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Background Objectives Animals Methods Results Conclusion and Clinical Importance Regional lymph nodes are frequently sampled in cats with suspected intestinal lymphoma; however, their diagnostic value has not been explored.To investigate whether histologic and immunohistochemical analysis of mesenteric lymph nodes correlates with the diagnosis of intestinal lymphoma in cats.One hundred 2 client‐owned cats diagnosed with intestinal lymphoma.Retrospective study. The inclusion criteria required a full‐thickness biopsy of the small intestine and concurrent excision of mesenteric lymph nodes. Histologic and immunophenotypic analyses were performed on intestinal biopsies and corresponding lymph nodes. Selected nodal samples diagnosed with reactive lymph nodes underwent clonality testing.Transmural T‐cell lymphomas, encompassing small and large cell types, were predominant (64 cases, 62.7%), with large B‐cell lymphomas being more frequently transmural (68.8%) than mucosal (31.2%). Among all lymph nodes examined, 44 (43.1%; 95% CI: 33.9%‐52.8%) exhibited neoplastic infiltration. Among cases of small cell lymphoma, 51 out of 72 (70.8%; 95% CI: 59.4%‐80.1%) showed no nodal involvement. Clonality results correctly identified 19/30 (63.3%; 95% CI: 45.5%‐78.2%) reactive lymph nodes. Concerns were raised regarding clonal identification in the remaining cases and potential misdiagnoses based on phenotypic characteristics.The study underscores the potential drawbacks of relying solely on mesenteric lymph nodes for diagnosing intestinal lymphomas in cats, particularly small cell subtypes. It emphasizes the importance of full‐thickness biopsies for assessing transmural infiltration and recommends caution when utilizing mesenteric lymph nodes for histologic, immunohistochemical and clonality evaluations in mucosal lymphomas. Despite limitations, this research highlights the need for comprehensive diagnostic strategies in cats with intestinal lymphoma. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Periodontal diseases are the most frequently diagnosed problem in cats. It has been well-established that periodontal diseases could not only cause various oral health issues but could also contribute to systemic diseases. Oxidative stress is a possible link between systemic diseases and periodontitis. Our study aimed to illustrate the influence of periodontitis on oxidative stress development in cats. Furthermore, the changes in the bacterial flora of the gums were investigated. Methods: Based on the clinical and laboratory examinations, fifty cats were divided into two groups normal (n = 25) and moderate to advanced periodontitis (n = 25). Serum total antioxidant capacity (TAC), total oxidant status (TOS), reduced (GSH) and oxidized glutathione (GSSG) were measured. In addition, samples were taken from the subgingival plaques of all cats for bacterial culture. Results: Serum TOS, GSSG, GSSG to GSH ratio, and oxidative stress index (OSI), calculated as the ratio of TOS to TAC in cats with periodontal disease were significantly higher, and TAC was significantly lower (p < 0.05) compared with controls. The results of bacterial culture indicated that the number of isolated bacterial colonies is higher in patients than in the control group. Additionally, the analysis of these data showed a positive association between periodontal index and oxidative stress. Conclusions: Our results revealed that periodontitis in cats is related to a main oxidative stress. Furthermore, oxidant factors such as TOS and OSI, compared to antioxidant factors, may better indicate the presence of oxidative stress conditions in patients with periodontitis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Rectal temperature (RT) is an important index of core temperature, which has guiding significance for the diagnosis and treatment of pet diseases. Objectives: Development and evaluation of an alternative method based on machine learning to determine the core temperatures of cats and dogs using surface temperatures. Animals: 200 cats and 200 dogs treated between March 2022 and May 2022. Methods: A group of cats and dogs were included in this study. The core temperatures and surface body temperatures were measured. Multiple machine learning methods were trained using a cross-validation approach and evaluated in one retrospective testing set and one prospective testing set. Results: The machine learning models could achieve promising performance in predicting the core temperatures of cats and dogs using surface temperatures. The root mean square errors (RMSE) were 0.25 and 0.15 for cats and dogs in the retrospective testing set, and 0.15 and 0.14 in the prospective testing set. Conclusion: The machine learning model could accurately predict core temperatures for companion animals of cats and dogs using easily obtained body surface temperatures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Aim: Leptospirosis is a re-emerging zoonosis that is under-reported in tropical countries, and canines can be a potential reservoir of the disease. The objective of this study was to diagnose Leptospira spp. that is actively infected and re-infected in stray dogs and cats from Bogota, D.C., Colombia. Materials and Methods: A sample of 200 animals, including dogs and cats from the animal protection programs of Bogota, Colombia, were used in this study. Blood was collected from these animals for serum and DNA analysis. Conventional polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was performed using the 16s rRNA primer set, and higher-quality amplification products were sequenced by Sanger. For serodiagnosis, a group of PCR-positive samples was tested using the microagglutination test (MAT). Results: The overall PCR positivity of stray dogs and cats was 56%, 52.9%, and 65.3% in dogs and cats, respectively. The MAT seropositivity was 77.3%, and only dogs showed titers higher than 1:400. Canicola, Icterohaemorrhagiae, Pomona, Hardjo Prajitno, and Canicola and Hardjo prajitno were the serogroups associated with dogs and cats, respectively. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that the strains belonging to Leptospira interrogans serovars related to isolated samples of American, European, and Asian bats (Myotis myotis), dogs, and bovines of American origin. Conclusion: These results showed that stray dogs and cats were previously exposed to different serovars of Leptospira spp. and re-infected with other serovars that actively participated in the transmission cycle. These findings highlight the importance of actively diagnosing infectious animals to design effective intervention strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Until recently, the diagnosis of feline infectious peritonitis (FIP) in cats usually led to euthanasia, but recent research has revealed that antiviral drugs, including the nucleoside analog GS-441524, have the potential to effectively cure FIP. Alpha-1-acid glycoprotein (AGP) has been suggested as a diagnostic marker for FIP. However, AGP quantification methods are not easily accessible. This study aimed to establish a Spatial Proximity Analyte Reagent Capture Luminescence (SPARCLTM) assay on the VetBio-1 analyzer to determine the AGP concentrations in feline serum and effusion samples. Linearity was found in serial dilutions between 1:2000 and 1:32,000; the intra-run and inter-run precision was <5% and <15%, respectively; and AGP was stable in serum stored for at least 8 days at room temperature, at 4 °C and at −20 °C. Cats with confirmed FIP had significantly higher serum AGP concentrations (median: 2954 µg/mL (range: 200–5861 µg/mL)) than those with other inflammatory diseases (median: 1734 µg/mL (305–3449 µg/mL)) and clinically healthy cats (median 235 µg/mL (range: 78–616 µg/mL); pKW < 0.0001). The AGP concentrations were significantly higher in the effusions from cats with FIP than in those from diseased cats without FIP (pMWU < 0.0001). The AGP concentrations in the serum of cats with FIP undergoing GS-441524 treatment showed a significant drop within the first seven days of treatment and reached normal levels after ~14 days. In conclusion, the VetBio-1 SPARCLTM assay offers a precise, fast and cost-effective method to measure the AGP concentrations in serum and effusion samples of feline patients. The monitoring of the AGP concentration throughout FIP treatment provides a valuable marker to evaluate the treatment's effectiveness and identify potential relapses at an early stage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and objectives: This study aimed to evaluate the volume, the concentration of steroid hormones, and biochemical composition of the foetal fluids at different gestational ages in dogs and cats. Methods: Following the ovariohysterectomy, the allantoic and amniotic fluid samples were collected from pregnant bitches and queens and were assigned to different groups according to their gestational age. Results: The canine and feline allantoic fluid volume increased during pregnancy, reached its maximum values on days 40–49 and then decreased. The canine and feline amniotic fluid volume increased steadily by the last days of pregnancy. In spite of significant changes of sex hormones in the foetal fluids, their concentration and ratios were not significantly different between male and female fetuses. The canine amniotic cortisol concentration increased until days 40–49 and decreased significantly afterwards. The maximum cortisol concentrations in the feline allantoic and amniotic fluids were observed on days 50–60 and 40–49, respectively. During the canine pregnancy, the concentrations of calcium, phosphorus, chloride, sodium, triglyceride, cholesterol, total protein, albumin and the activities of aminotransferase (AST), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), amylase and gamma‐glutamyl transferase (GGT) in the amniotic fluid were higher than the allantoic fluid. The magnesium, potassium, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity, creatine and lipase were higher in the allantoic fluid. In the feline allantoic fluid, potassium, magnesium, phosphorus, creatinine, albumin and glucose concentrations and the activities of creatine kinase (CK), GGT, LDH and lipase were higher. The ALP, AST activities, sodium and calcium concentrations were higher in the amniotic fluid (p < 0.05). Conclusion: Volume of foetal fluids was determined in dogs and cats. Concentration of sex hormones did not different between male and female fetuses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Chronic sternal osteomyelitis is a rare condition in felines, with limited reported cases to date. Objectives: We report the case of a 2‐year‐old castrated male, domestic shorthair cat, weighing 4.68 kg, that presented with skin openings every 3–4 months, despite skin debridement and reconstruction. Methods: A subcutaneous dead space larger than the skin defect was detected. Haematological analysis revealed elevated levels of inflammatory markers. Thoracic radiography revealed sternal deformation and suspected osteomyelitis. Computed tomography revealed a fistula extending from the third to the fourth sternebrae. Results: Bone and soft tissue debridement and abscess flushing were performed along with long‐term antibiotic therapy. The cat remained recurrence‐free throughout an 18‐month post‐surgery follow‐up period. Conclusion: To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of chronic osteomyelitis occurring in a cat's sternebrae and represents the first successful case of its treatment. This case showcases the potential for improved treatment outcomes in similar cases. Understanding and successful treatment of such cases can pave the way for better management of feline osteomyelitis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Companion animals, including dogs and cats, are frequently identified as sources of Pasteurella multocida, a bacterium that can be transmitted to humans and cause infections. Objectives: This survey defines the prevalence, antibiotic sensitivity, capsular types, lipopolysaccharide (LPS) types and virulence factors of P. multocida isolated from cats. Methods: A total of 100 specimens from various cat breeds were collected. P. multocida was characterized using both biochemical tests and PCR. Genotypes of isolates were determined using capsular and LPS typing methods. Additionally, virulotyping was performed by detecting the presence of 12 virulence‐associated genes. Disk diffusion was used to determine the antibiotic sensitivity of the isolates. Results: The prevalence of P. multocida in cats was 29%. Among the isolates, the majority were capsular type A (96.5%) and type D (3.4%), with a predominant presence of type A. Twenty‐six of the isolates (89.66%) belonged to LPS genotype L6, whereas three isolates (10.3%) belonged to genotype L3. Among the 12 virulence genes examined, sodC, oma87, ptfA, nanB and ompH showed remarkable prevalence (100%). The toxA gene was detected in four isolates (13.8%). Variations were observed in other virulence genes. The nanH gene was present in 93.1% of the isolates, whereas the pfhA gene was detected in 58.6% of the isolates. The exbD‐tonB, hgbB, sodA and hgbA genes showed prevalence rates of 96.5%, 96.5%, 96.5% and 82.8%, respectively. Additionally, particular capsule and LPS types were associated with specific virulence genes. Specifically, the toxA and pfhA genes were found to be more prevalent in isolates with capsular type A and LPS genotype L6. Most isolates were resistant to ampicillin, clindamycin, lincomycin, streptomycin and penicillin. Conclusions: According to this epidemiological and molecular data, P. multocida from cats possess several virulence‐associated genes and are resistant to antimicrobial medicines commonly used in humans and animals. Thus, it is crucial to consider the public health concerns of P. multocida in humans. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A 9-year-old-male British fold cat was presented for a general health check before anesthesia. Clinical and laboratory examinations were unremarkable. Echocardiography showed that the cardiac anatomy and function were normal, and the presence of a dilated coronary sinus (CS), highly suggestive of a persistent left cranial vena cava (PLCVC). Clinicians should keep in mind that PLCVC may be present when a dilated CS is noted by echocardiography, and it could be confirmed simultaneously by agitated-saline- study as a non-invasive and cost-effective diagnostic tool in practice. Further research is required to elucidate whether PLCVC is an accomplice or an innocent finding in cats. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

OBJECTIVE To investigate an association between pancreatitis and chronic kidney disease (CKD) in cats. ANIMALS 154 client-owned cats: 77 cats with pancreatitis and 77 control cats with no evidence of pancreatitis. METHODS Retrospective record review from October 1, 2017, to October 1, 2022, including cats with gastrointestinal clinical signs, pancreatic lipase immunoreactivity (PLI) 28.8 jig/L or PLI 4,5 to 8.7 µ/L with sonographic evidence of pancreatitis. Control cats had a PLI 5 4.4 µ/L with no sonographic evidence of pancreatitis. RESULTS Cats with pancreatitis had significantly higher International Renal Interest Society CKD stages than controls (P < 001; OR, 13 [95% Cl, 6.3 to 31]), and mean creatinine was on average 0.79 mg/dL (95% Cl, 0.56 to 1.0) higher than controls (P < .001; age covariate ANCOVA, P = .003). Odds of CKD in cats with pancreatitis compared to controls increased significantly with age (P = .002). Cats aged 10 to < 15 years and 15 to 20 years with pancreatitis had significantly higher prevalence of CKD stage 2 to 4 compared to controls (P < .001; OR, 10.9 [95% Cl, 3.4 to 44]; and P = .001; OR, 66 [95% Cl, 4.6 to > 1,000], respectively). Cats with pancreatitis had significantly more sonographic renal infarcts (P = .004; OR, 6.9 [95% Cl, 1.8 to 46]) and concurrent diabetes mellitus (P = .002; OR, 6 [95% Cl, 1.9 to 27]). Cats with pancreatitis were fed more exclusively dry-food diets compared to controls (P = .014). CLINICAL RELEVANCE Pancreatitis is associated with CKD in cats. Investigating and treating these diseases concurrently early in the disease process may reduce morbidity and mortality due to progressive disease and expensive hospitalizations. Renal infarcts may be associated with pancreatitis in cats without overt cardiac disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Whole-body cryotherapy and winter swimming (cold bath) are treatments that use low temperature as a therapeutic stimulus and have become increasingly popular in recent years. These treatments have many positive effects on the human body. The most important reactions of the body include analgesic and anti-swelling effects, as well as reactions of the immune and circulatory systems and changes in the concentration of many hormones. However, some reports indicate that exposure to extremely low temperatures may induce the production of reactive oxygen species in the body. Healthy people often have an increased level of oxidative stress, which may cause abnormal endothelial function and, consequently, an increased risk of developing hypertension, atherosclerosis and other diseases. Oxidative stress can likewise cause acute or chronic inflammation. In order to combat the harmful effects of free oxygen radicals, in this study we assessed the level of antioxidant enzymes in patients after receiving a cold stimulus. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of a series of 20 whole-body cryotherapy sessions and 20 winter swimming sessions on the level of catalase, glutathione peroxidase and superoxide dismutase. The experimental group consisted of 60 people (30 people received cryotherapy and 30 people swam in cold water). The control group—without intervention: 30 people. Each of the three groups was tested twice. Analyzing the changes in the examined indicators, a statistical increase of CAT was observed in men after the use of WBC, as well as an increase of SOD in women and a decrease of SOD in men after the winter swimming season. Regular WS does not seem to place an excessive burden on the body in terms of intensifying oxidative processes. WS sessions once a week can be recommended as an effective method of improving health by causing positive adaptive changes and strengthening the body's antioxidant barrier. WBC may be used as an adjunct therapy in the treatment of diseases caused by oxidative stress, as it improves the body's antioxidant capacity. Further research is needed to elucidate antioxidant mechanisms in humans and to determine the short- and long-term effects of exposure to WS and WBC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Three-dimensional printing turns a digital model in a computer file into a physical interpretation of the object. This technology is promising in both human and veterinary medicine, enabling the production of anatomical models, customized surgical instruments, implants, and prostheses. Minimally invasive plate osteosynthesis (MIPO) techniques have been developed to accelerate fracture healing by preserving soft tissue as well as the environment at the fracture site. Achieving acceptable alignment with MIPO can be challenging, because fractures are typically reduced indirectly and implants are inserted submuscularly, starting at one end of the broken bone. In our study, we presented results of comminuted feline radial fracture repair using MIPO with locking bone plates as a reduction tool. The implants were pre-contoured on 3D-printed bone models of the antebrachium of an adult male and a female domestic shorthair cat. A pre-contoured bone plate is a valuable tool for fracture reduction in MIPO. (1) Background: Due to the unique structural and functional characteristics of the forelimb in cats, fractures of the radius and ulna are best repaired using internal fixation and stabilization in accordance with AO principles. This study presents the results of reduction of 42 cadaveric comminuted feline radial fractures reduced by minimally invasive plate osteosynthesis (MIPO). (2) Methods: Radius fractures were created on 21 pairs of forelimbs with intact bones. MIPO was then performed using two locking bone plates pre-contoured on 3D-printed bone models of the antebrachium of a male and a female cat. Pre- and postoperative radiographs were taken, and radius length and anatomical lateral distal radial angle (aLDRA) were measured. (3) Results: All fractures were classified as complex diaphyseal fractures of the radius. The radial bone length did not change significantly after surgery (F1,18 = 0.01, p = 0.933). However, the aLDRA was modified after surgery (F1,18 = 7.51, p = 0.013), but this change was only observed in females, in whom the aLDRA was significantly reduced (p = 0.035) compared to the value determined by the shape of the plate. In males, the pre- and postoperative aLDRA values were similar (p = 0.824). In 40 cases, alignment, adjacency of bone fragments, and apparatus were judged to be satisfactory. In two cases, the plate was fixed to the proximal radius and distal ulna due to misidentification of the distal radius. In both cases, revision surgery and correct fixation of the radius gave proper alignment, adjacency, and apparatus. (4) Conclusion: A pre-contoured plate on a 3D-printed model of the male and female domestic cat antebrachium was suitable for the reduction and stabilization of comminuted radial fractures in a cohort of domestic cat cadavers without the need to print individual antebrachial bone models for each patient. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: A study investigated the effects of applying fast-acting insulin directly to surgical wounds in cats. The aim was to see if insulin could speed up the healing process. Sixty healthy female cats undergoing spaying were used in the study. Each surgical site was split into two sections: one receiving insulin treatment and the other serving as a control. The results showed that wounds treated with insulin healed faster, with fewer complications such as liquid buildup and stitch removal. The insulin promoted early infiltration of healing cells, leading to quicker wound closure. This study suggests that applying insulin directly to surgical wounds in cats can improve healing and represents a novel approach in veterinary medicine. Wound healing is a complex biological process involving a coordinated sequence of events aimed at restoring tissue integrity and function. Recent advancements in wound care have introduced novel therapies, with topical insulin application emerging as a promising strategy for promoting tissue healing. This study, involving 60 female cats (n = 60) undergoing elective spaying, aimed to evaluate the effects of topical fast-acting insulin on the healing process of surgical wounds. Each surgical suture was divided into two regions: the control zone (Zcr) without insulin application and the study zone (Zst), where insulin was applied topically for 10 min every 24 h over eight consecutive days. Assessment of suture healing was conducted using an adapted scale at two time points post-surgery: T1 (day 2) and T2 (day 8). Statistically significant differences were registered in the final healing scale scores between Zcr and Zst (p < 0.022), as well as for the parameter of regional fluid (p-value = 0.017). Additionally, at T2, all Zst regions exhibited wound closure, whereas Zcr did not, although not in a statistically significant manner. The observed discrepancy at T2 between the Zcr and Zst regions may suggest a potential benefit of utilizing insulin. No side effects resulting from the insulin topical application performed by the tutors were recorded in the Zst suture group. This study represents the first exploration of the benefits of topical insulin application for surgical wound healing in cats. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: A total of 122 and 56 cats with feline infectious peritonitis achieved remission after the administration of Mutian and molnupiravir (nucleic acid analogs with recently confirmed anti-viral effects) as routine treatments, respectively. Changes in various clinical indicators (body weight, hematocrit, and albumin-to-globulin ratio) before and after the administration of each drug and during follow-up observation were statistically compared for each of its three disease types (effusive, non-effusive, and a mixture of both). In all three disease types, the administration of either Mutian or molnupiravir resulted in statistically significant increases in the above three indicators. Furthermore, the effect of Mutian on improving the albumin-to-globulin ratio was not observed at all in the effusive forms, as compared with that of molnupiravir, but statistically significant in non-effusive and a mixture of both forms. The differences in the albumin-to-globulin ratio observed in the cats with non-effusive and mixed disease types were all due to differences in the fluctuations of circulating globulin levels, potentially indicating that slight inflammatory responses might be elicited continuously by residual feline coronavirus persisted through molnupiravir treatments. Background: feline infectious peritonitis (FIP) is a fatal disease in cats classified as either effusive ('wet'), non-effusive ('dry'), or a mixture of both forms ('mixed'). The anti-FIP therapeutic effects of Mutian and molnupiravir, two drugs with a nucleic acid analog as an active ingredient, have been confirmed recently. Methods: Of the cats with FIP, we observed a total of 122 and 56 cases that achieved remission after the administration of Mutian and molnupiravir as routine treatments, respectively. Changes in clinical indicators suggested to be correlated with FIP remission (weight, hematocrit, and albumin-to-globulin ratio) before and after the administration of each drug and during follow-up observation were statistically compared for each FIP type. Results: In all three FIP types, the administration of either Mutian or molnupiravir resulted in statistically significant increases in these indicators. Furthermore, the effect of Mutian on improving the albumin-to-globulin ratio was not observed at all in wet FIP, as compared with that of molnupiravir, but statistically significant in mixed and dry (p < 0.02 and p < 0.003, respectively). The differences in albumin-to-globulin ratio were all due to those of circulating globulin levels. Conclusions: These results indicate that slight inflammatory responses might be elicited continuously by a residual virus that persisted through molnupiravir treatments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Cats in respiratory distress have limited tolerance for manipulation, hindering clinical monitoring. Minute volume (MV) can be utilized to rate dyspnea in humans, but its relationship with respiratory distress in cats remains poorly investigated. Hypothesi s : Cats with respiratory distress will show higher MV per kg body weight (MV/BW) than normal cats, and the MV/BW increase will correlate with survival. Animals: Fifty‐two cats with respiratory distress from lung parenchymal disease, pleural space disease, lower airway obstruction (LAO), or upper airway obstruction were recruited since 2014. Methods: This is a prospective observational study. Study cats were placed in a transparent chamber, allowing clinicians to easily observe their breathing status and record ventilation using barometric whole‐body plethysmography (BWBP). Ventilatory variables of the 52 cats were compared with those of 14 historic control cats. Follow‐up data, including disease category, clinical outcomes, and survival, were prospectively collected. Results: Cats in respiratory distress demonstrated significantly higher MV/BW (397 mL/kg; range, 158‐1240) than normal cats (269 mL/kg; range, 168‐389; P <.001). Among the etiologies, cats with LAO, parenchymal, and pleural space disease exhibited higher‐than‐normal MV/BW trends. A cutoff value of 373 mL/kg (1.4‐fold increase) indicated abnormally increased breathing efforts (sensitivity, 67%; specificity, 93%). MV/BW was independently associated with increased cardiorespiratory mortality in cats with respiratory distress (adjusted hazard ratio 1.17, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.02‐1.35; P =.03). Conclusions and Clinical Importance: Breathing efforts in cats can be noninvasively quantified using BWBP. Measurement of MV/BW could serve as a prognostic index for monitoring cats experiencing respiratory distress. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Myeloma‐related disorders (MRDs) are rare and poorly documented neoplasms of cats. Hypothesis/Objectives: To describe clinical, clinicopathologic, and imaging findings, response to treatment, and survival time and to identify factors associated with shorter outcomes in cats with MRD. Animals: Fifty cats with a diagnosis of MRD. Methods: Cats with paraproteinemia confirmed by serum protein electrophoresis (SPE) and either intramedullary plasmacytosis >10%, marked cytonuclear atypia with intramedullary plasmacytosis that ranged between 5% and 10%, or cytologically or histologically confirmed visceral infiltration were retrospectively included from several veterinary referral centers. Results: Bone marrow plasmacytosis and splenic or hepatic involvement were present in 17/27 cats (63%), 36/42 cats (86%), and 27/38 cats (71%), respectively. Anemia was reported in 33/49 cats (67%) and thrombocytopenia in 16/47 cats (34%). Some of the treatments that the cats received included melphalan and prednisolone (n = 19), cyclophosphamide and prednisolone (n = 10), chlorambucil and prednisolone (n = 4), prednisolone (n = 4), or other (n = 4). The overall response rates to melphalan, cyclophosphamide, and chlorambucil in combination with prednisolone were 87%, 90%, and 100%, respectively. Adverse events to melphalan or cyclophosphamide occurred in 65% and 23% of cats, respectively. Median survival time was 122 days (range, 0‐1403) and was not significantly associated with chemotherapy protocol. Anemia (hazard ratio [HR], 3.1; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.0‐9.8) and thrombocytopenia (HR, 2.7; 95% CI, 1.2‐6.0) were risk factors for shorter survival. Conclusions and Clinical Importance: Our study confirmed the guarded prognosis of MRD in cats and identified risk factors for shorter survival times. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Corticosteroids are among the most commonly used drugs in cats and are increasingly discussed as a treatment for feline pancreatitis. However, its effects on serum lipase in healthy cats remain unknown. Objectives: To evaluate the effects of prednisolone on serum lipase activity and pancreatic lipase immunoreactivity (PLI) in cats. Animals: Seven clinically healthy colony cats, aged 4 to 7 years, with unremarkable CBC/biochemistry panel were studied. Methods: Prospective study: Prednisolone (1.1‐1.5 mg/kg, median 1.28 mg/kg PO) was given daily for 7 consecutive days. Lipase activity (LIPC Roche; RI, 8‐26 U/L) and PLI (Spec fPL; RI, 0‐3.5 μg/L) were determined at day 1 before first treatment and at days 2, 3, 8, 10, and 14. Cats were examined daily. An a priori power analysis indicated that 6 cats were needed to find a biological relevant effect at 1‐β = 0.8. Statistical analyses comprised the Friedman test, random intercept regression, and repeated‐measures linear regression. Results: Median (range) day 1 lipase activities and PLI were 22 U/L (14‐52 U/L) and 3.2 μg/L (2.3‐15.7 μg/L). One cat with abnormally high lipase activity (52 U/L) and PLI (15.7 μg/L) at day 1 continued having elevated lipase activities and PLI throughout the study. Lipase activities and PLI concentrations did not differ significantly among time points regardless of whether the cat with elevated values was included or not. All cats remained healthy throughout the study. Conclusions and Clinical Importance: Administration of prednisolone in anti‐inflammatory doses does not significantly increase serum lipase activity and PLI concentration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Reverse zoonotic transmission events of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) have been described since the start of the pandemic, and the World Organisation for Animal Health (WOAH) designated the detection of SARS-CoV-2 in animals a reportable disease. Eighteen domestic and zoo animals in Great Britain and Jersey were tested by APHA for SARS-CoV-2 during 2020–2023. One domestic cat (Felis catus), three domestic dogs (Canis lupus familiaris), and three Amur tigers (Panthera tigris altaica) from a zoo were confirmed positive during 2020–2021 and reported to the WOAH. All seven positive animals were linked with known SARS-CoV-2 positive human contacts. Characterisation of the SARS-CoV-2 variants by genome sequencing indicated that the cat was infected with an early SARS-CoV-2 lineage. The three dogs and three tigers were infected with the SARS-CoV-2 Delta variant of concern (B.1.617.2). The role of non-human species in the onward transmission and emergence of new variants of SARS-CoV-2 remain poorly defined. Continued surveillance of SARS-CoV-2 in relevant domestic and captive animal species with high levels of human contact is important to monitor transmission at the human−animal interface and to assess their role as potential animal reservoirs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The bone regeneration potential of erythropoietin (EPO) is not yet fully investigated, but some previous experimental studies demonstrated that its application activated the differentiation of osteoblasts and promoted bone formation. Aim: The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effects of recombinant human erythropoietin (rhEpo) on bone healing in cats with fragmented long bone fractures. Methods: Twelve cats were divided into two groups--control (n = 6) in which physiological saline was applied at the fracture gap site and EPO (n = 6) with the application of 1,000 IU rhEpo. The effects of EPO on blood erythrocyte counts, hemoglobin content, and hematocrit were monitored by serial complete blood cell tests, whereas bone formation was evaluated by clinical and radiographic examinations on post-operative weeks 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, and 8. Results: All tested blood parameters were within the reference range. A faster fracture healing and full limb weight-bearing were observed in the EPO group, with statistically significant differences with respect to the control group. Conclusion: The obtained results confirmed that the local application of rhEpo promoted bone healing in cats with fragmented femoral fractures and increased bone callus strength without having significant systemic effects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Magnetic resonance imaging is an invaluable tool for the diagnosis of brain diseases in veterinary medicine. In this review, we provide a comprehensive summary of the magnetic resonance imaging appearances of and diagnostic approach to brain tumors affecting dogs and cats. Characteristic imaging features often allow for accurate prediction of commonly encountered types of brain tumors in clinical practice, such as meningiomas, gliomas, and pituitary tumors. However, a limitation of magnetic resonance imaging remains that some types of brain tumors, as well as other causes of brain disease, display similar imaging features, which can lead to diagnostic uncertainty and errors. There are also several uncommon to rare variants of brain tumors for which published magnetic resonance imaging descriptions are extremely limited or non-existent, especially in cats. The recent development and clinical usage of quantitative imaging and artificial intelligence techniques show promise for improving the ability of magnetic resonance imaging to correctly diagnose brain tumors and discriminate different tumor types. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is used pervasively in veterinary practice for the antemortem diagnosis of intracranial tumors. Here, we provide an illustrated summary of the published MRI features of primary and secondary intracranial tumors of dogs and cats, following PRISMA scoping review guidelines. The PubMed and Web of Science databases were searched for relevant records, and input from stakeholders was solicited to select data for extraction. Sixty-seven studies of moderate to low-level evidence quality describing the MRI features of pathologically confirmed canine and feline brain tumors met inclusion criteria. Considerable variability in data inclusion and reporting, as well as low case numbers, prohibited comparative data analyses. Available data support a holistic MRI approach incorporating lesion number, location within the brain, shape, intrinsic signal appearances on multiparametric sequences, patterns of contrast enhancement, and associated secondary changes in the brain to prioritize differential imaging diagnoses, and often allows for accurate presumptive diagnosis of common intracranial tumors. Quantitative MRI techniques show promise for improving discrimination of neoplastic from non-neoplastic brain lesions, as well as differentiating brain tumor types and grades, but sample size limitations will likely remain a significant practical obstacle to the design of robustly powered radiomic studies. For many brain tumor variants, particularly in cats, there remains a need for standardized studies that correlate clinicopathologic and neuroimaging data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Vitamin A, a vital fat-soluble micronutrient, is indispensable for the health and well-being of companion animals, notably dogs and cats. Its multifaceted roles encompass crucial functions in vision, immune modulation, and reproductive health. Vitamin A is intricately involved in cellular differentiation, gene expression, and antioxidant defense mechanisms, exerting a profound influence on the overall physiological function. A deficiency in this essential vitamin can lead to a spectrum of health issues, including compromised vision, an impaired immune function, and reproductive abnormalities. A comprehensive understanding of the mechanisms involved in the absorption, cellular uptake, and metabolic pathways of vitamin A is crucial for optimizing the nutrition of companion animals. Further research on retinoids is essential to deepen our understanding and to refine dietary recommendations tailored to the unique needs of companion animals, thereby ensuring their optimal health and vitality. The health of companion animals, particularly dogs and cats, is significantly influenced by nutrition, with vitamins playing a crucial role. Vitamin A, in particular, is indispensable, with diverse roles ranging from vision to immune modulation and reproduction. Despite its importance, the metabolism and dietary requirements of vitamin A in companion animals remain complex and not fully understood. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the historical perspective, the digestion, the metabolism, the physiological roles, the deficiency, the excess, and the interactions with other micronutrients of vitamin A in companion animals. Additionally, it highlights future research directions and gaps in our understanding. Insights into the metabolism of vitamin A in companion animals, personalized nutrition strategies based on genetic variability, longitudinal studies tracking the status of vitamin A, and investigations into its immunomodulatory effects are crucial for optimizing pet health and wellness. Furthermore, understanding the stability and bioavailability of vitamin A in pet food formulations is essential for ensuring the provision of adequate micronutrients. Overall, this review underscores the importance of vitamin A in companion animal nutrition and the need for further research to enhance our understanding and to optimize dietary recommendations for pet health and well-being. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: : Veterinary knowledge regarding feline heartworm has been increasing significantly over the past two decades. Necropsy surveys of shelter cats have shown feline adult heartworm infection prevalence to be 5–20% of the rate in unprotected dogs; however, other studies have shown feline heartworm antibody prevalence up to 33%, reflecting higher exposure rates and potential immature adult infections. Thus, the true prevalence of feline heartworm infection is likely underestimated due to the limitations of current diagnostic techniques, inadequate testing protocols, and the high likelihood of cats exhibiting transient clinical signs or dying without confirmation of infection. Diagnosing Feline Heartworm Disease (FHWD), also referred to as Heartworm Associated Respiratory Disease (HARD), is one of the conundrums of veterinary medicine. The purpose of this study was to evaluate and characterize the occurrence of Heartworm Associated Respiratory Disease [HARD] in shelter cats, naturally-infected with D.immitis. Methods: Fifty shelter cats slated for euthanasia between December 2009 and June 2010 were investigated by gross necropsy, radiography, serology, and lung histopathology using techniques that have been established in experimental models of cat heartworm infection. The relationship between pulmonary vascular disease and serological markers for heartworm was also examined using correlations and statistical modeling. Serology included standard heartworm antigen test and a commonly used heartworm antibody test. Also included were heat-treated heartworm antigen test and two additional heartworm antibody tests previously evaluated on experimentally-infected cats. Results: None of the cats were heartworm antibody (HW Ab) positive on a commonly used HW Ab test used by many reference laboratories even though 20% of the study cats were heartworm antigen (HW Ag) positive on heat-treated samples. Two additional HW Ab test were positive on 26% and 22% of the study cats. The combination of heat-treated HW Ag, HW Ab tests, and histopathology indicated 34% of the study cats had HARD. Conclusions: Utilizing both, the above tests, and thoracic radiographs, enhanced the ability to predict vascular disease, possibly caused by infection with immature and adult heartworms and supported the premise that cats develop heartworm disease at the same rate as dogs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Feline infectious peritonitis (FIP) is a multisystemic, generally lethal immuno-inflammatory disease of domestic cats caused by an infection with a genetic variant of feline coronavirus, referred to as the FIP virus (FIPV). We leveraged data from four different antiviral clinical trials performed at the University of California, Davis. Collectively, a total of 60 client-owned domestic cats, each with a confirmed diagnosis of naturally occurring FIP, were treated with a variety of antiviral compounds. The tested therapies included the antiviral compounds GS-441524, remdesivir, molnupiravir and allogeneic feline mesenchymal stem/stroma cell transfusions. Four client-owned cats with FIP did not meet the inclusion criteria for the trials and were not treated with antiviral therapies; these cats were included in the data set as untreated FIP control cats. ELISA and Western blot assays were performed using feline serum/plasma or ascites effusions obtained from a subset of the FIP cats. Normalized tissue/effusion viral loads were determined in 34 cats by a quantitative RT-PCR of nucleic acids isolated from either effusions or abdominal lymph node tissue. Twenty-one cats were PCR "serotyped" (genotyped) and had the S1/S2 region of the coronaviral spike gene amplified, cloned and sequenced from effusions or abdominal lymph node tissue. In total, 3 untreated control cats and 14 (23.3%) of the 60 antiviral-treated cats died or were euthanized during (13) or after the completion of (1) antiviral treatment. Of these 17 cats, 13 had complete necropsies performed (10 cats treated with antivirals and 3 untreated control cats). We found that anticoronaviral serologic responses were persistent and robust throughout the treatment period, primarily the IgG isotype, and focused on the viral structural Nucleocapsid and Membrane proteins. Coronavirus serologic patterns were similar for the effusions and serum/plasma of cats with FIP and in cats entering remission or that died. Viral RNA was readily detectable in the majority of the cats in either abdominal lymph node tissue or ascites effusions, and all of the viral isolates were determined to be serotype I FIPV. Viral nucleic acids in cats treated with antiviral compounds became undetectable in ascites or abdominal lymph node tissue by 11 days post-treatment using a sensitive quantitative RT-PCR assay. The most common pathologic lesions identified in the necropsied cats were hepatitis, abdominal effusion (ascites), serositis, pancreatitis, lymphadenitis, icterus and perivasculitis. In cats treated with antiviral compounds, gross and histological lesions characteristic of FIP persisted for several weeks, while the viral antigen became progressively less detectable. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: This study investigated the transmission of COVID-19 from humans to animals, specifically highlighting a case where a veterinarian contracted the virus from an infected cat. The objectives included examining the presence of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies in Thai cats during various episodes of the outbreak, evaluating the effectiveness of a modified human commercial test kit for screening SARS-CoV-2 antibodies in cats, and investigating the correlation between cat infections and human epidemic episodes. Utilizing 1107 cat serum samples, the results demonstrated a seropositive rate of 22.67%, aligning with trends observed in humans. The cPass™ neutralization test revealed a validated 3.99% seropositivity rate. While distinct patterns were observed among epidemic waves, overall variation was revealed across provinces. Particularly, Samut Sakhon demonstrated a robust positive correlation between the proportion of positive cat sera and human prevalence. This study underscores the importance of continuous surveillance to comprehend the dynamics of SARS-CoV-2 transmission in human and feline populations. Human-to-animal SARS-CoV-2 transmission was observed, including a veterinarian contracting COVID-19 through close contact with an infected cat, suggesting an atypical zoonotic transmission. This study investigated the prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies in cats during human outbreaks and elucidated the correlation between cat infections and human epidemics. A total of 1107 cat serum samples were collected and screened for SARS-CoV-2 antibodies using a modified indirect ELISA human SARS-CoV-2 antibody detection kit. The samples were confirmed using a cPass™ neutralization test. The SARS-CoV-2 seropositivity rate was 22.67% (199/878), mirroring the trend observed in concomitant human case numbers. The waves of the epidemic and the provinces did not significantly impact ELISA-positive cats. Notably, Chon Buri exhibited a strong positive correlation (r = 0.99, p = 0.009) between positive cat sera and reported human case numbers. Additionally, the cPass™ neutralization test revealed a 3.99% (35/878) seropositivity rate. There were significant differences in numbers and proportions of positive cat sera between epidemic waves. In Samut Sakhon, a positive correlation (r = 1, p = 0.042) was noted between the proportion of positive cat sera and human prevalence. The findings emphasize the need for ongoing surveillance to comprehend SARS-CoV-2 dynamics in both human and feline populations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Many coat color, behavioral and morphological traits are specific and fixed across cat breeds, with several variants influencing these traits being common among different breeds. In the domestic cat, rexoid mutations have been documented in several breeds. In the Cornish Rex, four bp deletion in the LPAR6 gene has been found to cause a frame shift and a premature stop codon. In addition to the rexoid coat, Cornish Rex cats also have a characteristic head, ear shape and body type. Analysis of the selection signatures in the Cornish Rex genome revealed several regions that are under selective pressure. One of these is located in CFA B4, in the region where the ALX1 gene is located. The ALX1 gene in Burmese cats disrupts the cranial morphogenesis and causes brachycephaly in the heterozygous state. In our study, we confirmed the presence of a deletion in LPAR6 in 20 Cornish Rex and in four F1 hybrids between Cornish Rex and domestic cat. However, we did not confirm the presence of the deletion in ALX1 in Cornish Rex cats. Genome-wide selection signature analysis was performed using ROH islands and integrated haplotype score (iHS) statistics based on publicly available SNP array data of 11 Cornish Rex cats. The selection signatures were detected on chromosomes A1, A3, C2, B1, B4 and D1. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Y-T condylar fractures are intra-articular fractures of the distal humerus characterised by a central intercondylar split and proximal extension of the fracture line through both the medial and lateral epicondyles. Such fractures are rare in the feline elbow and are perhaps the most difficult to treat. Because of the non-perforated supratrochlear foramen, feline bicondylar fractures are often associated with high-energy trauma and usually involve comminution of the epicondylar region. The humeral condyle needs to be anatomically reduced and stabilised with a screw. Plates are then most commonly added to address the supracondylar portion of the fracture. Locking internal fixation, which eliminates friction between plate and bone, may offer advantages in the repair of humeral condylar fractures. Human anatomically pre-contoured locking compression plate systems have been used to repair distal humeral fractures in humans with good to excellent clinical results. The aim of this study was to describe the development of a 3D printed anatomically pre-contoured locking plate and the use of such a plate for the reduction and stabilisation of bicondylar humeral fractures in isolated feline forelimbs. The results obtained suggest that such a plate may have application in the stabilisation of complex Y-T humeral fractures in cats. (1) Background: Anatomically pre-contoured plates usually require only minimal or even no intraoperative contouring. For complex cases, such plates also assist the surgeon as an anatomical template during fracture reduction. In this study, we present our experience of using a 3D printing technology for the treatment of bicondylar humeral fractures in feline cadavers. (2) Methods: Surgeries were performed on 15 pairs of front limbs amputated at the scapula. The limbs were obtained from 15 adult cats without obvious pathology of the skeleton. After flexion of the elbow and subperiosteal elevation of the anconeus muscle, the humeral Y-T fractures were created using a bone chisel and mallet. A custom-made anatomically pre-contoured interlocking plate was used to reduce and stabilise the medial aspect of the humeral condyle to the humeral diaphysis. After reduction of the humeral condyle, a positional locking screw was then inserted from the medial to the lateral side and a straight 2.4/2.7 interlocking bone plate was used to stabilise the lateral part of the condyle to the humeral diaphysis. (3) Results: The length of the humerus ranged from 98.2 to 107.0 mm and did not differ significantly between the left and right bone. The diameter of the isthmus of the humeral condyle ranged from 5.2 to 5.5 mm and did not differ significantly between the left and right bone. In all 30 limbs, bicondylar fracture was accompanied by epicondylar comminution. In 7/30 limbs (4 left, 3 right) the fracture of the humeral shaft was also present. In the left limbs, the postoperative articular surface defect of the humeral condyle was small (<1 mm) in 11/15 cases, moderate (1–2 mm) in 2/15 cases and large (>2 mm) in 2/15 cases in which the condylar screw was incorrectly inserted. In the right limbs, the postoperative articular surface defect of the humeral condyle was small (<1 mm) in 14/15 cases and moderate (1–2 mm) in 1 case. (4) Conclusions: 3D printing and the technology of metal powder sintering offers a wide range of possibilities for the development of new surgical implants. The anatomically pre-contoured bone plate appears to be a valuable tool in the reduction and stabilisation of Y-T humeral fractures in adult domestic cats weighing 3.0 to 4.5 kg. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Understanding the local epidemiology of feline leukaemia virus (FeLV) and feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) in Hong Kong will inform retrovirus prevention strategies. Domestic cat hepadnavirus (DCH), a novel hepatitis-B-like virus, is commonly detected among client-owned cats in Hong Kong, but community cats have not been studied. The aims of this study were to investigate the frequency and potential risk factors for (i) FeLV and FIV among community and client-owned cats and (ii) perform molecular detection of DCH among community cats in Hong Kong. Blood samples from 713 cats were obtained from client-owned (n = 415, residual diagnostic) and community cats (n = 298, at trap-neuter-return). Point-of-care (POC) testing for FeLV antigen and feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) anti-p15 and p24 antibodies was performed. FeLV-positive samples were progressed to p27 sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Whole blood DNA was tested with qPCRs for FeLV U3 and gag, and nested PCRs where additional information was required. DCH qPCR was performed on a subset of community cats (n = 193). A single, regressive, FeLV infection was detected in a client-owned cat (1/415 FeLV U3 qPCR positive, 0.2%, 95% CI 0.0–1.3%). Five/415 client-owned cats tested presumably false FeLV-antigen positive (qPCR negative). No markers of FeLV infection were detected in community cats (0/298; 0%). FIV seroprevalence was much higher in community cats (46/298, 15.4%) than in client-owned cats (13/415, 3.1%) (p < 0.001). Mixed breed was a risk factor for FIV infection in client-owned cats. Neither sex nor age were associated with FIV infection. DCH DNA was detected in 34/193 (17.6%) community cats (median viral load 6.32 × 103 copies/reaction). FeLV infection is rare in Hong Kong, negatively impacting the positive predictive value of diagnostic tests. FeLV-antigen testing remains the screening test of choice, but confirmation of a positive result using FeLV qPCR is essential. FIV infection is common in community cats and the absence of a sex predisposition, seen previously in cats managed similarly, raises questions about virus-transmission dynamics in these groups. DCH infection is very common in Hong Kong, both in client-owned and community cats, highlighting the importance of understanding the pathogenic potential of this virus for cats. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chromobacterium violaceum is a motile, facultative anaerobe and Gram-negative Bacillus, a common inhabitant of soil and water in tropical and subtropical regions. Chromobacterium violaceum is recognised as an opportunistic pathogen of humans and animals. Although rare, a few chromobacteriosis cases were reported in humans and several species of animals. However, there is no published report of Chromobacterium infection in cats. This report describes a C. violaceum infection in a cat with a history of non-healing dog bite wounds. The bacterial culture of the wounds revealed pure growth of C. violaceum on both aerobic and anaerobic cultures. The infection in this cat was successfully treated after changing the antibiotic to enrofloxacin based on an antibiotic sensitivity test (AST). This case demonstrates the importance of culture and AST tests in non-healing wounds. Chromobacteriosis can be included in the differentials, especially if wounds are contaminated by soil or stagnant water. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Catalases (CATs) play crucial roles in scavenging H2O2 from reactive oxygen species, controlling the growth and development of plants. So far, genome-wide identification and characterization of CAT genes in oil palm have not been reported. In the present study, five EgCAT genes were obtained through a genome-wide identification approach. Phylogenetic analysis divided them into two subfamilies, with closer genes sharing similar structures. Gene structure and conserved motif analysis demonstrated the conserved nature of intron/exon organization and motifs among the EgCAT genes. Several cis-acting elements related to hormone, stress, and defense responses were identified in the promoter regions of EgCATs. Tissue-specific expression of EgCAT genes in five different tissues of oil palm was also revealed by heatmap analysis using the available transcriptome data. Stress-responsive expression analysis showed that five EgCAT genes were significantly expressed under cold, drought, and salinity stress conditions. Collectively, this study provided valuable information on the oil palm CAT gene family and the validated EgCAT genes can be used as potential candidates for improving abiotic stress tolerance in oil palm and other related crops. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Cats are the primary reservoirs of the bacterium Bartonella henselae, the main cause of cat-scratch disease in humans. The main vector of the bacterium is the cat flea, Ctenocephalides felis. In southeastern Europe, data are lacking on the prevalence of B. henselae infection in cats, the strains of B. henselae involved and the risk factors associated with the infection. Methods: Blood samples collected in ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid-containing tubes from 189 domestic cats (156 pet cats and 33 stray cats) from Zagreb, the capital city of Croatia, and 10 counties throughout Croatia were cultured for Bartonella spp. Following culture, bacterial isolates were genotyped at eight loci after using PCR to amplify 16S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) and the internal transcribed spacer region between the 16S and 23S rRNA sequences. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression were used to identify risk factors for B. henselae infection in cats. Results: Bartonella spp. was detected in 31 cats (16.4%), and subsequent genotyping at the eight loci revealed B. henselae in all cases. Thirty complete multilocus sequence typing profiles were obtained, and the strains were identified as four sequence types that had been previously reported, namely ST5 (56.7%), ST6 (23.3%), ST1 (13.3%) and ST24 (3.3%), as well as a novel sequence type, ST33 (3.3%). The univariate analysis revealed a significantly higher risk of B. henselae infection in cats residing in coastal areas of Croatia (odds ratio [OR] 2.592, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.150–5.838; P = 0.0191) and in cats with intestinal parasites (OR 3.207, 95% CI 1.088–9.457; P = 0.0279); a significantly lower risk was identified in cats aged > 1 year (OR 0.356, 95% CI 0.161–0.787; P = 0.0247) and in cats sampled between April and September (OR 0.325, 95% CI 0.147–0.715; P = 0.005). The multivariate analysis that controlled for age showed a positive association with the presence of intestinal parasites (OR 4.241, 95% CI 1.243–14.470; P = 0.0119) and coastal residence (OR 2.567, 95% CI 1.114–5.915; P = 0.0216) implying increased risk of infection, and a negative association with sampling between April and September (OR 0.379, 95% CI 0.169–0.848; P = 0.018) implying a decreased risk of infection. After controlling for the season, an increased risk of infection remained for the coastal region (OR 2.725, 95% CI 1.200–6.186; P = 0.012). Conclusions: Bartonella henselae is prevalent throughout Croatia and is a public health threat. Environmental and host factors can significantly affect the risk of infection, and these should be explored in more detail. The presence of intestinal parasites highlights the need to eliminate the flea vector, Ctenocephalides felis, as the most effective approach to control infections in cats and humans. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: This study aimed to identify the major volatile compounds from cat urine and feces that differed between intact males and females and evaluate these molecules on cat scratching behavior. Results indicated that males had more 3-Mercapto-3-Methyl Butanol (MMB) in the urine and butanoic acid in the feces than females. And the mixture of MMB and butanoic acid had the potential to deter inappropriate scratching behavior in cats, which provided a new strategy for modifying feline destructive behavior in the home. Scratching is a natural behavior in cats but can cause damage to household furnishings. In this work, we sought to identify potential semiochemicals in the urine and feces of domestic cats that may modify cat scratching behavior. Sex differences among adult, intact cats were examined for volatile molecules in their urine (n = 7 females, 7 males) and feces (n = 8 females, 10 males) using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Males had seven times more 3-Mercapto-3-Methyl Butanol (MMB, p < 0.001) in the urine and 98% more butanoic acid (p = 0.02) in the feces than females. One mL of mineral oil without (i.e., control) or with MMB (0.1 µg/mL) and butanoic acid (100 µg/mL; i.e., treatment), which corresponds to the estimated biological amount in a single elimination from a male cat, were evaluated for their effectiveness in modifying the use of scratching devices by cats. Two identical cardboard standing scratchers, treated with either the control or the solution containing both semiochemicals delivered through a hanging cotton sock were placed side by side in a home/shelter environment. The preference test consisted of exposing individual cats (n = 28) to both scratchers for 20 min and recording the duration and frequency they interacted or scratched each scratcher. The semiochemical solution significantly decreased scratching time (21.19 ± 3.8 vs. 6.08 ± 3.8 s; p < 0.001) and interaction time (31.54 ± 5.9 vs. 12.90 ± 5.9 s; p = 0.0001) and tended to reduce scratching frequency (1.49 ± 0.3 vs. 0.82 ± 0.3 times; p = 0.07) compared with the control solution. The male-representative solution of MMB and butanoic acid was aversive to cats and might have future applications in protecting furniture from the destructive scratching or in modifying behavior of domestic cats. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: This study intended to show the use of external fixation to resolve bilateral acetabular physeal fractures in an immature cat, obtaining a good outcome with a low rate of complications. A great part of this success was because external fixation allows fractures to be stabilised through a minimally invasive procedure. In addition to its relevance as a fixation method, it was possible to show that external fixation provided comfort and a high level of tolerance for the patient during the whole healing period. This study aimed to assess the outcome of a bilateral acetabular physeal fracture treated with external fixation in an immature cat, a surgical technique not usually employed in immature patients. The fixator took 40 days, and it was removed after radiographic bone healing was achieved. No significant complications related to the technique were identified, and the outcome was classified as good based on the functional assessment and pain scales employed. The use of external fixation for stabilising acetabular fractures in immature cats should be considered a viable technical option, especially for minimally invasive stabilisation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Aim: Leptospirosis in felids (domestic and wild cats) presents an ongoing challenge in our understanding. Numerous studies have reported the detection of Leptospira spp. in these feline populations, highlighting their potential as zoonotic carriers. This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to provide insight into the global prevalence of leptospirosis in domestic and wild cats. Materials and Methods: We conducted extensive searches across five databases (PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, Science Direct, and Google Scholar) following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses Protocols guidelines. Random-effect meta-analyses were performed using R software version 4.3.0 to estimate pooled prevalence rates. Subgroup meta-analyses were conducted based on continents, diagnostic methods, sample types, and wildcat genera. Results: A total of 71 articles on leptospirosis in domestic cats and 23 articles on leptospirosis in wild cats met the eligibility criteria. Our findings indicated a significantly higher pooled seroprevalence of leptospirosis in domestic cats compared with infection prevalence (9.95% [95% confidence interval (CI), 7.60%-12.54%] vs. 4.62% [95% CI, 2.10%-7.83%], p = 0.01). In contrast, no significant difference was observed in pooled seroprevalence and infection prevalence among wild cats (13.38% [95% CI, 6.25%-21.93%] vs. 2.9% [95% CI, 0.00%-18.91%], p = 0.21). A subgroup meta-analysis of domestic cats revealed significant differences in seroprevalence across continents, sample types, and diagnostic methods. On the contrary, wild cats had no significant differences in any of the subgroups. Conclusion: Leptospira spp. have evidently been exposed to both domestic and wild cats, highlighting their potential roles as reservoir hosts for leptospirosis. These findings highlight the importance of considering felids as a possible public health threat. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: This study investigated the challenges faced by caregivers of sick small animals, exploring the burden experienced by those caring for pets with dermatological and oncological issues. Through surveys conducted at a veterinary hospital, this study revealed that a significant portion of caregivers, irrespective of their pets' conditions, faced substantial burdens, impacting their emotional, physical, and financial well-being. This research found that factors like disease stability, time since diagnosis, and guardian age played a crucial role in determining the extent of caregiver burden. However, the type of pet (cat or dog), income, and treatment duration had less influence on the experienced burden. These insights shed light on the often-overlooked challenges faced by pet caregivers, providing valuable information for veterinarians to enhance communication and tailor treatments, ultimately ensuring the well-being of both pets and their devoted caretakers. Caregiver burden, a response to the challenges faced by those caring for sick loved ones, combines objective caregiving aspects with subjective experiences. This study aimed to describe the caregiver burden in guardians of ailing animals with dermatological and oncological pathologies. Additionally, this study aimed to correlate the degree of caregiver burden with the duration of the animal's treatment, disease stability, family income, owner's age, and the number of people living in the same household responsible for the animal's treatment. Using a cross-sectional approach, questionnaires were administered to guardians at a veterinary hospital. Out of 182 valid responses, 50.55% related to oncological patients and 49.45% to dermatological patients. Notably, 36.9% of oncological and 37.8% of dermatological guardians exhibited a clinically significant burden, with no statistical differences between the groups. Of the respondents, 84.6% were dog guardians, with 34.4% showing a significant burden. Feline guardians (15.4% of respondents) exhibited a higher burden (53.5%) compared to dog guardians (p = 0.02). Disease stability, time since diagnosis, and guardian age significantly influenced the burden, while household composition, income, and treatment duration showed no substantial impact. These findings underscore the psychosocial impact of caring for animals, emphasizing the need for a comprehensive understanding of the caregiver's perspective. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The skin and its appendages are among the main organs susceptible to neoplasms in cats. Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) is a malignant neoplasm that affects the epidermis, is locally invasive, and presents with low metastases; however, when it occurs, it spreads to the regional lymph nodes, lungs, and bone tissue. It can present in both proliferative and ulcerative forms. Its etiopathogenesis has not been fully established; however, it is associated with chronic sun exposure, papillomavirus infection, immunosuppression, and chronic skin diseases. This tumor mainly affects white-coated cats but also dark cats with hypopigmented areas, which are uncommon in dark animals and in those with good coat coverage. The objective of this study was to report a case of cutaneous SCC in a cat with black fur. Case: A 14-year-old, 4.5-kg, mixed-breed cat with black fur and a history of an ulcerated wound in the periocular region that did not heal even after previous treatment was treated with 30 mg/kg cephalexin twice a day for 15 days, 1 mg/kg prednisolone once a day for 5 days, and daily cleaning of the wound with 1% chlorhexidine twice a day for 15 days. In order to obtain a definitive diagnosis, cytological and histopathological examinations were performed. First, fine needle aspiration, an imprint, and a swab of the periocular lesion were taken. Immature or dysplastic squamous epithelium cells were observed, with keratinized polygonal angular cytoplasm, oval nuclei and coarse chromatin, a high nucleus:cytoplasm ratio, a large amount of red blood cells, and a moderate amount of segmented neutrophils, macrophages, and cocci-shaped bacteria. Fragments of malignant neoplasms invading the muscle tissue were also observed, characterized by "islands" of epithelial cells with large pleomorphic nuclei, multiple nucleoli, numerous mitotic figures, and formation of corneal pearls, leading to a diagnosis of SCC. Importantly, the animal's blood count remained unchanged. Treatment was established with the use of gabapentin [10 mg/kg - twice daily for 10 days], clindamycin [25 mg/kg - twice daily for 14 days], and piroxicam [0.3 mg/kg - every other day for 20 days]. For topical use, a cream was prepared with 5% papain, 4% hydroviton, and sunscreen (SPF 50) for use twice a day, as well as ointment based on gentamicin sulfate, sulfanilamide, sulfadiazine, urea, vitamin A palmitate, 2-3 times a day for 15 days. However, the neoplasm was already invasive, and the animal died before the treatment was completed. Discussion: Although the etiopathogenesis is not well understood, it is known that the occurrence of SCC in animals with dark fur and good coat coverage is slightly associated with chronic exposure to sunlight, which mostly affects cats with light fur or those with hypopigmented areas, as well as hair scarcity. However, in addition to ultraviolet radiation, papillomaviruses and other factors can cause SCC. The best form of diagnosis for this pathology is cytopathological examination, and if this is inconclusive, it is followed by confirmation with histopathological examination. There are several ways to treat this neoplasm, among them are surgical removals, chemotherapies, radiotherapies, photodynamic therapies, cryosurgeries, cyclooxygenase-2 and tyrosine kinase receptor inhibitors, electrochemotherapy and the use of antineoplastic agents therefore, it is important to individualize treatment according to the case and the financial status of the owner. The importance of early diagnosis is emphasized so that the tumor does not become invasive and metastasize over time, thus increasing the chances of a cure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cat ownership is common in Chile, but data on the regional prevalence of infectious agents are limited. A sero-molecular survey of 120 client- or shelter-owned domestic cats in greater Santiago was performed. Whole blood DNA was tested for the novel hepatitis-B-like virus, domestic cat hepadnavirus (DCH) by conventional PCR (cPCR) and quantitative PCR (qPCR), and for feline leukaemia virus (FeLV) by qPCR. Point-of-care serology for FeLV p27 antigen and antibodies recognising feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) p15 and p24 was performed. DCH DNA was detected in the serum of 2/120 cats (1.67%). Sequencing and phylogenetic analysis showed that the DCH detected in Chile occupies a position outside the main clustering of DCH in the near-complete genome tree. Progressive (antigen-positive, provirus-positive) and regressive (antigen-negative, provirus-positive) FeLV infections were identified in 6/120 (5%) and 9/120 (7.5%) of cats. A total of 2/120 (1.7%) cats had dual FeLV/FIV infection, and another 2 cats had FIV infection alone. This study shows that the global footprint of DCH includes South America with a low molecular frequency in Chile, similar to that reported in the USA. Progressive FeLV infection is relatively common in urban Chile, and male cats are at greater risk than females. Testing and control measures for pathogenic retroviruses are indicated. The potential impact of FeLV, FIV and DCH on Chile's wildcat species is worthy of further investigation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Various infectious agents can infect the male reproductive system. Objectives: The aims of this study were to provide current data on fungal and yeast flora of the external organs of reproductive system of male short hair cats including penis and prepuce. Methods: In total 28 samples were taken from external genital system of male stray cats using sterilised cotton swabs. Samples were taken based on the absence of any reproductive complications using physical examinations. The samples were transferred to sterilised Stuart transport media and were then incubated in the Sabouraud dextrose agar with chloramphenicol at 32°C for 48 h. The identification of fungi and yeasts was confirmed by germ tube formation test, CHROM agar, urease testing and Corn meal agar medium with Tween 80. Results: Fungal agents were isolated from 7 (25%) out of 28 male stray cats. Fungal isolates were obtained from the penis and prepuce of 4 (36%) and 7 (100%) male cats, respectively. The most commonly recovered species samples were Candida krusei (3.75%) and Penicillum spp. (6.86%) from the penis and prepuce of the cats, respectively. The external organs of male reproduction of cats were infected with 2–4 different fungal agents. Only 5 (45%) cats were infected with one fungus; however, in 6 (55%) cats, mixed fungal infections were isolated. Cats 3–4 years old had the highest fungal contamination in the prepuce region (4/7), while the penis at this age had the least contamination (1/4). Conclusions: It is concluded that the external reproduction organs of male cats could be infected by different fungal agents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A 6‐year‐old female neutered Persian cat presented with hyporexia and gradual weight loss over 6 months. Physical examination revealed cranial abdominal pain. Haematology and serum biochemistry were within normal limits. Abdominal ultrasonography and a computed tomography scan suggested a non‐neoplastic mass compressing the gallbladder. During an exploratory laparotomy, a duplex gallbladder with two separate cystic ducts was diagnosed intraoperatively. The mass identified using the imaging techniques was an abnormal right gallbladder which was distended with immobile mucoid bile and a thickened wall. The left gallbladder and cystic duct were grossly normal. A cholecystectomy of both gallbladders was performed. Histopathology of the right gallbladder identified chronic cholecystitis. The cat made a good recovery from surgery and reported complete resolution of its hyporexia and a return to normal body weight. This is the first report of a successful cholecystectomy of a duplex gallbladder with chronic cholecystitis of a single gallbladder. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Medical-grade honey was found to promote cutaneous wound healing in horses, but no effect was reported in dogs. The effect of medical-grade honey or Hypericum on cutaneous wound healing in cats is unknown since there are no controlled studies in this species. Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of the local application of medical-grade honey or Hypericum-based ointment in second-intention healing of cutaneous defects in healthy cats versus their untreated controls and to compare the effectiveness of medical-grade honey and Hypericum. Tissue perfusion was better in wounds treated with medical-grade honey and Hypericum rather than in the untreated controls. Wounds treated with medical-grade honey showed lower edema, higher angiogenesis, and an increased fibroblast concentration compared to Hypericum-treated wounds. Topical application of medical-grade honey or Hypericum did not accelerate the healing process of feline cutaneous wounds. This study aimed to determine the effects of two topical treatments on second-intention wound healing in cats. Eight 2 × 2 cm full-thickness wounds were created, four on each side of the dorsal midline of eight laboratory cats, to receive either medical-grade honey ointment (MGH) and its control (HC), or Hypericum-based ointment (HP) and its control (HPC). MGH or HP ointment was applied to four wounds on the same side, while the remaining four were used as controls, chosen at random. Planimetry, laser Doppler flowmetry, daily physical examinations, and histologic examinations on days 0, 7, 14, and 25 were used to assess the healing of wounds. Tissue perfusion was better in the MGH-treated (2.14 ± 0.18 mm/s) and HP-treated wounds (2.02 ± 0.13 mm/s) than in the untreated controls HC (1.59 ± 0.11 mm/s) and HPC (1.60 ± 0.05 mm/s), respectively (p = 0.001). Histopathology revealed that the median edema score was lower in the MGH-treated (2; range 1–4) compared to the HC-treated wounds (3; range 2–4) on day 7 (p < 0.05). The median angiogenesis score was higher on day 7 in the MGH-treated (2; range 1–3) compared to the HP-treated wounds (2; range 1–2) (p = 0.046). The fibroblast concentration was increased in the MGH-treated wounds (3.5; range 3–4) compared to the HP-treated wounds (3; range 2–4) on day 25 (p = 0.046). MGH and HP increased tissue perfusion compared to the untreated controls. The MGH-treated wounds had histologic parameters superior to the HP-treated wounds regarding angiogenesis and fibroblast concentration in cutaneous wound healing in cats. Topical application of MGH and HP did not accelerate the healing process of feline cutaneous wounds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Listeriosis is a severe foodborne infection caused by Listeria monocytogenes, an important foodborne pathogen of animals and humans. Listeriosis is a rare disease in cats. Objective: To describe the clinical, diagnostic imaging, histological, and microbiological features of L. monocytogenes‐associated mesenteric lymphadenitis in a cat. Animals: Listeria monocytogenes‐associated mesenteric lymphadenitis was confirmed in a cat by histology and microbiology. Results: Two distinct isolates of L. monocytogenes were cultured from the affected mesenteric lymph node and whole genome sequencing was performed. Conclusion and Clinical Importance: This report should alert veterinary clinicians and microbiologists to the syndrome, which may have implications for health and food safety in animals and humans. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Seizure emergencies (ie, status epilepticus [SE] and cluster seizures [CS]), are common challenging disorders with complex pathophysiology, rapidly progressive drug‐resistant and self‐sustaining character, and high morbidity and mortality. Current treatment approaches are characterized by considerable variations, but official guidelines are lacking. Objectives: To establish evidence‐based guidelines and an agreement among board‐certified specialists for the appropriate management of SE and CS in dogs and cats. Animals: None. Materials and Methods: A panel of 5 specialists was formed to assess and summarize evidence in the peer‐reviewed literature with the aim to establish consensus clinical recommendations. Evidence from veterinary pharmacokinetic studies, basic research, and human medicine also was used to support the panel's recommendations, especially for the interventions where veterinary clinical evidence was lacking. Results: The majority of the evidence was on the first‐line management (ie, benzodiazepines and their various administration routes) in both species. Overall, there was less evidence available on the management of emergency seizure disorders in cats in contrast to dogs. Most recommendations made by the panel were supported by a combination of a moderate level of veterinary clinical evidence and pharmacokinetic data as well as studies in humans and basic research studies. Conclusions and Clinical Relevance: Successful management of seizure emergencies should include an early, rapid, and stage‐based treatment approach consisting of interventions with moderate to preferably high ACVIM recommendations; management of complications and underlying causes related to seizure emergencies should accompany antiseizure medications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The recovery of auto skin graft is a dynamic and complex process that requires a suitable environment for vascularization as nutrition delivery to cells and donor skin reception. Aims: This research aimed to determine the effect of Tilapia skin dressing on the recovery of auto skin graft treatment on domestic cats through subjective and objective observation. Methods: Six male Indonesian local cats aged 1-2 years old weighing 3-4 kg were separated into two groups. The surgical procedure was performed in a sterile and aseptic environment. The first surgery created wound defects on the forelimb area 2 × 2 cm in size to whole groups. The wounds were left for 4 days and then treated with the following treatments; Group I (G-I) was treated with Tilapia skin dressing, and Group II (G-II) was treated with moist dressing Sofra-tulle®. The dressing of the two groups was replaced every 3 days and evaluated subjectively and objectively. Results: Subjective observation showed that skin was reddish (day 3), the bleeding test showed bleeding immediately occurred after incision, and pain response was observed on day 6 post-surgery on both treatment groups showed significantly differences with 95% confidence level (p < 0.05). Objective observation in the form of NaCl 0.9% absorption and medicine effect on auto skin graft did not show a significant difference between the two treatment groups (p > 0.05). Conclusion: Auto skin graft treatment by moist dressing showed better healing, but Tilapia skin dressing can be an alternative choice during auto skin graft treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Reproducible and reliable studies of cat and dog faecal microbiomes are dependent on many methodology-based variables including how the faecal stools are sampled and stored prior to processing. The current study aimed to establish an appropriate method for sampling and storing faecal stools from cats and dogs which may also be applied to privately-owned pets. The approach investigated the effects of storing faeces for up to 12 h at room temperature and sampling from various locations within the stool in terms of microbial diversity, relative taxa abundances and DNA yield. Faeces were collected from 10 healthy cats and 10 healthy dogs and stored at room temperature (20 °C). Samples were taken from various locations within the stool (the first emitted part (i), the middle (ii) and the last emitted end (iii), at either surface or core) at 0, 0.5, 1, 2, 3, 6 and 12 h, stabilised and stored at -80 °C. DNA was extracted from all samples, using Illumina NovaSeq. Results: Faecal bacterial composition of dogs and cats shown no statistically significant differences in alpha diversity. Bacteroidetes, Firmicutes, Proteobacteria and Actinobacteria were the most prevalent phyla. Cat and dog samples were characterized by a dominance of Prevotella, and a lack of Fusobacterium in feline stools. Room temperature storage of cat and dog faecal samples generally had no significant effect on alpha diversity, relative taxa abundance or DNA yield for up to 12 h. Sampling from regions i, ii or iii of the stool at the surface or core did not significantly influence the outcome. However, surface cat faecal samples stored at room temperature for 12 h showed a significant increase in two measures of alpha diversity and there was a tendency for a similar effect in dogs. When comparing samples with beta diversity measures, it appeared that for dog and cat samples, individual effect has the strongest impact on the observed microbial diversity (R2 0.64 and 0.88), whereas sampling time, depth and horizontal locations significantly affected the microbial diversity but with less impact. Conclusion: Cat and dog faeces were stable at room temperature for up to 12 h, with no significant changes in alpha diversity, relative taxa abundance and DNA concentration. Beta diversity analysis demonstrated that despite an impact of the sampling storing time and the surface of the sampling, we preserved the identity of the microbial structure linked to the individual. Finally, the data suggest that faecal stools stored for > 6 h at room temperature should be sampled at the core, not the surface. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Reproducible and reliable studies of cat and dog faecal microbiomes are dependent on many methodology-based variables including how the faecal stools are sampled and stored prior to processing. The current study aimed to establish an appropriate method for sampling and storing faecal stools from cats and dogs which may also be applied to privately-owned pets. The approach investigated the effects of storing faeces for up to 12 h at room temperature and sampling from various locations within the stool in terms of microbial diversity, relative taxa abundances and DNA yield. Faeces were collected from 10 healthy cats and 10 healthy dogs and stored at room temperature (20 °C). Samples were taken from various locations within the stool (the first emitted part (i), the middle (ii) and the last emitted end (iii), at either surface or core) at 0, 0.5, 1, 2, 3, 6 and 12 h, stabilised and stored at -80 °C. DNA was extracted from all samples, using Illumina NovaSeq. Results: Faecal bacterial composition of dogs and cats shown no statistically significant differences in alpha diversity. Bacteroidetes, Firmicutes, Proteobacteria and Actinobacteria were the most prevalent phyla. Cat and dog samples were characterized by a dominance of Prevotella, and a lack of Fusobacterium in feline stools. Room temperature storage of cat and dog faecal samples generally had no significant effect on alpha diversity, relative taxa abundance or DNA yield for up to 12 h. Sampling from regions i, ii or iii of the stool at the surface or core did not significantly influence the outcome. However, surface cat faecal samples stored at room temperature for 12 h showed a significant increase in two measures of alpha diversity and there was a tendency for a similar effect in dogs. When comparing samples with beta diversity measures, it appeared that for dog and cat samples, individual effect has the strongest impact on the observed microbial diversity (R2 0.64 and 0.88), whereas sampling time, depth and horizontal locations significantly affected the microbial diversity but with less impact. Conclusion: Cat and dog faeces were stable at room temperature for up to 12 h, with no significant changes in alpha diversity, relative taxa abundance and DNA concentration. Beta diversity analysis demonstrated that despite an impact of the sampling storing time and the surface of the sampling, we preserved the identity of the microbial structure linked to the individual. Finally, the data suggest that faecal stools stored for > 6 h at room temperature should be sampled at the core, not the surface. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Over the last two decades, a multitude of gain-of-function studies have been conducted on genes that encode antioxidative enzymes, including one of the key enzymes, manganese superoxide dismutase (SOD2). The results of such studies are often contradictory, as they strongly depend on many factors, such as the gene overexpression level. In this study, the effect of altering the ectopic expression level of major transcript variants of the SOD2 gene on the radioresistance of HEK293T cells was investigated using CRISPRa technology. A significant increase in cell viability in comparison with the transfection control was detected in cells with moderate SOD2 overexpression after irradiation at 2 Gy, but not at 3 or 5 Gy. A further increase in the level of SOD2 ectopic expression up to 22.5-fold resulted in increased cell viability detectable only after irradiation at 5 Gy. Furthermore, a 15–20-fold increase in SOD2 expression raised the clonogenic survival of cells after irradiation at 5 Gy. Simultaneous overexpression of genes encoding SOD2 and Catalase (CAT) enhanced clonogenic cell survival after irradiation more effectively than separate overexpression of both. In conjunction with the literature data on the suppression of the procarcinogenic effects of superoxide dismutase overexpression by ectopic expression of CAT, the data presented here suggest the potential efficacy of simultaneous overexpression of SOD2 and CAT to reduce oxidative stress occurring in various pathological processes. Moreover, these results illustrate the importance of selecting the degree of SOD2 overexpression to obtain a protective effect. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Uveitis is a common ophthalmic diagnosis in cats, that can lead to discomfort and loss of vision. Identification of nonidiopathic cases facilitates treatment and could reduce morbidity associated with this condition. Aim: To evaluate etiologies of nontraumatic uveitis in the UK, to compare diagnostic features between idiopathic cases and those with an established underlying etiology, and to investigate the association of clinical signs and abnormal diagnostic findings with a confirmed etiology. Methods: Records of cats diagnosed with uveitis at a UK referral center between August 2009 and April 2018 were retrospectively reviewed, excluding traumatic (and reflex) cases. Cases were categorized based on whether an underlying etiology had been established in cases with confirmed etiology, idiopathic, and inconclusive cases. All cases had a minimum of 12-month follow-up unless an underlying etiology had been established. Population characteristics, clinical signs, diagnostic investigation features, and results were reported. Results: 72 cases of uveitis were included, of which male cats and domestic breeds were overrepresented. An underlying etiology was determined in 23.6% of cases: 9.7% had infectious diseases, 5.6% had systemic neoplasia, 4.2% had primary ocular neoplasia, and 4.2% had metabolic disease. Idiopathic uveitis comprised 37.5% of cases, and the remaining 38.9% were inconclusive, of which 35.7% died or were euthanased within the follow-up period. Among the study population, no significant age difference was found between cats with idiopathic disease or confirmed etiology. The unilateral disease was reported in 56.9% of cases and was not different across the idiopathic cases and confirmed etiology groups. The most common ophthalmic clinical sign was an aqueous flare, followed by keratic precipitates and hypotony. Iris color change (p = 0.015) and the presence of an intraocular mass (p = 0.025) were associated with an underlying etiology. Conclusion: Idiopathic uveitis was found to be the most common diagnosis in this study population. However, a similar proportion of cases had possible underlying etiologies as a high proportion manifested systemic disease within the follow-up time. An underlying etiology could be established only in a quarter of cases. Further studies are required to standardize the investigations required when assessing cats with uveitis to minimize patient morbidity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Type 2 diabetes mellitus is believed to be associated with microvascular complications which include diabetic retinopathy, nephropathy, and neuropathy. Oxidative stress plays a predominant role in the pathogenesis of DN and also influences metabolic endeavor and its hemodynamic pathways to possess various associations with renal complications, and one such is diabetic nephropathy which is the insignificant cause of end-stage renal disease. Renal injury in DN is predominantly related to the inclined oxidative stress, with influential metabolic endeavor and its hemodynamic pathways. Hyperglycemia, an hallmark feature of diabetes, promotes conditions of the diabetic patients responsible for higher reactive oxygen species production, which ultimately leads to increased oxidative stress, and this is considered to be the important event in the initiation of DN. Pertaining to oxidative stress, ROS is generated mostly by the variety of important pathways, in which this paves the way for antioxidant therapeutic approach preventing the initiation and progression/aggravation of tubular injury in DN. The most salient antioxidant enzymes including superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione-S-transferase, and glutathione peroxidase are considered as prime elements involved in the assembly and discharge of reactive metabolites. Therefore, this review highlights that antioxidant gene polymorphisms also postulate that this in these antioxidant genes may be a major cause for the pathogenesis of DN. Hence, it could also answer many questions put forth by researchers, and clinicians detecting the single-nucleotide polymorphism of these antioxidant genes and targeting therapeutic approach can enhance the genetic changes and help to reduce severity at the early stages of DN. Additionally, this literature review also shows the importance of regional population studies on detecting the SNPs of antioxidant gene which in turn reflects the status of oxidative stress involved in the pathogenesis of DN associated with T2D. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Severe Fever with Thrombocytopenia Syndrome (SFTS), caused by the SFTS Virus (SFTSV), is a global health threat. SFTSV in Taiwan has only been reported in ruminants and wild animals. Thus, we aimed to investigate the infection statuses of dogs and cats, the animals with closer human interactions. Overall, the SFTSV RNA prevalence was 23% (170/735), with dogs showing a 25.9% (111/429) prevalence and cats at 19.3% (59/306) prevalence. Noticeably, the prevalence in stray animals (39.8% 77/193) was significantly higher than in domesticated ones (17.2%, 93/542). Among the four categories analyzed, the highest SFTSV prevalence was found in the stray dogs at 53.9% (120/193), significantly higher than the 24.2% prevalence noted in stray cats. In contrast, domesticated animals exhibited similar prevalence rates, with 17.1% for dogs and 17.2% for cats. It is noteworthy that in the domesticated animal groups, a significantly elevated prevalence (45%, 9/20) was observed among cats exhibiting thrombocytopenia compared to those platelet counts in the reference range (4.8%, 1/21). The high infection rate in stray animals, especially stray dogs, indicated that exposure to various outdoor environments influences the prevalence of infections. Given the higher human interaction with dogs and cats, there is a need for proactive measures to reduce the risk associated with the infection of SFTSV in both animals and humans. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Antimicrobial stewardship encompasses all the individual and collective actions that medical professionals take to preserve the efficacy of antimicrobials. It is a one-health problem, affecting animals and humans. The current state of antimicrobial use in cats, particularly (1) the overuse and improper use of cefovecin, which belongs to the third-generation cephalosporin class that is critically important to human health, and (2) use of antimicrobials when they are not needed, poses unsustainable risks of antimicrobial resistance. This paper describes the principles of antimicrobial stewardship and stewardship challenges faced by feline veterinarians, including (1) poor adherence to or awareness of antimicrobial use guidelines, (2) lack of access to affordable diagnostic tests and antibiograms, (3) lack of access to materials and tools for clients that may facilitate more sustainable antimicrobial use and help cat owners understand resistance risks, (4) underestimating the ability of cat owners to administer oral antimicrobials, and (5) limited time and resources to support stewardship efforts. Based on research described in this paper; an original research article by Cazer et al, JAVMA, December 2023; and a Currents in One Health article by Cobo - Angel et al, AJVR, December 2023, several solutions are proposed to advance antimicrobial stewardship in feline medicine. Many of these proposals were expressly requested by veterinarians interviewed in Cazer et al, JAVMA, December 2023. Education and training of veterinarians and cat owners is an essential step toward sustainable antimicrobial use, but it must be complemented with innovations in diagnostic testing, antimicrobial drug development, structural changes, and technological supports. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Blood viscosity, an essential hemorheological parameter, signifies the inherent resistance encountered during blood circulation within blood vessels. Assessing whole blood viscosity stands as an early diagnostic modality for an array of vascular conditions, encompassing cardiovascular, cerebrovascular, and microvascular ailments. Given the intricate challenge of early-stage diagnosis using conventional blood tests, blood viscosity emerges as a tool to gauge disease susceptibility. Recently, scanning capillary viscometers that can obtain blood viscosity values for a wide range of shear rates through a single measurement have been widely used. Using this, this study aimed to establish reference intervals in cats, representative companion animals, for further hemorheological study and the veterinary clinical field. The outcomes of this study yield essential reference intervals for normal whole blood viscosity in healthy feline subjects, encompassing a wide range of shear rates that hitherto lacked comprehensive establishment. Whole blood viscosity, a hemorheological factor, is currently used for diagnosis, as it is correlated with various vascular diseases that are difficult to diagnose early with a general blood test. It was determined that it was necessary to set reference intervals for further studies and utilization of whole blood viscosity in cats, a representative companion animal, and this study was conducted. Fifty healthy cats were recruited for the study, and whole blood viscosity, complete blood count, and serum chemistry tests were performed. The reference intervals of whole blood viscosity were 15.169 to 43.684 cP at a shear rate of 1 s−1 reflecting diastole, and 3.524 to 5.544 cP at a shear rate of 300 s−1 reflecting systole. Red blood cells, hematocrit, hemoglobin, white blood cells, and neutrophils in the complete blood count, and total protein, albumin, globulin, and cholesterol in the serum chemistry were significantly correlated with whole blood viscosity. The results of this study set the reference intervals of whole blood viscosity for healthy cats in a wide shear rate range that has not yet been fully established, and its correlation with other blood indicators investigated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]