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The cubic phase of Magnesium oxide (MgO) nanoparticles is synthesized by the sol-gel method. The nanoparticles were subjected to annealing at 500∘C to enable stress and strain analysis. Characterization of the annealed nanoparticles was performed using powder X-ray diffraction (XRD). Through analysis of the XRD peak profile, key properties, such as crystallite size, lattice strain, deformation stress, and deformation energy density, were determined. These parameters were estimated using three models such as the Williamson–Hall-Isotropic Strain Model (W-H-ISM), the Williamson–Hall-Anisotropic Strain Model (W-H-ASM), and the Williamson–Hall-Energy Density Model (W-H-EDM). The estimations were based on the W-H plot derived from the powder XRD data. The findings of this study contribute to a better understanding of the structural and mechanical characteristics of annealed MgO nanoparticles, thus informing their potential applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, Gadolinium (Gd3+) substituted Co–Cu–Cr (CCC) SFs with the chemical formula Co 0.5 Cu 0.5 Cr 0.5 Gd x Fe 1.5-x O 4 (x = 0.00, 0.05, 0.10, 0.15, and 0.20) were synthesized via the self-combustion process. The single-phase matrix of the Gd3+ substituted CCC SFs was verified using X-ray diffraction (XRD). The crystallite size (D) of Gd3+ doped CCC SFs was reduced from 51.20 nm to 36.27 nm with increasing Gd3+ doping. The addition of Gd3+ in the CCC SFs lattice enhanced specific surface area (S) from 22.11 cm2/g to 28.57 cm2/g. The energy bandgap (E g) was increased from 4.83 eV to 5.40 eV and revealed an inverse relation with crystallite size. The tangent loss (tan δ), dielectric loss (ε ″), dielectric constant (ε ′), and ac conductivity (σ a c ) of Gd3+ doped CCC SFs exhibit frequency-dependent behaviour. The behaviour of these dielectric properties has been analyzed using both Koop's theory and the Maxwell-Wagner model. Moreover, it was found that the ε ′ was enhanced, while σ a c and tan δ w as reduced with the doping of Gd3+ in CCC SFs. The saturation magnetization and microwave operating frequency were increased with the doping of Gd3+ in CCC SFs. Because of their diverse dielectric and magnetic properties, the Gd3+ doped CCC SFs have considerable potential for different applications, including microwave absorption materials, switching high-frequency devices, and microwave frequency-operating devices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigates the magnetic response of Ho3+ doped Ni 0.4 Cu 0.6 Ho y Fe 2-y O 4 (y = 0.0, 0.02, 0.04, 0.06, and 0.08) spinel ferrites (SFs) and their correlation with crystallite size. The synthesis was achieved using a sol-gel auto-combustion (SGAC) route and performed different characterizations, including X-ray diffraction (XRD), Scanning electron microscope (SEM), Energy dispersive x-ray (EDX), Inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-AES), and vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM) analysis. The cubic spinel phase was verified via XRD in pure NCF and Ho3+ doped NCF samples. The lattice constant (a) was improved from 8.344 Å to 8.378 Å. The substitution of Ho3+ ions led to a decrease in porosity from 42.22 % to 39.54 %. The introduction of Ho3+ ions also reduced the crystallite size (D) from 37.05 nm to 27.72 nm. The specific surface area (S) was increased from 27.44 g/cm2 to 36.14 g/cm2 with the doping of Ho3+. The average particle size (D S) was decreased from 54 nm to 35 nm. The EDX and ICP-AES analyses confirmed the good agreement with the theoretical composition. The VSM measurements provided insights into their magnetic properties. Furthermore, the doping of Ho3+ ions enhanced coercivity (H C), while reducing saturation magnetization (M S) from 64.35 emu/g to 16.22 emu/g. The decrease in crystalline anisotropy (K) observed at higher concentrations of Ho3+ may result from the increase in coercivity, potentially attributable to the smaller crystallite size of the single-domain SFs particles. The single-phase matrix and their magnetic behaviour showed that the Ho3+ doped Ni–Cu SFs samples are suitable for high-frequency applications. [Display omitted] • Ni 0.4 Cu 0.6 Ho y Fe 2-y O 4 was prepared via the sol-gel auto-combustion technique. • The crystallite size was the minimum (27.72 nm) for the y = 0.08 (NCHF4) sample. • The sample has y = 0.08 (NCHF4) and contains maximum coercivity (1031.44 Oe). • The sample has y = 0.08 (NCHF4) and is best-suitable for high-frequency applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recent research in solid-state physics and materials engineering focuses on the development of new dielectric materials, with bismuth-based pyrochlores being already extensively applied in communications technology for their excellent dielectric properties and relatively low sintering temperatures. Herein, the structural, morphological, electrical, and magnetic properties of Bi1.34Fe0.66Nb1.34O6.35 ceramic, prepared by the sol–gel method and sintered at 500 °C, are investigated. The Rietveld refinement of the XRD pattern showed a cubic phase belonging to the space group Fd-3m and a crystallite size of 42 nm. Transmission electron microscopy further confirmed the crystallite size and the homogeneous distribution of Bi, Fe, Nb, and O elements, as evidenced by high-angle annular dark field imaging and STEM-EDX mapping. The morphology of the sample, assessed by scanning electron microscopy, is characterized by submicron-sized spherical particles. Dielectric spectroscopic studies revealed that the dielectric properties, strongly influenced by frequency and temperature, indicate the material's potential for energy storage due to lower dielectric loss compared to the dielectric constant. The observed relaxation phenomena, confirmed through variations in dielectric loss and loss tangent, highlight the influence of grain boundaries and temperature on electron hopping and charge carrier dynamics. Using SQUID magnetometry, we identified two distinct magnetic phases. The primary phase, corresponding to the Bi1.34Fe0.66Nb1.34O6.35 ceramic, exhibits an antiferromagnetic behavior below its Néel temperature at around 8.8 K. A secondary high-Curie temperature ferrimagnetic phase, likely vestigial maghemite and/or magnetite, was also detected, indicating an estimated fraction below 0.02 wt.%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work focuses on the detailed crystal structure and dielectric properties of LaCrO3 and Ni-doped LaCrO3 (LaCr 0. 9 Ni 0. 1 O 3) compounds. Both the samples were synthesized via the auto-combustion route. The orthorhombic crystal structure with Pbnm space group of both the synthesized samples was confirmed using X-ray diffraction measurements. The average crystallite size of LaCr 0. 9 Ni 0. 1 O3compound is 52.71 nm which was determined from the Debye Scherrer formula. In Ni-doped LaCrO3compound, the formation of Cr 4 + ions at the octahedral sites affects the dielectric properties. Enhancement in AC conductivity in LaCr 0. 9 Ni 0. 1 O3 compound is due to the hopping of charge carriers in the material. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The sol-gel self-combustion technique was applied to form Cd–Co-based La-doped (Cd 0.5 Co 0.5 La x Fe 2-x O 4) spinel ferrite nanoparticles. A series of six samples was synthesized by varying lanthanum content from x = 0.00 to 0.20. The structural characteristics of the prepared nanoparticles were carried out using X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis. The (311) plane verified that the prepared nanomaterials are in the spinel phase in all observed XRD patterns. The crystallite size for each sample was determined using the Scherrer formula found in the 8.7–17.8 nm range, which is well correlated with the SSP model. The crystallite size decreased while the lattice constant increased from 8.38 to 8.45 Å with increasing La-content. The increasing trend in the bulk density and X-ray density has been analyzed with the effects of La3+ contents. In Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), the high-frequency absorption band (υ 1) was found from 522.15 to 541.06 cm−1, whereas the low-frequency band (υ 2) varied from 419.80 to 414.31 cm−1. The surface morphology was carried out by scanning electron microscope (SEM), which positively correlated with XRD analysis. Impedance analyzer (IA) assisted in observing the variations in complex dielectric properties of the compound in the frequency range from 1 MHz to 3 GHz. The dielectric constant and impedance plots depicted that the nano ferrites have good dielectric properties in low-frequency regions due contribution of polarization. While conduction can be made possible in the high-frequency areas as observed through AC conductivity. The electric modulus revealed the relaxation phenomenon at high frequency due to the hopping of electrons at the octa and tetrahedral sites. The magnetic properties were investigated to study the impact of La3+ ion under the applied magnetic field from −15 to 15 kOe. The saturation magnetization, and magnetic remanence were found from 40.6 to 27.7 emu/g and 19.6 to 2.7 emu/g, respectively. The synthesized nanoparticles can be utilized for microwave applications and magnetic storage devices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

a -axis-oriented AlN(100) films are identified as promising candidates for surface acoustic wave devices owing to their high transversal-acoustic velocity. Achieving uniform films across a wafer scale is crucial for enhancing device performance and minimizing manufacturing costs. In this study, we employ radio-frequency magnetron sputtering to deposit AlN(100) films on 2-in Si(100) wafers. We further examine the influence of various process parameters on the nonuniformity of film thickness and structural properties, including crystallite size, microstrain, and dislocation density. The optimization of parameters leads to the selection of a gas flow ratio of N 2 :Ar = 4:7, a sputtering power of 160 W, and a substrate temperature of 350 °C. Under these optimized conditions, the AlN films not only demonstrate a preferred (100) orientation and remarkable crystallinity, as indicated by a full width at half maximum of the X-ray diffraction peak of just 0.03°, but also achieve an optimal film thickness nonuniformity of 1.66 %. Our results offer valuable insights for the wafer-scale fabrication of AlN(100) films, potentially enhancing industrial production yields and reducing costs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nanocrystalline NiFe thin films of 11 μm thickness have been deposited on Cu wire using an electrochemical technique in galvanostatic mode with a sodium gluconate (SG) additive in the plating solution. The SG concentration is systematically varied from 0 g/L to 80 g/L, which results in a substantial enhancement in the soft magnetic characteristics and magnetoimpedance (MI) ratio of the plated wire across a broad frequency spectrum, specifically attributed to the optimal inclusion of SG at 55 g/L. The observed improvements in magnetic softness and MI ratio are linked to the reduction in crystalline size and surface roughness and modifications in the microstructure influenced by the SG additive in the electroplating bath. Furthermore, an equivalence between experimental impedance data and the theoretical framework based on the analytical model of circumferential permeability is outlined to extract the material parameters of the permalloy magnetic films. These extracted parameters play a pivotal role, enabling a comprehensive understanding of the variation in the MI ratio as well as circumferential permeability of the thin films as a function of the SG additive concentration in the plating bath. The intricate association observed between the MI ratio and circumferential permeability suggests that the amplification of the MI ratio resulting from the inclusion of SG is linked primarily to enhancements in circumferential permeability and the incorporation of magnetic softness. Thus, the present work offers both a theoretical and experimental framework for future research in advanced MI-based devices for magnetic sensing applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Graphene nanoplatelets (GNPs) and spinel ferrites (SFs) composites enhance their properties and enable multifunctional applications, ranging from electronics to environmental and biomedical fields. This study investigates the Ni 0.4 Cd 0.6 Fe 2 O 4 /x-GNPs (x = 0 %, 2.5 %, and 5 %) [ NCF/0%GNPs, NCF/2.5%GNPs, and NCF/5%GNPs ] composites prepared via sol-gel auto combustion (SGAC) synthesis and their enhanced magneto-dielectric characteristics. XRD analysis confirmed the formation of a single-phase spinel matrix of NCF/GNPs composites and observed that the crystallite size (D) was enhanced from 22.8 nm to 33.6 nm with the increasing concentration of GNPs. Moreover, the bandgap energy (E g) was reduced with the incorporation of GNPs in the NCF sample. The dielectric constant and tangent loss were enhanced with the addition of GNPs in the NCF spinel lattice. The saturation magnetization and microwave operating frequency were reduced from 97.42 emu/g to 55.13 emu/g and 21.49 GHz–11.97 GHz, respectively, while the coercivity was observed to increase from 92.66 Oe to 263 Oe with the incorporation of GNPs in the NCF lattice. The study highlights the potential of NCF/GNPs composites for applications in electronics, energy storage, sensors, and biomedical devices. [Display omitted] • Sol-gel auto-combustion synthesis of NCF/GNPs composites. • Single-phase spinel matrix NCF/GNPs composites were observed via XRD. • The bandgap energy was reduced with the incorporation of GNPs. • The magnetic and dielectric properties were enhanced with the addition of GNPs. • The potential of NCF/GNPs composites for applications in electronics, energy storage, sensors, and biomedical devices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Solid oxide fuel cell is promising conversion technology due to fuel flexibility, higher efficiency, and environment friendly compared to traditional technology. To enhance the efficiency of the device, selection of anode material is important because it affects the electrochemical performance and operating temperature of the cell. In this work, La 0.5 Sr 0.5 Al x Cr 1-x O 3-δ (x = 0, 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4) anode has been developed using sol-gel method. XRD analysis exhibited a two-phase structure of the prepared anode, one orthorhombic and second rhombohedral phase with crystalline size in the range 15–18 nm. The surface morphology of the prepared anode material shows nano-spheres, dumbbells, and platelets. The elemental analysis confirms the presence of Sr, Cr, La, Al, and O in the prepared material. The metal-oxide formation has been confirmed with Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy. The absorption spectra revealed red shift in bandgap 3.65–2.85 eV by increasing the Al concentration. The maximum dc electrical conductivity of the composition anode La 0.5 Sr 0.5 Al 0.4 Cr 0.6 O 3-δ is found to be 8.01 Scm−1 at 600 °C. The achieved power density of the anode La 0.5 Sr 0.5 Al 0.4 Cr 0.6 O 3-δ is 69 mWcm−2 using hydrogen fuel at 600 °C. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Boehmite nanoparticles (BNPs) were synthesized using a simple hydrothermal approach to attain optimal crystallite size, utilizing a novel directing agent. The synthesis process employed solutions of aluminum nitrate and urea, with a particular focus on the use of an environmentally friendly surfactant/bio-directing agent, namely xanthan gum. The effect of four key parameters, including the molar concentration of xanthan gum, the ratio of urea to aluminum nitrate molar concentrations (U/N ratio), reaction time, and the molar concentration of calcium chloride, was investigated using Taguchi design. Characterization of the samples was carried out through XRD, FESEM, EDX, and BET analyses revealing the presence of the boehmite pattern in all samples. The minimum crystallite size was achieved under optimized conditions (xanthan gum molar concentration of 2 mM, U/N molar ratio of 4, the reaction time of 12 h, and CaCl2 molar concentration of 1 mM) measured 10.76 nm with a specific surface area of 63.779 m2/g.

This study focused on the synthesis of gypsum nanocrystals using conventional wet chemical precipitation method from marine mollusks like Babylonia Japonica, Olive Sayana, and Conasprella bermudensis. Different characterization techniques like Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA), X-ray Diffraction (XRD), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), and Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDX) were used to confirm the formation of the nanocrystals. XRD data assessed various structural parameters, including the dimension of the unit cell, crystallinity index, specific surface area, lattice parameters, dislocation density, and macrostrain. The Rietveld refinement study did not reveal the formation of alternate phases, and the predicted lattice parameters, Full Width at Half Maximum (FWHM), and X-ray density contradicted the actual data. The synthesized gypsum displayed crystallite dimension within the acceptable range of

The goal of this research was to synthesize activated carbon (AC) from discarded batteries, and the crystallographic characterization of the final product (AC), intermediate product, and raw sources were explored. The formation of activated carbon was confirmed by utilizing an X-ray diffractometer (XRD) that revealed the structure of activated carbon was hexagonal. The crystallite size of activated carbon was computed by applying several model equations (Linear straight-line method of Scherrer's equation, Monshi-Scherrer method, Sahadat-Scherrer method, Size-Strain plot method, Halder-Wagner method, Williamson-Hall method), and the range of calculated crystallite size was 5–28 nm. The weight loss occurred in the two stages those was explored by a thermogravimetric analyzer (TGA). Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrophotometer (FTIR) confirmed that there was no significant change in the peak position between intermediate product and activated carbon except for the intensity and peak separation difference. Field Emission Electron Microscope (FE-SEM) revealed several types of shapes of the waste source, intermediate product, and main product (AC).

In the present investigation, several biogenic sources of calcium were used to produce HAp nanomaterials by the use of a typical wet chemical precipitation technique. To determine the development of HAp nanocrystals, a variety of characterization methods were used, including X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy. The results of XRD were used to evaluate a wide range of factors related to structure, such as lattice parameters, degree of crystallinity, dislocation density, microstrain, crystallinity index, and preference growth. The crystallite size of the produced HAp crystals was calculated using the equations of different models. Each of the formed HAp exhibits crystal arrangements that are within the allowed range of 1–150 nm, which the aforementioned models were used to figure out from the XRD information. Furthermore, the EDX examination (Ca, P, and O percentages) and Rietveld refinement (about 95 % HAp) verified the makeup of the resultant HAp particles.

Lead Zirconium Titanate (PZT) is a potential piezoelectric material for sensor and transducer applications due to its outstanding piezoelectric coupling near the morphotropic phase boundary (MPB). This is because PZT can switch between tetragonal and rhombohedral phases. PZT is still considered to be one of the piezoelectric materials that has received the greatest amount of attention from researchers and is used the most frequently. Modification with Lithium will improve the piezoelectric properties. In this study, the structural properties and morphological studies of Lead zirconium titanate and Lead zirconium titanate with Lithium modification have been evaluated. Various Scherrer’s models and other models, such as the Williamson-Hall model and Size-strain plots model, were used to display the observed fluctuations in crystallite size. Morphological analysis was used to determine the particle size. Graphs showing the distribution of particle sizes were drawn.

This paper examines the effect of ageing temperatures (400, 500, & 600 °C) and times (30, 60, & 90 min) on Ni-rich NiTi samples produced via the Laser Powder Bed Fusion (L-PBF) technique. Variations in the process parameters of the L-PBF which were examined included laser power at 150W and 180W, and the scanning strategy at 500 mm/s and 1000 mm/s. Ageing heat treatment enabled setting the functional properties of phase change temperatures, stress-strain response, and phase change enthalpies. Samples aged at 400 °C were found to have much higher austenitic finish temperature (40–60 °C) whereas those aged at 600 °C had near-zero or sub-zero Af temperatures. This was due to the lower nickel concentration resulting from the higher heat treatment temperature. Samples heat-treated at 500 °C exhibited Af temperature which was near to the room temperature and showed co-existence of both austenitic and martensitic phases. It was also found that the crystallite size increased from 6 to 22 nm for an ageing temperature of 400 °C, to between 38 and 48 nm for an ageing temperature of 600 °C. The highest microhardness value of 380HV was recorded from the lower heat treatment temperature and the lowest microhardness of 270HV was recorded for samples heat-treated at 600 °C. This decrease in the microhardness values is attributed to the increased crystallite size of the aged samples at higher temperatures. This work identifies for the first time the novel ability to control NiTi phase change temperature and mechanical properties using ageing heat treatments which is critical for the materials application for personalised stents. Higher heat treatment temperatures were found to lead to larger crystallite sizes.

This study highlights the photocatalytic activity of β-Bi2O3, particularly its role in degrading pharmaceutical pollutants harmful to the environment. Several approaches were implemented to characterize the β-Bi2O3 catalyst involving an X-ray diffractometer (XRD), Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) Spectrophotometer, Thermogravimetric analyzer (TGA), and Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FESEM). The computed crystallite size range from the XRD data was 10–66 nm; it was obtained by utilizing several models along with the Scherrer equations. The absorption bands were obtained through an FTIR Spectrophotometer, which also assured the formation of a Bi–O–Bi bond. The TGA analyzer revealed two-stage weight reductions (1.76 % and 7 %) up to 800 °C. After conducting FESEM analysis, it was found that the particles of β-Bi2O3 were in nanosheet shape with sharp edges. The photocatalytic efficacy was scrutinized by examining the interaction between the catalyst and the antibiotic (ciprofloxacin) depending on several parameters, in which the maximum degradation percentage was 91 % in the case of 0.05 g catalyst at 180 min under a halogen lamp. The photodegradation kinetics was observed utilizing the Langmuir-Hinshelwood model equation to compute the photocatalytic reaction rate. So, this research confirmed that β-Bi2O3 is an effective catalyst for treating antibiotic solution (ciprofloxacin) because leftover antibiotics are an alarming issue for the natural world.

The supercritical hydrothermal synthesis of nanomaterials has gained significant attention due to its straightforward operation and the excellent performance of the resulting products. In this study, the supercritical hydrothermal method was used with Zn(CH3COO)2·2H2O as the precursor and deionized water and ethanol as the solvent. Nano-ZnO was synthesized under different reaction temperatures (300~500 °C), reaction times (5~15 min), reaction pressures (22~30 MPa), precursor concentrations (0.1~0.5 mol/L), and ratios of precursor to organic solvent (C2H5OH) (2:1~1:4). The effects of synthesis conditions on the morphology and size of ZnO were studied. It was found that properly increasing hydrothermal temperature and pressure and extending the hydrothermal time are conducive to the more regular morphology and smaller size of ZnO particles, which is mainly achieved through the change of reaction conditions affecting the hydrothermal reaction rate. Moreover, the addition of ethanol makes the morphology of nano-zno more regular and significantly inhibits the agglomeration phenomenon. In addition to the change in physical properties of the solvent, this may also be related to the chemical bond established between ethanol and ZnO. The results show that the optimum synthesis conditions of ZnO are 450 °C, 26 MPa, 0.3 mol/L, 10 min, and the molar ratio of precursor to ethanol is 1:3. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aluminum metal matrix composites find applications in several industries, such as aerospace, military, cars, sports equipment, and electronics. The primary objective of this experimental study is to obtain insights into the microstructural properties of an Al-Zn alloy that has been strengthened with copper. This investigation involved the preparation of an alloy including aluminum and zinc, which was afterward reinforced with varying quantities (0%, 0.4%, 1.2%, and 2%) of copper. In addition to conducting XRD tests to investigate the crystallite structure, particle size, and microscopic strain of the samples using the Scherrer and Williamson-Hall models, structural examinations were carried out using the EDS test to ascertain the elemental composition proportions. It was observed that the alloy (A-Zn-0.4%Cu) has smaller particle sizes than the other alloys under consideration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The layered double hydroxides (LDHs) of transition metals are of great interest as building blocks for the creation of composite photocatalytic materials for hydrogen production, environmental remediation and other applications. However, the synthesis of most LDHs is reported only by the conventional coprecipitation method, which makes it difficult to control the catalyst's crystallinity. In the present study, ZnCr- and NiCr-LDHs have been successfully prepared using a facile hydrothermal approach. Varying the hydrothermal synthesis conditions allowed us to obtain target products with a controllable crystallite size in the range of 2–26 nm and a specific surface area of 45–83 m2∙g−1. The LDHs synthesized were investigated as photocatalysts of hydrogen generation from aqueous methanol. It was revealed that the photocatalytic activity of ZnCr-LDH samples grows monotonically with the increase in their average crystallite size, while that of NiCr-LDH ones reaches a maximum with intermediate-sized crystallites and then decreases due to the specific surface area reduction. The concentration dependence of the hydrogen evolution activity is generally consistent with the standard Langmuir–Hinshelwood model for heterogeneous catalysis. At a methanol content of 50 mol. %, the rate of hydrogen generation over ZnCr- and NiCr-LDHs reaches 88 and 41 μmol∙h−1∙g−1, respectively. The hydrothermally synthesized LDHs with enhanced crystallinity may be of interest for further fabrication of their nanosheets being promising components of new composite photocatalysts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article a complete procedure to investigate thin semiconductor plates (epitaxial layers), including high-resolution X-ray diffraction measurements, mathematical modelling of both crystalline structure and crystalline microstructure and computations to approximate solving inverse problems, is proposed and described in detail. The method is successfully applied to estimate crystalline homogeneity of a square indium-arsenide plate epitaxially-grown on gallium-arsenide substrate. To this end, the specimen is tested in nine areas around points forming a square grid. It is demonstrated that whole specimen may be regarded as a single large crystalline grain consisting of crystallites separated by small-angle boundaries. The crystallites occur as rode-like cuboids elongated in the direction perpendicular to the plate surface, with different areas of the sample and with base sizes not much differing. The mean-absolute second-order strain is very small and almost constant in the whole sample. The first-order strain also appears and, effectively, the structure of the crystalline layer is tetragonal with unit-cell parameters being smaller parallelly and larger perpendicularly to the layer surface and varying slightly in the layer. The results are presented in tables and figures and commented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lead Zirconium Titanate (PZT) is a potential piezoelectric material for sensor and transducer applications due to its outstanding piezoelectric coupling near the morphotropic phase boundary (MPB). This is because PZT can switch between tetragonal and rhombohedral phases. PZT is still considered to be one of the piezoelectric materials that has received the greatest amount of attention from researchers and is used the most frequently. Modification with Lithium will improve the piezoelectric properties. In this study, the structural properties and morphological studies of Lead zirconium titanate and Lead zirconium titanate with Lithium modification have been evaluated. Various Scherrer's models and other models, such as the Williamson-Hall model and Size-strain plots model, were used to display the observed fluctuations in crystallite size. Morphological analysis was used to determine the particle size. Graphs showing the distribution of particle sizes were drawn. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We have developed a software library called DifFault to generate X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns of cubic structures. The simulation of the XRD peak profiles in the patterns is based on physical principles and accounts for the effects of crystallite size, dislocations, and planar faults. The program is able to calculate XRD spectra for any user-defined combination of the microstructural parameters. The presented software library can be integrated easily into modern and efficient numerical libraries such as SciPy and PyTorch. Therefore, the program can be used either in XRD pattern-fitting methods or in the creation of training sets of XRD spectra for machine learning-based prediction of the parameters of the microstructure.

This study investigates the antibacterial activity and spectral characteristics of Cu-doped ZnO nanoparticles synthesized via the gelatin-based sol-gel method, focusing on their potential biomedical applications. Zn₁₋ₓCuₓO nanoparticles (x = 0.0, 0.01, 0.03, and 0.05) were fabricated using this method. The incorporation of copper dopants into the ZnO matrix significantly influences both the crystalline structure and spectral properties of the nanoparticles. X-ray diffraction analysis confirms the presence of a wurtzite structure without any pyrochlore phase. The broadening of spectral features indicates modifications in lattice parameters and elastic constants. XRD results reveal that adding Cu to the ZnO lattice causes a decrease in crystallite size from 32 to 18 nm. Transmission electron microscopy shows spherical-shaped ZnO nanoparticles with sizes ranging from 30 to 40 nm. Moreover, Cu-doped ZnO nanoparticles exhibit considerable inhibition against bacterial growth. Adding Cu enhances the antibacterial activity of ZnO nanoparticles, suggesting their potential in biomedical applications. Overall, these findings highlight the promising prospects of sol-gel synthesized Cu-doped ZnO nanoparticles in the biomedical field.

This study dealt with naturally occurring biotite from the river sediment to synthesize biotite based composite to evaluate antimicrobial activities against gram positive bacteria, negative bacteria and fungi. Biotite mineral, and synthesized carbon aerogel –biotite (CBt) composite and carbon aerogel-biotite –ZnO (CBtZ) composites were considered for the antimicrobial study. The samples were characterized by X-ray diffraction technique and different crystallographic parameters were computed applying X-ray diffraction data. Also, FESEM was performed to understand the surface morphology of the samples. Crystal size of the biotite, CBt and CBtZ were computed 103.215, 57.567, and 36.496 nm respectively. Tabulated microstrain are 0.175, 0.499 and 0.935 for the biotite, CBt and CBtZ respectively. Various models and equations were used to justify crystallite size, including the Williamson-Hall plot, linear straight line model, Scherrer equation, Monshi-Scherrer model, Size-strain plot (SSP) model, Halder-Wagner method and Sahadat-Scherrer model. For the both composite samples, following models confirmrd the presence of nanocrystal with a range of 50.789–97.777 nm (CBt) and 36.496–105.843 nm(CBtZ). However, for the biotite, all mentioned models were proved invalid except scherrer equation, SSP model and Monshi-Scherrer model. Linear straight line model was found invalid to calculate crystallite size of the three samples. Moreover, different crystal parameters like dislocation density, volume of the unit cell, lattice parameters were computed. Zone of inhabitation estimation method was employed to estimate antimicrobial activity against Listeria monocytogenes, Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella abony, Escherichia coli and Candida albicans. Required minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) together with minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) also estimated in this study. Crystal size effect on the antimicrobial activities of the samples were evaluated in this study.

This study examines the photocatalytic activity of the green synthesized (using lemon juice) MgO nanoparticles under a halogen light for the degradation of Congo Red (CR). The characterization of the prepared sample was studied by applying Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) Spectroscopy, X-ray Diffraction (XRD), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), and Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA). By applying XRD analysis, the crystallographic variables of the MgO NPs were determined and the crystallite size was obtained from a variety of formulas/models (Scherrer equation, Williamson-Hall model, Monshi-Scherrer model, Size-Strain Plot, Halder-Wagner model, etc). The crystallite size was found in a valid range of 4.62–99.03 nm. Photocatalytic degradation of Congo Red (CR) has been made under halogen light by considering a dye concentration of 20 ppm at 40 mL solution for 0.05 g of the catalyst sample. Operating conditions were fixed as neutral pH, 25 °C temperature, and 40 min exposure time of the halogen lamp.

Refractory multi-principal element alloys constitute a novel category of metallic materials, and they have good properties, particularly at elevated temperatures. Currently, casting and powder metallurgy stand as the two predominant manufacturing routes. This study focuses on the production of the W19.8Mo19.8Nb19.8Ti19.8Cr19.8Al1 (At. %) alloy via the mechanical alloying process. Analyses of morphology and particle size distribution at intervals of 12, 24, 36, and 48 hours of milling showed a gradual decrease in particle size according to increase in milling time. The XRD showed the presence of the BCC phase after 48 hours of milling, and the application of the Williamson-Hall methods indicated that after 12, 24, and 36 hours of milling, the crystallite size decreased and the microstrain increased gradually. However, after 48 hours of milling, there was an increase in these values, suggesting the reordering of the structure of this alloy. In addition, Fe contamination increases significantly for higher milling time.

CdSe1-xSx (x= 0.3, 0.4 and 0.6) thin films were deposited on quartz and silicon substrates by the method of high-frequency magnetron sputtering. The chemical composition analysis and crystal structure refinement was examined with using X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction data. CdSe1-xSx thin films crystallizes in hexagonal structure (structure type – ZnO, space group P63mc (No. 186)). The lattice parameters (a, c and V), crystallite size (D), strain (ε), dislocation density (δ) and the texture coefficient TC(hkl) was estimated from X-ray diffraction analysis. Units-cell parameters decrease with increasing S content in CdSe1-xSx thin film.

Recent research in solid-state physics and materials engineering focuses on the development of new dielectric materials, with bismuth-based pyrochlores being already extensively applied in communications technology for their excellent dielectric properties and relatively low sintering temperatures. Herein, the structural, morphological, electrical, and magnetic properties of Bi1.34Fe0.66Nb1.34O6.35 ceramic, prepared by the sol–gel method and sintered at 500 °C, are investigated. The Rietveld refinement of the XRD pattern showed a cubic phase belonging to the space group Fd-3m and a crystallite size of 42 nm. Transmission electron microscopy further confirmed the crystallite size and the homogeneous distribution of Bi, Fe, Nb, and O elements, as evidenced by high-angle annular dark field imaging and STEM-EDX mapping. The morphology of the sample, assessed by scanning electron microscopy, is characterized by submicron-sized spherical particles. Dielectric spectroscopic studies revealed that the dielectric properties, strongly influenced by frequency and temperature, indicate the material’s potential for energy storage due to lower dielectric loss compared to the dielectric constant. The observed relaxation phenomena, confirmed through variations in dielectric loss and loss tangent, highlight the influence of grain boundaries and temperature on electron hopping and charge carrier dynamics. Using SQUID magnetometry, we identified two distinct magnetic phases. The primary phase, corresponding to the Bi1.34Fe0.66Nb1.34O6.35 ceramic, exhibits an antiferromagnetic behavior below its Néel temperature at around 8.8 K. A secondary high-Curie temperature ferrimagnetic phase, likely vestigial maghemite and/or magnetite, was also detected, indicating an estimated fraction below 0.02 wt.%.

Tricalcium aluminate is an important phase of Portland clinker. In this paper, three polymorphs of C3A were prepared by means of the solid-state synthesis method using intensive milling of the raw material mixture which was doped with various amounts of Na2O and sintered at a temperature of 1300 °C for 2 h. The final products were evaluated through X-ray diffraction using Rietveld analysis. The effect of the Na dopant content on the change in the crystalline structure of tricalcium aluminate was studied. It was proven that the given preparation procedure, which differed from other studies, was close to the real conditions of the formation of Portland clinker, and it was possible to prepare a mixture of different polymorphs of calcium aluminate. Fundamental changes in the crystal structure occurred in the range of 3–4% Na, when the cubic structure changes to orthorhombic. At a dosage of Na dopant above 4%, the orthorhombic structure changes to a monoclinic structure. There are no clearly defined boundaries for the existence of individual C3A phases; these phases arise at the same time and overlap each other in the areas of their formation at different Na doses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Experiments were conducted to reveal the nanostructure evolution in additively manufactured (AMed) 316L stainless steel due to severe plastic deformation (SPD). SPD-processing was carried out using the high-pressure torsion (HPT) technique. HPT was performed on four different states of 316L: the as-built material and specimens heat-treated at 400, 800 and 1100 °C after AM-processing. The motivation for the extension of this research to the annealed states is that heat treatment is a usual step after 3D printing in order to reduce the internal stresses formed during AM-processing. The nanostructure was studied by X-ray line profile analysis (XLPA), which was completed by crystallographic texture measurements. It was found that the as-built 316L sample contained a considerable density of dislocations (1015 m−2), which decreased to about half the original density due to the heat treatments at 800 and 1100 °C. The hardness varied accordingly during annealing. Despite this difference caused by annealing, HPT processing led to a similar evolution of the microstructure by increasing the strain for the samples with and without annealing. The saturation values of the crystallite size, dislocation density and twin fault probability were about 20 nm, 3 × 1016 m−2 and 3%, respectively, while the maximum achievable hardness was ~6000 MPa. The initial <100> and <110> textures for the as-built and the annealed samples were changed to <111> due to HPT processing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The influence of milling time and volume fraction of reinforcement on the morphology, microstructure, and mechanical behaviors of SiCp-reinforced AA2017 composite powder produced by high-energy ball milling (HEBM) was investigated. AA2017 + SiCp composite powder with different amounts of SiC particles (5, 10, and 15 vol%) was successfully prepared from gas-atomized AA2017 aluminum alloy powder with a particle size of <100 μm and silicon carbide (SiC) powder particles with an average particle size of <1 μm. An optical microscope (OM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and scanning electron microscope (SEM) were utilized to characterize the microstructure of the milled composite powder at different milling periods. The results indicated that the SiC particles were homogeneously distributed in the AA2017 matrix after 5 h of HEBM time. The morphology of the particles transformed from a laminar to a nearly spherical shape, and the size of the milled powder particles reduced with increasing the content of SiC particles. The XRD analysis was carried out to characterize the phase constituents, crystallite size, and lattice strain of the composite powders at different milling periods. It was found that with increasing milling time and SiC volume fraction, the crystallite size of the aluminum alloy matrix decreased while the lattice strain increased. The average crystallite sizes were reduced from >300 nm to 68 nm, 64 nm, and 64 nm after 5 h of milling, corresponding to SiC contents of 5, 10, and 15 vol%, respectively. As a result, the lattice strain increased from 0.15% to 0.5%, which is due to significant plastic deformation during the ball milling process. XRD results showed a rapid decrease in crystallite size during the early milling phase, and the minimum grain size was achieved at a higher volume fraction of SiC particles. Microhardness tests revealed that the milling time has a greater influence on the hardness than the amount of SiC reinforcements. Therefore, the composite powder milled for 5 h showed an average microhardness three times higher than that of the unmilled powder particles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, the characterization and magnetic properties of CoFe2O4 nanoparticles synthesized by co‐precipitation method were investigated. The calcined products obtained were characterized by X‐ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive X‐ray (EDAX), Fourier transformed infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, and vibrating sample magnetometer. Crystallite size and phase composition were analyzed by X‐ray diffraction. Crystallite size and phase composition were analyzed by X‐ray diffraction. The average crystallite size of CoFe2O4 nanoparticles increased in the range of 15.85–32.14 nm with an increase in temperature from 500 to 700°C. It was observed that spherical CoFe2O4 nanoparticles were produced. Synthesis of CoFe2O4 nanoparticles was confirmed using XRD, SEM‐EDAX, and FTIR analyses. The effect of crystallite size, calcination temperature, and lattice parameter on saturation magnetization, remanent magnetization, coercivity, and magnetocrystalline anisotropy were investigated by vibrating sample magnetometer. As the crystallite size value increased, magnetocrystalline anisotropy also increased. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

CdSe1-xSx(x= 0.3, 0.4 and 0.6) thin films were deposited on quartz and silicon substrates by the method of high-frequency magnetron sputtering. The chemical composition analysis and crystal structure refinement was examined with using X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction data. CdSe1-xSxthin films crystallizes in hexagonal structure (structure type – ZnO, space group P63mc (No. 186)). The lattice parameters (a, c and V), crystallite size (D), strain (ε), dislocation density (δ) and the texture coefficient TC(hkl) was estimated from X-ray diffraction analysis. Units-cell parameters decrease with increasing S content in CdSe1-xSxthin film. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We present a straightforward method for determining the crystalline coherence length (Dc) of ZnO-based systems with long-range order in the scale of tens of nanometers. The proposed equation enables calculating Dc by simply utilizing the intensities of two peaks of a Raman measurement, namely: Dc = A (IE1(LO)/IE2high) + 66.5, where IE1(LO) and IE2high are the intensities of E1(LO) and E2high Raman peaks, respectively, and the coefficient A depends on the laser wavelength used as excitation. Such methodology can be applied to measurements taken with most of the visible lasers available for Raman experiments. Based on the results of photoluminescence analyses, it can be inferred that the relative intensities of these Raman peaks are influenced by both Dc and the exciting laser wavelength, owing to resonance processes that selectively involve phonons out of the Brillouin Zone center. A significant competitive advantage of this method stands out in the fact that Raman spectra are very sensitive even to slight structural modifications that are below the detection limit of conventional characterization techniques, such as X-ray diffraction, and the versatile and easy way of performing in-situ analyses, in addition to the possibility to take measurements with microscopic spatial resolution without the demand for large X-ray sources or synchrotron environments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research investigates the structural, morphological, and optical properties of Cadmium Selenide (CdSe) thin films deposited via the Chemical Bath Deposition (CBD) Technique, focusing on the impact of Iron (Fe) doping. Using Cadmium Chloride (CdCl2) and Ferrous chloride (FeCl2) as precursor materials, the research investigates how Fe doping affects the structural and photoelectric characteristics of the films. Employing various characterization methods including X-ray Diffraction (XRD), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), and UV–Vis NIR spectroscopy, the study provides a comprehensive analysis of the films. XRD analysis confirms the formation of a cubic structure with a predominant orientation along the (111) plane, consistent with XRD peaks. Additionally, XRD data reveals the degradation of thin films post-annealing. Crystalline size and strain are determined using the Debye-Scherrer and Wilson formulae, while lattice constant and Size-strain plots are derived from X-ray line broadening. The average crystallite size ranges from 12 to 21 nm. Optical band gaps are found to be 2.25 eV, 2.91 eV, 2.87 eV, and 2.85 eV for the samples. Interestingly, a decrease in crystal size with increasing doping concentration correlates with a reduction in bandgap. This investigation offers valuable insights into the fabrication and characterization of CdSe thin films, particularly highlighting the impact of Fe doping on their structural and optical properties. Overall, this study provides valuable insights into the fabrication and characterization of CdSe thin films, emphasizing the importance of precise doping control for tailoring material properties and advancing their applications in photovoltaic and optoelectronic devices.

Thin films of pure NiO and doped with Zn are prepared by varying dopant concentration using spray pyrolysis. This paper presents the characteristics of thin films, including their structure, morphology, chemical composition, optical properties, and gas-sensing abilities. By adding 2 wt% Zn to pure NiO matrix, the film's structural, morphological, and ability to sense ammonia gas were notably changed. The Zn-doped NiO thin films were effective ammonia gas sensors with reliable performance at room temperature, making them suitable for real-time detection and monitoring of ammonia vapours. Gas-sensing studies suggest that the Zn-doped NiO thin film gas sensor can simultaneously improve stability, reproducibility, and sensitivity. Additionally, the NiO thin film of the p-type has a higher binding affinity for NH3 gas than other test gases. The 2 wt% Zn-doped NiO thin film exhibited an excellent response of 53.2 with response and recovery times of 24 and 30 s towards 25 ppm of NH3 at room temperature.

SnSe nanoparticles were synthesized using the sonochemical exfoliation technique, employing SnSe single crystals. Various analysis, including Energy Dispersive Analysis of X-rays-Elemental mapping, X-ray Diffraction (XRD), High-Resolution Transmission Electron Microscopy, Ultra-Violet Diffused Reflectance Spectroscopy-Photoluminescence measurements, Raman spectroscopy, and X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy, were conducted to determine the chemical composition, crystalline phase, morphological characteristics, optical properties, vibrational modes, and oxidation states of the synthesized nanoparticles. The XRD peak broadening analysis, specifically employing Williamson–Hall (W-H), Size–Strain Plot (SSP), and Halder–Wagner Method (H-W), was employed to examine particle size and intrinsic strain. Additionally, three models within the W-H method, namely the uniform deformation model (UDM), uniform stress deformation model (USDM), and uniform deformation energy density model (UDEDM), were used to investigate physical and microstructural parameters such as strain, stress, and energy density. A comprehensive comparison of the average particle size results obtained from Williamson–Hall, Size–Strain, and Halder–Wagner Methods, along with results from HR-TEM and Particle Size Analysis, was carried out. The comprehensive comparison of results from different techniques adds credibility to the reported findings.

In this study, Mg-Ti-SiC composite powders with varied micron and nano silicon carbide (SiC) particle sizes were fabricated utilizing the ball milling technology at various milling times. The effect of reinforcement particles sizes and milling time on the morphology and microstructure of the magnesium composite powders was characterized. Then, we developed a machine-learning model based on Adaptive Neuro-fuzzy Inference System (ANFIS) modified with termite life cycle optimizer to predict the crystallite size of the produced composites. The average particles size in all composites including micron SiC (µSiC) and nano SiC (nSiC) always decreased with increasing milling time and SiC content, and the most optimal reduction in particle size was achieved after 16 h of milling for both configurations, which were 5.12 µm and 1.96 µm, respectively. Changing reinforcement particle size from micron to nano caused the peak intensities of Mg and Ti more decreased and phases Ti5Si3 and TiC were observed after milling for 16 h in ND composite powder. With increasing milling time in Mg-25 wt% Ti-5 wt% µSiC, the crystallite size decreased from 31 nm to 13.62 nm after 1 h and 32 h milled, respectively. The most optimum reduction in crystallite size occurred in the composite powders including nSiC, in which crystallite size decreased to 13.35 nm. The developed Machine learning model was able to predict the evolution of the crystallite size of the produce d composites with very good accuracy.

Abstract This work is concerned with fabricating ferrite nanoparticles of nickel–zinc with the chemical formula: Ni0.55Zn0.45Fe2−x Ce x O4, 0 ≤ x ≤ 0.011 by co-deposition technique and modifying their electrical, microscopic, spectroscopic, optical, electrical and dielectric properties as advanced engineering materials through doping with the cerium (Ce) element. XRD patterns displayed that the samples have a monophasic Cerium–Nickel–zinc (CNZ) spinel structure without other impurities for cerium concentration (x) ≤ 0.066. Both values of crystallite size and lattice parameters decrease from 33.643 to 23.137 nm and from 8.385 to 8.353 nm, respectively, with the increasing Ce ions substitution content from 0 to 0.066. SEM images indicate that grains of the fabricated compounds are smaller, more perfect, more homogeneous, and less agglomeration than those of the un-doped Ni–Zn nano-ferrites. The maximum intensity of first-order Raman spectral peaks (E g, F2g(2), A1g(2), and A1g(1)) of CNZ ferrite nanoparticles are observed at about (330, 475, 650, 695) cm−1, respectively, that confirms the CNZ samples have the cubic spinel structure. The direct and indirect optical energy bandgaps of CNZ samples have a wide spectrum of values from semiconductors to insulators according to cerium concentration. The results showed that the values of dielectric constant, dielectric loss factor, and Ac conductivity and the conductivity transition temperature are sensitive to cerium ions content. AC conductivity exhibited by the CNZ samples has the semiconductor materials behavior, where the AC conductivity increases due to temperature or doping concentration. The results indicate that Ni0.55Zn0.45Fe1.944Ce0.066O4 ferrite nanoparticles may be selected for optoelectronic devices, high-frequency circuits, and energy storage applications.

Nitrogen processed, cold sprayed commercially pure (CP)-Al coatings on Mg-based alloys mostly lack acceptable hardness, wear resistance and most importantly are highly susceptible to localized corrosion in chloride containing solutions. In this research, commercially pure α-Ti top coating having good pitting potential (∼ 1293 mVSCE), high microhardness (HV0.025: 263.03) and low wear rate was applied on a CP-Al coated Mg-based alloy using high pressure cold spray technology. Potentiodynamic polarization (PDP) curves indicated that the probability of transition from metastable pits to the stable pits for cold spayed (CS) Al coating is considerably higher compared to that with the CS Ti top coating (for Ti/Al/Mg system). In addition, CS Ti top coating was in the passivation region in most pH ranges even after 48 h immersion in 3.5 wt% NaCl solution. The stored energy in the CS Ti top coating (as a passive metal) was presumed to be responsible for the easy passivation. Immersion tests indicated no obvious pits formation on the intact CS Ti top coating surface and revealed effective corrosion protection performance of the CS double layered noble barrier coatings on Mg alloys in 3.5 wt% NaCl solution even after 264 h.

Nickel aluminate (NiAl2O4) nanoparticles were synthesized using sol-gel method with auto-combustion. The prepared nanoparticles were made into four parts and calcinated at 700, 900, 1100 and 13000C and taken up for the present study. The taken-up nanoparticles were characterized using powder X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Energy Dispersion X-Ray Spectroscopy (EDS), Fourier Transform and Infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy and UV-Vis spectroscopy techniques. The X-ray diffraction patterns confirmed the spinel structure and Fd3m space group. Scherrer formula was used to calculate the crystallite size and found in the range 5.78 to 20.55 nm whereas the lattice parameter was found in the range of 8.039 to 8.342 Å. The average grain size was found in the range 142.80 to 187.37 nm whereas interplanar spacing was found in the range of 2.100 to 2.479 Å. The FTIR spectroscopy showed six absorption bands in the range 400 to 3450 cm-1 and confirmed the spinel structure. The optical band gap (Eg) was decreased with calcination temperature and found in the range 4.2129-4.3115eV.

Nanocrystalline La0.7Sr0.15Ca0.15MnO3 (LSCMO) manganites were prepared by the combustion process and heated to various annealing temperatures (TA) to get various sized crystallites. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns provided evidence that a Rhombohedral structure with space group was formed. Additionally, an increase in the size of the crystallites was observed, from 15.64 to 36.78nm, as the temperature (TA) increased from 700℃ to 1300℃. The FESEM micrographs revealed that homogeneous with porosity. The FTIR spectra showed five absorption peaks. The Optical energy gap of LSCMO nanocrystalline is decreased from 3.51 to 3.28 eV as annealed temperature raised, reveals that the LSCMO nanoparticles are semiconductor in nature. Room temperature Raman spectra of LSCMO nanoparticles demonstrate a notable reliance on annealing temperature. When the Raman modes were analysed with respect to TA, it was observed that the Raman vibrational phonon mode below 200cm-1 (A1g) and four modes (Eg) in the range 200-800cm-1 displayed significant displacements and widening, which were associated with oxygen sublattice distortion. Considerable changes were observed in both the intensity and full width half maximum (FWHM) of the five Raman modes as the annealing temperature increased. Magnetic behaviour using M-H loop at room temperature were measured by the Vibrating sample magnetometer revealed that gradation of saturation magnetization as the function of annealing temperature. Hence there is a remarkable crystallite size effect on optical and magnetic properties of LSCMO nanocrystallites.

This research paper dealt with the synthesis and characterization of pure and metal-doped hydroxyapatite covering an in-depth crystallographic analysis. The Scherrer equation, Linear Straight-Line Model, Munshi Scherrer Model, Uniform Deformation Model, Uniform Stress Deformation Model, Uniform Deformation Energy Density Model, Size Strain Model, Halder Wagner Model, and Sahadat Scherrer Model were engaged to estimate crystallite size as well as strain, stress, and energy density from few models. All the models were evaluated with their merits and demerits along with usefulness. All the mentioned models showed acceptable results as the crystallite size ranges were from 22 to 77 nm except Linear Straight-Line Model (revealed invalid results for all the synthesized samples). The modified Williamson-Hall model (Uniform Deformation Model, Uniform Stress Deformation Model, Uniform Deformation Energy Density Model) exerted strain, stress and energy density positive and negative. But Size Strain Model, and Halder Wagner Model resulted in only positive values.

Hydroxyapatite (HAp) [Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2] is remarkably similar to the hard tissue of the human body and the uses of this material in various fields in addition to the medical sector are increasing day by day. In this research, mustered oil, soybean oil, as well as coconut oil were employed as liquid media for synthesizing nanocrystalline HAp using a wet chemical precipitation approach. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) study verified the crystalline phase of the HAp in all the indicated media and discovered similarities with the standard database. Several prominent models such as the Scherrer's Method (SM), Halder-Wagner Method (HWM), linear straight-line method (LSLM), Williamson-Hall Method (W-M), Monshi Scherrer Method (MSM), Size-Strain Plot Method (SSPM), Sahadat-Scherrer Method (S–S) were applied for the determination of crystallite size. The stress, strain, and energy density were also computed from the above models. All the models, without the Linear straight-line technique of Scherrer's equation, resulted in an appropriate value of crystallite size for synthesized products. The calculated crystallite sizes were 6.5 nm for HAp in master oil using Halder-Wagner Method, and 143 nm for HAp in coconut oil using the Scherrer equation which were the lowest and the largest, respectively.

The current study focuses on the synthesizing of novel hybrid nanosystems of bio‐hydroxyapatite (BioHAp)/synthetic‐hydroxyapatite (HAp‐Syn). Bio‐HAp was defatted, deproteinized, and then sonicated to obtain nanoparticles (nBioHAp). Hybrid nanosystems (HNS) were synthesized by wet chemical precipitation using nBioHAp as nucleation sites and applying four different precipitation times of 45, 90, 135, and 180 min. X‐ray diffraction (XRD) showed that the patterns of the nBioHAp and HAp‐Syn samples have broadened diffraction peaks due to simultaneous elastic and inelastic scattering. Their crystallite size is about 25 nm, while the hybrid nanosystems have a size between 35 and 40 nm. Fourier‐transform infrared spectroscopy (FT‐IR) revealed the main groups associated with hydroxyapatite (PO32−, OH−, and CO32−), and the nanometer character of the crystals was demonstrated by studying the full width at half maximum (FWHM) of the spectra. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) revealed the differences between the morphologies of nBioHAp and HAp‐Syn. The shape of HNS resembled that of biogenic HAp, which was confirmed by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Inductively coupled plasma spectroscopy (ICP‐OES) and energy dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy (EDS) were used to confirm the elemental composition of Mg, Na, K, and Zn as minority ions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current study aimed to synthesize the bimetallic oxide of TeO 2 –Sb 2 O 4 thin films with different Te weights (0, 10, 20 and 50 wt %.). The chemical vapor deposition (CVD) technique is used for thin film deposition. Various analytical techniques are used for morphological, structural, optical and luminescent characterizations. Results of SEM and XRD indicated that Te contents changed the nucleation and growth rates, hence the regular-irregular morphology. The calculated crystallite size associated with the (222) peak achieved the maximum value of 41.2 nm when Te weight was 10 wt%, in opposite synchronization with both strain and dislocation density. The oxidation kinetics of TeO 2 –Sb 2 O 4 are well explained. The optical analysis by spectrophotometer showed decrease in NIR transmittance (70 - 40%), direct (1.32–1.25 eV) and indirect band gaps (0.96–0.77 eV) with increasing Te weight. The PL spectra showed immutability and increase of the emission peaks of the mixed phase samples. The broad - intense luminescence peak of the bimetallic alloy encouraged their possible applications in light emitting devices. The mixed TeO 2 –Sb 2 O 4 films have longer average life time than the unmixed films which might useable in various applications such as nanothermometers and in time-resolved fluorometry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, Mg-Ti-SiC composite powders with varied micron and nano silicon carbide (SiC) particle sizes were fabricated utilizing the ball milling technology at various milling times. The effect of reinforcement particles sizes and milling time on the morphology and microstructure of the magnesium composite powders was characterized. Then, we developed a machine-learning model based on Adaptive Neuro-fuzzy Inference System (ANFIS) modified with termite life cycle optimizer to predict the crystallite size of the produced composites. The average particles size in all composites including micron SiC (µSiC) and nano SiC (nSiC) always decreased with increasing milling time and SiC content, and the most optimal reduction in particle size was achieved after 16 h of milling for both configurations, which were 5.12 µm and 1.96 µm, respectively. Changing reinforcement particle size from micron to nano caused the peak intensities of Mg and Ti more decreased and phases Ti 5 Si 3 and TiC were observed after milling for 16 h in ND composite powder. With increasing milling time in Mg-25 wt% Ti-5 wt% µSiC, the crystallite size decreased from 31 nm to 13.62 nm after 1 h and 32 h milled, respectively. The most optimum reduction in crystallite size occurred in the composite powders including nSiC, in which crystallite size decreased to 13.35 nm. The developed Machine learning model was able to predict the evolution of the crystallite size of the produce d composites with very good accuracy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]