260 results on '"De Kauwe, Martin G."'
Search Results
2. Convergence in phosphorus constraints to photosynthesis in forests around the world
- Author
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Ellsworth, David S, Crous, Kristine Y, De Kauwe, Martin G, Verryckt, Lore T, Goll, Daniel, Zaehle, Sönke, Bloomfield, Keith J, Ciais, Philippe, Cernusak, Lucas A, Domingues, Tomas F, Dusenge, Mirindi Eric, Garcia, Sabrina, Guerrieri, Rossella, Ishida, F Yoko, Janssens, Ivan A, Kenzo, Tanaka, Ichie, Tomoaki, Medlyn, Belinda E, Meir, Patrick, Norby, Richard J, Reich, Peter B, Rowland, Lucy, Santiago, Louis S, Sun, Yan, Uddling, Johan, Walker, Anthony P, Weerasinghe, KW Lasantha K, van de Weg, Martine J, Zhang, Yun-Bing, Zhang, Jiao-Lin, and Wright, Ian J
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Carbon ,Forests ,Phosphorus ,Photosynthesis ,Plant Leaves ,Trees - Abstract
Tropical forests take up more carbon (C) from the atmosphere per annum by photosynthesis than any other type of vegetation. Phosphorus (P) limitations to C uptake are paramount for tropical and subtropical forests around the globe. Yet the generality of photosynthesis-P relationships underlying these limitations are in question, and hence are not represented well in terrestrial biosphere models. Here we demonstrate the dependence of photosynthesis and underlying processes on both leaf N and P concentrations. The regulation of photosynthetic capacity by P was similar across four continents. Implementing P constraints in the ORCHIDEE-CNP model, gross photosynthesis was reduced by 36% across the tropics and subtropics relative to traditional N constraints and unlimiting leaf P. Our results provide a quantitative relationship for the P dependence for photosynthesis for the front-end of global terrestrial C models that is consistent with canopy leaf measurements.
- Published
- 2022
3. Disentangling the Regional Climate Impacts of Competing Vegetation Responses to Elevated Atmospheric CO2
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McDermid, Sonali Shukla, Cook, Benjamin I, De Kauwe, Martin G, Mankin, Justin, Smerdon, Jason E, Williams, A Park, Seager, Richard, Puma, Michael J, Aleinov, Igor, Kelley, Maxwell, and Nazarenko, Larissa
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Climate Action ,Clean Water and Sanitation ,Atmospheric Sciences ,Physical Geography and Environmental Geoscience - Abstract
Biophysical vegetation responses to elevated atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) affect regional hydroclimate through two competing mechanisms. Higher CO2 increases leaf area (LAI), thereby increasing transpiration and water losses. Simultaneously, elevated CO2 reduces stomatal conductance and transpiration, thereby increasing rootzone soil moisture. Which mechanism dominates in the future is highly uncertain, partly because these two processes are difficult to explicitly separate within dynamic vegetation models. We address this challenge by using the GISS ModelE global climate model to conduct a novel set of idealized 2×CO2 sensitivity experiments to: evaluate the total vegetation biophysical contribution to regional climate change under high CO2; and quantify the separate contributions of enhanced LAI and reduced stomatal conductance to regional hydroclimate responses. We find that increased LAI exacerbates soil moisture deficits across the sub-tropics and more water-limited regions, but also attenuates warming by ∼0.5-1°C in the US Southwest, Central Asia, Southeast Asia, and northern South America. Reduced stomatal conductance effects contribute ∼1°C of summertime warming. For some regions, enhanced LAI and reduced stomatal conductance produce nonlinear and either competing or mutually amplifying hydroclimate responses. In northeastern Australia, these effects combine to exacerbate radiation-forced warming and contribute to year-round water limitation. Conversely, at higher latitudes these combined effects result in less warming than would otherwise be predicted due to nonlinear responses. These results highlight substantial regional variation in CO2-driven vegetation responses and the importance of improving model representations of these processes to better quantify regional hydroclimate impacts.
- Published
- 2021
4. A reporting format for leaf-level gas exchange data and metadata
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Ely, Kim S, Rogers, Alistair, Agarwal, Deborah A, Ainsworth, Elizabeth A, Albert, Loren P, Ali, Ashehad, Anderson, Jeremiah, Aspinwall, Michael J, Bellasio, Chandra, Bernacchi, Carl, Bonnage, Steve, Buckley, Thomas N, Bunce, James, Burnett, Angela C, Busch, Florian A, Cavanagh, Amanda, Cernusak, Lucas A, Crystal-Ornelas, Robert, Damerow, Joan, Davidson, Kenneth J, De Kauwe, Martin G, Dietze, Michael C, Domingues, Tomas F, Dusenge, Mirindi Eric, Ellsworth, David S, Evans, John R, Gauthier, Paul PG, Gimenez, Bruno O, Gordon, Elizabeth P, Gough, Christopher M, Halbritter, Aud H, Hanson, David T, Heskel, Mary, Hogan, J Aaron, Hupp, Jason R, Jardine, Kolby, Kattge, Jens, Keenan, Trevor, Kromdijk, Johannes, Kumarathunge, Dushan P, Lamour, Julien, Leakey, Andrew DB, LeBauer, David S, Li, Qianyu, Lundgren, Marjorie R, McDowell, Nate, Meacham-Hensold, Katherine, Medlyn, Belinda E, Moore, David JP, Negrón-Juárez, Robinson, Niinemets, Ülo, Osborne, Colin P, Pivovaroff, Alexandria L, Poorter, Hendrik, Reed, Sasha C, Ryu, Youngryel, Sanz-Saez, Alvaro, Schmiege, Stephanie C, Serbin, Shawn P, Sharkey, Thomas D, Slot, Martijn, Smith, Nicholas G, Sonawane, Balasaheb V, South, Paul F, Souza, Daisy C, Stinziano, Joseph Ronald, Stuart-Haëntjens, Ellen, Taylor, Samuel H, Tejera, Mauricio D, Uddling, Johan, Vandvik, Vigdis, Varadharajan, Charuleka, Walker, Anthony P, Walker, Berkley J, Warren, Jeffrey M, Way, Danielle A, Wolfe, Brett T, Wu, Jin, Wullschleger, Stan D, Xu, Chonggang, Yan, Zhengbing, and Yang, Dedi
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Biological Sciences ,Ecology ,Data Science ,Photosynthesis ,Carbon dioxide ,Irradiance ,Data reporting format ,Metadata ,Data standard ,Information and Computing Sciences ,Biological sciences ,Information and computing sciences - Abstract
Leaf-level gas exchange data support the mechanistic understanding of plant fluxes of carbon and water. These fluxes inform our understanding of ecosystem function, are an important constraint on parameterization of terrestrial biosphere models, are necessary to understand the response of plants to global environmental change, and are integral to efforts to improve crop production. Collection of these data using gas analyzers can be both technically challenging and time consuming, and individual studies generally focus on a small range of species, restricted time periods, or limited geographic regions. The high value of these data is exemplified by the many publications that reuse and synthesize gas exchange data, however the lack of metadata and data reporting conventions make full and efficient use of these data difficult. Here we propose a reporting format for leaf-level gas exchange data and metadata to provide guidance to data contributors on how to store data in repositories to maximize their discoverability, facilitate their efficient reuse, and add value to individual datasets. For data users, the reporting format will better allow data repositories to optimize data search and extraction, and more readily integrate similar data into harmonized synthesis products. The reporting format specifies data table variable naming and unit conventions, as well as metadata characterizing experimental conditions and protocols. For common data types that were the focus of this initial version of the reporting format, i.e., survey measurements, dark respiration, carbon dioxide and light response curves, and parameters derived from those measurements, we took a further step of defining required additional data and metadata that would maximize the potential reuse of those data types. To aid data contributors and the development of data ingest tools by data repositories we provided a translation table comparing the outputs of common gas exchange instruments. Extensive consultation with data collectors, data users, instrument manufacturers, and data scientists was undertaken in order to ensure that the reporting format met community needs. The reporting format presented here is intended to form a foundation for future development that will incorporate additional data types and variables as gas exchange systems and measurement approaches advance in the future. The reporting format is published in the U.S. Department of Energy's ESS-DIVE data repository, with documentation and future development efforts being maintained in a version control system.
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- 2021
5. Beyond ecosystem modeling: A roadmap to community cyberinfrastructure for ecological data‐model integration
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Fer, Istem, Gardella, Anthony K, Shiklomanov, Alexey N, Campbell, Eleanor E, Cowdery, Elizabeth M, De Kauwe, Martin G, Desai, Ankur, Duveneck, Matthew J, Fisher, Joshua B, Haynes, Katherine D, Hoffman, Forrest M, Johnston, Miriam R, Kooper, Rob, LeBauer, David S, Mantooth, Joshua, Parton, William J, Poulter, Benjamin, Quaife, Tristan, Raiho, Ann, Schaefer, Kevin, Serbin, Shawn P, Simkins, James, Wilcox, Kevin R, Viskari, Toni, and Dietze, Michael C
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Climate Change Impacts and Adaptation ,Biological Sciences ,Environmental Sciences ,Ecosystem ,Forecasting ,Models ,Theoretical ,accessibility ,benchmarking ,community cyberinfrastructure ,data ,data assimilation ,ecosystem models ,interoperability ,reproducibility ,Ecology ,Biological sciences ,Earth sciences ,Environmental sciences - Abstract
In an era of rapid global change, our ability to understand and predict Earth's natural systems is lagging behind our ability to monitor and measure changes in the biosphere. Bottlenecks to informing models with observations have reduced our capacity to fully exploit the growing volume and variety of available data. Here, we take a critical look at the information infrastructure that connects ecosystem modeling and measurement efforts, and propose a roadmap to community cyberinfrastructure development that can reduce the divisions between empirical research and modeling and accelerate the pace of discovery. A new era of data-model integration requires investment in accessible, scalable, and transparent tools that integrate the expertise of the whole community, including both modelers and empiricists. This roadmap focuses on five key opportunities for community tools: the underlying foundations of community cyberinfrastructure; data ingest; calibration of models to data; model-data benchmarking; and data assimilation and ecological forecasting. This community-driven approach is a key to meeting the pressing needs of science and society in the 21st century.
- Published
- 2021
6. Amazon forest response to CO2 fertilization dependent on plant phosphorus acquisition
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Fleischer, Katrin, Rammig, Anja, De Kauwe, Martin G, Walker, Anthony P, Domingues, Tomas F, Fuchslueger, Lucia, Garcia, Sabrina, Goll, Daniel S, Grandis, Adriana, Jiang, Mingkai, Haverd, Vanessa, Hofhansl, Florian, Holm, Jennifer A, Kruijt, Bart, Leung, Felix, Medlyn, Belinda E, Mercado, Lina M, Norby, Richard J, Pak, Bernard, von Randow, Celso, Quesada, Carlos A, Schaap, Karst J, Valverde-Barrantes, Oscar J, Wang, Ying-Ping, Yang, Xiaojuan, Zaehle, Sönke, Zhu, Qing, and Lapola, David M
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Earth Sciences ,Physical Geography and Environmental Geoscience ,Climate Action ,Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences ,Physical geography and environmental geoscience - Abstract
Global terrestrial models currently predict that the Amazon rainforest will continue to act as a carbon sink in the future, primarily owing to the rising atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) concentration. Soil phosphorus impoverishment in parts of the Amazon basin largely controls its functioning, but the role of phosphorus availability has not been considered in global model ensembles—for example, during the Fifth Climate Model Intercomparison Project. Here we simulate the planned free-air CO2 enrichment experiment AmazonFACE with an ensemble of 14 terrestrial ecosystem models. We show that phosphorus availability reduces the projected CO2-induced biomass carbon growth by about 50% to 79 ± 63 g C m−2 yr−1 over 15 years compared to estimates from carbon and carbon–nitrogen models. Our results suggest that the resilience of the region to climate change may be much less than previously assumed. Variation in the biomass carbon response among the phosphorus-enabled models is considerable, ranging from 5 to 140 g C m−2 yr−1, owing to the contrasting plant phosphorus use and acquisition strategies considered among the models. The Amazon forest response thus depends on the interactions and relative contributions of the phosphorus acquisition and use strategies across individuals, and to what extent these processes can be upregulated under elevated CO2.
- Published
- 2019
7. Observed and modelled historical trends in the water‐use efficiency of plants and ecosystems
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Lavergne, Aliénor, Graven, Heather, De Kauwe, Martin G, Keenan, Trevor F, Medlyn, Belinda E, and Prentice, Iain Colin
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Plant Biology ,Biological Sciences ,Ecology ,Clean Water and Sanitation ,Carbon Dioxide ,Ecosystem ,Photosynthesis ,Plant Leaves ,Plants ,Water ,carbon isotopic discrimination ,eddy-covariance flux ,spatial scales ,stomatal conductance ,trends in water-use efficiency ,vegetation modelling ,Environmental Sciences ,Biological sciences ,Earth sciences ,Environmental sciences - Abstract
Plant water-use efficiency (WUE, the carbon gained through photosynthesis per unit of water lost through transpiration) is a tracer of the plant physiological controls on the exchange of water and carbon dioxide between terrestrial ecosystems and the atmosphere. At the leaf level, rising CO2 concentrations tend to increase carbon uptake (in the absence of other limitations) and to reduce stomatal conductance, both effects leading to an increase in leaf WUE. At the ecosystem level, indirect effects (e.g. increased leaf area index, soil water savings) may amplify or dampen the direct effect of CO2 . Thus, the extent to which changes in leaf WUE translate to changes at the ecosystem scale remains unclear. The differences in the magnitude of increase in leaf versus ecosystem WUE as reported by several studies are much larger than would be expected with current understanding of tree physiology and scaling, indicating unresolved issues. Moreover, current vegetation models produce inconsistent and often unrealistic magnitudes and patterns of variability in leaf and ecosystem WUE, calling for a better assessment of the underlying approaches. Here, we review the causes of variations in observed and modelled historical trends in WUE over the continuum of scales from leaf to ecosystem, including methodological issues, with the aim of elucidating the reasons for discrepancies observed within and across spatial scales. We emphasize that even though physiological responses to changing environmental drivers should be interpreted differently depending on the observational scale, there are large uncertainties in each data set which are often underestimated. Assumptions made by the vegetation models about the main processes influencing WUE strongly impact the modelled historical trends. We provide recommendations for improving long-term observation-based estimates of WUE that will better inform the representation of WUE in vegetation models.
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- 2019
8. Acclimation and adaptation components of the temperature dependence of plant photosynthesis at the global scale
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Kumarathunge, Dushan P, Medlyn, Belinda E, Drake, John E, Tjoelker, Mark G, Aspinwall, Michael J, Battaglia, Michael, Cano, Francisco J, Carter, Kelsey R, Cavaleri, Molly A, Cernusak, Lucas A, Chambers, Jeffrey Q, Crous, Kristine Y, De Kauwe, Martin G, Dillaway, Dylan N, Dreyer, Erwin, Ellsworth, David S, Ghannoum, Oula, Han, Qingmin, Hikosaka, Kouki, Jensen, Anna M, Kelly, Jeff WG, Kruger, Eric L, Mercado, Lina M, Onoda, Yusuke, Reich, Peter B, Rogers, Alistair, Slot, Martijn, Smith, Nicholas G, Tarvainen, Lasse, Tissue, David T, Togashi, Henrique F, Tribuzy, Edgard S, Uddling, Johan, Vårhammar, Angelica, Wallin, Göran, Warren, Jeffrey M, and Way, Danielle A
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Plant Biology ,Biological Sciences ,Environmental Sciences ,Climate Change Impacts and Adaptation ,Climate Action ,Acclimatization ,Carbon Dioxide ,Cell Respiration ,Electron Transport ,Linear Models ,Models ,Biological ,Photosynthesis ,Plant Leaves ,Plants ,Ribulose-Bisphosphate Carboxylase ,Temperature ,AC(i) curves ,climate of origin ,global vegetation models ,growth temperature ,J(max) ,maximum carboxylation capacity ,maximum electron transport rate ,V-cmax ,J max ,V cmax ,ACi curves ,Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences ,Plant Biology & Botany ,Plant biology ,Climate change impacts and adaptation ,Ecological applications - Abstract
The temperature response of photosynthesis is one of the key factors determining predicted responses to warming in global vegetation models (GVMs). The response may vary geographically, owing to genetic adaptation to climate, and temporally, as a result of acclimation to changes in ambient temperature. Our goal was to develop a robust quantitative global model representing acclimation and adaptation of photosynthetic temperature responses. We quantified and modelled key mechanisms responsible for photosynthetic temperature acclimation and adaptation using a global dataset of photosynthetic CO2 response curves, including data from 141 C3 species from tropical rainforest to Arctic tundra. We separated temperature acclimation and adaptation processes by considering seasonal and common-garden datasets, respectively. The observed global variation in the temperature optimum of photosynthesis was primarily explained by biochemical limitations to photosynthesis, rather than stomatal conductance or respiration. We found acclimation to growth temperature to be a stronger driver of this variation than adaptation to temperature at climate of origin. We developed a summary model to represent photosynthetic temperature responses and showed that it predicted the observed global variation in optimal temperatures with high accuracy. This novel algorithm should enable improved prediction of the function of global ecosystems in a warming climate.
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- 2019
9. Decadal biomass increment in early secondary succession woody ecosystems is increased by CO2 enrichment.
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Walker, Anthony P, De Kauwe, Martin G, Medlyn, Belinda E, Zaehle, Sönke, Iversen, Colleen M, Asao, Shinichi, Guenet, Bertrand, Harper, Anna, Hickler, Thomas, Hungate, Bruce A, Jain, Atul K, Luo, Yiqi, Lu, Xingjie, Lu, Meng, Luus, Kristina, Megonigal, J Patrick, Oren, Ram, Ryan, Edmund, Shu, Shijie, Talhelm, Alan, Wang, Ying-Ping, Warren, Jeffrey M, Werner, Christian, Xia, Jianyang, Yang, Bai, Zak, Donald R, and Norby, Richard J
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Trees ,Carbon Dioxide ,Ecosystem ,Biomass ,Climate ,Photosynthesis ,Wood - Abstract
Increasing atmospheric CO2 stimulates photosynthesis which can increase net primary production (NPP), but at longer timescales may not necessarily increase plant biomass. Here we analyse the four decade-long CO2-enrichment experiments in woody ecosystems that measured total NPP and biomass. CO2 enrichment increased biomass increment by 1.05 ± 0.26 kg C m-2 over a full decade, a 29.1 ± 11.7% stimulation of biomass gain in these early-secondary-succession temperate ecosystems. This response is predictable by combining the CO2 response of NPP (0.16 ± 0.03 kg C m-2 y-1) and the CO2-independent, linear slope between biomass increment and cumulative NPP (0.55 ± 0.17). An ensemble of terrestrial ecosystem models fail to predict both terms correctly. Allocation to wood was a driver of across-site, and across-model, response variability and together with CO2-independence of biomass retention highlights the value of understanding drivers of wood allocation under ambient conditions to correctly interpret and predict CO2 responses.
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- 2019
10. How do groundwater dynamics influence heatwaves in southeast Australia?
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Mu, Mengyuan, Pitman, Andrew J., De Kauwe, Martin G., Ukkola, Anna M., and Ge, Jun
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- 2022
- Full Text
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11. Assessing the potential for crop albedo enhancement in reducing heatwave frequency, duration, and intensity under future climate change
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Kala, Jatin, Hirsch, Annette L., Ziehn, Tilo, Perkins-Kirkpatrick, Sarah E., De Kauwe, Martin G., and Pitman, Andy
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- 2022
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12. Xylem embolism refilling and resilience against drought‐induced mortality in woody plants: processes and trade‐offs
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Klein, Tamir, Zeppel, Melanie JB, Anderegg, William RL, Bloemen, Jasper, De Kauwe, Martin G, Hudson, Patrick, Ruehr, Nadine K, Powell, Thomas L, von Arx, Georg, and Nardini, Andrea
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Plant Biology ,Biological Sciences ,Ecology ,Hydraulic conductivity ,Plant hydraulics ,Plant water relations ,Recovery ,Repair ,Plant Biology & Botany ,Environmental Sciences ,Biological sciences ,Environmental sciences - Abstract
Understanding which species are able to recover from drought, under what conditions, and the mechanistic processes involved, will facilitate predictions of plant mortality in response to global change. In response to drought, some species die because of embolism-induced hydraulic failure, whilst others are able to avoid mortality and recover, following rehydration. Several tree species have evolved strategies to avoid embolism, whereas others tolerate high embolism rates but can recover their hydraulic functioning upon drought relief. Here, we focus on structures and processes that might allow some plants to recover from drought stress via embolism reversal. We provide insights into how embolism repair may have evolved, anatomical and physiological features that facilitate this process, and describe possible trade-offs and related costs. Recent controversies on methods used for estimating embolism formation/repair are also discussed, providing some methodological suggestions. Although controversial, embolism repair processes are apparently based on the activity of phloem and ray/axial parenchyma. The mechanism is energetically demanding, and the costs to plants include metabolism and transport of soluble sugars, water and inorganic ions. We propose that embolism repair should be considered as a possible component of a ‘hydraulic efficiency-safety’ spectrum. We also advance a framework for vegetation models, describing how vulnerability curves may change in hydrodynamic model formulations for plants that recover from embolism.
- Published
- 2018
13. Plant profit maximization improves predictions of European forest responses to drought
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Sabot, Manon E. B., De Kauwe, Martin G., Pitman, Andy J., Medlyn, Belinda E., Verhoef, Anne, Ukkola, Anna M., and Abramowitz, Gab
- Published
- 2020
14. The impact of alternative trait‐scaling hypotheses for the maximum photosynthetic carboxylation rate (Vcmax) on global gross primary production
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Walker, Anthony P, Quaife, Tristan, van Bodegom, Peter M, De Kauwe, Martin G, Keenan, Trevor F, Joiner, Joanna, Lomas, Mark R, MacBean, Natasha, Xu, Chongang, Yang, Xiaojuan, and Woodward, F Ian
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Plant Biology ,Biological Sciences ,Ecology ,Carbon Cycle ,Carbon Dioxide ,Internationality ,Models ,Biological ,Photosynthesis ,Plant Development ,Principal Component Analysis ,Quantitative Trait ,Heritable ,Seasons ,Temperature ,assumption-centred modelling ,co-ordination hypothesis ,Dynamic Global Vegetation Model ,gross primary production ,modelling photosynthesis ,plant functional traits ,terrestrial carbon cycle ,trait-based modelling ,Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences ,Plant Biology & Botany ,Plant biology ,Climate change impacts and adaptation ,Ecological applications - Abstract
The maximum photosynthetic carboxylation rate (Vcmax ) is an influential plant trait that has multiple scaling hypotheses, which is a source of uncertainty in predictive understanding of global gross primary production (GPP). Four trait-scaling hypotheses (plant functional type, nutrient limitation, environmental filtering, and plant plasticity) with nine specific implementations were used to predict global Vcmax distributions and their impact on global GPP in the Sheffield Dynamic Global Vegetation Model (SDGVM). Global GPP varied from 108.1 to 128.2 PgC yr-1 , 65% of the range of a recent model intercomparison of global GPP. The variation in GPP propagated through to a 27% coefficient of variation in net biome productivity (NBP). All hypotheses produced global GPP that was highly correlated (r = 0.85-0.91) with three proxies of global GPP. Plant functional type-based nutrient limitation, underpinned by a core SDGVM hypothesis that plant nitrogen (N) status is inversely related to increasing costs of N acquisition with increasing soil carbon, adequately reproduced global GPP distributions. Further improvement could be achieved with accurate representation of water sensitivity and agriculture in SDGVM. Mismatch between environmental filtering (the most data-driven hypothesis) and GPP suggested that greater effort is needed understand Vcmax variation in the field, particularly in northern latitudes.
- Published
- 2017
15. Evaluation of 30 urban land surface models in the Urban-PLUMBER project : Phase 1 results
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Lipson, Mathew J., Grimmond, Sue, Best, Martin, Abramowitz, Gab, Coutts, Andrew, Tapper, Nigel, Baik, Jong Jin, Beyers, Meiring, Blunn, Lewis, Boussetta, Souhail, Bou-Zeid, Elie, De Kauwe, Martin G., de Munck, Cécile, Demuzere, Matthias, Fatichi, Simone, Fortuniak, Krzysztof, Han, Beom Soon, Hendry, Margaret A., Kikegawa, Yukihiro, Kondo, Hiroaki, Lee, Doo Il, Lee, Sang Hyun, Lemonsu, Aude, Machado, Tiago, Manoli, Gabriele, Martilli, Alberto, Masson, Valéry, McNorton, Joe, Meili, Naika, Meyer, David, Nice, Kerry A., Oleson, Keith W., Park, Seung Bu, Roth, Michael, Schoetter, Robert, Simón-Moral, Andrés, Steeneveld, Gert Jan, Sun, Ting, Takane, Yuya, Thatcher, Marcus, Tsiringakis, Aristofanis, Varentsov, Mikhail, Wang, Chenghao, Wang, Zhi Hua, Pitman, Andy J., Lipson, Mathew J., Grimmond, Sue, Best, Martin, Abramowitz, Gab, Coutts, Andrew, Tapper, Nigel, Baik, Jong Jin, Beyers, Meiring, Blunn, Lewis, Boussetta, Souhail, Bou-Zeid, Elie, De Kauwe, Martin G., de Munck, Cécile, Demuzere, Matthias, Fatichi, Simone, Fortuniak, Krzysztof, Han, Beom Soon, Hendry, Margaret A., Kikegawa, Yukihiro, Kondo, Hiroaki, Lee, Doo Il, Lee, Sang Hyun, Lemonsu, Aude, Machado, Tiago, Manoli, Gabriele, Martilli, Alberto, Masson, Valéry, McNorton, Joe, Meili, Naika, Meyer, David, Nice, Kerry A., Oleson, Keith W., Park, Seung Bu, Roth, Michael, Schoetter, Robert, Simón-Moral, Andrés, Steeneveld, Gert Jan, Sun, Ting, Takane, Yuya, Thatcher, Marcus, Tsiringakis, Aristofanis, Varentsov, Mikhail, Wang, Chenghao, Wang, Zhi Hua, and Pitman, Andy J.
- Abstract
Accurately predicting weather and climate in cities is critical for safeguarding human health and strengthening urban resilience. Multimodel evaluations can lead to model improvements; however, there have been no major intercomparisons of urban-focussed land surface models in over a decade. Here, in Phase 1 of the Urban-PLUMBER project, we evaluate the ability of 30 land surface models to simulate surface energy fluxes critical to atmospheric meteorological and air quality simulations. We establish minimum and upper performance expectations for participating models using simple information-limited models as benchmarks. Compared with the last major model intercomparison at the same site, we find broad improvement in the current cohort's predictions of short-wave radiation, sensible and latent heat fluxes, but little or no improvement in long-wave radiation and momentum fluxes. Models with a simple urban representation (e.g., ‘slab’ schemes) generally perform well, particularly when combined with sophisticated hydrological/vegetation models. Some mid-complexity models (e.g., ‘canyon’ schemes) also perform well, indicating efforts to integrate vegetation and hydrology processes have paid dividends. The most complex models that resolve three-dimensional interactions between buildings in general did not perform as well as other categories. However, these models also tended to have the simplest representations of hydrology and vegetation. Models without any urban representation (i.e., vegetation-only land surface models) performed poorly for latent heat fluxes, and reasonably for other energy fluxes at this suburban site. Our analysis identified widespread human errors in initial submissions that substantially affected model performances. Although significant efforts are applied to correct these errors, we conclude that human factors are likely to influence results in this (or any) model intercomparison, particularly where participating scientists have varying experience
- Published
- 2024
16. CORRESPONDENCE: Satellite based estimates underestimate the effect of CO2 fertilization on net primary productivity
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De Kauwe, Martin G, Keenan, Trevor F, Medlyn, Belinda E, Prentice, I Colin, and Terrer, Cesar
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Atmospheric Sciences ,Physical Geography and Environmental Geoscience ,Environmental Science and Management - Published
- 2016
17. Satellite based estimates underestimate the effect of CO2 fertilization on net primary productivity
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De Kauwe, Martin G, Keenan, Trevor F, Medlyn, Belinda E, Prentice, I Colin, and Terrer, Cesar
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Atmospheric Sciences ,Physical Geography and Environmental Geoscience ,Environmental Science and Management - Published
- 2016
18. Are Plant Functional Types Fit for Purpose?
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Cranko Page, Jon, primary, Abramowitz, Gab, additional, De Kauwe, Martin. G., additional, and Pitman, Andy J., additional
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- 2023
- Full Text
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19. Desiccation time during drought is highly predictable across species of Eucalyptus from contrasting climates
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Blackman, Chris J., Li, Ximeng, Choat, Brendan, Rymer, Paul D., De Kauwe, Martin G., Duursma, Remko A., Tissue, David T., and Medlyn, Belinda E.
- Published
- 2019
20. The Nonradiative Effect Dominates Local Surface Temperature Change Caused by Afforestation in China
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Ge, Jun, Guo, Weidong, Pitman, Andrew J., De Kauwe, Martin G., Chen, Xuelong, and Fu, Congbin
- Published
- 2019
21. The fate of carbon in a mature forest under carbon dioxide enrichment
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Jiang, Mingkai, Medlyn, Belinda E., Drake, John E., Duursma, Remko A., Anderson, Ian C., Barton, Craig V. M., Boer, Matthias M., Carrillo, Yolima, Castañeda-Gómez, Laura, Collins, Luke, Crous, Kristine Y., De Kauwe, Martin G., dos Santos, Bruna M., Emmerson, Kathryn M., Facey, Sarah L., Gherlenda, Andrew N., Gimeno, Teresa E., Hasegawa, Shun, Johnson, Scott N., Kännaste, Astrid, Macdonald, Catriona A., Mahmud, Kashif, Moore, Ben D., Nazaries, Loïc, Neilson, Elizabeth H. J., Nielsen, Uffe N., Niinemets, Ülo, Noh, Nam Jin, Ochoa-Hueso, Raúl, Pathare, Varsha S., Pendall, Elise, Pihlblad, Johanna, Piñeiro, Juan, Powell, Jeff R., Power, Sally A., Reich, Peter B., Renchon, Alexandre A., Riegler, Markus, Rinnan, Riikka, Rymer, Paul D., Salomón, Roberto L., Singh, Brajesh K., Smith, Benjamin, Tjoelker, Mark G., Walker, Jennifer K. M., Wujeska-Klause, Agnieszka, Yang, Jinyan, Zaehle, Sönke, and Ellsworth, David S.
- Published
- 2020
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
22. Burn Severity and Post‐Fire Weather Are Key to Predicting Time‐To‐Recover From Australian Forest Fires.
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Rifai, Sami W., De Kauwe, Martin G., Gallagher, Rachael V., Cernusak, Lucas A., Meir, Patrick, and Pitman, Andy J.
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WILDFIRES ,FOREST fires ,WILDFIRE prevention ,LEAF area index ,FIRE management ,LEAF area ,FOREST canopies ,WEATHER - Abstract
Climate change has accelerated the frequency of catastrophic wildfires; however, the drivers that control the time‐to‐recover of forests are poorly understood. We integrated remotely sensed data, climate records, and landscape features to identify the causes of variability in the time‐to‐recover of canopy leaf area in southeast Australian eucalypt forests. Approximately 97% of all observed burns between 2001 and 2014 recovered to a pre‐fire leaf area index (±0.25 sd) within six years. Time‐to‐recover was highly variable within individual wildfires (ranging between ≤1 and ≥5 years), across burn seasons (90% longer January to September), and year of fire (median time‐to‐recover varying four‐fold across fire years). We used the logistic growth function to estimate the leaf area recovery rate, burn severity, and the long‐term carrying capacity of leaf area. Time‐to‐recover was most correlated with the leaf area recovery rate. The leaf area recovery rate was largest in areas that experienced high burn severity, and smallest in areas of intermediate to low burn severity. The leaf area recovery rate was also strongly accelerated by anomalously high post‐fire precipitation, and delayed by post‐fire drought. Finally we developed a predictive machine‐learning model of time‐to‐recover (R2: 0.68). Despite the exceptionally high burn severity of the 2019–2020 Australian megafires, we forecast the time‐to‐recover to be only 15% longer than the average of previous fire years. Plain Language Summary: Australian eucalypt forests have evolved different strategies to recover from fire. While the meteorological drivers of bushfire are reasonably well understood, the various processes explaining how long a forest takes to recover from fire are not. We investigated a range of static (landscape) and dynamic (vegetation condition or meteorological) factors that could influence how long a forest's canopy leaf area would take to recover from fire. "Time‐to‐recover" after fire is highly variable, ranging from less than 1 year to more than 5 years even within an individual burn location. More intense fires cause greater forest canopy damage and generally (but not always) lead to longer recovery times, whereas wetter conditions after the fire can accelerate recovery. Using these factors and others, we developed a model capable of predicting the time‐to‐recover and applied it to the 2019–2020 Australian megafires. Our analysis suggests the canopy damage caused by these fires was far more severe than fires in years prior. This would normally lead to a prolonged time‐to‐recover, however we predict that anomalously high rainfall in the year following the fires will shorten recovery time, compensating for the high burn severity. Ultimately we predict the time‐to‐recover will be only slightly longer than average. Key Points: Pre‐fire leaf area, burn severity, and post‐fire meteorological conditions combine to determine time‐to‐recover after fireLarge geographic variation in time‐to‐recover can be explained by mean climate and landscape differencesTime‐to‐recover can be predicted with high accuracy using information limited to the first year following fire [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2024
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23. Opening Pandora's box: reducing global circulation model uncertainty in Australian simulations of the carbon cycle
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Teckentrup, Lina, primary, De Kauwe, Martin G., additional, Abramowitz, Gab, additional, Pitman, Andrew J., additional, Ukkola, Anna M., additional, Hobeichi, Sanaa, additional, François, Bastien, additional, and Smith, Benjamin, additional
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- 2023
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24. Are Plant Functional Types Fit for Purpose?
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Cranko Page, Jon, Abramowitz, Gab, De Kauwe, Martin. G., and Pitman, Andy J.
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ANALYTICAL skills ,RANDOM forest algorithms ,MACHINE learning ,LAND use ,METEOROLOGICAL charts ,LAND cover - Abstract
For over 40 years, Plant Functional Types (PFTs) have been used to discretize the ∼400,000 species of terrestrial plants into "similar" classes. Within Earth System Models (ESMs), PFTs simplify terrestrial biosphere modeling in combination with soil information and other site characteristics. However, in flux analysis studies, PFT schemes are often implemented as the sole analytical lens to clarify complex behavior. This usage assumes that PFTs adequately enable a mapping between climate inputs and flux outputs. Here, we show that random forest models, trained using aggregated climate and flux measurements from 245 eddy‐covariance sites, cannot accurately predict PFT groupings, regardless of the nature of the PFT scheme. Similarly, PFTs provide negligible benefit when using site climate to predict site flux regimes and vice versa. While use of PFT classifications is convenient, our results suggest they do not aid analytical skill, which has important implications for future terrestrial flux studies. Plain Language Summary: To understand how the land surface behaves, we often divide plants into a small number (20 or less) of "similar" groups, such as evergreen forests, or grasslands, known as Plant Functional Types (PFTs). The idea is that landscapes with similar large‐scale characteristics will behave in the same way. In land surface models, these PFT groups determine how the simulated plants react to the climate in combination with soil information and other characteristics, yet analysis of observations often use PFT groups alone to try to explain variations in results between different experimental sites. We use machine learning to show that while PFTs might be visually compelling, they do not necessarily represent behavior groupings and might actually hide real world behavior if used for analysis. As such, we suggest that future studies instead try to look at more specific site characteristics when trying to explain analysis results. Key Points: Plant Functional Types (PFTs), as often used in land flux studies, are not easily empirically associated with site climate and/or flux regimesA broad selection of alternative vegetation/land cover classifications do not offer greater predictabilityThe disconnect between PFTs and climate/flux regimes has implications for modeling and analysis of terrestrial systems [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2024
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25. When things get MESI : The Manipulation Experiments Synthesis Initiative—A coordinated effort to synthesize terrestrial global change experiments
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Van Sundert, Kevin, Leuzinger, Sebastian, Bader, Martin K.-F., Chang, Scott X., De Kauwe, Martin G., Dukes, Jeffrey S., Langley, J. Adam, Ma, Zilong, Mariën, Bertold, Reynaert, Simon, Ru, Jingyi, Song, Jian, Stocker, Benjamin, Terrer, César, Thoresen, Joshua, Vanuytrecht, Eline, Wan, Shiqiang, Yue, Kai, Vicca, Sara, Van Sundert, Kevin, Leuzinger, Sebastian, Bader, Martin K.-F., Chang, Scott X., De Kauwe, Martin G., Dukes, Jeffrey S., Langley, J. Adam, Ma, Zilong, Mariën, Bertold, Reynaert, Simon, Ru, Jingyi, Song, Jian, Stocker, Benjamin, Terrer, César, Thoresen, Joshua, Vanuytrecht, Eline, Wan, Shiqiang, Yue, Kai, and Vicca, Sara
- Abstract
Responses of the terrestrial biosphere to rapidly changing environmental conditions are a major source of uncertainty in climate projections. In an effort to reduce this uncertainty, a wide range of global change experiments have been conducted that mimic future conditions in terrestrial ecosystems, manipulating CO2, temperature, and nutrient and water availability. Syntheses of results across experiments provide a more general sense of ecosystem responses to global change, and help to discern the influence of background conditions such as climate and vegetation type in determining global change responses. Several independent syntheses of published data have yielded distinct databases for specific objectives. Such parallel, uncoordinated initiatives carry the risk of producing redundant data collection efforts and have led to contrasting outcomes without clarifying the underlying reason for divergence. These problems could be avoided by creating a publicly available, updatable, curated database. Here, we report on a global effort to collect and curate 57,089 treatment responses across 3644 manipulation experiments at 1145 sites, simulating elevated CO2, warming, nutrient addition, and precipitation changes. In the resulting Manipulation Experiments Synthesis Initiative (MESI) database, effects of experimental global change drivers on carbon and nutrient cycles are included, as well as ancillary data such as background climate, vegetation type, treatment magnitude, duration, and, unique to our database, measured soil properties. Our analysis of the database indicates that most experiments are short term (one or few growing seasons), conducted in the USA, Europe, or China, and that the most abundantly reported variable is aboveground biomass. We provide the most comprehensive multifactor global change database to date, enabling the research community to tackle open research questions, vital to global policymaking. The MESI database, freely accessible at doi.org/10.528
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- 2023
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26. Evaluating the vegetation–atmosphere coupling strength of ORCHIDEE land surface model (v7266)
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Zhang, Yuan, primary, Narayanappa, Devaraju, additional, Ciais, Philippe, additional, Li, Wei, additional, Goll, Daniel, additional, Vuichard, Nicolas, additional, De Kauwe, Martin G., additional, Li, Laurent, additional, and Maignan, Fabienne, additional
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- 2022
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27. Quantifying Land Surface Temperature Variability for Two Sahelian Mesoscale Regions during the Wet Season
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De Kauwe, Martin G., Taylor, Christopher M., Harris, Philip P., Weedon, Graham P., and Ellis, Richard. J.
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- 2013
28. Corrigendum to “Assessing the potential for crop albedo enhancement in reducing heatwave frequency, duration, and intensity under future climate change” [Weather Clim. Extrem. 35 (2022) 100415]
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Kala, Jatin, Hirsch, Annette L., Ziehn, Tilo, Perkins-Kirkpatrick, Sarah E., De Kauwe, Martin G., and Pitman, Andy
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- 2022
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29. Bridge to the future: Important lessons from 20 years of ecosystem observations made by the OzFlux network
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Beringer, Jason, Moore, Caitlin E., Cleverly, Jamie, Campbell, David I., Cleugh, Helen, De Kauwe, Martin G., Kirschbaum, Miko U. F., Griebel, Anne, Grover, Sam, Huete, Alfredo, Hutley, Lindsay B., Laubach, Johannes, Van Niel, Tom, Arndt, Stefan K., Bennett, Alison C., Cernusak, Lucas A., Eamus, Derek, Ewenz, Cacilia M., Goodrich, Jordan P., Jiang, Mingkai, Hinko-Najera, Nina, Isaac, Peter, Hobeichi, Sanaa, Knauer, Jürgen, Koerber, Georgia R., Liddell, Michael, Ma, Xuanlong, Macfarlane, Craig, McHugh, Ian D., Medlyn, Belinda E., Meyer, Wayne S., Norton, Alexander J., Owens, Jyoteshna, Pitman, Andy, Pendall, Elise, Prober, Suzanne M., Ray, Ram L., Restrepo-Coupe, Natalia, Rifai, Sami W., Rowlings, David, Schipper, Louis, Silberstein, Richard P., Teckentrup, Lina, Thompson, Sally E., Ukkola, Anna M., Wall, Aaron, Wang, Ying-Ping, Wardlaw, Tim J., Woodgate, William, Beringer, Jason, Moore, Caitlin E., Cleverly, Jamie, Campbell, David I., Cleugh, Helen, De Kauwe, Martin G., Kirschbaum, Miko U. F., Griebel, Anne, Grover, Sam, Huete, Alfredo, Hutley, Lindsay B., Laubach, Johannes, Van Niel, Tom, Arndt, Stefan K., Bennett, Alison C., Cernusak, Lucas A., Eamus, Derek, Ewenz, Cacilia M., Goodrich, Jordan P., Jiang, Mingkai, Hinko-Najera, Nina, Isaac, Peter, Hobeichi, Sanaa, Knauer, Jürgen, Koerber, Georgia R., Liddell, Michael, Ma, Xuanlong, Macfarlane, Craig, McHugh, Ian D., Medlyn, Belinda E., Meyer, Wayne S., Norton, Alexander J., Owens, Jyoteshna, Pitman, Andy, Pendall, Elise, Prober, Suzanne M., Ray, Ram L., Restrepo-Coupe, Natalia, Rifai, Sami W., Rowlings, David, Schipper, Louis, Silberstein, Richard P., Teckentrup, Lina, Thompson, Sally E., Ukkola, Anna M., Wall, Aaron, Wang, Ying-Ping, Wardlaw, Tim J., and Woodgate, William
- Abstract
In 2020, the Australian and New Zealand flux research and monitoring network, OzFlux, celebrated its 20th anniversary by reflecting on the lessons learned through two decades of ecosystem studies on global change biology. OzFlux is a network not only for ecosystem researchers, but also for those ‘next users’ of the knowledge, information and data that such networks provide. Here, we focus on eight lessons across topics of climate change and variability, disturbance and resilience, drought and heat stress and synergies with remote sensing and modelling. In distilling the key lessons learned, we also identify where further research is needed to fill knowledge gaps and improve the utility and relevance of the outputs from OzFlux. Extreme climate variability across Australia and New Zealand (droughts and flooding rains) provides a natural laboratory for a global understanding of ecosystems in this time of accelerating climate change. As evidence of worsening global fire risk emerges, the natural ability of these ecosystems to recover from disturbances, such as fire and cyclones, provides lessons on adaptation and resilience to disturbance. Drought and heatwaves are common occurrences across large parts of the region and can tip an ecosystem's carbon budget from a net CO2 sink to a net CO2 source. Despite such responses to stress, ecosystems at OzFlux sites show their resilience to climate variability by rapidly pivoting back to a strong carbon sink upon the return of favourable conditions. Located in under-represented areas, OzFlux data have the potential for reducing uncertainties in global remote sensing products, and these data provide several opportunities to develop new theories and improve our ecosystem models. The accumulated impacts of these lessons over the last 20 years highlights the value of long-term flux observations for natural and managed systems. A future vision for OzFlux includes ongoing and newly developed synergies with ecophysiologists, ecologists
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- 2022
30. Climate and land surface models: role of soil
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Marthews, Toby Richard, Lange, Holger, Martínez-de la Torre, Alberto, Ellis, Richard J., Chadburn, Sarah E., De Kauwe, Martin G., Marthews, Toby Richard, Lange, Holger, Martínez-de la Torre, Alberto, Ellis, Richard J., Chadburn, Sarah E., and De Kauwe, Martin G.
- Abstract
The role of soil in current climate models is reviewed and discussed, with a focus on developments over the last two decades. Soil modeling may be divided into three major parts: simulation of soil hydrological dynamics, soil biogeochemistry and the soil thermal environment. Each of these three major parts is summarized with a brief description of current best practice and developments. Specific issues and modifications relevant to four extreme environments are highlighted: drylands, tropical moist and wet forests, cold regions, and peatlands and wetlands. Finally, current advances in the areas of hyperresolution and coupled model environments are discussed, which we see as the two leading edges of current soil model development. This is an update of Smith, P. (2005). Climate models, role of soil. In Daniel Hillel (ed.), Encyclopedia of soils in the environment (pp 262-268). Amsterdam: Academic Press. ISBN 9780123485304.
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- 2022
31. Mechanisms of woody-plant mortality under rising drought, CO2 and vapour pressure deficit
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McDowell, Nate G., Sapes, Gerard, Pivovaroff, Alexandria, Adams, Henry D., Allen, Craig D., Anderegg, William R. L., Arend, Matthias, Breshears, David D., Brodribb, Tim, Choat, Brendan, Cochard, Herve, De Caceres, Miquel, De Kauwe, Martin G., Grossiord, Charlotte, Hammond, William M., Hartmann, Henrik, Hoch, Gunter, Kahmen, Ansgar, Klein, Tamir, Mackay, D. Scott, Mantova, Marylou, Martinez-Vilalta, Jordi, Medlyn, Belinda E., Mencuccini, Maurizio, Nardini, Andrea, Oliveira, Rafael S., Sala, Anna, Tissue, David T., Torres-Ruiz, Jose M., Trowbridge, Amy M., Trugman, Anna T., Wiley, Erin, Xu, Chonggang, McDowell, Nate G., Sapes, Gerard, Pivovaroff, Alexandria, Adams, Henry D., Allen, Craig D., Anderegg, William R. L., Arend, Matthias, Breshears, David D., Brodribb, Tim, Choat, Brendan, Cochard, Herve, De Caceres, Miquel, De Kauwe, Martin G., Grossiord, Charlotte, Hammond, William M., Hartmann, Henrik, Hoch, Gunter, Kahmen, Ansgar, Klein, Tamir, Mackay, D. Scott, Mantova, Marylou, Martinez-Vilalta, Jordi, Medlyn, Belinda E., Mencuccini, Maurizio, Nardini, Andrea, Oliveira, Rafael S., Sala, Anna, Tissue, David T., Torres-Ruiz, Jose M., Trowbridge, Amy M., Trugman, Anna T., Wiley, Erin, and Xu, Chonggang
- Abstract
Drought-associated woody-plant mortality has been increasing in most regions with multi-decadal records and is projected to increase in the future, impacting terrestrial climate forcing, biodiversity and resource availability. The mechanisms underlying such mortality, however, are debated, owing to complex interactions between the drivers and the processes. In this Review, we synthesize knowledge of drought-related tree mortality under a warming and drying atmosphere with rising atmospheric CO2. Drought-associated mortality results from water and carbon depletion and declines in their fluxes relative to demand by living tissues. These pools and fluxes are interdependent and underlay plant defences against biotic agents. Death via failure to maintain a positive water balance is particularly dependent on soil-to-root conductance, capacitance, vulnerability to hydraulic failure, cuticular water losses and dehydration tolerance, all of which could be exacerbated by reduced carbon supply rates to support cellular survival or the carbon starvation process. The depletion of plant water and carbon pools is accelerated under rising vapour pressure deficit, but increasing CO2 can mitigate these impacts. Advancing knowledge and reducing predictive uncertainties requires the integration of carbon, water and defensive processes, and the use of a range of experimental and modelling approaches., Enhanced drought frequency and magnitude have impacted tree mortality, leading to multiple examples of regional-scale dieback. This Review outlines the mechanisms leading to mortality, including carbon starvation and hydraulic failure.
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- 2022
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32. Associated results of Phase 1 of the Urban-PLUMBER model evaluation project
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Lipson, Mathew, Grimmond, Sue, Best, Martin, Abramowitz, Gab, Coutts, Andrew, Tapper, Nigel, Baik, Jong-Jin, Beyers, Meiring, Blunn, Lewis, Boussetta, Souhail, bou-Zeid, Elie, De Kauwe, Martin G., de Munck, Cécile, Demuzere, Matthias, Fatichi, Simone, Fortuniak, Krzysztof, Han, Beom-Soon, Hendry, Maggie, Kikegawa, Yukihiro, Kondo, Hiroaki, Lee, Doo-Il, Lee, Sang-Hyun, Lemonsu, Aude, Machado, Tiago, Manoli, Gabriele, Martilli, Alberto, Masson, Valéry, McNorton, Joe, Meili, Naika, Meyer, David, Nice, Kerry A., Oleson, Keith W., Park, Seung-Bu, Roth, Michael, Schoetter, Robert, Simon, Andres, Steeneveld, Gert-Jan, Sun, Ting, Takane, Yuya, Thatche, Marcus, Tsiringakis, Aristofanis, Varentsov, Mikhail, Wang, Chenghao, Wang, Zhi-Hua, Lipson, Mathew, Grimmond, Sue, Best, Martin, Abramowitz, Gab, Coutts, Andrew, Tapper, Nigel, Baik, Jong-Jin, Beyers, Meiring, Blunn, Lewis, Boussetta, Souhail, bou-Zeid, Elie, De Kauwe, Martin G., de Munck, Cécile, Demuzere, Matthias, Fatichi, Simone, Fortuniak, Krzysztof, Han, Beom-Soon, Hendry, Maggie, Kikegawa, Yukihiro, Kondo, Hiroaki, Lee, Doo-Il, Lee, Sang-Hyun, Lemonsu, Aude, Machado, Tiago, Manoli, Gabriele, Martilli, Alberto, Masson, Valéry, McNorton, Joe, Meili, Naika, Meyer, David, Nice, Kerry A., Oleson, Keith W., Park, Seung-Bu, Roth, Michael, Schoetter, Robert, Simon, Andres, Steeneveld, Gert-Jan, Sun, Ting, Takane, Yuya, Thatche, Marcus, Tsiringakis, Aristofanis, Varentsov, Mikhail, Wang, Chenghao, and Wang, Zhi-Hua
- Abstract
Archive of: https://urban-plumber.github.io/AU-Preston/plots/ Files in this folder are associated with the manuscript: “Evaluation of 30 urban land surface models in the Urban-PLUMBER project: Phase 1 results” Files are an archive of the website https://urban-plumber.github.io/AU-Preston/plots/ as of 2nd December 2022. Use of any data must give credit through citation of the above manuscript, the data repository, and other site references as appropriate. Corresponding author: Mathew Lipson (mathew.lipson@bom.gov.au) Usage Load the "index.html" to navigate through plots and results subpages Description These files include results from Phase 1 of the Urban-PLUMBER model evaluation project for urban areas. Data includes: - individual model results (error metrics) and submission metadata - individual model plots (timeseries, subsets, energy closure, distributions) - collective timeseries for every submitted output in the baseline experiment - collective timeseries for every submitted output in the detailed experiment - supplementary material for the manuscript - variable definitions Authors Mathew Lipson, Sue Grimmond, Martin Best, Gab Abramowitz, Andrew Coutts, Nigel Tapper, Jong-Jin Baik, Meiring Beyers, Lewis Blunn, Souhail Boussetta, Elie Bou-Zeid, Martin G. De Kauwe, Cécile de Munck, Matthias Demuzere, Simone Fatichi, Krzysztof Fortuniak, Beom-Soon Han, Maggie Hendry, Yukihiro Kikegawa, Hiroaki Kondo, Doo-Il Lee, Sang-Hyun Lee, Aude Lemonsu, Tiago Machado, Gabriele Manoli, Alberto Martilli, Valéry Masson, Joe McNorton, Naika Meili, David Meyer, Kerry A. Nice, Keith W. Oleson, Seung-Bu Park32, Michael Roth33, Robert Schoetter34, Andres Simon35, Gert-Jan Steeneveld, Ting Sun, Yuya Takane, Marcus Thatcher, Aristofanis Tsiringakis, Mikhail Varentsov, Chenghao Wang, Zhi-Hua Wang
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- 2022
33. The Impact of Alternative Trait-Scaling Hypotheses for the Maximum Photosynthetic Carboxylation Rate (V (sub cmax)) on Global Gross Primary Production
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Walker, Anthony P, Quaife, Tristan, Van Bodegom, Peter M, De Kauwe, Martin G, Keenan, Trevor F, Joiner, Joanna, Lomas, Mark R, MacBean, Natasha, Xu, Chongang, Yang, Xiaojuan, and Woodward, F. Ian
- Subjects
Life Sciences (General) ,Earth Resources And Remote Sensing - Abstract
The maximum photosynthetic carboxylation rate (V (sub cmax)) is an influential plant trait that has multiple scaling hypotheses, which is a source of uncertainty in predictive understanding of global gross primary production (GPP). Four trait-scaling hypotheses (plant functional type, nutrient limitation, environmental filtering, and plant plasticity) with nine specific implementations were used to predict global V(sub cmax) distributions and their impact on global GPP in the Sheffield Dynamic Global Vegetation Model (SDGVM). Global GPP varied from 108.1 to 128.2 petagrams of Carbon (PgC) per year, 65 percent of the range of a recent model intercomparison of global GPP. The variation in GPP propagated through to a 27percent coefficient of variation in net biome productivity (NBP). All hypotheses produced global GPP that was highly correlated (r equals 0.85-0.91) with three proxies of global GPP. Plant functional type-based nutrient limitation, underpinned by a core SDGVM hypothesis that plant nitrogen (N) status is inversely related to increasing costs of N acquisition with increasing soil carbon, adequately reproduced global GPP distributions. Further improvement could be achieved with accurate representation of water sensitivity and agriculture in SDGVM. Mismatch between environmental filtering (the most data-driven hypothesis) and GPP suggested that greater effort is needed understand V(sub cmax) variation in the field, particularly in northern latitudes.
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- 2017
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34. Towards species‐level forecasts of drought‐induced tree mortality risk
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De Kauwe, Martin G., primary, Sabot, Manon E. B., additional, Medlyn, Belinda E., additional, Pitman, Andrew J., additional, Meir, Patrick, additional, Cernusak, Lucas A., additional, Gallagher, Rachael V., additional, Ukkola, Anna M., additional, Rifai, Sami W., additional, and Choat, Brendan, additional
- Published
- 2022
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35. Examining the role of environmental memory in the predictability of carbon and water fluxes across Australian ecosystems
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Cranko Page, Jon, primary, De Kauwe, Martin G., additional, Abramowitz, Gab, additional, Cleverly, Jamie, additional, Hinko-Najera, Nina, additional, Hovenden, Mark J., additional, Liu, Yao, additional, Pitman, Andy J., additional, and Ogle, Kiona, additional
- Published
- 2022
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36. One Stomatal Model to Rule Them All? Toward Improved Representation of Carbon and Water Exchange in Global Models
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Sabot, Manon E. B., primary, De Kauwe, Martin G., additional, Pitman, Andy J., additional, Medlyn, Belinda E., additional, Ellsworth, David S., additional, Martin‐StPaul, Nicolas K., additional, Wu, Jin, additional, Choat, Brendan, additional, Limousin, Jean‐Marc, additional, Mitchell, Patrick J., additional, Rogers, Alistair, additional, and Serbin, Shawn P., additional
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- 2022
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37. Decoupling between ecosystem photosynthesis and transpiration: a last resort against overheating
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Krich, Christopher, primary, Mahecha, Miguel D, additional, Migliavacca, Mirco, additional, De Kauwe, Martin G, additional, Griebel, Anne, additional, Runge, Jakob, additional, and Miralles, Diego G, additional
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- 2022
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38. A flux tower dataset tailored for land model evaluation
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Ukkola, Anna M., primary, Abramowitz, Gab, additional, and De Kauwe, Martin G., additional
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- 2022
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39. Temperature responses of photosynthesis and respiration in evergreen trees from boreal to tropical latitudes
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Crous, Kristine Y., primary, Uddling, Johan, additional, and De Kauwe, Martin G., additional
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- 2022
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40. Thirty-eight years of CO<sub>2</sub> fertilization has outpaced growing aridity to drive greening of Australian woody ecosystems
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Rifai, Sami W., primary, De Kauwe, Martin G., additional, Ukkola, Anna M., additional, Cernusak, Lucas A., additional, Meir, Patrick, additional, Medlyn, Belinda E., additional, and Pitman, Andy J., additional
- Published
- 2022
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41. Red light shines a path forward on leaf minimum conductance
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Cernusak, Lucas A., primary and De Kauwe, Martin G., additional
- Published
- 2021
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42. Assessing the representation of the Australian carbon cycle in global vegetation models
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Teckentrup, Lina, primary, De Kauwe, Martin G., additional, Pitman, Andrew J., additional, Goll, Daniel S., additional, Haverd, Vanessa, additional, Jain, Atul K., additional, Joetzjer, Emilie, additional, Kato, Etsushi, additional, Lienert, Sebastian, additional, Lombardozzi, Danica, additional, McGuire, Patrick C., additional, Melton, Joe R., additional, Nabel, Julia E. M. S., additional, Pongratz, Julia, additional, Sitch, Stephen, additional, Walker, Anthony P., additional, and Zaehle, Sönke, additional
- Published
- 2021
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43. Exploring how groundwater buffers the influence of heatwaves on vegetation function during multi-year droughts
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Mu, Mengyuan, primary, De Kauwe, Martin G., additional, Ukkola, Anna M., additional, Pitman, Andy J., additional, Guo, Weidong, additional, Hobeichi, Sanaa, additional, and Briggs, Peter R., additional
- Published
- 2021
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44. To what extent can rising [CO 2 ] ameliorate plant drought stress?
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De Kauwe, Martin G., primary, Medlyn, Belinda E., additional, and Tissue, David T., additional
- Published
- 2021
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45. Improvement of modeling plant responses to low soil moisture in JULESvn4.9 and evaluation against flux tower measurements
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Harper, Anna B., primary, Williams, Karina E., additional, McGuire, Patrick C., additional, Duran Rojas, Maria Carolina, additional, Hemming, Debbie, additional, Verhoef, Anne, additional, Huntingford, Chris, additional, Rowland, Lucy, additional, Marthews, Toby, additional, Breder Eller, Cleiton, additional, Mathison, Camilla, additional, Nobrega, Rodolfo L. B., additional, Gedney, Nicola, additional, Vidale, Pier Luigi, additional, Otu-Larbi, Fred, additional, Pandey, Divya, additional, Garrigues, Sebastien, additional, Wright, Azin, additional, Slevin, Darren, additional, De Kauwe, Martin G., additional, Blyth, Eleanor, additional, Ardö, Jonas, additional, Black, Andrew, additional, Bonal, Damien, additional, Buchmann, Nina, additional, Burban, Benoit, additional, Fuchs, Kathrin, additional, de Grandcourt, Agnès, additional, Mammarella, Ivan, additional, Merbold, Lutz, additional, Montagnani, Leonardo, additional, Nouvellon, Yann, additional, Restrepo-Coupe, Natalia, additional, and Wohlfahrt, Georg, additional
- Published
- 2021
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46. Integrating the evidence for a terrestrial carbon sink caused by increasing atmospheric CO2
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Walker, Anthony P., De Kauwe, Martin G., Bastos, Ana, Belmecheri, Soumaya, Georgiou, Katerina, Keeling, Ralph F., McMahon, Sean M., Medlyn, Belinda E., Moore, David J. P., Norby, Richard J., Zaehle, Söenke, Anderson-Teixeira, Kristina J., Battipaglia, Giovanna, Brienen, Roel J. W., Cabugao, Kristine G., Cailleret, Maxime, Campbell, Elliott, Canadell, Josep G., Ciais, Philippe, Craig, Matthew E., Ellsworth, David S., Farquhar, Graham D., Fatichi, Simone, Fisher, Joshua B., Frank, David C., Graven, Heather, Gu, Lianhong, Haverd, Vanessa, Heilman, Kelly, Heimann, Martin, Hungate, Bruce A., Iversen, Colleen M., Joos, Fortunat, Jiang, Mingkai, Keenan, Trevor F., Knauer, Jürgen, Körner, Christian, Leshyk, Victor O., Leuzinger, Sebastian, Liu, Yao, MacBean, Natasha, Malhi, Yadvinder, McVicar, Tim R., Penuelas, Josep, Pongratz, Julia, Powell, A. Shafer, Riutta, Terhi, Sabot, Manon E. B., Schleucher, Jürgen, Sitch, Stephen, Smith, William K., Sulman, Benjamin, Taylor, Benton, Terrer, César, Torn, Margaret S., Treseder, Kathleen K., Trugman, Anna T., Trumbore, Susan E., van Mantgem, Phillip J., Voelker, Steve L., Whelan, Mary E., Zuidema, Pieter A., Walker, Anthony P., De Kauwe, Martin G., Bastos, Ana, Belmecheri, Soumaya, Georgiou, Katerina, Keeling, Ralph F., McMahon, Sean M., Medlyn, Belinda E., Moore, David J. P., Norby, Richard J., Zaehle, Söenke, Anderson-Teixeira, Kristina J., Battipaglia, Giovanna, Brienen, Roel J. W., Cabugao, Kristine G., Cailleret, Maxime, Campbell, Elliott, Canadell, Josep G., Ciais, Philippe, Craig, Matthew E., Ellsworth, David S., Farquhar, Graham D., Fatichi, Simone, Fisher, Joshua B., Frank, David C., Graven, Heather, Gu, Lianhong, Haverd, Vanessa, Heilman, Kelly, Heimann, Martin, Hungate, Bruce A., Iversen, Colleen M., Joos, Fortunat, Jiang, Mingkai, Keenan, Trevor F., Knauer, Jürgen, Körner, Christian, Leshyk, Victor O., Leuzinger, Sebastian, Liu, Yao, MacBean, Natasha, Malhi, Yadvinder, McVicar, Tim R., Penuelas, Josep, Pongratz, Julia, Powell, A. Shafer, Riutta, Terhi, Sabot, Manon E. B., Schleucher, Jürgen, Sitch, Stephen, Smith, William K., Sulman, Benjamin, Taylor, Benton, Terrer, César, Torn, Margaret S., Treseder, Kathleen K., Trugman, Anna T., Trumbore, Susan E., van Mantgem, Phillip J., Voelker, Steve L., Whelan, Mary E., and Zuidema, Pieter A.
- Abstract
Atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration ([CO2]) is increasing, which increases leaf‐scale photosynthesis and intrinsic water‐use efficiency. These direct responses have the potential to increase plant growth, vegetation biomass, and soil organic matter; transferring carbon from the atmosphere into terrestrial ecosystems (a carbon sink). A substantial global terrestrial carbon sink would slow the rate of [CO2] increase and thus climate change. However, ecosystem CO2 responses are complex or confounded by concurrent changes in multiple agents of global change and evidence for a [CO2]‐driven terrestrial carbon sink can appear contradictory. Here we synthesize theory and broad, multidisciplinary evidence for the effects of increasing [CO2] (iCO2) on the global terrestrial carbon sink. Evidence suggests a substantial increase in global photosynthesis since pre‐industrial times. Established theory, supported by experiments, indicates that iCO2 is likely responsible for about half of the increase. Global carbon budgeting, atmospheric data, and forest inventories indicate a historical carbon sink, and these apparent iCO2 responses are high in comparison to experiments and predictions from theory. Plant mortality and soil carbon iCO2 responses are highly uncertain. In conclusion, a range of evidence supports a positive terrestrial carbon sink in response to iCO2, albeit with uncertain magnitude and strong suggestion of a role for additional agents of global change.
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- 2021
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47. Advances in land surface modelling
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Blyth, Eleanor M., Arora, Vivek K., Clark, Douglas B., Dadson, Simon J., De Kauwe, Martin G., Lawrence, David M., Melton, Joe R., Pongratz, Julia, Turton, Rachael H., Yoshimura, Kei, Yuan, Hua, Blyth, Eleanor M., Arora, Vivek K., Clark, Douglas B., Dadson, Simon J., De Kauwe, Martin G., Lawrence, David M., Melton, Joe R., Pongratz, Julia, Turton, Rachael H., Yoshimura, Kei, and Yuan, Hua
- Abstract
Land surface models have an increasing scope. Initially designed to capture the feedbacks between the land and the atmosphere as part of weather and climate prediction, they are now used as a critical tool in the urgent need to inform policy about land-use and water-use management in a world that is changing physically and economically. This paper outlines the way that models have evolved through this change of purpose and what might the future hold. It highlights the importance of distinguishing between advances in the science within the modelling components, with the advances of how to represent their interaction. This latter aspect of modelling is often overlooked but will increasingly manifest as an issue as the complexity of the system, the time and space scales of the system being modelled increase. These increases are due to technology, data availability and the urgency and range of the problems being studied.
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- 2021
48. Improvement of modeling plant responses to low soil moisture in JULESvn4.9 and evaluation against flux tower measurements
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Harper, Anna B., Williams, Karina E., McGuire, Patrick C., Duran Rojas, Maria Carolina, Hemming, Debbie, Verhoef, Anna, Huntingford, Chris, Rowland, Lucy, Marthews, Toby, Breder Eller, Cleiton, Mathison, Camilla, Nobrega, Rodolfo L. B., Gedney, Nicola, Vidale, Pier Luigi, Otu-Larbi, Fred, Pandey, Divya, Garrigues, Sebastien, Wright, Azin, Slevin, Darren, De Kauwe, Martin G., Blyth, Eleanor, Ardö, Jonas, Black, Andrew, Bonal, Damien, Buchmann, Nina, Burban, Benoit, Fuchs, Kathrin, De Grandcourt, Agnès, Mammarella, Ivan, Merbold, Lutz, Montagnani, Leonardo, Nouvellon, Yann, Restrepo-Coupe, Natalia, Wohlfahrt, Georg, Harper, Anna B., Williams, Karina E., McGuire, Patrick C., Duran Rojas, Maria Carolina, Hemming, Debbie, Verhoef, Anna, Huntingford, Chris, Rowland, Lucy, Marthews, Toby, Breder Eller, Cleiton, Mathison, Camilla, Nobrega, Rodolfo L. B., Gedney, Nicola, Vidale, Pier Luigi, Otu-Larbi, Fred, Pandey, Divya, Garrigues, Sebastien, Wright, Azin, Slevin, Darren, De Kauwe, Martin G., Blyth, Eleanor, Ardö, Jonas, Black, Andrew, Bonal, Damien, Buchmann, Nina, Burban, Benoit, Fuchs, Kathrin, De Grandcourt, Agnès, Mammarella, Ivan, Merbold, Lutz, Montagnani, Leonardo, Nouvellon, Yann, Restrepo-Coupe, Natalia, and Wohlfahrt, Georg
- Abstract
Drought is predicted to increase in the future due to climate change, bringing with it myriad impacts on ecosystems. Plants respond to drier soils by reducing stomatal conductance in order to conserve water and avoid hydraulic damage. Despite the importance of plant drought responses for the global carbon cycle and local and regional climate feedbacks, land surface models are unable to capture observed plant responses to soil moisture stress. We assessed the impact of soil moisture stress on simulated gross primary productivity (GPP) and latent energy flux (LE) in the Joint UK Land Environment Simulator (JULES) vn4.9 on seasonal and annual timescales and evaluated 10 different representations of soil moisture stress in the model. For the default configuration, GPP was more realistic in temperate biome sites than in the tropics or high-latitude (cold-region) sites, while LE was best simulated in temperate and high-latitude (cold) sites. Errors that were not due to soil moisture stress, possibly linked to phenology, contributed to model biases for GPP in tropical savanna and deciduous forest sites. We found that three alternative approaches to calculating soil moisture stress produced more realistic results than the default parameterization for most biomes and climates. All of these involved increasing the number of soil layers from 4 to 14 and the soil depth from 3.0 to 10.8 m. In addition, we found improvements when soil matric potential replaced volumetric water content in the stress equation (the “soil14_psi” experiments), when the critical threshold value for inducing soil moisture stress was reduced (“soil14_p0”), and when plants were able to access soil moisture in deeper soil layers (“soil14_dr*2”). For LE, the biases were highest in the default configuration in temperate mixed forests, with overestimation occurring during most of the year. At these sites, reducing soil moisture stress (with the new parameterizations mentioned above) increased LE and increased
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- 2021
49. A reporting format for leaf-level gas exchange data and metadata
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Ely, Kim S., Rogers, Alistair, Agarwal, Deborah A., Ainsworth, Elizabeth A., Albert, Loren P., Ali, Ashehad, Anderson, Jeremiah, Aspinwall, Michael J., Bellasio, Chandra, Bernacchi, Carl, Bonnage, Steve, Buckley, Thomas N., Bunce, James, Burnett, Angela C., Busch, Florian A., Cavanagh, Amanda, Cernusak, Lucas A., Crystal-Ornelas, Robert, Damerow, Joan, Davidson, Kenneth J., De Kauwe, Martin G., Dietze, Michael C., Domingues, Tomas F., Dusenge, Mirindi Eric, Ellsworth, David S., Evans, John R., Gauthier, Paul P.G., Gimenez, Bruno O., Gordon, Elizabeth P., Gough, Christopher M., Halbritter, Aud H., Hanson, David T., Heskel, Mary, Hogan, J. Aaron, Hupp, Jason R., Jardine, Kolby, Kattge, Jens, Keenan, Trevor, Kromdijk, Johannes, Kumarathunge, Dushan P., Ely, Kim S., Rogers, Alistair, Agarwal, Deborah A., Ainsworth, Elizabeth A., Albert, Loren P., Ali, Ashehad, Anderson, Jeremiah, Aspinwall, Michael J., Bellasio, Chandra, Bernacchi, Carl, Bonnage, Steve, Buckley, Thomas N., Bunce, James, Burnett, Angela C., Busch, Florian A., Cavanagh, Amanda, Cernusak, Lucas A., Crystal-Ornelas, Robert, Damerow, Joan, Davidson, Kenneth J., De Kauwe, Martin G., Dietze, Michael C., Domingues, Tomas F., Dusenge, Mirindi Eric, Ellsworth, David S., Evans, John R., Gauthier, Paul P.G., Gimenez, Bruno O., Gordon, Elizabeth P., Gough, Christopher M., Halbritter, Aud H., Hanson, David T., Heskel, Mary, Hogan, J. Aaron, Hupp, Jason R., Jardine, Kolby, Kattge, Jens, Keenan, Trevor, Kromdijk, Johannes, and Kumarathunge, Dushan P.
- Abstract
Leaf-level gas exchange data support the mechanistic understanding of plant fluxes of carbon and water. These fluxes inform our understanding of ecosystem function, are an important constraint on parameterization of terrestrial biosphere models, are necessary to understand the response of plants to global environmental change, and are integral to efforts to improve crop production. Collection of these data using gas analyzers can be both technically challenging and time consuming, and individual studies generally focus on a small range of species, restricted time periods, or limited geographic regions. The high value of these data is exemplified by the many publications that reuse and synthesize gas exchange data, however the lack of metadata and data reporting conventions make full and efficient use of these data difficult. Here we propose a reporting format for leaf-level gas exchange data and metadata to provide guidance to data contributors on how to store data in repositories to maximize their discoverability, facilitate their efficient reuse, and add value to individual datasets. For data users, the reporting format will better allow data repositories to optimize data search and extraction, and more readily integrate similar data into harmonized synthesis products. The reporting format specifies data table variable naming and unit conventions, as well as metadata characterizing experimental conditions and protocols. For common data types that were the focus of this initial version of the reporting format, i.e., survey measurements, dark respiration, carbon dioxide and light response curves, and parameters derived from those measurements, we took a further step of defining required additional data and metadata that would maximize the potential reuse of those data types. To aid data contributors and the development of data ingest tools by data repositories we provided a translation table comparing the outputs of common gas exchange instruments. Extensive consult
- Published
- 2021
50. Opening Pandora's box: How to constrain regional projections of the carbon cycle.
- Author
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Teckentrup, Lina, De Kauwe, Martin G., Abramowitz, Gab, Pitman, Andrew J., Ukkola, Anna M., Hobeichi, Sanaa, François, Bastien, and Smith, Benjamin
- Subjects
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GENERAL circulation model , *ECOSYSTEMS , *RANDOM forest algorithms , *CARBON cycle - Abstract
Climate projections from global circulation models (GCMs) part of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP6) are often employed to study the impact of future climate on ecosystems. However, especially at regional scales, climate projections display large biases in key forcing variables such as temperature and precipitation, which hamper predictive capacity. In this study we examine different methods to constrain regional projections of the carbon cycle in Australia. We employ a 5 dynamic global vegetation model (LPJ-GUESS) and force it with raw output from CMIP6 to assess the uncertainty associated with the choice of climate forcing. We then test different methods to either bias correct or calculate ensemble averages over the original forcing data to constrain the uncertainty in the regional projection of the Australian carbon cycle. We find that all bias correction methods reduce the bias of continental averages of steady-state carbon variables. Carbon pools are insensitive to the type of bias correction method applied for both individual GCMs and the arithmetic ensemble average across all corrected models. None of the bias correction methods consistently improve the change in carbon over time, highlighting the need to account for temporal properties in correction or ensemble averaging methods. Some bias correction methods reduce the ensemble uncertainty more than others. The vegetation distribution can depend on the bias correction method used. We further find that both the weighted ensemble averaging and random forest approach reduce the bias in total ecosystem carbon to almost zero, clearly outperforming the arithmetic ensemble averaging method. The random forest approach also produces the results closest to the target dataset for the change in the total carbon pool, seasonal carbon fluxes, emphasizing that machine learning approaches are promising tools for future studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
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