most recent global concerns revolve about the unsustainable way as the population uses the various existing energy resources. Buildings are responsible for much of the world's energy consumption, a fact easily noticeable since currently most of the time is spent inside them. Many efforts have been developed in order to define how to reduce the energy consumption necessary to guaranteethe normal use of a building. In this sense, the concept NZEB, comes as the latest effort from the European Union, so that consumption in buildings is likely to decrease. This concept comes at a relevant time, since much of the real estate in Europe, and especially in Portugal, are in urgent need to be rehabilitated. The real estate rehabilitation may play an important role in the reduction of energyconsumption. In the first part of this dissertation the overview of energy consumption in the world and in Europe will be addressed. In addition, several legislative documents related to energy efficiency in buildingswill be presented and a more precise specification of the NZEB concept will be developed. Additionally several construction techniques, new innovative materials of different types and a set of passive strategies, will be presented. These techniques, new materials and passive strategies provide an improvement of energy performance in the context of the rehabilitation of a building. In order to really understand the applicability of the NZEB concept in Portugal, the thorough study of a service building located in Coimbra was developed. Therefore and on a first step a very technical and detailed energy characterization of the building was developed, followed by the elaboration of a simulation model, based on an existing and adequate software program. Based on simulation a set of proposals for energy performance improvement were studied. The main objective is to evaluate the possibility of this building to achieve a NZEB performance. With the implementation of the simulated and proposed improvement measures, it was possible to achieve a reduction of 41% of the annual energy consumption of the building when compared to the annual consumption in the year 2013.The contribution of renewable energy in the estimated energy reduction is around 19%. Therefore with the implementation of the proposed improvement measures, the average energy annual consumption will be around 46 kWh/m2.year. This value is consistent with the values that other countries have set as a reference for such buildings.

This report examines how green growth and sustainable development policies can be incorporated into structural reform agendas. Indeed, as demonstrated in the report, many of these policies are closely linked and synergistic with the framework policies applied by G20 governments in their efforts to pursue strong and sustainable growth. The report, has been prepared in response to the request from G20 Finance Ministers and Central Bank Governors in their communication of 25-26 February 2012 that asked the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), with the World Bank and the United Nation (UN), to prepare a report that provides options for G20 countries on inserting green growth and sustainable development policies into structural reform agendas, tailored to specific country conditions and level of development. The report will be an input to the G-20 leader's summit in Los Cabos and provides a toolkit of policy options from which countries may draw-upon when designing their own green growth strategies. The G20 development working group has also tasked the International Organizations with the development of a non-prescriptive toolkit of policy options to support inclusive green growth in the context of sustainable development and poverty eradication in developing countries.

Magistrska naloga, načrtovanje učinkovite in kakovostne sodobne razsvetljave v stavbah, je izdelana z namenom in ciljem prikazati način izbire ustrezne vrste razsvetljave. Pri tem sem upošteval tako energijski kot ergonomski vidik razsvetljave. V nalogi sem zajel in predstavil zakonodajo in standarde, ki obravnavajo to temo, opisal najpogostejše sisteme krmiljenja razsvetljave. Na različnih primerih sistemov krmiljenja razsvetljave v predavalnici in pisarni sta predstavljena indeksa LENI in ELI, katera sta ključnega pomena pri izbiri najugodnejše variante pri razsvetljavi in izvedena je ekonomska analiza posameznih rešitev razsvetljave. Na splošno je, moja ugotovitev, da je predstavljena metoda zelo interesantna, saj poleg standardnih izračunov osvetlitve in dovoljenega maksimalnega nivoja instalirane moči razsvetljave na površino, upošteva določene kriterije veliko bolj natančno in celostno, kot doslej veljavni pravilniki. Master's thesis, the effective and quality designing of modern lighting is written with an aim to show how to select the appropriate type of lighting. In doing so I took the energy and ergonomic aspects of lighting. In master’s thesis I have presented the legislation and standards that address this issue, described the most common lighting control systems. On a different examples of lighting control systems in the classroom and office I have presented LENI and ELI index, which are crucial in choosing the best variant in lighting and conducted the economic analysis of individual solutions of different lighting systems. I have come to the conclusion that the presented method is of interest, because in addition to standard calculations of lighting and maximum allowable level of installed power of lighting per area, the method takes into account certain criteria which are much more accurate and comprehensive, than those which are in current regulations.

Mitigating climate change while addressing development needs will involve a massive scale-up of investments in Renewable Energy (RE) and Energy Efficiency (EE). Most of these climate investments will come from the private sector, which will be the main driver of low-carbon growth in both developing and developed countries, provided that countries have the right investment climate for climate investment. The enabling environment for climate investment in each country depends on a variety of factors. These include macroeconomic determinants such as a functioning bureaucracy and banking system; as well as a narrower set of policy determinants such as renewable energy targets, mandatory standards, preferential power tariffs, waiver of import duties, and other fiscal incentives. While the exact mix of policies, regulations and incentives will depend on country-specific circumstances, the fact that they exist sends the right signal to climate investors, by providing them with legal certainty and lowering their costs and risks. Policies, regulations and incentives also help to level the playing field for climate investors in the face of market realities that tend to favor the continued use of carbon intense energy sources, such as support for fossil fuels and the high costs of renewable energy technologies.

The scope of the present study focuses on the assessment of opportunities to improve the effectiveness of the clean development mechanism (CDM) through the enhanced use of standardization. The study argues that the introduction of the concept of standardized baselines to the CDM can substantially change the way the CDM develops. The goal of the present study is to discuss what the options are for driving the idea of standardization further. The working hypothesis is that baseline standardization alone may not be sufficient in that regard but can be seen as a starting point for improving the CDM through the enhanced use of standardization at other levels of CDM procedures. The study examines how standardization can be used to simplify CDM procedures throughout the project cycle and to extend the scope of the CDM in a way that improves access of underrepresented sectors and regions. The paper is divided into three chapters. The first chapter sets the scene by analyzing in detail procedural imperfections of the CDM that can be addressed through extending standardization to project cycle procedures. The second chapter discusses new opportunities that standardization could provide to the CDM reform. The third chapter of the study analyzes if and how standardization can enable policy-driven actions to generate carbon credits under the CDM. The chapter also assesses the ways standardization can help overcome the remaining barriers to better incorporate the CDM in host countries low carbon development policies, and to inform the development of new market mechanisms.

This issue includes the following headings: renewable energy: wind and solar; energy efficiency: green building; and green finance: infrastructure finance.

The World Bank Group (WBG) has focused on reducing the environmental impacts of its internal operations and improving corporate environmental practices since 2002, when the WBG President announced WBG's commitment to Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR). The objective of this document is to summarize the actions WBG has taken thus far to reduce environmental impacts from internal operations and present an action plan to further integrate sustainability into WBG's internal operations. Although this work focuses on the environmental impact associated with WBG daily operations, the links between WBG policies and actions related to environmental management and the financial/social considerations are significant. The International Finance Corporation (IFC) footprint and World Bank corporate responsibility teams facilitate the sustainability commitment of the WBG and monitor and track its progress. These teams provide technical information and research support to a dedicated group of champions throughout the WBG who implement emission reduction activities. Budget for these activities flows primarily through the environment department, the general services department, and IFC facilities management and administration. The environment department and IFC facilities management each resource one staff member to provide back-up research support and to monitor and report on environmental metrics, with building engineers and managers and project officers from across the WBG contributing.

The purpose of this work was to compare the natural and artificial lighting levels in the conventional and innovative residences of ‘Projeto CASA’ (Center for the Analysis of Alternative Energy Systems) of Unioeste – Cascavel campus. The measures were carried out using a digital light meter, in the several rooms of the residences, at different hours of the day. It was verified that the innovative residence presented a larger uniformity in lighting distribution, being in agreement with the minimum values established in NBR 5413. Este trabalho teve por objetivo comparar os níveis de iluminação natural e artificial nas residências convencional e inovadora do ‘Projeto CASA’ (Centro de Análise de Sistemas Alternativos de Energia) da Unioeste – campus de Cascavel. As medidas foram realizadas com a utilização de um Luxímetro digital, nos diversos cômodos das residências, e em diferentes horas do dia. Como resultado, verificou-se que a residência inovadora apresentou maior uniformidade na distribuição da iluminância, estando seus níveis adequados aos valores mínimos estabelecidos na NBR 5413.

The 2005 Gleneagles G8 summit in July 2005 stimulated a concerted effort of the Multilateral Development Banks (MDBs) to broaden and accelerate programs on access to energy and climate change mitigation and adaptation through the Clean Energy Investment Framework (CEIF). At the Gleneagles summit, it was agreed that a report on the implementation of the CEIF would be prepared for the 2008 G8 (Group of Eight: Canada, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, Russia, the United Kingdom, and the United States) summit hosted by Japan. This joint report of the MDBs to the G8 summit in Hokkaido is intended to provide information on the outcomes and lessons learned under the CEIF, describe the collective MDB objectives for addressing the energy access and climate change challenges, and outline how the MDBs plan to build on the CEIF experience to date to more fully achieve these objectives. The report builds upon the 'the MDBs and the climate change agenda' report that was presented at the December 2007 Bali climate change conference. This report describes actions taken by each MDB to develop climate change strategies and programs of actions tailored to their particular client needs, based on resources and funding mechanisms currently available. Under the CEIF, the MDBs have strengthened collaboration on analytical work and programming and committed to expand this collaboration to optimize the impact of their collective actions. In addition to reporting on the status of the CEIF, this report outlines the collective ambition of the MDBs with respect to assisting the developing countries in meeting the climate change challenge, summarizes their evolving strategies designed to meet these objectives and the mechanisms through which they intend to achieve the necessary collaboration to optimize the collective impact of their climate change interventions.

Energy efficiency is a major strategy to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. Thus, it is being implemented as part of the Kyoto Protocol's Clean Development Mechanism (CDM). Efficient lighting CDM projects claim to alleviate poverty and reduce emissions, while also aiding buyers of Certified Emission Reductions credits (CERs) to meet their abatement targets. Yet, as energy savings calculations do not account for behavioural responses, which cause “rebound effects”, a limited analysis may lead us to be overoptimistic about these projects’ environmental accomplishments. This study estimates the impact of the expenditure of monetary savings (understood as “poverty alleviation”) on the reduction targets of two CDM projects. Results suggest that the projects may, in fact, reduce electricity consumption further than expected; however, in terms of CO2 emissions, results vary. Whereas in one case the effect may not significantly affect the CO2 target, in the other it may compromise around 8% or 19% of it, consequently leading to an overestimation of CERs. A wider perspective of analysis is needed if energy efficient projects are to be held as a “silver bullet”.