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Unidentified opistognathid. Lissner and Dorsey (1986) observed from a manned submersible a jawfish they were unable to identify at Tanner��� Cortes Bank, southern California., Published as part of Love, Milton S., Bizzarro, Joseph J., Cornthwaite, Maria, Frable, Benjamin W. & Maslenikov, Katherine P., 2021, Checklist of marine and estuarine fishes from the Alaska-Yukon Border, Beaufort Sea, to Cabo San Lucas, Mexico, pp. 1-285 in Zootaxa 5053 (1) on page 150, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5053.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/5578008, {"references":["Lissner, A. L. & Dorsey, J. H. (1986) Deep-water biological assemblages of a hard-bottom bank-ridge complex of the southern California continental borderland. Bulletin of the Southern California Academy of Sciences, 85, 87 - 101."]}

Cirrhitichthys oxycephalus (Bleeker, 1855). Coral Hawkfish. To probably no larger than 10 cm (3.9 in) TL (Grove and Lavenberg 1997). Indo-Pacific; western Pacific Ocean north to Japan (Hayashi in Nakabo 2002); Rocas Alijos, southern Baja California (Gotshall 1998), and 64 km (40 mi) north-west of Cabo San Lucas, southern Baja California (John Snow, pers. comm. to M.L.), into middle Gulf of California (Bussing and Lavenberg in Fischer et al. 1995), to Peru (Robertson and Allen 2015), including Islas Gal��pagos (Grove and Lavenberg 1997), and other offshore islands (Robertson and Allen 2002). Depth: intertidal to 65 m (213 ft) (min.: Castellanos-Galindo et al. 2014; max.: S��nchez-Jim��nez et al. 2018)., Published as part of Love, Milton S., Bizzarro, Joseph J., Cornthwaite, Maria, Frable, Benjamin W. & Maslenikov, Katherine P., 2021, Checklist of marine and estuarine fishes from the Alaska-Yukon Border, Beaufort Sea, to Cabo San Lucas, Mexico, pp. 1-285 in Zootaxa 5053 (1) on page 171, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5053.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/5578008, {"references":["Grove, J. S. & Lavenberg, R. J. (1997) The Fishes of the Galapagos Islands. Stanford University Press, Stanford.","Nakabo, T. (Ed.). (2002) Fishes of Japan with Pictorial Keys to the Species. Tokai University Press, Tokyo.","Gotshall, D. W. (1998) Sea of Cortez Marine Animals: A Guide to the Common Fishes and Invertebrates - Baja California to Panama. Sea Challengers, Monterey, California.","Fischer, W., Krupp, F., Schneider, W., Sommer, C., Carpenter, K. E. & Niem, V. H. (1995) Guia FAO para la identificacion para los fines de la pesca. Pacifico centro-oriental. Volume II, Vertebrados, Parte 1. Volume III, Vertebrados, Parte 2. FAO, Rome.","Robertson, D. R. and Allen, G. R. (2015) Shorefishes of the Tropical Eastern Pacific: an Information System. Version 2.0 (2008). Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Balboa. http: // biogeodb. stri. si. edu / sftep / en / pages","Robertson, D. R. & Allen, G. R. (2002) Shorefishes of the tropical eastern Pacific: an information system. CD-ROM. Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Balboa, Panama.","Castellanos-Galindo, G. A., Giraldo, A. & Zapata, F. A. (2014) Tidepool fish assemblages of Gorgona Island, Colombian Pacific coast: a local and regional comparison). Revista de Biologia Tropical, 62 (Supplement 1), 373 - 390. https: // doi. org / 10.15517 / rbt. v 62 i 0.16362","Sanchez-Jimenez, A., Naranjo-Elizondo, B., Rodriguez-Arrieta, A., Quesada, A., Blum, S., McCosker, J. E., Robertson, D. R., Auster, P. J. & Cortes, J. (2018) Updated catalogue of bony fishes observed in deep waters at Isla del Coco National Park and Las Gemelas Seamount, Costa Rica (Eastern Tropical Pacific). Revista de Biologia Tropical, 66, (Supplement 5), S 1 - S 113. https: // doi. org / 10.15517 / rbt. v 66 i 5.34943"]}

Cirrhitus rivulatus Valenciennes, 1846. Giant Hawkfish or Hieroglyphic Hawkfish. To 62 cm (24.4 in) (Jim��nez Prado and B��arez 2004). Bah��a Magdalena, southern Baja California (Galv��n-Maga��a et al. 2000) to northern Peru (Robertson and Allen 2015), including Gulf of California (Bussing and Lavenberg in Fischer et al. 1995) and Islas Gal��pagos (Grove and Lavenberg 1975). Depth: intertidal to 30 m (98 ft) (min.: Weaver 1970; max.: Robertson and Allen 2008)., Published as part of Love, Milton S., Bizzarro, Joseph J., Cornthwaite, Maria, Frable, Benjamin W. & Maslenikov, Katherine P., 2021, Checklist of marine and estuarine fishes from the Alaska-Yukon Border, Beaufort Sea, to Cabo San Lucas, Mexico, pp. 1-285 in Zootaxa 5053 (1) on page 171, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5053.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/5578008, {"references":["Jimenez Prado, P. & Bearez, P. (2004) Peces marinos del Ecuador continental / marine fishes of continental Ecuador. SIMBIOE / NAZCA / IFEA TOMO II, Quito.","Galvan-Magana, F., Gutierrez-Sanchez, F., Abitia-Cardenas, L. A. & Rodriquez-Romero, J. (2000) The distribution and affinities of the shorefishes of the Baja California Sur lagoons. In: Munawar, M., Lawrence, S. G., Munawar, I. F. & Malle, D. F. (Eds.), Aquatic Ecosystems of Mexico: Status and Scope. Ecovision World Monograph Series. Backhuys Publisher, Leiden, The Netherlands, pp. 383 - 398.","Robertson, D. R. and Allen, G. R. (2015) Shorefishes of the Tropical Eastern Pacific: an Information System. Version 2.0 (2008). Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Balboa. http: // biogeodb. stri. si. edu / sftep / en / pages","Fischer, W., Krupp, F., Schneider, W., Sommer, C., Carpenter, K. E. & Niem, V. H. (1995) Guia FAO para la identificacion para los fines de la pesca. Pacifico centro-oriental. Volume II, Vertebrados, Parte 1. Volume III, Vertebrados, Parte 2. FAO, Rome.","Weaver, P. L. (1970) Species diversity and ecology of tide pool fishes in three Pacific coastal areas of Costa Rica. Revista de Biologia Tropical, 17, 165 - 185.","Robertson, D. R. & Allen, G. R. (2008) Shorefishes of the Tropical Eastern Pacific: an Information System. Version 1.0 (2008). Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Balboa."]}

Oxycirrhites typus Bleeker, 1857. Longnose Hawkfish. To 13 cm (5.1 in) TL (Bussing and Lavenberg in Fischer et al. 1995). Indo-Pacific; western Pacific Ocean north to Japan (Hayashi in Nakabo 2002); south entrance to Bah��a Magdalena, southern Baja California (Daniel Gotshall, pers. comm. to M.L.) to Colombia (Allen and Robertson 1994), including Gulf of California (Bussing and Lavenberg in Fischer et al. 1995), Islas Gal��pagos (Grove and Lavenberg 1997), and Isla Malpelo (Robertson and Allen 2002). Depth: 5���100 m (15���328 ft) (min.: Thomson et al. 1979; max.: Allen and Robertson 1994)., Published as part of Love, Milton S., Bizzarro, Joseph J., Cornthwaite, Maria, Frable, Benjamin W. & Maslenikov, Katherine P., 2021, Checklist of marine and estuarine fishes from the Alaska-Yukon Border, Beaufort Sea, to Cabo San Lucas, Mexico, pp. 1-285 in Zootaxa 5053 (1) on page 171, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5053.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/5578008, {"references":["Fischer, W., Krupp, F., Schneider, W., Sommer, C., Carpenter, K. E. & Niem, V. H. (1995) Guia FAO para la identificacion para los fines de la pesca. Pacifico centro-oriental. Volume II, Vertebrados, Parte 1. Volume III, Vertebrados, Parte 2. FAO, Rome.","Nakabo, T. (Ed.). (2002) Fishes of Japan with Pictorial Keys to the Species. Tokai University Press, Tokyo.","Allen, G. R. & Robertson, D. R. (1994) Fishes of the Tropical Eastern Pacific. University of Hawaii Press, Honolulu.","Grove, J. S. & Lavenberg, R. J. (1997) The Fishes of the Galapagos Islands. Stanford University Press, Stanford.","Robertson, D. R. & Allen, G. R. (2002) Shorefishes of the tropical eastern Pacific: an information system. CD-ROM. Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Balboa, Panama.","Thomson, D. A., Findley, L. T. & Kerstitch, A. N. (1979) Reef Fishes of the Sea of Cortez. John Wiley and Sons, New York."]}

Cirrhitichthys oxycephalus (Bleeker 1855) —Pixie hawkfish Status at New Ireland. New record, based on a specimen photographed on 3 June 2013 during ACIAR Aquarium Survey in Kavieng District; a video of a specimen taken from Alexander Passage, off southeastern New Hanover, 5–14 m depth, at St. KR 96, in 2014 (identified by Barry C. Russell). Distribution and habitat. New Ireland: 1, 2.—General distribution: Red Sea and East Africa east to Caroline and Marquesas islands, north to southern Japan, south to northern Australia and New Caledonia. Solitary, in coastal, lagoon and seaward coral reefs, 1–40 m depth. Marine., Published as part of Andréfouët, Serge, Chen, Wei-Jen, Kinch, Jeff, Mana, Ralph, Russell, Barry C., Tully, Dean & White, William T., 2019, Checklist of the marine and estuarine fishes of New Ireland Province, Papua New Guinea, western Pacific Ocean, with 810 new records, pp. 1-360 in Zootaxa 4588 (1) on page 201, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4588.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/2988163

Cirrhitichthys aprinus (Cuvier in Cuvier & Valenciennes 1829) —Blotched hawkfish Status at New Ireland. New record, based on specimens observed in Kavieng Lagoon by Jeff Kinch during ACIAR Aquarium Survey in 2013 (see Teitelbaum et al. 2013: 15). Distribution and habitat. New Ireland: 2.—General distribution: South Africa; Indonesia east to Philippines and New Guinea, north to southern Japan, south to northern Australia. Found in coastal and seaward coral reefs, 5– 40 m depth. Marine., Published as part of Andréfouët, Serge, Chen, Wei-Jen, Kinch, Jeff, Mana, Ralph, Russell, Barry C., Tully, Dean & White, William T., 2019, Checklist of the marine and estuarine fishes of New Ireland Province, Papua New Guinea, western Pacific Ocean, with 810 new records, pp. 1-360 in Zootaxa 4588 (1) on pages 200-201, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4588.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/2988163, {"references":["Teitelbaum, A., Nahacky, A. & Kinch, J. (2013) A commercial survey of aquarium fish species in the Kavieng Lagoon, New Ireland Province, Papua New Guinea. Report, James Cook University, Townsville, 1 - 21."]}

Paracirrhites forsteri (Schneider in Bloch & Schneider 1801) —Freckled hawkfish (Fig. 100) Status at New Ireland. New record, based on photographs taken on 1 June 2013 during ACIAR Aquarium Survey in Kavieng District. A specimen photographed at Lissenung Island by Dietmar Amon on 13 Oct. 2007; another photographed at St. KVG18b (south side of Bauddisson Island, Kavieng District) by Serge Andréfouët on 18 Aug. 2014; a video of a specimen taken off southern New Hanover at 4–51 m depth, St. KR 110, in 2014 (identified by Barry C. Russell). Distribution and habitat. New Ireland: 1, 2.—General distribution: Red Sea and East Africa, Madagascar and western Mascarenes east to Hawaiian Islands and Pitcairn Group, north to southern Japan, south to Western Australia, New South Wales (Australia), Lord Howe, Norfolk and Austral islands. Solitary, in lagoon and seaward reefs, among outer branches of Stylophora, Pocillopora or Acropora corals, 1–33 m depth. Marine., Published as part of Andréfouët, Serge, Chen, Wei-Jen, Kinch, Jeff, Mana, Ralph, Russell, Barry C., Tully, Dean & White, William T., 2019, Checklist of the marine and estuarine fishes of New Ireland Province, Papua New Guinea, western Pacific Ocean, with 810 new records, pp. 1-360 in Zootaxa 4588 (1) on page 203, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4588.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/2988163

Paracirrhites arcatus (Cuvier [ex Parkinson] in Cuvier & Valenciennes 1829)—Ringeye hawkfish (Fig. 99) Status at New Ireland. New record, based on a specimen photographed on 3 June 2013 during ACIAR Aquarium Survey in Kavieng District. A specimen photographed at Lissenung Island by Dietmar Amon on 24 Dec. 2006; a video of a specimen taken at Martha's Shoal, off eastern New Hanover, at 7–41 m depth, St. KR122, in 2014 (identified by Barry C. Russell). Distribution and habitat. New Ireland: 1, 2.—General distribution: East Africa, Comores and Mascarenes east to Hawaiian Islands and Pitcairn Group, north to southern Japan, south to Western Australia, Lord Howe and Norfolk islands and Rapa. Solitary, in lagoon and seaward reefs, on heads of small branching corals including Stylophora, Pocillopora, Acropora, 1–33 m depth. Marine., Published as part of Andréfouët, Serge, Chen, Wei-Jen, Kinch, Jeff, Mana, Ralph, Russell, Barry C., Tully, Dean & White, William T., 2019, Checklist of the marine and estuarine fishes of New Ireland Province, Papua New Guinea, western Pacific Ocean, with 810 new records, pp. 1-360 in Zootaxa 4588 (1) on pages 202-203, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4588.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/2988163

Cirrhitichthys falco Randall 1963 —Dwarf hawkfish (Fig. 97) Status at New Ireland. New record, based on specimens photographed on 1 and 3 June 2013 during ACIAR Aquarium Survey in Kavieng District. Specimens photographed at Lissenung Island by Dietmar Amon on 13 Oct. 2007 and 11 June 2009; a video of a specimen taken at Nubilus Island, off eastern New Hanover, 3–25 m depth, St. KR 90, in 2014 (identified by Barry C. Russell). Distribution and habitat. New Ireland: 1, 2.—General distribution: Maldives east to Caroline Islands and Samoa, north to southern Japan, south to New South Wales (Australia) and Lord Howe Island. Solitary, on coral heads of seaward coral reefs, 1–46 m depth. Marine., Published as part of Andréfouët, Serge, Chen, Wei-Jen, Kinch, Jeff, Mana, Ralph, Russell, Barry C., Tully, Dean & White, William T., 2019, Checklist of the marine and estuarine fishes of New Ireland Province, Papua New Guinea, western Pacific Ocean, with 810 new records, pp. 1-360 in Zootaxa 4588 (1) on page 201, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4588.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/2988163

Oxycirrhites typus Bleeker 1857 —Longnose hawkfish (Fig. 98) Status at New Ireland. New record, based on a specimen photographed at Lissenung Island by Dietmar Amon on 15 May 2011; a video of a specimen taken off Nubilus Island, off southeastern New Hanover, at 3–32 m depth, St. KR 88, in 2014 (identified by Barry C. Russell). Distribution and habitat. New Ireland: 1, 2.—General distribution: Red Sea, Seychelles and western Mascarenes east to Panama, north to southern Japan, south to Western Australia and New Caledonia. Found on steep outer coral reef slopes exposed to strong currents where it lives on large gorgonians and black corals, 10–100 m depth. Marine., Published as part of Andréfouët, Serge, Chen, Wei-Jen, Kinch, Jeff, Mana, Ralph, Russell, Barry C., Tully, Dean & White, William T., 2019, Checklist of the marine and estuarine fishes of New Ireland Province, Papua New Guinea, western Pacific Ocean, with 810 new records, pp. 1-360 in Zootaxa 4588 (1) on page 202, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4588.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/2988163

Cirrhitus pinnulatus (Forster in Bloch & Schneider 1801) —White-spotted hawkfish Status at New Ireland. New record, based on a video of a specimen taken off Nubilus Island, off southeastern New Hanover, at 3–32 m depth, St. KR 88, in 2014 (identified by Barry C. Russell); a specimen observed at Nusa Island, Kavieng District, 1–27 m depth, St. T 8, on 1 Nov. 2006, by Gerald R. Allen. Distribution and habitat. New Ireland: 1, 2.—General distribution: Red Sea, East Africa, Mozambique Channel, Madagascar and Mascarenes to Hawaiian Islands and Pitcairn Group, north to southern Japan, south to Kermadec Islands and Rapa. Solitary, seaward coral reefs, 0–3 m depth. Marine., Published as part of Andréfouët, Serge, Chen, Wei-Jen, Kinch, Jeff, Mana, Ralph, Russell, Barry C., Tully, Dean & White, William T., 2019, Checklist of the marine and estuarine fishes of New Ireland Province, Papua New Guinea, western Pacific Ocean, with 810 new records, pp. 1-360 in Zootaxa 4588 (1) on page 202, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4588.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/2988163

Genus Latris Richardson Latris Richardson, 1839: 98 [Type-species: Latris hecateia Richardson, 1839 (= junior synonym of L. lineata Forster, 1801) by monotypy]. Etymology. Gender masculine. Derived from the Greek word latris (slave). Inclusive species. Latris lineata (Forster) (type species), Latris pacifica Roberts Diagnosis. Diagnosis follows that of Roberts (2003) with the following combination of characters: elongate, compressed body; eye small; terminal mouth; caudal peduncle thin, with caudle fin strongly forked; dorsal-fin elements XVII���XX, 33-44; anal-fin elements III, 2 6���37; pectoral-fin rays 16���19 with 6���9 branched rays; pectoralfin rays not reaching anal-fin origin; 98���125 lateral line scales; 37���43 vertebrae; scales small and cycloid. Habitat and distribution. Found throughout the temperate Southern Hemisphere, with the exception of South Africa, to 300m in rocky regions (Roberts 2003). Comments. Latris lineata is popular in commercial fisheries, and can live to 43 years (Roberts 2015). Less is known of L. pacifica, although it too may be harvested in large numbers but misidentified as L. lineata. Larvae are adapted to a long pelagic ���paper fish��� stage that allow for long-distance dispersal. There is an extensive taxonomic history of this genus outlined in Roberts (2003). Material examined. L. lineata USNM 176770 [n=1, New Zealand: Auckland], CSIRO H 4944 [n=1, Australia: Tasmania:], CSIRO H 4945 [n=1, Australia]., Published as part of Ludt, William B., Burridge, Christopher P. & Chakrabarty, Prosanta, 2019, A taxonomic revision of Cheilodactylidae and Latridae (Centrarchiformes: Cirrhitoidei) using morphological and genomic characters, pp. 121-141 in Zootaxa 4585 (1) on page 132, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4585.1.7, http://zenodo.org/record/2636292, {"references":["Roberts, C. D. (2003) A new species of trumpeter (Teleostei; Percomorpha; Latridae) from the central South Pacific Ocean, with a taxonomic review of the striped trumpeter Latris lineata. Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand, 33 (4), 731 - 754.","Roberts, C. D. (2015) Latridae. In: The Fishes of New Zealand. Roberts, C., Stewart, A L. & Struthers, C. D. (Eds.). Te Papa Press."]}

Cirrhitidae Amblycirrhitus pinos (Mowbray, 1927) ���Redspotted hawkfish (FAO) References: Melliss (1875) as Cirrhitichthys fasciatus, Randall (1968), Edwards & Glass (1987a), Edwards (1990:111), Randall in Qu��ro et al. (1990). Material: BMNH 1986.4.3.5 (1 spec.) and 5 additional BMNH lots, USNM 267876 (1 spec.), USNM 267886 (1 spec.), USNM 429514 (1 spec.)., Published as part of Brown, Judith, Beard, Annalea, Clingham, Elizabeth, Fricke, Ronald, Henry, Leeann & Wirtz, Peter, 2019, The fishes of St Helena Island, central Atlantic Ocean-new records and an annotated check-list, pp. 151-194 in Zootaxa 4543 (2) on page 179, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4543.2.1, http://zenodo.org/record/2617755, {"references":["Melliss, J. C. (1875) St Helena: A physical, historical and topographical description of the Island including its geology, fauna, flora and meterology L Reeve & Co, London.","Randall, J. E. (1968) Caribbean reef fishes. T. F. H. Publications, Hong Kong, 318 pp.","Edwards, A. J. & Glass, C. W. (1987 a) The fishes of Saint Helena Island, South Atlantic Ocean. I. The shore fishes. Journal of Natural History, 21 (3), 617 - 686.","Edwards, A. J. (1990). Fish and Fisheries of Saint Helena Island ISBN 0 - 9516480 - 0 - 4, 152 pp.","Quero, J. - C., Hureau, J. - C, Karrer, C., Post, A. & Saldanha, L. (1990) Check-list of the fishes of the eastern tropical Atlantic. CLOFETA. UNESCO, Paris, 3 vols., xxxii + 1492 pp. [v. 1, pp. i-xxxii + 1 - 519; v. 2, pp. 520 - 1080; v. 3, pp. 1081 - 1492.]"]}

A check-list of the fishes of St Helena Island is presented. The following species are recorded for the first time from St. Helena Island: Rhincodon typus, Mobula tarapacana, Muraena melanotis, Caranx latus, Seriola rivoliana, Balistes capriscus, Lutjanus jocu, Centropyge aurantonotus, Acanthurus coeruleus, Lepidocybium flavobrunneum, Tetrapturus pfluegeri, Coelorinchus geronimo, Pentaceros richardsoni, Gephyroberyx darwinii, Brotula cf multibarbata, Poromitra crassiceps, Echiostoma barbatum, Malacosteus niger, Pachystomias microdon. Including these nineteen new records there are 189 fish species currently known from St Helena. Three of them appear to be undescribed. Eight species and two subspecies are currently considered endemic to St. Helena Island. Darwin Initiative [19-031] Joint Nature Conservation Committee (JNCC) Environmental Management Department (EMD) of St Helena Government Centro de Ciencias do Mar FCT-Foundation for Science and TechnologyPortuguese Foundation for Science and Technology [UID/Multi/04326/2013]

CIRRHITIDAE Cirrhitichthys oxycephalus (Bleeker 1855) Gulf of Suez: �� Gulf of Aqaba: Israel (Ben-Tuvia & Steinitz 1952, as Cirrhitichthys aprinus), Jordan (Khalaf 2004). Red Sea main basin: Egypt (Klunzinger 1884, as Cirrhites aprinus), Saudi Arabia (Tortonese 1983), Yemen (Kotthaus 1976, as Cirrhitichthys aureus). General distribution: Red Sea, Indo-Pacific: East Africa east to Panama. Cirrhitus spilotoceps Schultz 1950 Gulf of Suez: �� Gulf of Aqaba: �� Red Sea main basin: Egypt (Klunzinger 1870, as Cirrhitichthys maculatus), Sudan (Gaither & Randall 2013), Eritrea (Cuvier in Cuvier & Valenciennes 1829a, as Cirrhites maculatus; Gaither & Randall 2013), Saudi Arabia (Gaither & Randall 2013). Remark: Red Sea records of Cirrhitus pinnulatus (non Forster 1801) are based on C. spilotoceps (see Gaither & Randall 2013). General distribution: Red Sea, northwestern Indian Ocean: Gulf of Oman. Oxycirrhites typus Bleeker 1857 Gulf of Suez: �� Gulf of Aqaba: Israel (Shpigel, 1997), Jordan (Khalaf & Disi 1997). Red Sea main basin: Sudan (Debelius 2007), Saudi Arabia (Tortonese 1983). General distribution: Red Sea, Indo-Pacific: Madagascar and Seychelles east to Panama. Paracirrhites forsteri (Schneider 1801) Gulf of Suez: �� Gulf of Aqaba: Israel (Shpigel, 1997), Jordan (Khalaf & Disi 1997). Red Sea main basin: Egypt (Klunzinger 1870, as Cirrhites forsteri), Saudi Arabia (Tortonese 1983). General distribution: Red Sea, Indo-West Pacific: East Africa east to Hawaiian Islands and Pitcairn Group., Published as part of Golani, Daniel & Fricke, Ronald, 2018, Checklist of the Red Sea Fishes with delineation of the Gulf of Suez, Gulf of Aqaba, endemism and Lessepsian migrants, pp. 1-215 in Zootaxa 4509 (1) on page 118, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4509.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/2607566, {"references":["Ben-Tuvia, A. & Steinitz, H. (1952) Report on a collection of fishes from Eylath (Gulf of Aqaba), Red Sea. Bulletin of the Sea Fisheries Research Station, 2, 1 - 12.","Khalaf, M. A (2004) Fish fauna of the Jordanian coast, Gulf of Aqaba, Red Sea. JKAU Marine Science, 15, 23 - 50. https: // doi. org / 10.4197 / mar. 15 - 1.2","Klunzinger, C. B. (1884) Die Fische des Rothen Meeres. Eine kritische Revision mit Bestimmungstabellen. I. Teil. Acanthopteri veri Owen. E. tSchweizerbart'sche Verlagshandlung (E. Koch), Stuttgart, ix + 133 + [13] pp., 13 pls.","Tortonese, E. (1983) List of fishes observed near Jeddah (Saudi Arabia). Journal of the Faculty of Marine Science, 3, 105 - 110.","Kotthaus, A. (1976) Fische des Indischen Ozeans. Ergebnisse der ichthyologischen Untersuchungen wahrend der Expedition des Forschungsschiffes ' Meteor' in den Indischen Ozean, Oktober 1964 bis Mai 1965. A. Systematischer Teil, XVII. Percomorphi (7). Meteor Forschungsergebnisse, Reihe D, Biologie, 23, 45 - 61.","Schultz, L. P. (1950) Three new species of fishes of the genus Cirrhitus (family Cirrhitidae) from the Indo-Pacific. Proceedings of the United States National Museum, 100 (3270), 547 - 552, pl. 13.","Klunzinger, C. B. (1870) Synopsis der Fische des Rothen Meeres. I. Theil. Percoiden-Mugiloiden. Verhandlungen der K. - K. zoologisch-botanischen Gesellschaft in Wien, 20, 669 - 834.","Gaither, M. R. & Randall, J. E. (2013) Reclassification of the Indo-Pacific hawkfish Cirrhitus pinnulatus (Forster). Zootaxa, 3599 (2), 189 - 196. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 3599.2.5","Cuvier, G. & Valenciennes, A. (1829 a) Histoire naturelle des poissons. Tome troisieme. Suite du Livre troisieme. Des percoides a dorsale unique a sept rayons branchiaux et a dents en velours ou en cardes. F. G. Levrault, Paris, xxviii + 2 + 500 pp., pls. 41 - 71. [Cuvier authored volume]","Shpigel, M. (1997) Fishes of the Red Sea. Red Sea Magazine, Ra'anana, Israel: 159 pp.","Khalaf, M. A &. Disi, A. M. (1997) Fishes of the Gulf of Aqaba. Publications of the Marine Science Station, Aqaba, 8, 1 - 252.","Debelius, H. (2007) Red Sea reef guide. Egypt, Israel, Jordan, Sudan, Saudi Arabia, Yemen, Arabian Peninsula. Richmond, Surrey, Circle, 1 - 321."]}

Cirrhitidae Cirrhitichthys corallicola Tee-Van, 1940: 58, text-figure 2. Paratypes (Fig. 68): ICN-MHN 1083 (2, 33.6–44.2 mm SL), Colombia, Pacific Ocean, Isla de Gorgona, 02°58’N 78°11’W; New York Zoological Society, 30 Mar 1938. Remarks: The lot of paratypes of Cirrhitichthys corallicola was found in the general collection. Currently treated as a junior synonym of Cirrhitichthys oxycephalus (Bleeker, 1855) (Randall, 1963).

Cirrhitidae Cirrhitichthys corallicola Tee-Van, 1940: 58, text-figure 2. Paratypes (Fig. 68): ICN-MHN 1083 (2, 33.6���44.2 mm SL), Colombia, Pacific Ocean, Isla de Gorgona, 02��58���N 78��11���W; New York Zoological Society, 30 Mar 1938. Remarks: The lot of paratypes of Cirrhitichthys corallicola was found in the general collection. Currently treated as a junior synonym of Cirrhitichthys oxycephalus (Bleeker, 1855) (Randall, 1963)., Published as part of Mojica, Jos�� Ivan & Agudelo-Zamora, Henry D., 2018, Historical review, catalog of type specimens and online database of the ichthyology collection of the Instituto de Ciencias Naturales of the Universidad Nacional de Colombia (ICN-MHN), pp. 1-79 in Zootaxa 4478 (1) on pages 49-50, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4478.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/1452744, {"references":["Tee-Van, J. (1940) Eastern Pacific expeditions of the New York Zoological Society. XVII. A review of the American fishes of the family Cirrhitidae. Zoologica: scientific contributions of the New York Zoological Society, New York, 25 (5), pp. 53 - 64.","Randall, J. E. (1963) Review of the hawkfishes (family Cirrhitidae). Proceedings of the United States National Museum, 114 (3472), 389 - 451, pls. 1 - 16."]}

Cirrhitidae Amblycirrhitus bimacula (Jenkins, 1903) —Twinspot hawkfish STATUS AT MADANG. New record from Madang, based on AMS and WAM material (AMS I. 17091 -011; WAM P. 30621 -002). DISTRIBUTION AND HABITAT. East Africa east to Hawaiian and Pitcairn islands, north to Ryukyu and Ogasawara islands, south to northern Australia. Seaward coral reefs, 2– 20 m. Marine. Cirrhitichthys aprinus (Cuvier in Cuvier & Valenciennes, 1829) —Blotched hawkfish STATUS AT MADANG. New record from Madang, based on BPBM material (BPBM 15811). DISTRIBUTION AND HABITAT. South Africa; Indonesia east to Philippines and New Guinea, north to southern Japan, south to northern Australia. Found in coastal and seaward coral reefs, 5– 40 m. Marine. Cirrhitichthys falco Randall, 1963 —Dwarf hawkfish STATUS AT MADANG. First record from Madang by Kailola (1987 b: 358). Specimens observed and photographed at St. CTR 0 4, CTR 31, CTR 32, CTR 34, PR 101; specimens collected by W.-J. Chen, St. PR 221. AMS, CAS, NTUM, USNM and WAM material. DISTRIBUTION AND HABITAT. Maldives east to Caroline Islands and Samoa, north to southern Japan, south to New South Wales (Australia) and Lord Howe Island. Solitary, on coral heads of seaward coral reefs, 1– 46 m. Marine. Cirrhitichthys oxycephalus (Bleeker, 1855) —Pixie hawkfish (Fig. 14) STATUS AT MADANG. First record from Madang by Kailola (1987 b: 358). Specimens observed and photographed at St. CTR 0 4, CTR 13, CTR 22, CTR 28; a specimen collected by W.-J. Chen at Madang Resort. AMS, BPBM, CAS, NTUM and WAM material. DISTRIBUTION AND HABITAT. Red Sea and East Africa east to Caroline and Marquesas islands, north to southern Japan, south to northern Australia and New Caledonia. Solitary, in coastal, lagoon and seaward coral reefs, 1– 40 m. Marine. Cirrhitus pinnulatus (Bloch & Schneider [ex Forster], 1801) —White-spotted hawkfish STATUS AT MADANG. New record from Madang, based on specimens photographed at St. CTR 22. DISTRIBUTION AND HABITAT. East Africa, Madagascar and Mascarenes to Hawaiian Islands and Pitcairn Group, north to southern Japan, south to Kermadec Islands and Rapa. Solitary, in exposed seaward coral reefs, 0– 3 m. Marine. Cyprinocirrhites polyactis (Bleeker, 1874) —Lyretail hawkfish STATUS AT MADANG. First record from Madang by Kailola (1987 b: 358). Specimens photographed at St. CTR 13, and by A. Berberian. AMS and BPBM material. DISTRIBUTION AND HABITAT. East Africa, Madagascar and western Mascarenes east to Marquesas Islands, north to southern Japan, south to Western Australia, northern New Zealand and Tonga. Solitary, on steep slopes of coral or rocky reefs, and around small coral heads exposed to currents, 10– 132 m. Marine. Oxycirrhites typus Bleeker, 1857 —Longnose hawkfish STATUS AT MADANG. First record from Madang by Kailola (1987 b: 358); photographed by Tan H. H. at St. PR 16 on 10 Nov. 2012, and by A. Berberian. WAM material. DISTRIBUTION AND HABITAT. Red Sea, Seychelles and western Mascarenes east to Panama, north to southern Japan, south to Western Australia and New Caledonia. Found on steep outer coral reef slopes exposed to strong currents where it lives on large gorgonians and black corals, 10– 100 m. Marine. Paracirrhites arcatus (Cuvier [ex Parkinson] in Cuvier & Valenciennes, 1829) —Ringeye hawkfish STATUS AT MADANG. New record from Madang, based on specimens photographed at St. CTR 20, CTR 31. AMS and WAM material (AMS I. 17087 -001; WAM P. 30635 -004). DISTRIBUTION AND HABITAT. East Africa, Comores and Mascarenes east to Hawaiian Islands and Pitcairn Group, north to southern Japan, south to Western Australia, Lord Howe and Norfolk islands and Rapa. Solitary, in lagoon and seaward reefs, on heads of small branching corals including Stylophora, Pocillopora, Acropora, 1– 33 m. Marine. Paracirrhites forsteri (Schneider in Bloch & Schneider, 1801) —Freckled hawkfish (Fig. 15) STATUS AT MADANG. First record from Madang by Kailola (1975: 177). Specimens observed and photographed at St. CTR 0 3, CTR 0 4, CTR 0 8, CTR 0 9, CTR 10, CTR 12, CTR 13, CTR 14, CTR 15, CTR 16, CTR 22, CTR 23, CTR 25, CTR 30, CTR 31, CTR 32. AMS, CAS, KFRS, USNM and WAM material. DISTRIBUTION AND HABITAT. Red Sea and East Africa, Madagascar and western Mascarenes east to Hawaiian Islands and Pitcairn Group, north to southern Japan, south to Western Australia, New South Wales (Australia), Lord Howe, Norfolk and Austral islands. Solitary, in lagoon and seaward reefs, among outer branches of Stylophora, Pocillopora or Acropora corals, 1– 33 m. Marine.

Family Cirrhitidae Macleay 1841 Dimérédes Duméril 1805:142 [ref. 1151] (family)? Cirrhitus [latinized to Dimerides by Jarocki 1822:27, 129 [ref. 4984]; no stem of the type genus, not available, Article 11.7.1.1] Cirrhitidae Macleay 1841:265, 267 [ref. 32498] (group) Cirrhitus [also Macleay 1842:201 [ref. 32499]; stem changed to Cirrhite- by Bleeker 1859d:XX [ref. 371]; original stem Cirrhit- confirmed by Gill 1862e:102 [ref. 1658], by Jordan 1923a:203 [ref. 2421], by Nelson 1976:253 [ref. 32838] and by Nelson 2006:385 [ref. 32486]] Oxycirrhitei Bleeker 1876b:314 [ref. 448] (subphalanx ≈ subtribe) Oxycirrhites [also Bleeker 1877:148 [ref 4862]] Cirrhitichthyidi Fowler 1956a:317 [ref. 1469] (tribe) Cirrhitichthys, Published as part of Laan, Richard Van Der, Eschmeyer, William N. & Fricke, Ronald, 2014, Family-group names of Recent fishes, pp. 1-230 in Zootaxa 3882 (2) on page 107, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3882.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/7047777, {"references": ["MacLeay, W. S. (1841) Correspondence. Calcutta Journal of Natural History, 2, 263 - 274. [ref. 32498] http: // www. biodiversitylibrary. org / item / 114205", "Dumeril, A. M. C. (1805) Zoologie analytique, ou methode naturelle de classification des animaux. Allais, Paris, xxxiii + 344 pp. [ref. 1151] http: // dx. doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 11646", "Jarocki, F. P. (1822) Zoologiia czyli zwierzetopismo ogolne podlug naynowszego systematu, volume 4. Drusarni Laukiewicza, Warszawie (Warsaw), 464 + xxvii pp.", "MacLeay, W. S. (1842) On the natural arrangement of fishes. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, New Series, 9 (57), 197 - 207. [1 May, ref. 32499] http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1080 / 03745484209445326", "Bleeker, P. (1859 d) Enumeratio specierum piscium hucusque in Archipelago indico observatarum, adjectis habitationibus citationibusque, ubi descriptiones earum recentiores reperiuntur, nec non speciebus Musei Bleekeriani Bengalensibus, Japonicis, Capensibus Tasmanicisque. Acta Societatis Regiae Scientiarum Indo-Neerlandicae [Verhandelingen der Natuurkundige Vereeniging in Nederlandsch Indie], 6, I-XXXVI + 1 - 276. [

Cirrhitus pinnulatus pinnulatus Forster in Bloch & Schneider 1801 (Fig. 3; Table 1) Labrus pinnulatus Forster in Bloch & Schneider 1801: 264 (type locality, Tahiti). Labrus marmoratus Lacep��de 1802: 438, 493, pl. 5 (no locality). Cirrhites maculatus Lacep��de 1803: 2, 3 (type locality, Mauritius). Material examined. Tuamotu Archipelago: Makatea, BPBM 15236, 6: 84���97 mm. Society Islands: Tahiti, BPBM 5962, 85 mm. Line Islands: Kiritimati, BPBM 15290, 25: 54���178 mm. Tabuaeran (Fanning Island), BPBM 4108, 160 mm. Teraina (Washington Island), BPBM 4105, 120 mm. Baker Island, BPBM 4104, 130 mm. Kiribati: Tungaru Islands, Onotoa Atoll, BPBM 15359, 105 mm. Wake Island: BPBM 4103, 3: 78���198 mm; BPBM 15121, 8: 87���162 mm. Minami-tori-shima (Marcus Island): BPBM 2429, 168 mm. Mariana Islands: Guam, BPBM 4099, 95 mm. Ogasawara Islands: Ani-jima, BPBM 35255, 55 mm. Philippines: Negros, BPBM 33005, 3: 103���117 mm. Japan: SU 9795, 117 mm. South China Sea: CAS 24408, 2: 117���149 mm. Papua New Guinea: CAS 208481, 5: 115���148 mm. Republic of Maldives: CAS 35427, 106 mm. Comoros: Grande Comore, CAS 33245, 114 mm; CAS 33422, 78 mm. Diagnosis. Dorsal rays X, 11; anal rays III, 6; pectoral rays 14, the lower 7 unbranched and thickened; lateralline scales 39���42 (modally 40); gill rakers 6���8 + 12���14 (rarely 12), total 18���21; body robust, the depth 2.6���3.1 in standard length; snout short and blunt; 4 rows of large scales above lateral line in middle of body; 12 or more irregular rows of small scales on cheek; posterior margin of preopercle finely serrate; palatine teeth present; membranes of spinous portion of dorsal fin incised; a tuft of cirri from membrane near tip of each dorsal spine; pectoral fins short, not or just reaching a vertical at tips of pelvic rays; caudal fin slightly rounded; body dark olivaceous to dark grey-brown, white ventrally, with three to four irregular longitudinal rows of white blotches varying from pupil size to three-fourths eye size, and numerous dark brown spots, most vertically elongate and pupil size or smaller (spots on some individuals orangish or reddish brown); small dark spots on snout and suborbital region, those on operculum generally pupil size or larger, some merging to form irregular longitudinal bands; spinous dorsal fin with two large dark spots on most membranes; remaining median fins with dark spots mainly on rays, most on basal half of fins. Reaches 28 cm total length. Remarks. Typically found in the surge zone of exposed seaward reefs or rocky shores. Wide-ranging in the Indo-Pacific region except the Red Sea, Oman, Hawaiian Islands, and Johnston Atoll; ranges south on the East African coast to Port Alfred, South Africa, east to the Line Islands and Pitcairn Islands; in the western Pacific from the Ryukyu Islands to the Great Barrier Reef and New Caledonia. Randall (1963) reported that the type specimen has not been located. It is not present in the Museum f��r Naturkunde der Universitat-Humboldt, Berlin., Published as part of Gaither, Michelle R. & Randall, John E., 2013, Reclassification of the Indo-Pacific Hawkfish Cirrhitus pinnulatus (Forster), pp. 189-196 in Zootaxa 3599 (2) on pages 192-193, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.217609, {"references":["Bloch, M. E. & Schneider, J. G. (1801) Systema Ichthyologiae iconibus cx illustratum. Sanderiano Commissum, Berlin (reprinted by J. Cramer, Lehre, 1967), 584 pp.","Lacepede, B. G. E. (1802) Histoire Naturelles des Poissons. Vol. 4. Chez Plassan, Paris, 728 pp.","Lacepede, B. G. E. (1803) Histoire Naturelles des Poissons. Vol. 5. Chez Plassan, Paris, 803 pp. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 6882","Randall, J. E. (1963) Review of the hawkfishes (family Cirrhitidae), Proceedings of the United States National Museum, 114 (3472), 389 - 451."]}

Cirrhitus pinnulatus maculosus Bennett 1828 (Figs. 1, 2; Table 1) Cirrhitus maculosus Bennett 1828: 38 (type locality, Hawaiian Islands). Cirrhitus alternatus Gill 1862: 106, 107 (type locality, Hawaiian Islands). Material examined. Hawaiian Islands: CAS 8972, 128 mm. O���ahu, BPBM 439 -440, 2: 130���166 mm; BPBM 1796, 110 mm; BPBM 4097, 203 mm; BPBM 10013, 27 mm; BPBM 41038, 172 mm; BPBM 41050, 162 mm; CAS 228981, 118 mm; CAS 228982, 3: 100���141 mm; CAS 228983, 118 mm. Nihoa, BPBM 4100, 158 mm. Pearl & Hermes Reef, BPBM 3447, 165 mm. Laysan, BPBM 4106, 133 mm; CAS 208505, 2: 126���134 mm. Johnston Atoll: BPBM 4101 ���4102, 3: 76���202 mm. Diagnosis. Dorsal rays X, 11; anal rays III, 6; pectoral rays 14, the lower 7 unbranched and thickened; lateralline scales 38���41 (modally 40); gill rakers 6���8 + 12���14 (rarely 12), total 16���20; body robust, the depth 2.6 ���3.0 in standard length; snout short and blunt; 4 rows of large scales above lateral line in middle of body; 12 or more irregular rows of small scales on cheek; posterior margin of preopercle finely serrate; palatine teeth present; membranes of spinous portion of dorsal fin incised; a tuft of cirri from membrane near tip of each dorsal spine; pectoral fins short, not or just reaching a vertical at tips of pelvic rays (when fins placed posteriorly); caudal fin slightly rounded; body dark grey-brown to dark olive-brown, white ventrally, with three longitudinal rows of white blotches of about half eye size to nearly eye size and numerous orange-red spots of about half pupil size; head coloured like body dorsally, white ventrally, with a few dark spots posterior to eye and on opercle; most markings irregular yellow to orange, most horizontally linear and progressively larger posteriorly; upper lip with dark orange cross bands, the lower with fewer and darker bands; orange-red spots on spinous portion of dorsal fin extending out on membranes except for white tips; orange-red spots on second dorsal, anal, and caudal fins extending out on rays nearly to distal tips. Juveniles are more slender and the white markings on the body relatively larger than on adults (Fig. 2). Largest specimen, 28 cm total length. Remarks. Occurs on reefs and rocky shores exposed to surge, generally at depths of 1���3 m, but reported to 23 m (Mundy, 2005). Found only at the Hawaiian Islands and Johnston Atoll. Randall (1985) reported the diet from the stomach contents of 12 adult specimens as 80 % crabs, the rest shrimps, fishes, other crustaceans, sea urchins, and brittle stars. Although the Hawaiian population of Cirrhitus pinnulatus is the most distinct in meristic data and colouration, the genetic uniformity suggests that it best be regarded as a subspecies., Published as part of Gaither, Michelle R. & Randall, John E., 2013, Reclassification of the Indo-Pacific Hawkfish Cirrhitus pinnulatus (Forster), pp. 189-196 in Zootaxa 3599 (2) on pages 191-192, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.217609, {"references":["Bennett, E. T. (1828) Observations on the fishes contained in the collection of the Zoological Society. On some fishes from the Sandwich Islands. Zoological Journal, 3, 31 - 42.","Gill, T. N. (1862) Synopsis of the family of cirrhitoids. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 14, 102 - 124.","Mundy, B. C. (2005) Checklist of the Fishes of the Hawaiian Archipelago. Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu, 704 pp.","Randall, J. E. (1985) Guide to Hawaiian Reef Fishes. Harrowood Books, Newtown Square, PA. 70 pp."]}

Cirrhitus spilotoceps Schultz 1950 (Fig. 4; Table 1) Cirrhitus spilotoceps Schultz 1950: 551, pl. 13 C (type locality, Red Sea). Material examined. Red Sea: USNM 47598, 181 mm (holotype); USNM 149583, 156 mm (paratype). Port Sudan, BPBM 20733, 2: 136���140 mm. Sanganeb Atoll, SMF 24858, 2: 131���136 mm; SMF 24859, 2: about 115���123 mm (posterior part of body missing on smallest specimen). Saudi Arabia, Al Lith, SMF 34703, 141 mm. Eritrea, USNM 323657, 121 mm. Diagnosis. Dorsal rays X, 10 or 11; anal rays III, 6; pectoral rays 14, the lower 7 unbranched and thickened; lateral-line scales 41���43 (usually 42); gill rakers 6���7 + 12���13 (rarely 12), total 16���20; body robust, the depth about 2.7 ���3.0 in standard length; snout short and blunt; 4 rows of large scales above lateral line in middle of body; 12 or more irregular rows of small scales on cheek; posterior margin of preopercle finely serrate; palatine teeth present; membranes of spinous portion of dorsal fin incised; a tuft of cirri from membrane near tip of each dorsal spine; pectoral fins short, not reaching a vertical at tips of pelvic rays when posterior in position; caudal fin slightly rounded; body dark olive green the scales nearly covered by a dark brown to black spot, grading to white ventrally, with three to four longitudinal rows of irregular white spots, some approximately square, and many dark brown spots of about pupil size; dark brown to black spots on head progressively smaller and more close-set anteriorly; spinous portion of dorsal with large dark brown spots, mainly on membranes; remaining fins with dark spots on rays. Reaches at least 22 cm total length. Remarks. Lives in outer surge zone of seaward coral reefs or rocky shores, generally in the depth range of 0.3���3 m; wedges itself in crevices in the reef with its thickened lower pectoral rays to withstand the wave action. Found in the Red Sea and the Gulf of Oman. Schultz (1950) described Cirrhitus spilotoceps from two specimens, both deposited in the U.S. National Museum of Natural History, the holotype as USNM 47598. He gave the locality only as Red Sea. He differentiated C. spilotoceps from the wide-ranging Indo-Pacific C. pinnulatus (Forster in Bloch & Schneider 1801) by having slightly higher lateral-line scale and gill-raker counts and numerous dark brown spots on the head instead of large dark blotches or streaks. Randall (1995) extended the range to Oman (as Cirrhitus pinnulatus) from underwater photographs taken at Raysut on the south coast and in the Gulf of Oman., Published as part of Gaither, Michelle R. & Randall, John E., 2013, Reclassification of the Indo-Pacific Hawkfish Cirrhitus pinnulatus (Forster), pp. 189-196 in Zootaxa 3599 (2) on pages 193-194, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.217609, {"references":["Schultz, L. P. (1950) Three new species of fishes of the genus Cirrhitus (family Cirrhitidae) from the Indo-Pacific. Proceedings of the United States National Museum, 100 (3270), 547 - 552. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.5479 / si. 00963801.100 - 3270.547","Bloch, M. E. & Schneider, J. G. (1801) Systema Ichthyologiae iconibus cx illustratum. Sanderiano Commissum, Berlin (reprinted by J. Cramer, Lehre, 1967), 584 pp.","Randall, J. E. (1995) Coastal Fishes of Oman. University of Hawai'i Press, Honolulu, 439 pp."]}

[[Family Cirrhitidae]] The perciform fish family Cirrhitidae is characterized by having 14 pectoral rays, the lower 5 to 7 unbranched and enlarged with the membranes deeply incised; a single dorsal fin of X spines and 11 to 17 soft rays, the fin notched between the spinous and soft portions; membrane at dorsal spine tips with one to several cirri; anal rays III,5-7; 15 principal caudal rays; pelvic rays I,5; opercular spines 2; a fringe of cirri on posterior edge of anterior nostril; margin of preopercle serrate, though often only on upper half (number of serrae increase with age); scales cycloid; gill membranes broadly joined, with a free fold across throat; no swimbladder; 6 branchiostegal rays; and 26 vertebrae. Except for the presence or absence of palatine teeth and except for the reduced size of the canines in the monotypic genus Oxycirrhites, the dentition is essentially the same for all species: an outer row of small incurved canines, the largest in upper jaw at the front, and the largest in the lower jaw as 2 to 4 recurved canines nearly half way back in jaw; a broad dense inner band of villiform teeth at front of jaws, continuing progressively narrower posteriorly in upper jaw; a narrow V-shaped band of small teeth on the vomer. The Cirrhitidae is primarily an Indo-Pacific family, with only three of the 33 species occurring in the Atlantic, and only three in the eastern Pacific (two of which are also wideranging in the Indo-Pacific). Most are found in shallow water on coral reefs or rocky substrata, often in areas exposed to surge. When in a surgy area, they use their thickened lower pectoral rays to wedge themselves in place. Cyprinocirrhites polyactis and Oxycirrhites typus are exceptions in their usual occurrence in 20-100 m. Cirrhitids feed mainly on benthic crustaceans, occasionally on small fishes. C. polyactis feeds well above the substratum on zooplankton, and O. typus makes short forays into the water column for the larger animals of the zooplankton. At least some of the species (and likely all) are protogynous hermaphrodites (Sadovy & Donaldson 1995). The generic classification of the Cirrhitidae has a long and confused history which is summarized here: G��nther (1860) recognized eight genera in the family, only three of which remain in the Cirrhitidae today: Cirrhitus Lacep��de (which G��nther and most early authors misspelled Cirrhites), Cirrhitichthys Bleeker, and Oxycirrhites Bleeker. The other five genera are now classified in the families Cheilodactylidae and Chironemidae. Gill (1862) proposed the genera Cirrhitopsis for Cirrhites aureus Temminck and Schlegel from Japan and Amblycirrhitus for Cirrhites fasciatus Cuvier (1829) for which the type locality was given as Pondich��ry, India. Castelnau (1873) described Neocirrhites armatus as a new genus and species from northeastern Australia. Bleeker (1875) treated five genera in the family for the East Indian region, adding Amblycirrhitus Gill and Paracirrhites Bleeker. Steindachner & D��derlein (1884) described Paracirrhites japonicus as a new genus and species from Japan. Noting that their Paracirrhites was preoccupied by Paracirrhites Bleeker, Jordan in Jordan & Herre (1907) proposed the replacement name Isobuna. Jenkins (1903) described Cirrhitoidea bimacula as a new genus and species from the Hawaiian Islands, unaware that Amblycirrhitus was available for bimacula. Tanaka (1917) created the genus Cyprinocirrhites for Cirrhitichthys polyactis Bleeker, surprisingly not named earlier. Mowbray in Breder (1927) described Pseudocirrhites pinos as a new genus and species from the Isle of Pines, Cuba. Fowler (1938) proposed the new genus Acanthocirrhitus for Cirrhitus oxycephalus Bleeker. Realizing that Cirrhitus fasciatus Cuvier is preoccupied by C. fasciatus Bennett (1828), he provided a replacement name, Amblycirrhitus indicus. Randall (2001) has shown that Cuvier���s C. fasciatus is a specimen of the Atlantic Amblycirrhitus pinos (Mowbray), and the type locality of India for fasciatus is a locality error for the Atlantic. Schultz (1943) mistakenly relegated Cyprinocirrhites and Neocirrhites to the synonymy of Cirrhitichthys. He described Hughichthys as a new genus for Cirrhites melanotus G��nther, later shown to be a synonym of Neocirrhites armatus Castelnau. He then placed Cirrhitoidea in the synonymy of Paracirrhites and classified bimacula as a species of Paracirrhites. He described hubbardi as a new species in the genus Amblycirrhitus. Watanabe (1949) described Serranocirrhitus latus as a new genus and species of cirrhitid fish from Okinawa. In a review of western Indian Ocean Cirrhitidae, Smith (1951) created the genus Cirrhitops for Cirrhites fasciatus Bennett. He mistakenly listed Amblycirrhitus hubbardi Schultz as a synonym of fasciatus. He also described Gymnocirrhites as a new genus, with Cirrhites arcatus Cuvier as the type species, adding that it is allied to Paracirrhites but distinct on the basis of lacking scales on the gill membrane and on the snout before the nostrils. Schultz in Schultz & collaborators (1960) recognized 13 genera in the Cirrhitidae, including Isobuna, Serranocirrhitus, Cirrhitoidea, Hughichthys (though indicating that Neocirrhites ���appears to be related���), and Gymnocirrhites. He obviously had some doubt of the validity of Gymnocirrhites, stating that Smith (1951) ���attaches too much value to the scaly gill membranes.��� He noted that a specimen of G. arcatus 48 mm in SL lacks scales on the gill membranes, but a specimen of 100 mm SL has them. He left bimacula in the genus Cirrhitoidea and described a new species, sexfasciata, in this genus. Randall (1963) reviewed the family, recognizing 10 genera and 34 species. He discussed Serranocirrhitus in a footnote, noting the following noncirrhitid characters: all the pectoral rays unbranched and none thickened, no teeth on the vomer, ctenoid scales, and the configuration of a pomacentrid. He included Isobuna but stated that it differs from other cirrhitids in having 3 spines on the opercle instead of 2, ctenoid scales, and only 2 rows of scales above the lateral line. He recognized Neocirrhites as a valid genus with Hughichthys a synonym, placed Gymnocirrhites in the synonymy of Paracirrhites, described Isocirrhitus as a new genus for Schultz��� sexfasciata, put hubbardi in Cirrhitops, referred Cirrhitopsis to the synonymy of Cirrhitichthys, and Pseudocirrhites to Amblycirrhitus. Randall & Heemstra (1978) reclassified the genera Serranocirrhitus and Isobuna in the subfamily Anthiinae of the Serranidae. That these two genera should have been placed in the Cirrhitidae is not as serious an error as it might seem. Jordan & Evermann (1898) wrote with respect to the cirrhitoid fishes, ���This family should apparently be placed among the Percoidea near the Serranidae....This group agrees with the Percoidea in most respects, the chief external difference lying in the form of the pectorals,...��� They quoted G��nther ���s description of the skeleton of Paracirrhites forsteri, adding, ���Dr. Boulenger finds that the skeleton has much in common (with the Serranidae)���. In 1969 the author collected 32 specimens of an undescribed species of cirrhitid from Easter Island that appeared to represent a new genus. The following year he collected two more specimens from Pitcairn Island. Unaware of this material, Lavenberg & Ya��ez (1972) described the species as Cirrhitus wilhelmi from one specimen from Easter Island. Kunio Amaoka requested specimens of the various genera of cirrhitid fishes from the Bishop Museum for a graduate student who planned a phylogenetic study of the family. Specimens were sent, including ones from Easter Island. The student did not complete the study, and the specimens were recently returned by Dr. Amaoka. The present study has confirmed that the Easter Island - Pitcairn specimens of wilhelmi represent a new genus. The investigation of other cirrhitids currently placed in Cirrhitus has revealed two more species that clearly require placement in new monotypic genera. The three new genera are described below after the revised generic key of the family., Published as part of John E. Randall, 2001, Revision of the generic classification of the hawkfishes (Cirrhitidae), with descriptions of three new genera., pp. 1-12 in Zootaxa 12 on pages 1-4

Itycirrhitus Randall, gen.nov. (Figure 2) DESCRIPTION. Dorsal rays X,12-14 (one of 34 with 14, and two with 12); anal rays III,6; pectoral rays 14, the uppermost and lower 6 unbranched; lateral-line scales 41-45; 4 rows of large scales above lateral line in middle of body; 11 large scales below lateral line to origin of anal fin; small scales on cheek in more than 12 oblique rows, extending to base of preopercular serrae; no scales in interorbital space or on snout; scales ventrally on thorax progressively smaller anteriorly, the smallest twice the size of largest scales on cheek; gill membrane across throat finely scaled; gill rakers 5 + 13-14; supraorbital ridge low and rounded anteriorly, moderately high and sharp posteriorly, not continuing posterior to eye; eye protruding slightly above dorsal profile of head; lower opercular spine not acute, forming an angle of nearly 90�� in adults; upper half of preopercular margin coarsely scaled (serrae varying from 8 in juveniles to 12 in adults); exposed edge of posttemporal with 3-5 serrae; mouth slightly oblique and small, the maxilla just reaching or extending slightly posterior to a vertical at front edge of orbit; dentition typical of the family; 5 to 12 cirri on posterior flap of anterior nostril; body moderately deep, the depth 2.6-3.05 in SL (depth increasing, in general, with growth); head length 2.7-2.9 in SL; snout moderately pointed, its length 2.8-3.05 in head; orbit diameter 4.25-4.65 in head; bony interorbital width 7.4- 8.5 in head; fifth dorsal spine usually longest, 2.1-2.3 in head; a tuft of cirri from membrane near tip of each dorsal spine; first dorsal soft ray often slightly prolonged; second anal spine 1.6-1.7 in head; caudal fin truncate to slightly rounded; pectoral fins nearly as long as head, the longest rays reaching or extending beyond a vertical at origin of anal fin; pelvic fins extending beyond anus; light gray-brown, shading to white ventrally, with four slightly oblique dark brown bars on body that narrow ventrally and extend a short distance into base of dorsal fin, the first bar below first three dorsal spines, ending in a black spot above gill opening; a fifth dark bar on caudal peduncle, its upper half black; free edges of scales on body rimmed with bright red; a dark brown spot on opercle and irregular narrow brown bands across ventral part of head onto chest. TYPE SPECIES. Cirrhitus wilhelmi Lavenberg & Ya��ez, 1972 TYPE LOCALITY. Easter Island. ETYMOLOGY. Itys from the Greek for rim, in combination with Cirrhitus, in reference to the striking bright red edges on the scales of the type species. REMARKS. When first collected, the color pattern of this species suggested that it would be placed in Amblycirrhitus, Isocirrhitus, or Cirrhitops. It was soon determined that it is generically distinct from Amblycirrhitus and Isocirrhitus by having the three supraneural bones ending in the space before the second neural spine (two supraneural bones in this space in the other two genera), 6 instead of 5 lower pectoral rays unbranched and thickened, preopercle coarsely instead of finely serrate, a longer and more pointed snout, smaller mouth, small scales on the cheek instead of four or five rows of large scales, longer dorsal spines, and 13 instead of 11 or 12 dorsal soft rays. It differs from Cirrhitops in having small scales on the cheek, about half as many preopercular serrae, a longer and more pointed snout, smaller mouth, and the uppermost instead of upper 2 pectoral rays unbranched. The specimens were initially cataloged at the Bishop Museum as ���cirrhitid���. Lavenberg & Ya��ez described wilhelmi in Cirrhitus, indicating that it is most closely related to C. splendens (placed here in the new genus Notocirrhitus). In addition to the nine characters separating Itycirrhitus from Notocirrhitus in the key, Itycirrhitus differs in having a deeper body, shorter snout, narrower interorbital space, and longer dorsal and anal spines. It is distinct from the species of Cirrhitus by the following characters: three supraneural bones ending in space before second neural spine (two in Cirrhitus); a better developed supraorbital ridge (hence a more concave interorbital space); a longer and more pointed snout; mouth ending below front of orbit (to or beyond middle of eye in Cirrhitus); longer pectoral fins, longer dorsal and anal spines, and more deeply incised membranes of the spinous portion of the dorsal fin. Itycirrhitus wilhelmi is known only from Easter Island and Pitcairn Island; it occurs on rocky substrata from less than 1 m to at least 55 m. MATERIAL EXAMINED: EASTER ISLAND: BPBM 6673, 2: 85-90.5 mm; BPBM 6674, 96 mm; BPBM 6675, 90 mm; BPBM 6677, 4: 66-90 mm; BPBM 6678, 3: 69-104 mm; BPBM 6679, 16: 28-74 mm; BPBM 6680, 2: 65-76 mm; BPBM 6681, 4: 54-85 mm. PITCAIRN ISLAND: BPBM 16637, 69 mm; BPBM 16740, 38 mm., Published as part of John E. Randall, 2001, Revision of the generic classification of the hawkfishes (Cirrhitidae), with descriptions of three new genera., pp. 1-12 in Zootaxa 12 on pages 9-11

Notocirrhitus Randall, gen. nov. (Figure 1) DESCRIPTION. Dorsal rays X,12; anal rays III,6; pectoral rays 14, the uppermost and lower 6 unbranched; lateral-line scales 42-45; 4 rows of large scales above lateral line in middle of body; 9 large scales below lateral line to origin of anal fin; small scales on cheek in more than 13 oblique rows; about outer fourth of preopercle naked, crossed by irregular sensory channels; no scales in interorbital space or on snout; scales ventrally on thorax extremely small (as small as smallest on cheek); gill rakers 5-7 + 10-12; supraorbital ridge moderately high, not continuing posterior to eye, the hind edge slightly hooked in large adults, followed by a few serrae; about one-fourth of eye extending above dorsal profile of head; lower opercular spine acute, forming an angle of about 60��; upper half of preopercular margin and exposed end of posttemporal finely serrate; mouth slightly oblique and small, the maxilla just reaching a vertical at front edge of orbit; dentition typical of the family; about 12 cirri on posterior flap of anterior nostril; body depth 3.1-3.3 in SL; head length 2.6-2.8 in SL; snout length 2.6-2.8 in head; orbit diameter 4.4-5.3 in head; bony interorbital width 6.5-7.45 in head; fourth to sixth dorsal spines longest, 2.5-2.7 in head; a tuft of cirri from membrane near tip of each dorsal spine; second anal spine 1.8-1.9 in head; caudal fin truncate to slightly emarginate; pectoral fins nearly as long as head, the longest rays reaching or extending beyond a vertical at origin of anal fin; pelvic fins extending beyond anus; body white with five faint gray bars, the posterior three as double bars, their upper part black, the third and fourth extending basally into dorsal fin; scattered black spots of about pupil size posteriorly on body and in caudal fin, those on body mainly in dark bars, those in caudal fin mostly forming curved bands; spots anteriorly on body and postorbital head red with black edges, most joined to form short bands; close-set, darkedged, red spots smaller than pupil on snout and head below eye. TYPE SPECIES. Cirrhitichthys splendens Ogilby, 1889. TYPE LOCALITY. Lord Howe Island. ETYMOLOGY. Noto from the Greek for south, in combination with Cirrhitus, in reference to the southern location of the type species (New South Wales to Kermadec Islands). REMARKS. Notocirrhitus differs from Cirrhitus in the following characters: three supraneural bones ending in space before second neural spine (two in Cirrhitus); well developed supraorbital ridge, resulting in a deeply concave interorbital space (low surpaorbital ridge in Cirrhitus, and interorbital space slightly concave); about one-fourth of eye extending above dorsal profile of head (eye not extending above profile in Cirrhitus); extremely small scales ventrally on chest; more elongate body, longer and more pointed snout; mouth ending below front of orbit (to or beyond middle of eye in Cirrhitus); longer pectoral fins, longer dorsal spines, and first dorsal soft ray prolonged. Notocirrhitus is distinguished from Itycirrhitus in the key. Francis (1993) recorded Notocirrhitus splendens from Lord Howe Island, Norfolk Island, Kermadec Islands, and southeastern Australia. Allen et al. (1976) wrote that this species occurs outside the lagoon at Lord Howe Island in from 5 to 30 m. MATERIAL EXAMINED. LORD HOWE ISLAND: AMS I.3182, 171 mm; AMS I.5687, 182 mm; AMS 5688, 145 mm; AMS 6656, 140 mm; AMS 13679, 163 mm; AMS 13889, 159 mm; BMNH 1926.6.30.88, 161 mm; BPBM 14739, 90 mm; BPBM 14765, 149 mm., Published as part of John E. Randall, 2001, Revision of the generic classification of the hawkfishes (Cirrhitidae), with descriptions of three new genera., pp. 1-12 in Zootaxa 12 on pages 8-9

[[Family Cirrhitidae]] Key to the genera of Cirrhitidae 1a. Snout not elongate, its length about 2.8-4.1 in head length; body not slender, the depth 2.0-3.4 in SL; canine teeth in jaws markedly longer than inner villiform teeth, those at front of upper jaw and side of lower jaw enlarged................... 2 1b. Snout elongate, its length 1.85-2.0 in head length; body slender, the depth 4.4-4.6 in SL; canine teeth in jaws only slightly longer than inner villiform teeth and nearly uniform in size............................................ Oxycirrhites 2a. Caudal fin rounded, truncate, or slightly emarginate; dorsal soft rays 11-15; snout not short, its length 2.7-3.8 in SL....................................... 3 2b. Caudal fin lunate; dorsal soft rays 16 or 17; snout short, its length 3.6-4.1 in head length................................................ Cyprinocirrhites 3a. Small scales on cheek in more than 12 rows.............................. 4 3a. Rows of large scales on cheek 4-6 (small scales also usually present)........... 8 4a. Lower 7 pectoral rays unbranched and thickened; first 2 supraneural bones in space before second neural spine; more than 40 cirri in 2 series on posterior flap of anterior nostril............................................................ 5 4b. Lower 6 pectoral rays unbranched and thickened; first 3 supraneural bones in space before second neuralspine; fewer than 15 cirri on posterior flap of anterior nostril.......6 5a. Supraorbital ridge high, continuing more than half eye diameter posterior to orbit; lower opercular spine acute, forming an angle of 45° or less; no scales in interorbital space; pectoral fins reaching slightly beyond a vertical at tips of pelvic fins; body depth 3.1-3.35 in SL............................. Cristacirrhitus, new genus 5b. Supraorbital ridge low and not continuing posterior to eye; lower opercular spine forming an angle of 90°; a V-shaped band of scales in posterior half of interorbital space; pectoral fins short, not reaching a vertical at tips of pelvic fins; body depth 2.6-3.1 in SL................................................. Cirrhitus 6a. Dorsal soft rays 13; three-fourths or more of preopercular margin coarsely serrate; palatine teeth absent; body very deep, the depth2.0-2.4 in SL, and very compressed, the width 2.9-3.1 in depth; longest pectoral rays not extending beyond a vertical at pelvic-fintips............................................. Neocirrhites 6b. Dorsal soft rays 11-12; about upper half of preopercular margin finely or coarsely serrate; palatine teeth present; body not very deep, the depth 2.6-3.3 in SL, and not very compressed, the width 1.9-2.3 in depth; longest pectoral rays extending beyond a vertical at pelvic-fintips............................................. 7 7a. Upper margin of preopercle finely serrate (25 or more serrae); exposed end of posttemporal finely serrate; first (most medial) branchiostegal ray strongly curved and nearly parallel with second ray; gill membrane across throat naked; scales on cheek separated from serrate edge of preopercle by a broad naked zone crossed by irregular sensory channels (may show as ridges); no scales on snout; scales ventrally on chest extremely small; 3 rows of large scales above lateral line in middle of body; dorsal soft rays 12................................ Notocirrhitus, new genus 7b. Upper margin of preopercle coarsely serrate (fewer than 13 serrae); exposed end of posttemporal with 3-5 serrae; first (most medial) branchiostegal ray nearly straight and not parallel to second ray; gill membrane across throat scaled; scales on cheek extending to base of preopercular serrae; scales on snout extending to below anterior nostrils; scales ventrally on chest one-half or more size of scales on side of body; 4 rows of large scales above lateral line in middle of body; dorsal soft rays 12-14 (rarely 12 or14)................................... Itycirrhitus, new genus 8a. Rows of large scales above lateral line to base of spinous portion of dorsal fin 5; a single cirrus from membrane near tip of each spine of dorsal fin; membranes between longest dorsal spines incised at most one-fifth spine length; palatine teeth absent.................................................. Paracirrhites 8b. Rows of large scales above lateral line to base of spinous portion of dorsal fin 3 or 4; a tuft of cirri from membrane near tip of each spine of dorsal fin; membranes between longest dorsal spines incised one-third or more of spine length; palatine teeth present or absent................................................ 9 9a. Palatine teeth absent; maxilla reaching to or beyond a vertical through middle of eye; dorsal spines short, the longest 2.9-3.2 in head length; dorsal profile of head convex; lower 5 pectoral rays unbranched; interorbital fully scaled; snout not pointed; preorbital without a free posterior margin................. Isocirrhitus 9b. Palatine teeth present; maxilla not reaching a vertical through middle of eye; dorsal spines 1.7-3.0 in head length; dorsal profile of head straight to slightly convex; lower 5 to 7 pectoral rays unbranched; interorbital scaled or naked; snout pointed or not pointed; preorbital with or without a free posterior margin............... 10 10a. Dorsal soft rays 14-15 (rarely 15); first 2 pectoral rays unbranched; snout not pointed, the dorsal profile from interorbital to upper lip convex; interorbital naked............................................................ Cirrhitops 10b. Dorsal rays 11-13 (rarely 13); first pectoral ray unbranched, second branched; snout pointed, the dorsal profile straight; interorbital scaled or naked.......... 11 11a. Preopercular margin finely serrate; first 2 supraneural bones in space before secondneural spine; preorbital without a free hind margin; interorbital scaled; first dorsal soft ray not produced into a filament; lower 5 (rarely 6) pectoral rays unbranched........................................................... Amblycirrhitus 11b. Preopercular margin coarsely serrate; all 3 supraneural bones in space before second neural spine; preorbital with a free hind margin for one-fourth to one-half distance from lower edge to eye; interorbital not scaled; first dorsal soft ray usually produced into a filament; lower 6 or 7 pectoral rays unbranched............. Cirrhitichthys

Cristacirrhitus Randall, gen. nov. DESCRIPTION. Dorsal rays X,11; anal rays III,6; pectoral rays 14, the uppermost and lower 7 unbranched; lateral-line scales 40-43; 4 rows of large scales above lateral line in middle of body; 9 large scales below lateral line to origin of anal fin; small scales on cheek in more than 15 oblique rows, with additional rows of embedded scales in narrow zone adjacent to preopercular margin; no scales in interorbital space or on snout; exposed scales ventrally on chest progressively smaller anteriorly, the smallest about half height of largest scales on side of body; anterior scales of chest with auxiliary scales; gill rakers 6-7 + 11- 12; supraorbital ridge high and sharp, continuing more than half eye diameter posterior to eye; lower opercular spine acute, forming an angle of 45�� or less; upper half of preopercular margin very finely serrate, the lower half membranous; mouth large, the maxilla reaching or extending slightly beyond a vertical through middle of eye, and slightly oblique; dentition typical of the family; numerous cirri on posterior flap of anterior nostril; body depth 3.1-3.35 in SL; head length 2.6-2.8 in SL; snout length 3.2-3.4 in head; orbit diameter4.45-5.2 in head; bony interorbital width 6.25-7.3 in head; fourth to sixth dorsal spines longest and subequal, 2.9-3.0 in head; a tuft of cirri from membrane near tip of each dorsal spine; second anal spine 2.1-2.25 in head; caudal fin truncate, the lower rays progressively longer than upper; pectoral fins 1.25-1.4 in head, the longest rays reaching slightly beyond a vertical at tips of pelvic fins; pelvic fins nearly or just reaching anus; body with five faint dark bars on about dorsal half with scattered black dots, mostly within or at edges of dark bars and beneath pectoral fins, the largest and most strongly pigment dots along base of dorsal fin; head with scattered black dots, mostly on postorbital region and opercle; dots forming two curved lines posterior to eye. TYPE SPECIES. Cirrhitus punctatus Cuvier in Cuvier & Valenciennes, 1829. Illustrated in Schultz (1950: pl. 13 B, as Cirrhitus nigropunctatus) and Randall (1963: fig. 4, as Cirrhitus punctatus). TYPE LOCALITY. Madagascar. ETYMOLOGY. Crista from the Latin for crest, in combination with Cirrhitus, in reference to the strong supraorbital ridge of the type species. REMARKS. Cristacirrhitus differs principally from Cirrhitus in the very pronounced suprorbital ridge that continues well posterior to the orbit (resulting in a deeply concave, nearly V-shaped, interorbital space, and an indented dorsal profile of the nape), the acute lower opercular spine, the presence of scales in the posterior interorbital space, the more elongate body, and longer pectoral fins. Randall (1963) designated MNHN 2772, 136 mm SL, collected at Madagascar by Quoy & Gaimard, as the lectotype of Cirrhitus punctatus. The specimen is preserved in alcohol and in good condition. Schultz (1950) created a synonym of Cristacirrhitus punctatus when he described Cirrhitus nigropunctatus from two specimens from Mauritius. Schultz in Schultz & collaborators (1960: 259) placed Cirrhitus mossambicus Smith, described from two juvenile specimens from Mozambique, in the synonymy of C. nigropunctatus, and he was followed by Randall (1963). However, the collection of a juvenile of Cirrhitus pinnulatus in the Hawaiian Islands with the identical color pattern of Smith���s illustration of C. mossambicus provided for a correction. C. mossambicus is a synonym of C. pinnulatus. Smith (1951: 628) recorded one 225-mm specimen of Cirrhitus nigropunctatus [= Cristacirrhitus punctatus] from Durban as the first record for the African coast. He wrote, ���Appears to be differentiated from pinnulatus...���, but his additional remarks indicated he was unsure of his identification. Cristacirrhitus punctatus is otherwise known only from Madagascar and Mauritius (and doubtless R��union). In order to determine if C. punctatus positively occurs in South Africa, Joan Wright of the J.L.B. Smith Institute of Ichthyology in Grahamstown was asked to check for specimens of this species. She reported finding two adults in the collection from the Natal coast, RUSI 38079 from Kosi Bay and RUSI 43502 from Sodwana Bay. MATERIAL EXAMINED. MADAGASCAR: MNHN 2772, 136 mm (lectotype of Cirrhitus punctatus Cuvier).MAURITIUS: MCZ 5761, 137 mm;MCZ 37223, 149 mm (paratype of C. nigropunctatus);USNM 13218, 138 mm (holotype of C. nigropunctatus)., Published as part of John E. Randall, 2001, Revision of the generic classification of the hawkfishes (Cirrhitidae), with descriptions of three new genera., pp. 1-12 in Zootaxa 12 on pages 6-7