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This article corrects the Guidelines by Green SM, Leroy PL, Roback MG, Irwin MG, Andolfatto G, Babl FE, Barbi E, Costa LR, Absalom A, Carlson DW, Krauss BS, Roelofse J, Yuen VM, Alcaino E, Costa PS, Mason KP on behalf of the International Committee for the Advancement of Procedural Sedation, ‘An international multidisciplinary consensus statement on fasting before procedural sedation in adults and children’ [1]. The authors thank a careful reader who identified that a study from this table by Rajasekaran et al should have been excluded, as it included fewer than 5000 patients. The corrected table without this study is shown below, and this change does not alter our other findings and conclusions. An author and corresponding affiliation were omitted and is now revised as follows: 1 Table Literature estimates of aspiration risk during procedural sedation* (Table presented.) * To include just the largest studies we display those with 5,000 or more patients. We also exclude studies which report duplicate sub-sets of patients.

Accelerating growth of urban populations, especially in developing countries, has become a driving force of human development. Crowded cities are centres of creativity and economic progress, but polluted air, flooding and other climate impacts, means they also face major weather, climate and environment-related challenges. Increasingly dense, complex and interdependent urban systems leave cities vulnerable: a single extreme event can lead to a widespread breakdown of a city’s infrastructure often through domino effects. The World Meteorological Organization (WMO) recognizes that rapid urbanization necessitates new types of services which make the best use of science and technology and considers the challenge of delivering these as one of the main priorities for the meteorological community. Such Integrated Urban Weather, Environment and Climate Services should assist cities in facing hazards such as storm surges, flooding, heat waves, and air pollution episodes, especially in changing climates. The aim is to build urban services that meet the special needs of cities through a combination of dense observation networks, high-resolution forecasts, multi-hazard early warning systems, and climate services for reducing emissions, that will enable the building of resilient, thriving sustainable cities that promote the Sustainable Development Goals. A number of recent international studies have been initiated to explore these issues. The paper provides a brief overview of recent WMO and collaborators research programs and activities in urban hydrometeorology, climate and air pollution; describes the novel concept of urban integrated weather, climate and environment related services; and highlights research needs for their realisation.

Humanity has a primordial fascination with clouds. The meteorological and hydrological communities have come to understand through decades of observation and research that cloud processes – from the microphysics of initial nucleation to superstorms viewed from satellites – provide vital information for weather prediction, and for precipitation in particular. Looking at clouds from a climate perspective introduces new and difficult questions that challenge our overall assumptions about how our moist, cloudy atmosphere actually works. Clouds are one of the main modulators of heating in the atmosphere, controlling many other aspects of the climate system. Thus, “Clouds, Circulation and Climate Sensitivity” is one of the World Climate Research Programmes (WCRP) seven Grand Challenges. These Grand Challenges represent areas of emphasis in scientific research, modelling, analysis and observations for WCRP and its affiliate projects in the coming decade.

Open Science is a broad movement looking beyond Open Access to publish openly and share scientific research immediately. Accessibility is addressed on all levels for everyone, without fees. Open Science not only deals with Open Access papers but scientific research results in general, including figures, data, models, algorithms, software, tools, notebooks, laboratory designs, recipes, samples and much more. Furthermore, it covers the communication, review, and discussion of research results and considers changing needs regarding incentives, quality assessment, metrics, impact, reputation, grants and funding. Thus Open Science encompasses licensing, policy-making, infrastructures and scientific heritage while safeguarding the dynamic nature of science and its evolving forms. However, this short course is meant not to carry too far with Open Science. Rather, it looks at what is possible nowadays and what is ready for application in geosciences. The speakers present open data solutions and introduce networks. It is aimed to create an idea on how researchers benefit from Open Science regarding research data. Both the drawbacks and opportunities of open data are outlined. This short course is the first part of the Short Course series 'Open Science goes Geo'. Part I covers research data and its role in the scientific work. The possibilities for publishing research data leveraging Open Science in geosciences are addressed, together with related opportunities and stumbling blocks. Moreover, the ways in which networks can support scientific collaboration on shared datasets are introduced.

Deep dynamic generative models are developed to learn sequential dependencies in time-series data. The multi-layered model is designed by constructing a hierarchy of temporal sigmoid belief networks (TSBNs), defined as a sequential stack of sigmoid belief networks (SBNs). Each SBN has a contextual hidden state, inherited from the previous SBNs in the sequence, and is used to regulate its hidden bias. Scalable learning and inference algorithms are derived by introducing a recognition model that yields fast sampling from the variational posterior. This recognition model is trained jointly with the generative model, by maximizing its variational lower bound on the log-likelihood. Experimental results on bouncing balls, polyphonic music, motion capture, and text streams show that the proposed approach achieves state-of-the-art predictive performance, and has the capacity to synthesize various sequences., Comment: to appear in NIPS 2015

D Carlson, V Rao, JT Vogelstein, L Carin. Real-Time Inference for a Gamma Process Model of Neural Spiking. Neural Information Processing Systems (NIPS), 2013

MACOM Technology Solutions has a continuing joint development efforts sponsored by the Department of Energy with MIT main campus and MIT Lincoln Laboratory to develop GaN on silicon three terminal high voltage/high current switching devices. The initial developmental goals were for a three terminal structure that has a reverse breakdown characteristic of >1200 volts and is capable of switching 10 amperes of current, with a current breakdown target of 3000 volts. This paper presents an update on the progress of this multi-year development project against these on-state current handling, reverse leakage and breakdown goals., United States. Air Force (Contract FA8721-05-C-0002)

The present investigation aimed to study the ileal and fecal digestibility of three forages (Clover grass, Clover grass silage and Pea-Barley silage) supplemented to a basal diet. A total of 24 pigs, adapted to eating forages by supplementing a basal feed with clover grass silage from weaning, were fitted with a T-cannula at the terminal ileum at approximate 30 kg LW. For each of the three types of forage, two balance trials with 4 weeks interval were carried out. Two pigs in each test were fed the basal diet while 6 others were fed the basal diet plus forage throughout the whole experiment. The intake of forages was relative low and quite variable and accounted on average for only 10-12 % of the daily dry matter intake. Ileal digestibility estimated by collection from the T-cannula was higher than the digestibility estimated by the slaughter technique indicating some separation of the digesta collected from the T-cannula. The forages had, as expected, a lower fecal DM and energy digestibility than the basal diet (P

International audience; Reactive halogens are responsible for boundary-layer ozone depletion and mercury deposition in Polar Regions during springtime. To investigate the source of reactive halogens in the air arriving at Barrow, Alaska, we measured BrO, an indicator of reactive halogen chemistry, and correlated its abundance with airmass histories derived from meteorological back trajectories and remotely sensed sea ice properties. The BrO abundance is found to be positively correlated to first-year sea-ice contact (R2=0.55), and essentially uncorrelated with potential frost flower (PFF) contact (R2=0.04). Assuming that PFF accurately predicts frost flowers, these data indicate that snow and ice contaminated with sea salts on first-year sea ice is a more probable bromine source than are frost flowers, for airmasses impacting Barrow, Alaska. Climate-driven changes in Arctic sea ice are likely to alter frost flower and first year sea ice prevalence. An accurate understanding of how these sea ice changes would affect the halogen chemistry of the overlying atmosphere depends upon understanding the relative roles of frost flowers and saline snow and ice surfaces as reactive bromine sources.