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Capturing and analyzing cometary coma dust lead to elucidate the origin of water and organics within the Solar System. For future sample return missions of fragile organic microparticles from a cometary nucleus, rendezvous operations will become more favorable than flyby missions because the comet rendezvous can reduce impacting velocity of cometary dust particles slow enough to capture them intact, rather than hypervelocity flyby sampling like the Stardust mission to the Comet Wild 2. At JAXA/ISAS, we are developing a core technology for sample return of microparticles ejected at as a lower velocity as an order of 0.1 m/s to 100 m/s after rendezvous with a cometary nucleus. We have devised “Vertically Aligned Carbon Nanotube (VA-CNT)” carpets as an effective capture medium for such a purpose. The VA-CNT carpets can amplify van der Waals force with impacting particles due to the large contact area and can capture intact the microparticles of sub-mm in size or smaller in the vacuum space environment while preserving its adhesive strength. In this study, we modelled capturing mechanism of microparticles on the VA-CNT carpets by the impact analysis software “LS-DYNA” to further improve its particle capture performance. The stress-strain constitutive laws for the VA-CNT carpets were derived via indentation and inputted to our simulations that were consistent with impact experiment results. The simulations reveal that the mechanical property of the VA-CNT carpets is the key for the improvement of its particle capture performance suitable for sampling the cometary dust.

A serious drawback of reflective optics is a center without central screening that degrades the image quality. To eliminate it, rotations or displacements of mirrors are introduced, but there appear even-order non-elementary aberrations that must be corrected. The creation of compositions with decentered catoptric elements requires further development of the calculation and methodological base. The exact formulas are obtained for calculation of real rays from the astigmatism and coma correction conditions for the given angles of incidence of the main ray on the mirror surfaces and the “oblique” thickness d, that determines their mutual position. Based on the proposed formulas, a new method for parametric calculation of decentered mirror systems has been created, which allows one to compose algorithms and to design both basic models and complex mirror systems from off-axis mirrors. The development of new algorithms for two- and three-mirror off-center lenses will increase the accumulated potential of computational optics. The scope of the proposed technique can be expanded in terms of the number of components.

AIM: To investigate the potential differences between topography-guided (TG) and wavefront-optimized (WFO) laser in situ keratomileusis (LASIK) for the treatment of myopia. METHODS: A systematic literature search was performed to determine relevant trials comparing LASIK with TG and WFO from the time of library construction to August 2020, and The PubMed, Cochrane, Web of Science, EMBASE and Chinese databases (i.e. CNKI, CBM, WAN FANG and VIP) were accessed. The data on visual acuity, refractive status and wavefront aberration were retrieved and evaluated from three to six months after surgery. STATA (version 14.0) software was used for statistical analysis. A cumulative Meta-analysis was simultaneously performed. RESULTS: Eleven studies with a total of 1425 eyes were incorporated. No statistically significant differences were evident between TG and WFO ablation in the proportion of eyes achieving an uncorrected distance visual acuity (UCVA) of 20/20 or better (P=0.377), gaining one line or more (P=0.05), postoperative cylinder (P=0.40), vertical coma (P=0.593) and horizontal coma (P=0.957). After TG ablation, the proportion of the patients’ eyes of which postoperative refraction is within ±0.5 diopter of the target refraction was significantly higher than that undergoes WFO (P=0.003). As opposed to the WFO group, manifest refraction spherical equivalent (MRSE; P=0.000) was lower, and UCVA (P=0.005) was better in the TG group. The higher-order aberrations (HOAs; P=0.000), spherical aberration (P=0.000) and coma (P=0.000) were significantly lower in TG group. The cumulative Meta-analysis illustrated that the proportion of eyes achieving UCVA of 20/20 or better, postoperative refraction within ±0.5 diopter, and MRSE has steady between the two groups. CONCLUSION: Both TG-LASIK and WFO-LASIK are safe, effective, and predictable for correcting myopia. TG-LASIK may produce fewer aberration and is more precise than WFO-LASIK.

AIM: To evaluate the short-term clinical outcomes of Ferrara rings in keratoconus using an optimized nomogram developed after several years of research and retrospective analysis of clinical data. METHODS: This prospective longitudinal non-comparative clinical trial evaluated 88 eyes of 88 patients (age 18-62y) with keratoconus diagnosis from two Spanish centers. Ferrara ring segment (AJL Ophthalmic) implantation was performed in all cases, using the mechanical procedure in 25 eyes (28.4%) and a femtosecond laser-assisted procedure in 63 eyes (71.6%). The ring segments implanted in each case were selected using a new optimized nomogram that considered variables such as anterior corneal asphericity and astigmatism or the discrepancy among astigmatism and coma orientations. Visual, refractive, corneal topographic, aberrometric, and pachymetric changes after surgery were evaluated during a 3-month follow-up. RESULTS: The implants induced a significant refractive change as well as an improvement in uncorrected (UDVA) and corrected distance visual acuity (CDVA; P

Purpose: to evaluate the prospects of customized Finalfit based ablation for optical rehabilitation of a patient with corneal surface errors caused by intrasurgical microtome-induced damage of a corneal flap during a LASIK excimer laser correction of vision.Material and methods. In Helmholtz Center, a patient with such damage was given a phototherapeutic keratectomy (PTK) combined with topographyguided photorefractive keratectomy.Results. In two months after the surgery, the patient’s uncorrected visual acuity rose from 0.15 to 1.0; the spherical component of refraction changed from -3.5 to +1.0 D, the cylindrical component of refraction fell from 1.75 to 0.25 D. Aberrometry demonstrated a decrease of RMS from 2.19 to 0.61 D, Total HOAs from 2.281 to 0.829; Tilt from 0.406 to 0.313; HOA from 1.152 to 0.247, Coma from 0.298 to 0.124, Trefoil from 1.088 to 0.094, SA from 0,127 to 0,021.Conclusion. The clinical case demonstrates the expediency and efficiency of corneal remodeling for the rehabilitation of induced errors of the corneal surface by excimer laser correction of vision based on PTK (Flex scan) + FinalFit after corneal refractive surgery.

A customized myopic refractive surgery was simulated by establishing a finite element model of the human eye, after which we studied the wave front aberrations induced by biomechanical effects and ablation profile after wave front-guided LASIK surgery. Thirty myopia patients (i.e., 60 eyes) without other eye diseases were selected. Their ages, preoperative spherical equivalent, astigmatism, and wave front aberration were then obtained, in addition to the mean spherical equivalent error range − 4 to − 8D. Afterward, wave front-guided customized LASIK surgery was simulated by establishing a finite element eye model, followed by the analysis of the wave front aberrations induced by the surface displacement from corneal biomechanical effects, as well as customized ablation profile. Finally, the preoperative and induced aberrations were statistically analyzed. Comatic aberrations were the main wave front abnormality induced by biomechanical effects, and the wave front aberrations induced by the ablation profile mainly included coma and secondary coma, as well as sphere and secondary-sphere aberrations. Overall, the total high-order aberrations (tHOAs), total coma (C31), and sphere ( $$C_{4}^{0}$$ ) increased after wave front-guided customized LASIK surgery. According to our correlation analyses, coma, sphere, and tHOAs were significantly correlated with decentration. Additionally, the material parameters of ocular tissue were found to affect the postoperative wave front aberrations. When the material parameters of the sclera remained constant but those of cornea increased, the induced wave front aberrations were reduced. All biomechanical effects of cornea and ablation profile had significant effects on postoperative wave front aberrations after customized LASIK refractive surgery; however, the effects of the ablation profile were more notorious. Additionally, the characteristics of biomechanical materials have influence on the clinical correction effect.

We present a statistical survey of large-amplitude, asymmetric plasma and magnetic field enhancements detected outside the diamagnetic cavity at comet 67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko from December 2014 to June 2016. Based on the concurrent observations of plasma and magnetic field enhancements, we interpret them to be magnetosonic waves. The aim is to provide a general overview of these waves' properties over the mission duration. As the first mission of its kind, the ESA Rosetta mission was able to study the plasma properties of the inner coma for a prolonged time and during different stages of activity. This enables us to study the temporal evolution of these waves and their characteristics. In total, we identified ∼ 70 000 steepened waves in the magnetic field data by means of machine learning. We observe that the occurrence of these steepened waves is linked to the activity of the comet, where steepened waves are primarily observed at high outgassing rates. No clear indications of a relationship between the occurrence rate and solar wind conditions were found. The waves are found to propagate predominantly perpendicular to the background magnetic field, which indicates their compressional nature. Characteristics like amplitude, skewness, and width of the waves were extracted by fitting a skew normal distribution to the magnetic field magnitude of individual steepened waves. With increasing mass loading, the average amplitude of the waves decreases, while the skewness increases. Using a modified 1D magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) model, we investigated if the waves can be described by the combination of nonlinear and dissipative effects. By combining the model with observations of amplitude, width and skewness, we obtain an estimate of the effective plasma diffusivity in the comet–solar wind interaction region and compare it with suitable reference values as a consistency check. At 67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko, these steepened waves are of particular importance as they dominate the innermost interaction region for intermediate to high activity.

Purpose : To investigate the effects of age, refractive errors, corneal refractive power, pupil diameter, and pupil center shift on high-order aberrations (HOAs) in young myopic eyes. Methods : The myopic eyes of aged 20 to 39 years who had no ophthalmologic diseases and refractive surgery were recruited. I-Profilerplus (Zeiss, Berlin, Germany) was used to measure HOAs and refractive errors, corneal refractive power, pupil diameter, and pupil shift, and factors affecting HOA were analyzed. Results : In young myopes, as the age increased, the total HOA was increased in the positive (+) direction (p

A full-mission analysis has been conducted of Cl-bearing species in the coma of comet 67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko as detected by the Double Focusing Mass Spectrometer (DFMS) of Rosetta's ROSINA instrument. The isotope ratio of the two stable chlorine isotopes 37Cl/35Cl is found to be 0.336 ± 0.017, to be compared with the standard mean ocean chloride value of 0.320. The isotope ratio does not change appreciably throughout the mission. The Cl-bearing species fingerprint in DFMS indicates that there is at least one additional chlorine-bearing species in the coma next to HCl, CH3Cl, and NH4Cl. The identity of this volatile or semivolatile species is unknown at this time.

PURPOSE Spherical orthokeratology and soft multifocal contact lenses are commonly used for myopia control and correction, but have been shown to increase spherical aberration, coma and total higher order root mean square (HORMS) aberrations. There are limited myopia control contact lens options for patients with moderate to high astigmatism. The purpose of this study was to quantify changes in higher order aberrations (HOA) in myopic astigmatic eyes fitted with toric orthokeratology (TOK) and soft toric multifocal (STM) contact lenses. METHODS Ocular wavefront aberrations were measured in both eyes of 30 adult subjects and are reported through the 6th radial order over a 5 mm, dilated pupil. All eyes met refractive criteria of myopia (-5.00 D to plano) and cylinder (-3.50 to -1.25 D). Three measurements were taken at baseline and after 10 ± 2 days of lens wear (TOK, STM). Sixteen subjects achieved logMAR high contrast visual acuity of 0.30 or better in both eyes and were included in this analysis. Repeated measures analysis of variance and post-hoc paired t-tests were used, as appropriate, with Benjamini-Hochberg correction. RESULTS Higher order root mean square, spherical aberration (C12), and coma RMS (C7, C8) increased with TOK (0.641 [0.222], 0.409 [0.157], 0.426 [0.187] µm, respectively) and STM (0.481 [0.107], 0.223 [0.139], 0.320 [0.130] µm, respectively) from baseline (all p

Lens is a basic optical element that is widely used in daily life, such as in cameras, glasses, and microscopes. Conventional lenses are designed based on the classical refractive optics, which results in inevitable imaging aberrations, such as chromatic aberration, spherical aberration and coma. To solve these problems, conventional imaging systems impose multiple curved lenses with different thicknesses and materials to eliminate these aberrations. As a unique photonic technology, metasurfaces can accurately manipulate the wavefront of light to produce fascinating and peculiar optical phenomena, which has stimulated researchers’ extensive interests in the field of planar optics. Starting from the introduction of phase modulation methods, this review summarizes the design principles and characteristics of metalenses. Although the imaging quality of existing metalenses is not necessarily better than that of conventional lenses, the multi-dimensional and multi-degree-of-freedom control of metasurfaces provides metalenses with novel functions that are extremely challenging or impossible to achieve with conventional lenses. [Image: see text]

PURPOSE: To evaluate the influence of coma on manifest refractive cylinder (MRC) in eyes with coma-dominated corneal optics and suggest alternative guidelines for surgical planning of astigmatism correction in topography-guided ablation and toric intraocular lens (IOL) exchange surgery. METHODS: Twelve eyes with coma-dominant corneal optics and low lenticular astigmatism were selected. The astigmatism remaining after subtraction of total corneal astigmatism (TCA) and lenticular astigmatism from MRC, termed discrepant astigmatism, was calculated and correlated to corneal coma at the anterior surface. Refractive and topography data were then used to simulate topography-guided refractive surgery (topography-guided group) in 7 eyes and lenticular exchange surgery with toric intraocular lens (IOL) implantation (toric IOL group) in 5 eyes. The estimated postoperative MRC after correction of TCA or MRC for each group was compared. RESULTS: The axis and amplitude of discrepant astigmatism correlated strongly with the axis and amplitude of coma. In the topography-guided group, where topography-guided ablation eliminated corneal higher order aberrations (HOAs), TCA-based correction led to less estimated postoperative manifest astigmatism than MRC-based correction. In the toric IOL group, where removal of the crystalline lens did not affect corneal HOAs, MRC-based correction via toric IOL implantation led to less estimated postoperative astigmatism than TCA-based correction. CONCLUSIONS: Discrepant astigmatism in eyes with coma-dominant corneal optics correlates with coma. In such eyes, treating TCA, along with corneal HOAs, instead of MRC, seems appropriate in topography-guided treatments, whereas treating MRC may be a better choice in lenticular exchange surgery with toric IOL implantation, where corneal HOAs are not treated. [ J Refract Surg . 2021;37(4):274–282.]

AIM: To compare the difference of capsulotomy produced by precision pulse capsulotomy (PPC), manual (M-CCC), and femtosecond laser assisted capsulotomy (FLAC) in relation to intraocular lens (IOL) centration, circularity and its effect on visual outcomes. METHODS: Prospective, non-randomized comparative study conducted at LV Prasad Eye Institute, Hyderabad, India. Sixty eyes of 52 patients were grouped into 3 (FLAC, PPC and M-CCC) based on capsulotomy techniques used. Twenty consecutive eyes with uneventful phacoemulsification and with no comorbidities affecting the capsulotomy or visual outcome were included in each group. The main outcome measure was IOL centration in relation to capsulotomy and pupil. Secondary outcome measures were post-operative visual acuity, manifest refraction and aberration profile between groups. RESULTS: At 5wk the visual, refractive outcomes and endothelial cell density were comparable between the 3 groups. The median circularity index of FLAC was statistically significantly different to M-CCC or PPC (1-10) groups (P

Unlike the single grating Czerny–Turner configuration spectrometers, a super-high spectral resolution optical spectrometer with zero coma aberration is first experimentally demonstrated by using a compound integrated diffraction grating module consisting of 44 high dispersion sub-gratings and a two-dimensional backside-illuminated charge-coupled device array photodetector. The demonstrated super-high resolution spectrometer gives 0.005 nm (5 pm) spectral resolution in ultra-violet range and 0.01 nm spectral resolution in the visible range, as well as a uniform efficiency of diffraction in a broad 200 nm to 1000 nm wavelength region. Our new zero-off-axis spectrometer configuration has the unique merit that enables it to be used for a wide range of spectral sensing and measurement applications.

In most textbooks, lens aberrations are usually described in the briefest possible manner, without any attempt for their proper derivation. At the same time, monographs which do go into more detail are often inaccessible to most students and non-specialists interested in deeper understanding of this topic. This article tries to fill this gap and provide an introduction to what happens when basic formulas of Geometrical Optics are extended by third-order terms in Taylor’s expansion of sin (α). The presentation is accessible to most undergraduate students as it requires only some knowledge of basic calculus and planar geometry. The resulting five aberrations are then described in detail, including a novel derivation of the exact shape of coma. A simple Mathematica program is included to facilitate numerical exploration of the magnitude of the resulting aberrations for various optical systems.

We present the results of optical observations of the dual-status object 2008 GO98 (362P) performed at the Sanglokh Observatory of the Institute of Astrophysics, National Academy of Sciences of Tajikistan and at the Astronomical Observatory of the Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv (Ukraine) in July–September 2017. The asteroid showed cometary activity signs such as a dust coma and a tail, the presence of which was confirmed by the morphology analysis. The apparent and absolute magnitudes of the asteroid in the R band were measured. The absolute magnitude gradual decrease from 13.97 to 14.53 showed the activity decline during the observation period. The dust production rate decrease towards the end of the observation period also confirms the ceasing of the object’s activity. We estimated the upper limit of the diameter of the asteroid as ~ 7 km which is consistent with the available data. The new data support a cometary nature of the object. The equatorial coordinates of the asteroid were determined. The accuracy of astrometric measurements made it possible to calculate the orbit, the elements of which were consistent with the available orbital data. The asteroid activity did not affect the stability of the orbit.

The coma gasses consist of molecules liberated from the nucleus by solar heating and relative sublimation. Once they have left the nucleus, these molecules in the coma are exposed to direct solar radiation and can be damaged in various ways due to the combined action of these reactions. One of some complex problems facing the research in this field is that the Maxwell-Boltzmann equation gives distribution function for one kind of particles which have same masses, but the gas has multi-groups of particles (Carbon, Neon, Sodium … etc.), where all these components must be in one program to extract average velocity of all and calculate particles velocity to each band. This problem is solved here by Matlab program and the approach demonstrated good results. The study included extracting some elements of comet PanSTARRS by using X-ray spectrum with the calculation of elements’ abundances in respect to Carbon and obtaining particles’ velocity distribution to calculate most of the particles in the intervals of velocities. The study shows some physical relationships of cometary heavy elements, which are larger in mass than Carbon and have roughly less abundance in the cometary gases. Using X-ray spectrum, 23 elements of comet PanSTARRS C/2011 S4 were obtained. Carbon showed the highest abundance, followed by Gold. Apparent abundance of all elements were extracted in respect to Carbon, which was correlated with the distribution function of Maxwell-Boltzmann to calculate element velocities and the bands of most particles’ velocities. Gas temperature was found to be equal to 1412 k. From this value, the velocity of each particle was obtained, as shown in the figures, where the velocity range of most particles (about 21% of total particles) was ~ 400-600 m s-1, whereas extending the band to 200-800 m s-1 showed that the abundance includes 54% of particles. An H2O curve peak was found at velocity of 1142 m s-1, while the highest value was ~ 1389 m s-1 for Carbon (relatively light element) and the lowest value was about 340 m s-1 for Gold particles (relatively heavy element).

Observations of the comet were carried out using the OMT-800 telescope (the primary mirror diameter D = 80 cm; the focal length F = 214 cm) of the Odessa Observatory telescope network from January to June 2020. Image processing was per- formed through standard methods using subtraction of dark and flat field frames. The resulting frames were employed to analyse the morphology of the cometary inner coma using digital filters. Isophotes of the coma and images of its structures appearing as fans and jets were obtained. The presence of a strong fan, which distorts the coma’s standard appearance and makes it elongated perpendicularly to the Sun-comet line, is observed over the period from January to April. Later on, a weak jet that hardly affects the coma’s standard shape appears to replace the fan. The jet reaches its peak intensity near perihelion and then gets fainter rapidly. Such behaviour of the coma structures is indicative of the presence of two active areas on the cometary nucleus surface, for which the matter outflow is governed by the Sun illumination conditions. One of these areas, being more active, is responsible for the appearance of a strong fan. The other area, which is far less active, generates a jet that manifests itself near perihelion. The peak dust production of the comet 120–150 days before perihelion is due to the presence of an active fan in the inner coma.

Purpose This study aims to assess the intra-operator repeatability and correlation of the Pentacam HR (device 1) and Sirius (device 2) in measuring anterior segment parameters and to evaluate the agreement of their readings and therefore their interchangeability in a clinical setting. Methods This is a prospective non-randomized study was conducted on the right eyes of 102 subjects coming to Eye World Hospital, Giza, Egypt. With each machine, four scans were taken by a single examiner. Each device was used to measure keratometric indices, corneal thickness, anterior chamber depth, anterior chamber angle, corneal diameter and corneal optical aberrations. Results Both devices show high repeatability for corneal thickness, corneal diameter, anterior chamber depth and keratometric indices (except for maximum keratometry, where device 1 shows high repeatability and device 2 shows low repeatability). On the other hand, both devices show poor repeatability for anterior chamber angle, Q-values, root mean square, spherical, coma and trefoil aberrations. The readings of the two devices are strongly correlated as regards only keratometric indices, corneal thickness and anterior chamber depth. In addition, the readings of the devices are in good agreement as regards only keratometric indices (except maximum keratometry), corneal thickness, anterior chamber depth, anterior chamber angle, root mean square, spherical and trefoil aberrations. Conclusion Both devices showed variable intra-observer repeatability, with the device 1 showing slightly higher repeatability. Despite the similarity between some of the readings of the two devices, caution is advised before considering them interchangeable. We therefore do not recommend using them in alternation in refractive surgery.

Purpose: To determine the effect of different types of Rigid Gas Permeable (RGP) contact lenses on ocular aberrations in patients with keratoconus. Methods: Eighteen eyes of young patients with mild to moderate keratoconus were selected. General ocular examinations such as refraction, visual acuity, and ocular aberrations were performed. Three types of RGP contact lenses, i.e., Boston, Senso Select and Wohlk, were fitted using the cross over method. Repeated measures analysis of variance and Mauchly's test of sphericity were used to compare the average of residual high order aberrations and visual acuity after fitting each type of lens. Results: Vertical coma was -0.271 ± 0.37 µm before fitting and decreased to 0.081 ± 0.08 µm with Boston, 0.098 ± 0.08 µm with Senso Select and 0.124 ± 0.08 µm with Wohlk contact lens (P-value < 0.0001). The mean RMS (root mean square) for high order aberrations decreased from 0.526 ± 0.43 µm before fitting to 0.256 ± 0.09 µm with Boston, 0.263 ± 0.12 µm with Senso Select, and 0.304 ± 0.10 µm with Wohlk contact lens (P-value= 0.001). The mean RMS for low order aberrations decreased from 1.480 ± 0.78 µm before fitting to 0.703 ± 0.43 µm with Boston, 0.802 ± 0.39 µm with Senso Select, and 0.760 ± 0.45µm with Wohlk (P-value < 0.0001). Conclusion: Despite achieving optimal fit and good visual acuity with these different RGP lenses, in keratoconus patients, their performance is different in reducing ocular aberrations.

Purpose To investigate the relationship between corneal astigmatism and corneal image quality parameters (i.e., root mean square [RMS] of some major corneal higher order aberrations [HOAs] "namely RMS of coma aberrations, RMS of trefoil aberrations, and RMS of spherical aberration [RMS-SA]" and Strehl ratio [SR] of point spread function [PSF]) by using the Sirius topographer (CSO Italia, Florence, Italy). Patients and Methods This cross-sectional study used the Sirius topographer to evaluate the naive corneas of right eyes (n = 1,356). The study included three groups which were based on the mean anterior corneal astigmatism value (group 1, 2 D). Results The corneal astigmatism showed statistically significant (yet narrow clinical) differences among the groups regarding all the examined parameters (P

PURPOSE To analyze factors affecting depth of focus (DOF) and near vision functionality in eyes implanted with aspheric monofocal intraocular lenses (IOLs). METHODS This prospective study included 111 eyes of 74 patients that underwent phacoemulsification with monofocal IOL implantation. Ninety-one normal eyes were randomized to receive aberration-free (n = 30) or negative-spherical aberration (SA) IOLs (n = 61). Twenty post-hyperopic femto-LASIK eyes received aberration-free IOLs. Corneal higher-order aberrations (SA, coma, trefoil, and corneal asphericity) for a 6 mm pupil were measured by Scheimpflug tomography. Ray-tracing metrics (visual Strehl optical transfer function [VSOTF], effective range of focus [EROF], sphere shift [SS], EROF-SS), pupil size measurements at far and near, and ocular and corneal SA were obtained using ray-tracing aberrometry. Distance-corrected near visual acuity (DCNVA) and subjective defocus curves up to ±4.0 diopters were evaluated. RESULTS Multivariable logistic regression found corneal profile and IOL type to be determinants of extended DOF with monofocal IOLs. The aberration-free IOL group showed significantly better DCNVA and higher total SA than the negative-SA group. Post-hyperopic LASIK eyes showed significantly better DCNVA; higher negative SA, coma, and Q value (P < .05), and smaller pupil size (P = .05) than normal eyes implanted with aberration-free IOLs. CONCLUSION Corneal profile and type of IOL implanted were the most important factors influencing near vision functionality with aspheric monofocal IOLs. Higher positive SA in the aberration-free group potentially led to better DCNVA than the negative-SA group in normal eyes. Hyperprolate corneas had better DOF curves and DCNVA than normal corneas. NOTE: Publication of this article is sponsored by the American Ophthalmological Society.

Background Several planning algorithms have been developed for topography-guided custom ablation treatment (T-CAT), but each has its own deficiencies. The purpose of this study is to demonstrate the potential of a novel mutual comparative analysis (MCA) informed by manifest refraction and corneal topographic data and the patient’s subjective perception in correcting ametropia. Methods This retrospective review included patients with significant preoperative differences in the power or axis of astigmatism according to the manifest refraction and corneal topographic data (power > 0.75 D and/or axis > 10°). T-CAT planning was designed using MCA. Follow-ups were conducted for at least 6 months. Results Seventy-nine patients (121 eyes) were included. The mean preoperative deviation in the astigmatic power and axis were 0.72 ± 0.43 D and 20.18 ± 23.68°, respectively. The average oculus residual astigmatism (ORA) was 0.81 ± 0.32 D (range: 0.08–1.66 D). Six months postoperatively, the mean spherical equivalent refraction was 0.04 ± 0.42 D, and the mean cylinder was − 0.27 ± 0.24 D. The mean efficacy and safety indices were 1.10 and 1.15, respectively. The uncorrected distance visual acuity in 92% of the eyes was the same or better than the corrected distance visual acuity. The angle of error was ±5° in 61% of eyes and ± 15° in 84% of eyes. Residual astigmatism was ≤0.5 D in 91% of eyes. Optical quality and photopic contrast sensitivity did not change significantly (p > 0.05), and the scotopic contrast sensitivity decreased at 3, 6, and 12 cpd (p

Objectives To compare the asphericity and higher-order aberration (HOA) outcomes of single-step transepithelial photorefractive keratectomy (tPRK) and conventional alcohol-assisted PRK (aaPRK) in patients with myopia and myopic astigmatism. Materials and methods Of the 108 eyes of 54 patients enrolled in the study, tPRK was performed on 54 (50%) eyes and aaPRK was performed on 54 (50%) eyes. The following parameters were compared: corrected distance visual acuity (CDVA), spherical equivalent (SE), flat and steep keratometry, intraocular pressure, central corneal thickness, asphericity, and HOAs including horizontal and vertical coma, horizontal and vertical trefoil, spherical aberration, second-order vertical coma, and aberration coefficient. Results The demographic and baseline characteristics were similar between the two groups (p>0.05, for all). The aberration coefficient value was significantly lower in patients treated with aaPRK compared to patients treated with tPRK at postoperative 3 months, 6 months, and 1 year (p=0.022, p=0.019, and p=0.017, respectively). Differences in the other variables were statistically insignificant (p>0.05 for all). Conclusion Both tPRK and aaPRK procedures obtain similar postoperative CDVA, SE, asphericity, and HOA outcomes, except the aberration coefficient value.

The purpose of this applied research in the digital print production was to determine the influence of applied Color Output Modification Approaches (COMA) or Color Output Sequences (COS) to determine the colorimetric variations (COLVA) on the gray balance (GB) hue in a Color Managed Digital Printing Workflow (CMDPW). The experiment analyzed the application of eight COMA or COS on the digital color output. The data contained in this report are the result of an experiment conducted to test an accepted color management practice to gain a greater understanding of the presumptions associated with the application of correct print parameters (Calibration, Screening, Resolution, Source and Destination Profiles) of CMDPW. These parameters rely on the 4-C’s (Calibration, Characterization, Conversion and Control) of Color Managed Workflow (CMW). The experiment examined the eight COMA as independent groups (K = 8) using a one-way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) with equal n’s method (at α = 0.05) to determine the significant colorimetric variations that exists among the [K = 8, N = 800, ni = 80, nt = 640] groups gray balance average hue deviations. With eight groups, a one-tailed, non-directional hypothesis was established. The conclusions of this study are based upon an analysis of the COLVA by ANOVA test data and associated findings. The data from the ANOVA revealed significant differences in the COLVA of the reproduction among the multiple COMA groups. The colorimetric data derived by the experiment suggest that selection of correct print parameters is an important step in a CMDPW as it relates to achieving accurate GB for a desired use/purpose.

Purpose To compare the visual outcomes and corneal aberrations between wavefront-optimized (WFO) and corneal wavefront-guided (WFG) photorefractive keratectomy (PRK) in low to moderate myopia. Methods Twenty-seven eyes treated with WFO and 29 eyes treated with WFG PRK using a Schwind Amaris 750S Excimer laser were included after 6 months of postoperative follow-up. Uncorrected distance visual acuity, corrected distance visual acuity, refractive errors, corneal higher-order aberrations (HOA) and corneal thickness obtained using a Scheimpflug system, and central ablation depth and volume were evaluated during the preoperative period and again at the postoperative 6-month visits. Results Postoperatively, uncorrected distance visual acuity, corrected distance visual acuity, manifest spherical equivalent, and refractive astigmatism were improved in both groups, and there was no statistically significant difference between the two groups. There was no significant difference in safety, efficacy, or predictability of the refractive outcome. Postoperative total corneal HOA root mean square (RMS), coma RMS, and spherical aberration were significantly increased in both groups. Among these, only spherical aberration showed a significant difference between the two groups, with greater increase in the WFO group at 6 months postoperatively. The changes in corneal HOA RMS and spherical aberration were smaller in the WFG group, and this benefit was marked in eyes with high HOA RMS (≥0.4 μm) and spherical aberration (≥0.2 μm). Even though ablation volume in the WFG group was much larger than that of the WFO group, there was no significant difference in postoperative central and peripheral corneal thickness between the two groups. Conclusions Both WFO and WFG PRK using a Schwind Amaris 750S laser for low to moderate myopia were safe and effective at improving visual and refractive outcomes. However, WFG PRK induced fewer spherical aberrations than WFO PRK and may be more advantageous for eyes with high HOA root mean square or spherical aberration.

Purpose : Visual rehabilitation following penetrating keratoplasty is the primary indication for approximately 15% of all scleral lens fittings. Since corneal biomechanics are altered following penetrating keratoplasty, the aim of this study was to quantify changes in anterior corneal optics following short-term scleral lens wear in eyes with corneal grafts. Methods : Scheimpflug images were obtained before and after a period of scleral lens wear (mean 6.3 ± 1.4 h), from eyes that had previously undergone penetrating keratoplasty (10 eyes of nine participants, mean age 31 ± 9 years). Corneal power and thickness data were examined over the central 6 mm, including regional analyses of the central (0–3 mm) and the mid-peripheral cornea (3–6 mm annulus) using customised software to deterime corneal power vectors M (best fit sphere), J0 (90/180 astigmatism) and J45 (45/135 astigmatism). Anterior corneal aberrations were extracted using corneal elevation data. Results : Corneal power vector J45 increased following lens wear (by 0.22 ± 0.05 D, p = 0.003) across the central 6 mm, while M displayed regional variations following lens wear indicating larger changes further from the corneal centre (p = 0.004). The change in corneal power vector M was also correlated with the magnitude of central corneal swelling (r = 0.65, p = 0.04). The anterior corneal aberration terms of oblique astigmatism, hoirzontal coma, and spherical aberration also varied following lens wear (all p ≤ 0.01). The mean change in the corneal spherocylinder derived from the elevation data following lens wear was +0.14/−0.54 × 44 for a 6 mm corneal diameter. Conclusions : Clinically significant alterations in anterior corneal topography and higher order aberrations were observed following short-term scleral lens wear in eyes that had undergone penetrating keratoplasty. Spherocylindrical changes were approximately double the magnitude and more oblique in orientation compared to previous reports of healthy eyes. Changes in corneal power vector M may be related to epithelial corneal oedema.

Objective Inter-ocular asymmetry in anterior corneal high-order aberrations has previously not been investigated. This study aims to investigate the normal range of inter-ocular asymmetry in corneal high-order aberrations (HOAs) using a Placido disk-based corneal topographer to explore the relationship between the HOA parameters of the anterior corneal for each eye individually and the refractive error. Patients and methods A total of 257 subjects (98 males and 159 females) were participated, with an age range of 6 to 81 years (average of 40.2 ±17.53). Participants were divided into three groups: myopia (spherical equivalent (SEQ) of refraction ≥-0.50 D), hypermetropia (SEQ ≥+0.50 D), and emmetropia. For all patients, high-order aberrations were measured using a corneal topographer (CA.200TM; Topcon). Inter-ocular asymmetry was represented by RMS (root mean square) for three, five, and seven mm as pupil entry; aberrations for five mm pupil (vertical and oblique trefoil, vertical and horizontal comma, and primary spherical aberration) were recorded using the instrument's built-in software. Results Hypermetropes exhibit the highest inter-ocular asymmetry of all RMS values, mostly in spherical aberrations, and higher-order trefoil values. Oblique trefoil aberrations had the highest interocular asymmetry in the myopic groups. The interocular asymmetry in horizontal coma values was the highest in emmetropes and the lowest in hypermetropes. Conclusion To our knowledge, this is the first observational study of inter-ocular differences in high-order aberrations of the anterior corneal surface of the human eye. This study's results could be used to establish normal values of inter-ocular asymmetry of HOAs of the anterior cornea. The use of such normal values should be investigated further to serve as a guideline for clinicians when establishing the best management route for the patient's refractive error.

Using 4412 positional observations, we compute eight single apparition orbits in the period 1993–2017. The analysis of the residuals of the orbit’s fit shows their systematic deviations around perihelia. We assume that these deviations in positional observations are a result of the dust emissions from a restricted area of the nucleus, and that the ejected dust particles contain a certain amount of ice. Additional sublimation of ice from particles causes a gas-rich effect when the comet is approaching the Sun. Another effect of the jet motion of particles is a shift of the centre of brightness in the direction of ejection. Taking these effects into account, we estimate the size of the dust particles (2–10 cm) containing $80{{\ \rm per\ cent}}$ ice, dust velocities (1.8–2.6 m s−1), and the positions of active regions on the comet’s nucleus (cometocentric latitude from 55° to 74°). These estimates are based on the data for the residuals in the positional observations before the perihelia of the 1993, 2003, 2013 and 2017 apparitions.

Made available in DSpace on 2021-06-25T12:24:46Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2020-11-01 We report a case of a 40-year-old female with keratoconus and high myopia who had previous ICRS implantation in both eyes (OU) and was intolerant to contact lenses. Manifest refraction was- 8.50 - 1.50 x 95 (20/25--) in right eye (OD) and -9.50 -2.50 x 60 (20/70--) in left eye (OS). A topography-guided transepithelial-photorefractive keratectomy (ttPRK) was performed to correct high-order aberrations on OS, resulting in corneal surface and coma improvement, and CDVA achieved 20/ 30. Correction of residual ametropia was performed with an iris-fixated toric phakic lens in OU. CDVA improved to 20/20- (Plano) in OD and 20/20- (Plano- 1.00 90 degrees) in OS. In conclusion, it is possible to rehabilitate a patient with keratoconus and high ametropia after intrastromal corneal ring segments (ICRS) implantation associating ttPRK and phakic lens (Trioptics). Sadalla Amin Ghanem Eye Hosp, Dept Cornea, Joinville, SC, Brazil Sao Paulo State Univ, Ophthalmol, Botucatu, SP, Brazil Sao Paulo Univ USP, Sao Paulo, SC, Brazil Sao Paulo State Univ, Ophthalmol, Botucatu, SP, Brazil

Background: Individualized corneal refractive surgery requires an understanding of the basis of higher-order aberrations before surgery. To investigate the characteristics and distribution of anterior surface wavefront aberrations in patients suitable for corneal refractive surgery. Methods: A total of 121 myopic patients (121 eyes, 18 - 45 years old) who underwent corneal refractive surgery were recruited from January to May 2016 at Affiliated Hospital, Yanbian University. Patients were randomly selected by the Pentacam anterior segment analysis system with a spherical equivalent (SE) of -0.25 to -10.00 D. The corneal anterior aberrations (total higher-order aberration; spherical aberration; Coma; Trefoil) and Q and K values were detected, and a correlation analysis of the relevant parameters was carried out. Results: The root-mean-square (RMS) of the third to sixth order aberrations of the corneal anterior wavefront aberrations at a 6 mm analysis diameter showed a decreasing trend in patients suitable for the corneal refractive surgery, and the RMS of the third order aberrations accounted for 62.92% of the total HOAs. The coma ratio (coma/total cornea higher-order aberrations) was increased with the increasing diopters, while the spherical aberration ratio (spherical aberration/total cornea higher-order aberrations) was not changed. In addition, the spherical aberration was 0.203 ± 0.082 μm (range: 0.061 to 0.503 μm), and the Q30 was -0.19 ± 0.03 (range: -0.58 to 0.31). There were significant differences in the coma aberrations of preoperative corneal anterior surface (3, 1) between the low, middle and high myopia groups (P = 0.013). The spherical equivalent was positively correlated with the corneal coma of the anterior corneal surfaces (R = -0.241, P = 0.009), and the Q value was positively correlated with the total higher-order aberrations (R = 0.326, P Conclusions: Individual wavefront aberrations on the anterior surfaces of the cornea are comparatively different, and the Zernike coefficients are related to the degree of myopia. Spherical aberrations are the most overriding aberrations of the cornea.

We here study the transfer process of material from one hemisphere to the other (deposition of airfall material) on an active comet nucleus, specifically 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko. Our goals are to: 1) quantify the thickness of the airfall debris layers and how it depends on the location of the target area, 2) determine the amount of $\mathrm{H_2O}$ and $\mathrm{CO_2}$ ice that are lost from icy dust assemblages of different sizes during transfer through the coma, and 3) estimate the relative amount of vapor loss in airfall material after deposition in order to understand what locations are expected to be more active than others on the following perihelion approach. We use various numerical simulations, that include orbit dynamics, thermophysics of the nucleus and of individual coma aggregates, coma gas kinetics and hydrodynamics, as well as dust dynamics due to gas drag, to address these questions. We find that the thickness of accumulated airfall material varies substantially with location, and typically is of the order $0.1$-$1\,\mathrm{m}$. The airfall material preserves substantial amounts of water ice even in relatively small (cm-sized) coma aggregates after a rather long ($12\,\mathrm{h}$) residence in the coma. However, $\mathrm{CO_2}$ is lost within a couple of hours even in relatively large (dm-sized) aggregates, and is not expected to be an important component in airfall deposits. We introduce reachability and survivability indices to measure the relative capacity of different regions to simultaneously collect airfall and to preserve its water ice until the next perihelion passage, thereby grading their potential of contributing to comet activity during the next perihelion passage., Comment: 65 pages, 11 figures. Published manuscript

We report our new spectropolarimetric observations for 67P dust over 4,000--9,000 Angstrom using the ESO/Very Large Telescope in January--March 2016 (phase angle ranging $\sim$26--5 deg) to constrain the properties of the dust particles of 67P and therefrom diagnose the dust environment of its coma and near-surface layer at around the end of the Southern summer of the comet. We examined the optical behaviours of the dust, which, together with Rosetta colour data, were used to search for dust evolution with cometocentric distance. Modelling was also conducted to identify the dust attributes compatible with the results. The spectral dependence of the polarisation degree of 67P dust is flatter than found in other dynamical groups of comets in similar observing geometry. The depth of its negative polarisation branch appears to be a bit shallower than in long-period comets and might be getting shallower as 67P repeats its apparitions. Its dust colour shows a change in slope around 5,500 Angstrom, (17.3 $\pm$ 1.4) and (10.9 $\pm$ 0.6) % (1,000 Angstrom)$^{\rm -1}$ for shortward and longward of the wavelength, respectively, which are slightly redder but broadly consistent with the average of Jupiter-Family comets. Observations of 67P dust in this study can be attributed to dust agglomerates of $\sim$100 $\mu$m in size detected by Rosetta in early 2016. A porosity of 60 % shows the best match with our polarimetric results, yielding a dust density of $\sim$770 kg m$^{\rm -3}$. Compilation of Rosetta and our data indicates the dust's reddening with increasing nucleus distance, which may be driven by water-ice sublimation as the dust moves out of the nucleus. We estimate the possible volume fraction of water ice in the initially ejected dust as $\sim$6 % (i.e. the refractory-to-ice volume ratio of $\sim$14)., Comment: Accepted for publication in Astronomy & Astrophysics

The present study aimed to evaluate the changes of corneal higher-order aberrations (HOAs) after transepithelial photorefractive keratectomy (TransPRK) in patients with myopia. A total of 80 eyes of 80 patients with myopia with or without astigmatism were evaluated. Prior to and 1 year after the surgery, uncorrected and corrected distance visual acuity in logMAR were assessed. Wavefront aberrations on the anterior surface of the cornea, as well as the posterior and total cornea, were measured via Pentacam. The HOA of the anterior surface and total values of spherical and coma aberrations increased significantly (P

Aim To evaluate the changes in higher order aberrations (HOAs) after implantable collamer lens (ICL; Staar Surgical, Nidau, Switzerland) implantation. Methods Totally 30 eyes of 18 patients with myopia were included in this study with an average age of 25.77y (min: 21, max: 40). Refraction, uncorrected distance visual acuity (UDVA), corrected distance visual acuity (CDVA), HOAs (entire, corneal and internal) were evaluated preoperatively and three months postoperatively. Ocular aberrations were measured by using iTrace (Tracey Technology, Houston, Texas, USA). SPSS (IBM Corp. Released 2013. IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows, Version 22.0. Armonk, NY: IBM Corp) was used for the statistical analysis and the interpretation of the data. P values of less than 0.05 were considered statistically significant. Results The preoperative mean spherical power was -9.01 D (min: -5.00, max: -13.00) and the mean cylindrical error was -2.40 D (min: -0.50, max: -4.75). The postoperative mean residual spherical power was -0.73 D (min: -0.20, max: -1.75) and the mean cylindrical error was -0.89 D (min: -0.18, max: -2.09). Analyses were made on root mean square (RMS) values of total HOAs (tHOAs), spherical aberration, coma and trefoil as entire, corneal and internal components. The differences in entire tHOAs and in internal tHOAs were significant. There was no significant change found in spherical aberrations. The differences in entire coma and in internal coma were significant. There was no significant change found in corneal coma. With respect to trefoil, the only significant difference was in internal trefoil. Conclusion The ICL implantation corrects the refractive error successfully and changes entire and internal HOAs of the eye.

New periodic comet P/2019 LD2 (ATLAS) located on unstable quasi-Trojan orbit still an interesting object to study in the last years. We present the results of broadband observations of comet P/2019 LD2 (ATLAS) performed at the Sanglokh observatory of the Institute of Astrophysics, National Academy of Sciences of Tajikistan for 5 nights in August 2020. The dependence of the Afrho parameters of the comet on the aperture radius is measured. We obtained the coma corrected upper limit of the cometary radius Rn not more than 6.1 +- 0.1 km and calculated the absolute magnitude H0 = 11.41 +- 0.03. Finson - Probstein diagram method was used to explain a dust tail appearance. A subgroup of comets with orbital parameters close to P/2019 LD2 (ATLAS) is analyzed., 27 pages, 5 figures, 2 tables, published in Icarus, 372, 15 January, 2022, 114752

Objectives: To study the effect of the optical zone diameter of ablation on higher order aberrations after transepithelial photorefractive keratectomy for myopia and myopic astigmatism. Methods: In this historical cohort study in 2019, patients were grouped into 7-mm (Gr-1) and 6.5-mm optical zones of ablation (Gr-2). Topographic and higher order aberrations at analysis diameters of 2, 4, and 6 mm were measured before and six months after transepithelial photorefractive keratectomy. The changes in the five types of higher order aberrations in the 6.5 mm and 7 mm groups were compared. The pupillary diameter was correlated with the change in the higher order aberrations. Results: We had 24 eyes of 12 patients in Gr-1 and 80 eyes of 40 patients in Gr-2. The trefoil type of higher order aberrations at 6 mm was significantly more prevalent in Gr-2 than in Gr-1 before surgery (p = 0.038). The change in spherical aberration six months after surgery compared with before was significantly more at 6 mm in the eyes of Gr-2 patients (p = 0.02). For the eyes managed by the 7-mm optical zone of ablation for transepithelial photorefractive keratectomy, the decline in the different types of higher order aberrations was significant. The pupillary diameter was positively correlated with the change in the third-order coma in Gr-2 (Spearman coefficient, p = 0.005). All the eyes had an uncorrected visual acuity of 0.0 LogMAR in Gr-1 and 95% in Gr-2 after surgery. Conclusions: The higher order aberrations six months after transepithelial photorefractive keratectomy were similar in eyes managed with 7-mm and 6.5-mm optical zone for ablation. But a lower aberration coefficient in eyes was managed by the 7-mm zone than the 6.5-mm zone of optical ablation at 6-mm analysis diameter.

We present an analysis of the photometric and spectroscopic observations of the split comet C/2019 Y4 (ATLAS). Observations were carried out on the 14th and 16th of April 2020 when the heliocentric distances of the comet were 1.212 and 1.174 au, its geocentric distances 0.998 and 0.991 au, and the phase angle 52.9{\deg} and 54.5{\deg}, respectively. The comet was observed with the 6-m BTA telescope of the Special Astrophysical Observatory (Russia) with the SCORPIO-2 multi-mode focal reducer. The narrow-band BC and RC cometary filters in the continuum were used. We identified numerous emissions of the CN, C2, C3, and NH2 molecules within the range of 3750-7100 {\AA}. The C2/CN and C3/CN production rate ratios coincide with those of typical comets. Four fragments belonging to the coma were detected in both observational runs. We compared and analyzed temporal variations of the visual magnitudes, gas productivity, and dust colour. Based on our dynamical investigation of the orbits of comets C/1844 Y1 (Great comet) and C/2019 Y4 (ATLAS), we can claim that, with high probability, two comets do not have a common progenitor., Comment: 25 pages, 11 figures

This study aimed to assess image quality after the tilt and decentration of supplementary intraocular lenses (IOLs) in a two-lens configuration. One was designed for sulcus fixation with a nominal power range of 1D–10D and was combined with a capsular fixation 20D IOL. The optical performance of a ray-tracing model was tested under IOL misalignment through the area under the modulation transfer function (MTFa) and wave aberrations. Tilting by 10° resulted in a 4% reduction of the MTFa for a 10D IOL as compared to 9% for the 20D lens. The two models demonstrated good tolerance to a 1 mm decentration, as for the 10D sulcus-fixated lens, the MTFa loss was 2%, and 4% for the capsular fixation lens. Coma and astigmatism increased three- and four-fold, respectively, after a 10° tilt compared to the aberration level induced by the 1 mm decentration. Both analyses showed a trend towards a lower MTF impact and fewer optical errors with decreasing nominal power. In conclusion, when misaligned, low-power sulcus-fixated IOLs might retain their good optical quality. An extreme tilt of 10° has a more detrimental effect on the IOL performance than a 1 mm decentration. The proper alignment of a high-power capsular fixation lens is important in achieving a desirable postoperative outcome.

Spectrographs nominally contain a degree of quasi-static optical aberrations resulting from the quality of manufactured component surfaces, imperfect alignment, design residuals, thermal effects, and other other associated phenomena involved in the design and construction process. Aberrations that change over time can mimic the line centroid motion of a Doppler shift, introducing radial velocity (RV) uncertainty that increases time-series variability. Even when instrument drifts are tracked using a precise wavelength calibration source, barycentric motion of the Earth leads to a wavelength shift of stellar light causing a translation of the spectrum across the focal plane array by many pixels. The wavelength shift allows absorption lines to experience different optical propagation paths and aberrations over observing epochs. We use physical optics propagation simulations to study the impact of aberrations on precise Doppler measurements made by diffraction-limited, high-resolution spectrographs. We quantify the uncertainties that cross-correlation techniques introduce in the presence of aberrations and barycentric RV shifts. We find that aberrations which shift the PSF photo-center in the dispersion direction, in particular primary horizontal coma and trefoil, are the most concerning. To maintain aberration-induced RV errors less than 10 cm/s, phase errors for these particular aberrations must be held well below 0.05 waves at the instrument operating wavelength. Our simulations further show that wavelength calibration only partially compensates for instrumental drifts, owing to a behavioral difference between how cross-correlation techniques handle aberrations between starlight versus calibration light. Identifying subtle physical effects that influence RV errors will help ensure that diffraction-limited planet-finding spectrographs are able to reach their full scientific potential., 22 pages, 5 figures

We present analyses of Spitzer observations of 29P/Schwassmann–Wachmann 1 using 16 μm IRS “blue” peak-up (PU) and 24 and 70 μm MIPS images obtained on UT 2003 November 23 and 24 that characterize the Centaur’s large-grain (10–100 μm) dust coma during a time of non-outbursting “quiescent” activity. Estimates of ϵ f ρ for each band (16 μm (2600 ± 43 cm), 24 μm (5800 ± 63 cm), and 70 μm (1800 ± 900 cm)) follow the trend between nucleus size versus ϵ f ρ that was observed for the WISE/NEOWISE comet ensemble. A coma model was used to derive a dust production rate in the range of 50–100 kg s−1. For the first time, a color temperature map of SW1's coma was constructed using the 16 and 24 μm imaging data. With peaks at ∼140 K, this map implies that coma water-ice grains should be slowly sublimating and producing water gas in the coma. We analyzed the persistent 24 μm “wing” (a curved southwestern coma) feature at 352,000 km (90″) from the nucleus attributed by Stansberry et al. to nucleus rotation and instead propose that it is largely created by solar radiation pressure and gravity acting on micron-sized grains. We performed coma removal to the 16 μm PU image in order to refine the nucleus’ emitted thermal flux. A new application of the Near Earth Asteroid Thermal Model at five wavelengths (5.730, 7.873, 15.80, 23.68, and 71.42 μm) was then used to refine SW1's effective radius measurement to R = 32.3 ± 3.1 km and infrared beaming parameter to η = 1.1 ± 0.2, respectively.

This study integrated the use of a centering machine with an automatic optical axis measuring technique to improve the centering process for short-focus lenses, which are widely used in interferometric inspection, microscopy, and spectrometry. A major concern of the centering process is coma aberrations during the axis centering of a lens, which leads to deformation of the image system. Because of the small size and high curvature of short-focus lenses, high optical axis error and unstable grinding quality are highly problematic within the high-precision centering process. To reduce optical axis error and improve manufacturing quality, an on-line optical axis measuring system that applies convolutional neural network (CNN) machine learning for the evaluation of centering stability was developed. According to experimental results, the CNN achieved 95% accuracy. With the use of trace classification and optical axis measurements, the optical axis error was controlled to

Dwarf spheroidal galaxies (dSphs) are among the best candidates to perform indirect searches for DM, having the highest known mass-to-light ratio and being free of astrophysical gamma-ray emitting sources. The Major Atmospheric Gamma Imaging Cherenkov (MAGIC) telescopes, located on the Canary Island of La Palma, have observed a fair amount of optimal dSphs in the recent years. This is the outcome of diversifying the observation strategy in order to avoid possible biases in target selection and to improve previous results. In this contribution we will report on new MAGIC results obtained from 52.1 hours of observation of the Draco dSph in 2018 and 49.5 hours of the Coma Berenices dSph in 2019. We will also present the results of a joint analysis of Draco and Coma Berenices dSphs with other dSphs observed by MAGIC so far. The selected dataset accounts for 354.4 hours of good quality data, resulting in one of the largest dSphs samples ever collected by an array of Cherenkov telescopes. This allows us to derive the most constraining limits from dSphs, among Cherenkov telescopes, on the WIMP annihilation cross section for different annihilation channels in the WIMP mass range 70 GeV to 100 TeV.

Consistent with wave-optics simulations of metasurfaces, aberrations of metalenses should also be described in terms of wave optics and not ray tracing. In this respect, we have shown, through extensive numerical simulations, that intensity-based moments and the associated parameters defined in terms of them (average position, spatial extent, skewness and kurtosis) adequately capture changes in beam shapes induced by aberrations of a metalens with a hyperbolic phase profile. We have studied axial illumination, in which phase-discretization induced aberrations exist, as well as non-axial illumination, when coma could also appear. Our results allow the identification of the parameters most prone to induce changes in the beam shape for metalenses that impart on an incident electromagnetic field a step-like approximation of an ideal phase profile.

This study sought to develop a diagnostic model with aberrometry and biomechanical variables for subclinical keratoconus. The design was a cross-sectional study. The topographic data were obtained with a rotating Scheimpflug camera (Pentacam HR), and biomechanical data were obtained with Corvis ST. The study included 81 eyes distributed in 61 healthy corneas and 20 subclinical keratoconus (SCKC), defined as eyes with suspicious topographic findings, normal slit-lamp examination, and a manifestation of keratoconus. Analyses of the topographic and biomechanical data were performed, and a classifying model of SCKC was elaborated. The model for the diagnosis of SCKC includes posterior coma to 90°, Ambrósio’s Relational Thickness in the horizontal profile (ARTh), and velocity when the air pulse is off (A2 velocity). The sensitivity was 89.5%, specificity 96.7%, accuracy 94.9%, and precision 89.5%. The area under the curve (AUC) of the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve for the model was 0.951. Diagnosis of subclinical keratoconus depends on the aberrometry variable posterior coma to 90° and the biomechanical variables A2 velocity and ARTh.

Entire Visible Sky (EnVisS) camera is one of the payload proposed for the ESA selected F-Class mission Comet Interceptor. The main aim of the mission is the study of a dynamic new comet, or an interstellar object, entering the inner solar system for the first time. The Comet Interceptor mission is conceived to be composed of three spacecraft: a parent spacecraft A and two, spacecraft B1 and B2, dedicated to a close and risky fly-by. EnVisS will be mounted on spacecraft B2, which is foreseen to be spin-stabilized. The EnVisS camera is designed to capture the entire sky in some visible wavelength bands while the spacecraft pass through the comet's coma. EnVisS optical head is composed of a fisheye lens with a field of view of 180° x 40° coupled with an imaging detector equipped with both band-pass and polarimetric filters. The design of fisheye lenses requires to take into account some issues typical of very wide-angle lenses. The fundamental origin of the optical problems resides on the entrance pupil shift at large angle, where the paraxial approximation is no more valid: chief rays angles on the object side are not preserved passing through the optics preceding the aperture stop (fore-optics). This effect produces an anamorphic deformation of the image on the focal plane, i.e. the focal length is changing along the elevation angles. Tracing the rays appropriately requires some effort by the designer. It has to be considered that distortion, including anamorphism, is an aberration that does not affect the quality of a point source image, thus it can be present also in well corrected lenses. In this paper the optical design of the mera for the ESA F-class "Comet Interceptor" mission, will be presented together with the initial optical requirements and the final expected optical performances.

Galaxy clusters are some of largest structures in the universe. These very dense environments tend to be home to higher numbers of evolved galaxies that what is found in lower density environments. It is well known that dense environments can influence the evolution of galaxies through the removal of the neutral gas (HI) reservoirs which fuel star formation. It is unclear which environment has a stronger effect: the local environment (i.e. the substructure within the cluster), or the cluster itself. Using the new HI data from the Westerbork Coma Survey, we explore the average HI content of galaxies across the cluster comparing galaxies that reside in substructure to those that do not. We apply to the Dressler-Shectman test to our newly compiled redshift catalogue of the Coma cluster to search for substructure. With so few of the Coma galaxies directly detected in HI, we use the HI stacking technique to probe average HI content below what can be directly detected. Using the Dressler-Shectman test, we find 15 substructures within the footprint of the Westerbork Coma Survey. We compare the average HI content for galaxies within substructure to those not in substructure. Using the HI stacking technique, we find that the Coma galaxies (for which are not detected in HI) are more than 10--50 times more HI deficient than expected which supports the scenario of an extremely efficient and rapid quenching mechanism. By studying the galaxies that are not directly detected in HI, we also find Coma to be more HI deficient than previously thought., Comment: 18 pages (+ 21 page appendix), 23 figures, accepted for publication in A&A

Population studies of the extragalactic objects are a major part of the universe large-scale structure study. Apart from radio, infrared, and visible wavelength bands, observations and further identification of extragalactic objects such as galaxies, quasars, blazers, liners, and active star burst regions are also conducted in the X-ray and gamma bands. In this paper we make identification and cross-correlate of the infrared and X-ray observational data, build a distribution of a selected sample sources by types and attempted to analyze types of the extragalactic objects at distances up to z = 0.1 using observational data of relevant space observatories. Data from a leading X-ray space observatory XMM-Newton were used to compile the largest catalog of X-ray sources. Current version of XMM SSC (Serendipitous Source Catalog) contains more than half a million sources. In our previous works we selected and analyzed a sample of 5021 X-ray galaxies observed by XMM-Newton. Identification and classification of these sources is essential next step of the study. In this study we used infrared apparent magnitudes from WISE catalog of AGN candidates. In 2010 space telescope WISE performed full sky survey in four infrared bands and detected 747 million sources. WISE catalog of AGN candidates amounts 4 million of possible extragalactic sources. We built infrared color-color diagram for our sample of X-ray galaxies and assessed their types using WISE telescope data. In this study we also analyzed large scale structure of the universe (distances up to z=0.1). This analysis revealed Coma galaxy cluster and SDSS Sloan Great Wall. In the further studies we are planning to investigate the distribution of different types of X-ray galaxies within the large-scale structures of the Universe., 8 pages, 5 figures