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[ES] Hoy en día es urgente la búsqueda de fuentes de proteína sostenibles y los insectos parecen ser una posible solución. Estos son alimentados de residuos y subproductos vegetales de la industria agroalimentaria, requieren poca superficie y agua y, además, apenas producen gases de efecto invernadero. En el presente trabajo se diseña y se lleva a cabo un experimento en el cual se evalúan tres dietas distintas basadas en subproductos para la cría del insecto Tenebrio molitor. Previamente a la puesta en marcha del experimento se formulan e igualan las dietas en contenido de proteína y agua. La dieta del primer grupo es salvado de trigo y agua, la del segundo grupo salvado de trigo y zanahoria desechada y la del tercer grupo salvado de trigo y bagazo de cerveza. Se realizan controles semanales con el fin de controlar la cantidad de alimento ingerida, la cantidad excretada, el peso unitario y la tasa de mortalidad. Finalmente, se estudia la digestibilidad de los distintos nutrientes. Se concluye que la dieta de zanahoria y agua es la que más favorece el desarrollo larvario y que los coeficientes de digestibilidad son bajos. Es necesaria más investigación con el fin de conocer a qué se deben estos valores bajos., [EN] Nowadays, the search for sustainable protein sources is urgent and insects seem to be a possible solution. They are fed with residues and vegetable by-products of the agri-food industry, require little surface and water and, in addition, hardly produce greenhouse gases. In the present work, an experiment is designed and carried out in which three different diets based on by-products for the breeding of the Tenebrio molitor insect are evaluated. Prior to the implementation of the experiment, diets are formulated and matched in protein and water content. The diet of the first group is wheat bran and water, that of the second group of wheat bran and discarded carrot and that of the third group of wheat bran and beer bagasse. Weekly checks are carried out in order to control the amount of food ingested, the amount excreted, the individual weight and the mortality rate. Finally, the digestibility of the different nutrients is studied. It is concluded that the carrot and water diet is the one that most favors larval development and that the digestibility coefficients are low. More research is needed in order to know what these low values are due to.

[ES] El presente estudio tiene como objetivo determinar la eficacia de una enzima xilanasa sobre la digestibilidad de los nutrientes (materia seca (MS), materia orgánica (MO) y energía bruta (EB)) en conejos de engorde. Para ello, se realizó un ensayo de digestibilidad con 40 conejos de 31 días de edad. La duración del estudio fue de 22 días. Durante los primeros 11 días, los conejos se alojaron en jaulas individuales y fueron alimentados con un mismo pienso comercial para todos. A partir del día 11, se les cambió el pienso comercial por dos piensos experimentales (ambos con la misma composición, la única diferencia la presencia de la xilanasa en uno de ellos con 1500 unidades de endopentosanasa (EPU)/ kg de pienso). La digestibilidad terminó a los 53 días de edad y, en los últimos 4 días, se produjo la recogida individual de heces diariamente, para los posteriores análisis y la determinación de los coeficientes de digestibilidad aparente. Los resultados indicaron que la dieta experimental con la inclusión de la xilanasa obtuvo mejores coeficientes de digestibilidad (P<0,05) respecto a la misma dieta sin xilanasa, mejorando 1,28 puntos porcentuales el coeficiente de digestibilidad de la MS (68,32% vs. 67,04%), 1,13 puntos porcentuales el coeficiente de digestibilidad de la MO (68,86% vs. 67,73%) y 1,18 puntos porcentuales el coeficiente de digestibilidad de la EB (68,27% vs. 67,09%). Estos resultados se tradujeron en un incremento significativo de la energía digestible (ED) de (+0,051 kcal/g). En conclusión, la xilanasa testada parece mejorar los coeficientes de digestibilidad aparentes y la ED, en comparación con la misma dieta sin presencia de xilanasa. Por lo tanto, la utilización de las xilanasas en conejos de engorde puede representar una oportunidad de futuro para el ganadero, principalmente, a fin de reducir los costes de alimentación y de mejorar el aprovechamiento de la energía., [EN] The objective of this study was to determine the efficacy of a xylanase enzyme on the digestibility of nutrients (dry matter (MS), organic matter (OM) and crude energy (EB)) in fattening rabbits. For this, a digestibility test was carried out with 40 rabbits 31 days old. The duration of the study was 22 days. During the first 11 days, the rabbits were housed in individual cages and were fed the same commercial feed for all. From day 11, the commercial feed was exchanged for two experimental feeds (both with the same composition, the only difference being the presence of xylanase in one of them with 1500 endopentosanase units (EPU) / kg of feed). Digestibility ended at 53 days of age and in the last 4 days individual feces were collected daily, for laters analysis and determination of apparent digestibility coefficients. The results showed that the experimental diet with the inclusion of xylanase obtained better digestibility coefficients (P<0,05) compared to the same diet without xylanase, improving the digestibility coefficient of DM by 1,28 percentage points (68,32% vs. 67,04 %), 1,13 percentage points the digestibility coefficient of OM (68,86% vs. 67,73%) and 1,18 percentage points the digestibility coefficient of EB (68,27% vs. 67,09 %). This results translated into a significant increase in digestible energy (ED) of (+0,051 kcal/g). In conclusion, the tested xylanase seems to improve the apparent digestibility coefficients and the ED compared to the same diet without the presence of xylanase. Therefore, the use of xylanases in fattening rabbits may represent an opportunity for the future for the farmer, mainly in order to reduce feed costs, improving the use of energy.

[ES] En el camino hacia la intensificación sostenible en ganadería, la nutrición de precisión debe asegurar una dieta lo más ajustada a las necesidades de los animales. Todo alimento que no sea aprovechado por el animal se elimina, produciendo pérdidas económicas y medioambientales. La proteína es uno de los nutrientes con mayor coste de la dieta y de los que causa mayores problemas en el medio ambiente. El objetivo de este trabajo es conocer la evolución de las pérdidas de aminoácidos en el cuerpo de pollos de engorde alimentados con una dieta libre de nitrógeno (N-free). Esta información es necesaria para determinar el momento adecuado para eutanasiar a los animales para determinar de forma precisa las necesidades netas de aminoácidos para mantenimiento. Definir con exactitud estas necesidades contribuirá a ampliar la información necesaria para diseñar una proteína 100% digestible y aprovechable para pollos de engorde. Este estudio se llevó acabo en el Centro de Investigación de Ciencia y Tecnología Animal (CITA) ubicado EN Segorbe (Castellón) y la Universitat Politècnica de València (UPV). Se utilizaron 25 pollos alimentados desde el primer día con un pienso comercial, durante 10 días. Transcurrido ese tiempo se realizó el pesaje e inicio de la dieta N-free ad libitum durante 7 días. Los días 0, 2, 4 y 7, se pesaron y sacrificaron 5 pollos cada día. Se determinó la materia seca, proteína bruta y aminoácidos en el cuerpo entero de cada animal, para el cálculo de las pérdidas de aminoácidos en el cuerpo cuando el animal recibe una dieta adecuada en energía. Los análisis determinaron que la dieta N-free provoca una disminución de la ingestión en comparación a la realizada por un pollo de esta estirpe de forma habitual. Además, se confirma que los aminoácidos limitantes en esta especie son la metionina, lisina, treonina, valina e isoleucina. Se pudo definir un punto de partida para la determinación de las necesidades netas de aminoácidos en la fase de mantenimiento, [EN] On the way to sustainable intensification in livestock farming, precision nutrition must ensure a diet that best suits the needs of the animals. Nutrients not used by the animal are eliminated, producing economic and environmental losses. Protein is one of the costliest nutrients in diets and is responsible for environmental problems. The objective of this work was to study the evolution of amino acid losses in the body of broilers fed a nitrogen-free diet (N-free). This information is necessary to determine the appropriate time to euthanize the animals to accurately determine the net amino acid requirements for maintenance. Accurately defining these needs will help to expand the information needed to design a 100% digestible and usable protein for broilers. This study was carried out at the Animal Science and Technology Research Center (CITA) located in Segorbe (Castellón) and the Polytechnic University of Valencia (UPV). For this experiment, a total of 25 chickens were used. These animals were fed a commercial diet for the first ten days after hatching. On day 10 the animals were weighed and then started the N-free ad libitum diet for 7 days. On days 0, 2, 4 and 7, 5 chickens were weighed and slaughtered. The dry matter, crude protein and amino acids in the entire body of each animal were determined to calculate the losses of amino acids in the body when the animal receives a diet with an adequate energy level. The chemical analysis determined that the N-free diet causes a decrease in ingestion compared to a chicken from the same breed fed with a commercial diet. Furthermore, it was corroborated that the limiting amino acids in this species are methionine, lysine, threonine, valine and isoleucine. Moreover, it was possible to define a starting point for the determination of net needs of amino acids in the maintenance phase, after two days of adaptation, between day 2 and 4 after being fed an N-free diet.

[EN] Two diets were designed to investigate the effect of the growth rate on amino acid requirements in growing rabbits: M diet (with medium levels of amino acids, following current nutritional recommendations for growing rabbits) and H diet (with high levels of lysine, sulphur amino acids and threonine compared with current nutritional recommendations). Performance, nutrient retention and digestibility (faecal and ileal) trials, as well as a choice-feeding test were conducted. We found no differences in animal performance, nutrient retention and digestibility parameters between diets, but the animals showed a preference for the M diet, expressed by a high intra-individual repeatability in preference. Our results provide useful information and nutrition tools to move towards precision protein nutrition in growing rabbits. As a consequence of the genetic selection process in growing rabbits, there are currently fast-growing animals exhibiting an average daily gain that may exceed 45 g/d. The protein requirements of these animals, namely amino acid requirements, may differ from animals with low growth rates. The objective of this work was to evaluate growth performance, the coefficient of total tract apparent digestibility (CTTAD), the apparent ileal digestibility (AID) of amino acids and nutrient retention of fast-growing rabbits when they had access to a diet with high levels of amino acids and/or a diet formulated with current nutritional recommendations in a choice-feeding trial. To this end, two diets were formulated: the M diet following current nutritional recommendations for growing rabbits (including 8.1, 5.8 and 6.9 g/kg dry matter (DM) of total lysine, sulphur amino acids and threonine, respectively) and the H diet with higher levels of total lysine, sulphur amino acids and threonine (9.4, 6.6 and 7.8 g/kg DM, respectively). A total of 220 weaned rabbits, from a paternal line selected for the growth rate, had free access to the M diet, the H diet or both (M

[EN] Simple Summary The aim of this work was to elucidate how the dietary inclusion of phytase, at a normal dose and overdosed, could affect the utilization of nutrients and performance in young laying hens. When a diet deficient in Ca and P was applied, the dietary inclusion of phytase at low doses (500 FTU/kg) led to an improvement in the digestive efficiency of P in the first weeks after introduction. However, when these deficient diets were maintained in the long term, laying hens improved their digestive utilization of both Ca and P, a higher dose of phytase (1000 FTU/kg) being required to achieve greater P availability. This overdosage also provided additional extraphosphoric advantages, slightly improving access to other nutrients and the feed conversion rate of the hens. A total of 192 laying hens were used to evaluate the effect of dietary mineral content and phytase dose on nutrient utilization, egg production and quality and bone mineralization of young laying hens. Four dietary treatments were studied: PC, positive control with no added phytase, 4.07% Ca and 0.61% P; NC, negative control with no added phytase, 2.97% Ca and 0.37% P; and P500 and P1000, where NC diet was supplemented with phytase at 500 and 1000 FTU/kg, respectively. Hens' performance and egg traits were controlled from 22 to 31 weeks of age. Coefficients of total tract apparent digestibility (CTTAD) of nutrients were determined at 25 and 31 weeks of age. Apparent ileal digestibility (AID) and blood content of Ca and P, as well as bone traits, were determined at 31 weeks of age. Ca and P retention was higher in birds on PC diet at 25 weeks, but not at 31 weeks of age compared to those on NC diet (p < 0.05). P1000 birds had the highest CTTAD values for dry and organic matter at both ages (p < 0.001). CTTAD of Ca was significantly higher in P1000 diet than in NC diet at 31 weeks of age (p < 0.001). Birds fed with P500 diet at 25 weeks of age and P1000 at 31 weeks of age showed higher CTTAD a

[EN] Variations in phosphorous (P) digestibility as a function of methodology, phosphate source, physicochemical characteristics and commercial source were evaluated in broilers. Three methodologies and two phosphates (monocalcium phosphate, MCP, and dicalcium phosphate, DCP) from three different commercial sources were used in two experiments. In the first experiment, MCP and DCP were incorporated into a P-deficient diet at two levels of inclusion and P digestibility was evaluated using three methodologies of the regression method (total excreta, marker in excreta and prececal digestibility). In the second experiment, variations in P digestibility of six phosphate sources (three MCP and three DCP) were evaluated using the total collection method. The P digestibility of MCP ranged from 75.2 to 87.4% and from 80.5 to 86.6% for DCP amongst methodologies (p > 0.05). Particle size, surface area, degree of crystallinity and impurities varied amongst commercial sources. The P digestibility of the three tested commercial sources of MCP was 79.6% (MCP1), 70.2% (MCP2) and 65.6% (MCP3); p > 0.05. The P digestibility of the three tested commercial sources of DCP was 80.1% (DCP1), 77.4% (DCP2) and 71.4% (DCP3); p > 0.05. The objective of this study was to compare the total tract (total excreta and marker) and prececal methodologies to determine phosphorus (P) digestibility and to evaluate its variation as a function of the physicochemical characteristics of the inorganic phosphate used (monocalcium, MCP and dicalcium, DCP) from different commercial sources. A total of 176 1-day-old male broilers were used in two digestibility experiments. In Experiment 1, one MCP and one DCP were incorporated in the basal diet at two levels. In Experiment 2, MCP and DCP from three commercial sources were incorporated to the basal diet at one level. Physicochemical characteristics of inorganic phosphates were examined, as well. Additionally, bone mineralization and growth performance traits were

[EN] Genetic selection for feed efficiency has increased the growth rate and requirements of growing rabbits, while the protein content of commercial feeds has been adjusted to avoid digestive disorders. The aim of this work was to evaluate how a diet with moderate levels of protein content [146 g crude protein (CP)/kg] could be affecting protein and amino acids acquisition depending on the growth rate of the animals. From 189 weaned rabbits (28 days old), only 41 animals were selected at 42 days, in order to ensure the greatest variability for growth rate during fattening. To achieve this goal, animals came from three genetic lines: H and LP (maternal lines selected by litter size) and R (paternal line selected for growth rate), characterised by normal, moderate and high growth rate during the fattening period, respectively. Apparent faecal digestibility of dry matter (DM), CP and gross energy (GE) of the diet from 49-53 days of age, as well as the ileal apparent digestibility of DM, CP and amino acids at 63 days of age, was determined in all the selected animals. Protein, energy and amino acids retained in the empty body during the fattening period were also determined by slaughtering 15 weaning rabbits at 28 days, and the 41 selected animals at 63 days of age. Animals from the R line showed higher feed intake than those from maternal lines, as well as lower feed conversion ratio, even below that expected from their growth rate. Apparent faecal digestibility of GE and apparent ileal digestibility of DM, CP and cystine of the diet were higher in LP than in H rabbits (P < 0.05), showing intermediate values in R rabbits. However, apparent ileal digestibility of glutamic acid and glycine was significantly higher in R than in H rabbits (P < 0.05), showing intermediate values in LP rabbits. As expected, both daily protein and energy retained in the empty body increased as growth increased. However, R growing rabbits seem to have lower protein retained and higher energy

This is the peer reviewed version of the following article: [FULL CITE], which has been published in final form at [Link to final article using the DOI]. This article may be used for non-commercial purposes in accordance with Wiley Terms and Conditions for Self-Archiving., [EN] Plum pox virus(PPV) is the causal agent of sharka, the most devastating virus disease ofPrunusspecies. PPV is transmitted by vegetative propagation, particularly by grafting, as well as by aphid species in a nonpersistent manner. The objective of this paper was to evaluate the prevalence and diversity of PPV-vector aphid species in representative European areas of prunus cultivation. Four experimental nursery plots were established in Skierniewice (Poland), Liria (Spain), Plovdiv (Bulgaria) and Bistrita (Romania). Aphid population was weekly monitored using the sticky shoot method in spring and/or autumn in each nursery plot. Furthermore, we estimated the relative efficiency factor for the main PPV-vector aphid species using bibliographic and reference data. Aphid diversity in each nursery plot was assessed using the Shannon index and the number of estimated aphid species was calculated by the rarefaction method. The highest diversity of aphid species population was reported in Plovdiv in spring while the lowest diversity was found in Liria in spring. A cluster analysis based on Morisita-Horn similarity index was performed to study the differences in species composition between the four nursery plots and seasons. Aphid population was clearly grouped by location and season. Results showedAphis spiraecolaandHyalopterus prunicomplex were typically spring aphid species, whileAnoecia corniandRhopalosiphum padidominated autumn catch. Regarding PPV-vector aphid species present in nursery plots,A. spiraecolawas the most prevalent PPV-vector aphid species in Liria and in Bistrita, showing a high relative efficiency factor of PPV transmission (0.91). Consequently,A. spiraecolashould be considered a key actor in the spread of PPV in these regions.Hyalopterus prunicomplex was the most prevalent PPV-vector aphid species in Skierniewice and Plovdiv, showing a very low relative efficiency factor of PPV transmission (0.09). Therefore, the role ofH. prunicomplex in spread of PP

[EN] The main objective of this study was to evaluate the influence of pig's age on the effectiveness of a new microbial 3-phytase, produced by Komagataella phaffii, under commercial conditions in barley-wheat based diets. Two experiments were conducted in weaned, growing and finishing pigs; firstly, to determine phytase efficacy on dry matter, organic matter, energy, protein and mineral (phosphorus, P and calcium, Ca) digestibility (n = 48; Experiment 1), and secondly, to evaluate the effect of phytase on growth performance and bone mineralization (n = 312; Experiment 2). In each experiment, three barley-wheat based diets were formulated following the recommendations for each animal age, of which two versions were manufactured, including 0 and 1000 phytase units (FTU)/kg of feed of the new 3-phytase to be tested. Results showed the new phytase had the potential to increase the digestibility of Ca and P (on av. + 0.05 and +0.06, respectively; P < 0.01), especially P digestibility in growing pigs (+0.10; P < 0.001), consequently decreasing P and Ca excretion. Digestible energy (DE) of the diet increased with the addition of phytase in weaned pigs (+0.69 MJ/kg of dry matter (DM); P < 0.001). Dietary inclusion of new 3-phytase enhanced average daily gain from 46 to 94 days of age (+0.07 kg/d; P < 0.05) and decreased feed conversion ratio from 46 to 154 days of age (on av. -0.13; P < 0.05), although no significant effect was observed from 154 to 185 days of age. Addition of the new 3-phytase also promoted bone mineralization, increasing the weight of the bones (+3.99 and +3.64 g of tibia at 95 days and metacarpus at 100 days of age, respectively; P < 0.05) and the ash, Ca and P content in these bones (e.g. + 0.46 and +0.33 g of P in tibia at 95 days and metacarpus at 100 days of age, respectively; P < 0.001). In conclusion, pig age affected the efficacy of a new 3-phytase on P and Ca digestibility both in weaned and growing diets and DE content of the weaned diets, whic

[ES] El objetivo de este trabajo fue evaluar el efecto de un extracto vegetal sobre los parámetros zootécnicos (peso vivo, PV; consumo medio diario, CMD; ganancia media diaria, GMD; e índice de conversión, IC) y el recuento de ooquistes en pollos de engorde. Esta información permitirá evaluar la eficacia del extracto vegetal testado frente a la coccidiosis aviar y su contribución a la reducción del uso de antibióticos en avicultura. Para ello, se utilizaron 544 pollos de engorde de 1 día de vida que se alimentaron los primeros 21 días de vida con un pienso de iniciación y a partir del día 22 con un pienso de engorde hasta el final del estudio (42 días). Los animales se alojaron en 32 corrales con 17 animales/corral. Se utilizaron cuatro tratamientos que se asignaron a 8 corrales/tratamiento. Los tratamientos experimentales se diferenciaron por el coccidiostato incluido en el pienso (coccidiostato convencional o fitobiótico) y su dosis: tratamiento 1, T1 (pienso control sin coccidiostato añadido), tratamiento 2, T2 (pienso control con coccidiostato convencional), tratamiento 3, T3 (pienso control con extracto vegetal a dosis 1 kg/t tanto en el pienso de iniciación como de engorde) y tratamiento 4, T4 (pienso control con extracto vegetal a dosis 1 kg/t en el pienso de iniciación y a dosis 0,5 kg/t en el pienso de engorde). Durante toda la prueba, se controló el PV de los animales de forma individual los días 7, 21 y 42 de la prueba y el pienso consumido por el corral. Además, se tomó muestra de las heces por corral (días 21 y 42) y del ciego de un animal/corral (día 42) para el recuento de ooquistes. Durante la fase de iniciación (0-21 días), la inclusión del fitobiótico tendió a mejorar la GMD y el IC frente al programa convencional de coccidiostatos (T2), aunque no fue significativamente distinto de los rendimientos productivos respecto al control negativo sin coccidiostato añadido (T1). En la fase de engorde (22-42 días) y globalmente (0-42 días), la aplicación del, [EN] The aim of this work was to evaluate the effect of a plant extract on the zootechnical parameters (live weight, LW; average daily feed intake, ADFI; average daily gain, ADG; and feed conversion rate, FCR) and the oocyst count in broilers. This information will be useful to evaluate the efficacy of the plant extract tested against avian coccidiosis and its contribution to the reduction of antibiotic use in the poultry meat sector. For this purpose, 544 1-day-old broilers were used, which were fed with a starter feed during the first 21 days of life and with a fattening feed from day 22 until the end of the study (42 days). The animals were housed in 32 pens with 17 animals/pen. Four treatments were used, which were assigned to 8 pens/treatment. The experimental treatments were differentiated by the coccidiostat included (conventional coccidiostat or phytobiotic) and its dose: treatment 1, T1 (control feed without coccidiostat), treatment 2, T2 (control feed with conventional coccidiostat), treatment 3, T3 (control feed with plant extract at a dose of 1 kg/t both in the starter and fattening feed) and treatment 4, T4 (control feed with plant extract at a dose of 1 kg/t in the starter feed and at a dose of 0.5 kg/t in the fattening feed). Throughout the experiment, LW was monitored individually on days 7, 21 and 42 of the trial. On these days, feed consumed was determined per the pen. In addition, faeces were sampled from each pen (days 21 and 42) and from the cecum of one animal/pen (day 42) for oocyst counting. During the initiation phase (0-21 days), the inclusion of the phytobiotic tended to improve the ADG and FCR compared to the conventional coccidiostat program (T2), although it was not significantly different from the negative control without added coccidiostat (T1). In the fattening phase (22-42 days) and globally (0-42 days), the inclusion of the phytobiotic did not significantly change any of the productive variables compared to T1 and T2. There were no

[ES] El concepto de proteína ideal esta basado en la idea de que para alcanzar su rendimiento óptimo y máximo crecimiento en una determinada etapa vital las aves necesitan unas cantidades y ratios específicos de aminoácidos. Sin embargo, dichos aminoácidos deben obtenerlos de alimentos, cuya eficacia de utilización (proporción, digestión y metabolización) no es elevada, llevado a unas elevadas pérdidas de nitrógeno en las deyecciones. Lo ideal sería poder sintetizar una proteína que cubriera las necesidades de todos los aminoácidos (sin excesos, ni defectos) y que fuera totalmente digerida y metabolizada. El objetivo de este trabajo es desarrollar un proceso de diseño de una proteína ideal completamente digestible y aprovechable en pollos de engorde de 0 a 21 días. Para ello realizamos una investigación sobre los requerimientos netos de aminoácidos y el funcionamiento del sistema digestivo a nivel enzimático de los pollos de dicha edad. A partir de estos datos diseñamos posibles estructuras primarias del polipéptido. A continuación, predecimos su estructura terciaria y sus propiedades fisicoquímicas mediante métodos computacionales. Las proteínas obtenidas se valoran en base a su digestibilidad, características fisicoquímicas y proyecciones futuras de síntesis y producción. Este procedimiento es aplicable para la obtención de proteínas en otras etapas vitales del animal partiendo del conocimiento de las exigencias nutricionales específicas. El método secuencial planteado presenta una primera aproximación para el diseño de proteínas en alimentación de precisión y es susceptible de mejora e implementación con los avances en el campo de la lngeniería y Diseño de Proteínas., [EN] The ideal protein concept is based on the idea that to achieve optimum performance and maximum growth at a given stage of life, birds need specific amounts and ratios of amino acids. However, these amino acids must be obtained from feed, and their utilization efficiency (proportion, digestion and metabolization) is generally low, leading to high losses of nitrogen in excreta. Ideally, it should be possible to synthesise a protein that will meet the requirements of all amino acids (without excess or defect) while being fully digested and metabolised. The aim of this work was to develop a novel process to design an ideal protein completely digestible and usable in broilers from 0 to 21 days. To do so, we conducted a research on the net requirements of amino acids and the functioning of the digestive system at enzymatic level of chickens of that age. From these data, we designed possible primary structures of the polypeptide. Then, tertiary structure and its physicochemical properties were predicted by means of computational methods. The obtained proteins were evaluated based on their digestibility, physicochemical characteristics and future projections of synthesis and production. This procedure can be applied for obtaining proteins in other vital stages of the animal based on the knowledge of its specific nutritional requirements. The sequential method proposed presents a first approach for the design of proteins in precision feeding and is susceptible to improvement and implementation with progress in the field of Protein Engineering and Design.

[ES] La torta de camelina es un subproducto proveniente del cultivo y extracción del aceite de la semilla de Camelina sativa, que se presenta como una potencial alternativa proteica y energética para alimentar a las aves. El objetivo de este trabajo fue evaluar el efecto de la inclusión de niveles crecientes de torta de Camelina sativa (0, 5, 10 y 15%) en sustitución de harina de soja y de la adición de enzimas en piensos de gallinas ponedoras, sobre el rendimiento productivo y la calidad del huevo. Un total de 384 gallinas de la raza Lohmann Brown-Classic de 39 semanas de vida se organizaron en 96 jaulas con 4 animales cada una que se repartieron, de manera homogénea, en un total de 8 tratamientos (12 jaulas por tratamiento). Los tratamientos consistieron en un pienso control (C) a base de maíz y soja, tres piensos con 5, 10 y 15% de inclusión de torta de camelina y tres piensos idénticos a estos suplementados con un complejo multienzimático compuesto de xilanasas, beta-glucanasas, amilasas y una proteasa. Se determinó la composición en nutrientes y ácidos grasos (AG) de la torta de camelina y piensos, polisacáridos no amiláceos y factores antinutricionales de la torta de camelina y actividad enzimática de los piensos. Durante la fase experimental, que duró 12 semanas, las gallinas se pesaron por jaula cada 28 días, aproximadamente, y el consumo de pienso se controló periódicamente. Además, se registró la producción de huevos diaria y su peso para el cálculo (por jaula) del porcentaje de puesta, peso promedio del huevo, masa del huevo e índice de transformación (IT). A nivel de calidad de huevo se determinó la altura del albumen denso del huevo, color de la yema y espesor de cáscara, así como la proporción de cada una de las partes con respecto al peso total del huevo y el porcentaje total de AG de la yema. La torta de camelina analizada destacó por presentar un 38,5 % de proteína bruta, 10,6% de extracto etéreo, 32,4% de fibra neutro detergente, 3,6% de ácido erúc, [EN] Camelina cake is a by-product from the crop and extraction of Camelina sativa oil, which is a potential source of protein and energy in poultry feeds. The objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of including increasing levels of camelina cake (0, 5, 10 y 15%) and the addition of enzymes in laying hens’ feed on productive performance and egg quality. A total of 384 39-week-old Lohmann Brown-Classic hens were organized in 96 cages with 4 animals each that were distributed, in a homogeneous way, in a total of 8 treatments (12 cages per treatment). The treatments consisted of a control feed (C), based on corn and soybean meal, three treatments with 5, 10 and 15% inclusion of camelina cake and three identical treatments to these but supplemented with a multienzimatic complex based on xylanases, beta-glucanases, amylases and a protease. The composition in nutrients and fatty acids (FA) were determined in camelina cake and feeds, non-starch polysaccharides and antinutritional factors in camelina cake and enzyme activity in feeds. During the experimental phase, which lasted 12 weeks, hens were weighed every 28 days approximately (per cage) and consumption was registered periodically. Moreover, hen-day egg production and weight were recorded for the calculation (per cage) of the laying percentage, egg weight, egg mass and feed conversion ratio (FCR). Regarding egg quality, albumen height, yolk color and shell thickness, as well as the proportion of each parts in respect to the total and the percentage FA in yolk were analyzed. The camelina cake used in this study had 38,5% crude protein, 10,6% ether extract, 32,4% neutral detergent fibre, an erucic acid content of 3,6% and 27,9% linolenic acid (omega-3 fatty acid). Feed consumption (g feed/day) was significantly lower in hens fed with treatments 15T and 15T+E during the first 29 days compared to treatment C (104,7 and 106 vs. 115,2), however, the differences disappeared thereafter. In general, egg production p

[ES] En los últimos años se ha notado gran interés en el aprovechamiento de subproductos de origen agroindustrial en alimentación animal. Esto puede suponer una ventaja económica y medioambiental para el sector ganadero, incrementando su rentabilidad y sostenibilidad. El objetivo principal de este trabajo es desarrollar un modelo de gestión y aprovechamiento del alperujo en la alimentación del ganado vacuno extensivo, en las comarcas de L¿Alt y Baix Maestrat y Els Ports (provincia de Castellón), que permita implementar la utilización de este subproducto del olivo en la alimentación animal de la zona. Para ello, se han identificado las barreras técnico-sociales para la utilización del alperujo en alimentación animal en las comarcas objeto de estudio y se ha evaluado el su uso potencial mediante un análisis geoespacial de las explotaciones ganaderas y almazaras. Además, se ha caracterizado el valor nutricional de los alperujos de la zona y técnicas de conservación del alperujo mediante ensilado en combinación con hoja de olivo y pulpa cítrica. Finalmente, se proponen alternativas de aprovechamiento del alperujo de proximidad a través de una gestión individual y colectiva. Los resultados de este trabajo muestran que el potencial de uso del alperujo en alimentación de ganado vacuno de las comarcas L¿Alt y Baix Maestrat, y Els Ports es elevado; aunque la producción de alperujo esta deslocalizada respecto a las explotaciones y exige de su transporte. El alperujo estudiado presenta una composición nutricional rica en fibra, bajo contenido en proteína con una alta presencia de ácido oleico que lo hace adecuado para su inclusión en las dietas de vacuno extensivo. Por su composición, es posible ensilarlo durante 90 días, preferiblemente con hoja de olivo para reducir lixiviados. Respecto a las alternativas de gestión, la media del 30% del alperujo producido puede ser gestionado a una distancia de proximidad media de 20 km (combinación de radios 15, 20 y 25 km) para explotacio, [EN] In recent years there has been an apreciable interest in the utilization of the sub products of agro-industrial origin in animal feed. This can be an economic and environmental advantage for the livestock sector, thereby increasing its profitability and sustainability. The main objective of this project seeks to develop and apply a model of management of use of alperujo in the feeding of beef cattle; in the counties of L'Alt and Baix Maestrat and Els Ports (provinces of Castellón); which would allow to implement the use of the olive tree sub products in the animal feed of the area. For that reason, the technical-social barriers for the use of alperujo in animal feed have been identified in the counties under this study and this potential use has been evaluated through a geospatial analysis of the cattle farms and oil mills. Furthermore, the nutritional value and conservation techniques of the alperujo have been characterized by silage in combination with olive leaf and citrus pulp. Finally, alternatives are proposed for the use of local alperujo through individual and collective management. The results of this project indicate that the potential application of alperujo in feeding cattle in the Alt and Baix Maestrat counties, and Els Ports is high; although the alperujo production is delocalised with respect to the farms and requires its transport. The alperujo has a nutritional composition rich in fiber, low in protein with a high presence of oleic acid that makes it suitable for inclusion in beef diets. Due to its composition, it¿s possible to ensile it for 90 days, preferably with an olive leaf to reduce leachate. Regarding the management alternatives, an average of 30% can be managed at an average proximity distance of 20 km (combination of radii 15, 20 and 25 km) for farms less than 50 heads through individual management reaching a total of 46 farms (8% census). Medium-distance solutions (radii greater than 30 km) involve collective management between oil m

[ES] El objetivo de este trabajo fue evaluar la eficacia de una nueva 3-fitasa en pollos de engorde de 1 y 21 días de vida; e identificar el efecto de la edad y de la duración del periodo de administración de la enzima en dietas deficientes en P sobre el aprovechamiento de los nutrientes y la mineralización ósea. Para ello se realizaron 2 experimentos con pollos de engorde machos (Ross) que consistieron en una prueba corta de digestibilidad y determinación de la mineralización ósea (Experimento 1; con animales de 21 días de edad y 17 días de duración) y otra larga de performance (rendimientos productivos) con ensayo de digestibilidad, determinación de la mineralización ósea y bioquímica en sangre (Experimento 2; con animales de 1 día de edad y 42 días de duración). Los piensos experimentales fueron: control positivo (C+): sin fitasa y con niveles comerciales de P, control negativo (C-): sin fitasa y con niveles bajos de P y Ca, tratamiento 250: C- + 250 FTU/kg, tratamiento 500: C- + 500 FTU/kg, tratamiento 1.000: C- + 1.000 FTU/kg y tratamiento 10.000: C- + 10.000 FTU/kg (como tratamiento de seguridad). Durante el estudio se realizó un balance de digestibilidad de Ca y P, de la materia seca (MS), materia orgánica (MO), proteína bruta (PB) y energía bruta (EB); se hizo un estudio de la mineralización ósea, y además se estudió parámetros bioquímicos en sangre y rendimientos productivos para el experimento 2. Los resultados demuestran la eficacia de la fitasa FLF1.000 sobre la digestibilidad de la MS, la PB, la MO, el Ca y el P a partir de la dosis 500 FTU/kg para ambos experimentos. Asimismo, se demostró la eficacia de la fitasa sobre la mineralización ósea por un aumento en la cantidad de cenizas y en la cantidad de minerales en tibia a partir de la dosis de 1.000 FTU/kg para ambos experimentos. Se observó un efecto relevante de la edad (periodo de administración de la fitasa) sobre todo en las variables de mineralización ósea, siendo mejor en los pollitos alimentado, [EN] The aim of this project was to evaluate the efficacy of a new 3-phytase in broilers of 1 and 21 days of life; and to identify the effect of age and the duration of the period of administration of the enzyme in P-deficient diets on the utilization of nutrients and bone mineralization. To do so, 2 experiments were carried out with male broiler chickens (Ross) that consisted of a short test of digestibility and determination of bone mineralization (Experiment 1, with animals 21 days of age and 17 days of duration) and another long performance with a digestibility test, determination of bone mineralization and blood biochemistry (Experiment 2, with animals of 1 day of age and 42 days of duration). The experimental feeds were: positive control (C +): without phytase and with commercial levels of P, negative control (C-): without phytase and with low levels of P (in experiment 1) low levels of P and Ca (in experiment 2) ), treatment 250: C- + 250 FTU / kg, treatment 500: C- + 500 FTU / kg, treatment 1,000: C- + 1,000 FTU / kg and treatment 10,000: C- + 10,000 FTU / kg (as a safety treatment) ). During the study, a digestibility balance of Ca and P, dry matter (DM), organic matter (OM), crude protein (CP) and gross energy (GE) was carried out; a study of bone mineralization was made, and biochemical parameters in blood and performance for experiment 2 were also studied. The results demonstrate the efficacy of phytase FLF1.000 on digestibility of MS, CP, OM, Ca and P from the dose 500 FTU / kg for both experiments. Likewise, the efficacy of phytase on bone mineralization was demonstrated by an increase in the amount of ash and in the amount of minerals in tibia from the dose of 1,000 FTU/kg for both experiments. A relevant effect of age (period of phytase administration) was observed, especially in the bone mineralization variables, being better in chicks fed with phytase from day 1 of life, compared with those fed from day 21. Finally, it was demonstrated that the phy

El objetivo es determinar el valor nutricional de la harina y la torta de Camelina sativa en gallinas de puesta. Se utilizarán 254 gallinas Lohman brown de 18 semanas de vida. Los piensos experimentales administrados (T1, T2, T3, T4, T5, T6 y T7) diferirán en los niveles de inclusion de los subproductos de camelina (harina y torta).

El objetivo es evaluar los efectos de incorporación en el pienso de cerdos en crecimiento, una nueva fitasa de origen bacteriano sobre el coeficiente de digestibilidad aparente y mineralización ósea en cerdos en crecimiento. Se utilizaron tres dietas experimentales que difieren en el nivel de incorporación de la fitasa. Se utilizarán 24 cerdos machos, en 2 tandas, cada tanda conformada por 12 cerdos. El periodo experimental tendrá una duración de 28 días, en cada tanda.

El objetivo del presente estudio fue evaluar el efecto de enmascaramiento del sabor amargo, producido por la inclusión de aceites esenciales y antibióticos en el pienso de lechones en la fase de starter, sobre los parámetros zootécnicos [peso vivo (PV), consumo medio diario (CMD), ganancia media diaria (GMD) e índice de conversión (IC)], la severidad de diarreas y el comportamiento alimenticio. Se utilizaron 135 lechones [68 hembras y 67 machos, Pietrain x (Landrace x Large White)] con un PV medio de 6,9±1,29 kg y 35 días de edad al inicio del estudio. La duración del estudio fue de de 21 días. Los primeros 7 días, se administró un pienso común a todos los animales. Desde el día 8 al día 21 del experimento, se administraron los 3 piensos experimentales. Los animales se alojaron en corrales de 5 animales/corral. Se utilizaron 9 corrales por tratamiento. Los piensos experimentales consistieron en: Trat 1 (control negativo): dieta suplementada con 300 ppm de amoxicilina, aceites esenciales, ácidos orgánicos y ácidos grasos de cadena media; Trat 2 (control positivo): dieta de control negativo con aditivo sensorial validado, con sacarina sódica y neosperidina hydrochalcona a dosis legales para lechones en UE y de uso común en el sector; Trat 3 (alternativa sensorial): dieta de control negativo con con tecnología basada en la diversidad, sin sacarina ni neosperidina hydrochalcona. Los piensos se administraron en harina y ad libitum. Semanalmente, se realizó un control de peso individual. Además, diariamente, se registró el consumo de pienso por corral. Con esta información, se calculó la GMD, el CMD y el IC (g pienso/g peso). También se determinó la severidad de las diarreas aplicando una puntuación fecal diaria del día 8 al día 14 del estudio por corral. Finalmente, se realizaron observaciones de comportamiento alimenticio mediante grabaciones de vídeo de forma contínua, durante 10 minutos/día en cada corral los días 8 y 9 del estudio. A partir de esta información, se ev, Our objective was to evaluate the bitter-masking effect, produced by the inclusion of essential oils and antibiotics in piglet feed in the starter phase, on the zootechnical parameters [live weight (LW), average daily feed intake (ADFI), average daily gain (ADG) and feed conversion ratio (FCR)], incidence of diarrhea and feeding behavior. We used 135 piglets (68 females and 67 males, Pietrain x (Landrace x Large White)) with an average LW of 6.9 ± 1.29 kg and 35 days of age at the beginning of the study. The duration of the study was 21 days. The first 7 days, a wash-out feed was administered to all animals. From day 8 to day 21 of the experiment, the 3 experimental feeds were administered. The animals were housed in pens of 5 animals/pen. 9 replicate pens were used per treatment. The experimental feeds consisted of: Trat 1 (negative control): diet supplemented with 300 ppm of amoxicillin, essential oils, organic acids and medium chain fatty acids; Trat 2 (positive control): negative control diet with validated sensory additive, including sodium saccharin and hydrochalcone neosperidin at legal doses for piglets in the EU and commonly used in the sector; Trat 3 (sensory alternative): negative control diet with technology based on diversity, without saccharin or hydrochalcone neosperidin. Feed was administered in mash form and ad libitum. Animals were weighed individually every week. In addition, feed intake was daily recorded per pen. With this information, ADG, ADFI and FCR were calculated. The severity of diarrhea was also determined by applying a daily fecal score from day 8 to day 14 of the study. Finally, observations of feeding behavior were made through video recordings continuously, for 10 minutes/day in each pen; on days 8 and 9 of the study. The following variables were evaluated from video recordings: the number of feeding events in the feeding trough, the time eating in the feeding trough, the number of visits to the feeding trough without eating, the num

[ES] El presente estudio tiene como objetivo determinar el coeficiente de digestibilidad aparente del fósforo (P) y la mineralización ósea en pollos de engorde, de diferentes fuentes comerciales de P inorgánico, como el fosfato monocálcico (MCP) y el fosfato bicálcico (DCP), utilizando niveles subóptimos de incorporación. Se realizó un experimento con 176 pollos macho de 1 día de vida (40±5 g peso inicial; raza Ross 308), divididos en dos tandas de 88 animales cada una. La duración del estudio fue de 25 días. Durante los primeros 15 días los pollos estuvieron en un corral único y fueron alimentados con un pienso comercial. A partir del día 15, los animales se alojaron en jaulas de digestibilidad por parejas durante 10 días. Se utilizaron 7 fuentes comerciales de P: 3 MCP (MCP1 al MCP3) y 4 DCP (DCP1 al DCP4). Además, se utilizó un pienso basal pobre en P (Control) sin P añadido. Tres de los fosfatos (MCP1, DCP1 y DCP2), eran fuentes comerciales nuevas o en desarrollo, por lo que se testaron a 2 niveles cada uno (0,75 y 1,5 g/kg de P añadido procedente de cada fuente); mientras que el resto de fuentes (MCP2, MCP3, DCP3 y DCP4) se testaron a un solo nivel (1,5 g/kg de P añadido). La relación Ca:P se mantuvo constante e igual a 1,34. En total se utilizaron 11 tratamientos experimentales. En cada tanda se asignaron cada uno de los 11 tratamientos a 4 jaulas (8 réplicas al final del estudio para cada tratamiento). Los últimos 4 días del periodo en jaula se realizó un balance de digestibilidad para calcular el coeficiente de digestibilidad del P. El último día del estudio, se sacrificaron todos los animales y se extrajo la tibia izquierda para analizar las variables de mineralización ósea. Los resultados indicaron que respecto al MCP3 (que presentó un coeficiente de digestibilidad del P del 65,6%), las nuevas fuentes MCP1, DCP1 y DCP2 mostraron una tendencia a un mayor coeficiente de digestibilidad aparente del P (83,7, 80,3 y 79,8%, respectivamente; P<0,10). No se observ, [EN] The objective of this study was to determine the digestibility coefficient of phosphorus (P) and the bone mineralization in broilers using different commercial sources of inorganic P, such as monocalcium phosphate (MCP) and dicalcium phosphate (DCP), using suboptimal levels of incorporation. We used 176 one-day old male broilers (40 ± 5 g initial weight; Ross 308) divided into two batches of 88 animals per batch. The duration of the study was 25 days. During the first 15 days, broilers were housed in a single common pen and received commercial feed. From day 15, animals were housed in digestibility cages in pairs for 10 days. We used 7 commercial sources of P: 3 MCP (MCP1 to MCP3) and 4 DCP (DCP1 to DCP4). In addition, a basal diet poor in P (Control) without added P was used. Three of the phosphates (MCP1, DCP1 and DCP2) were new or developing commercial sources and were tested at 2 levels each (0.75 g / kg and 1.5 g / kg of added P from each source). The rest of the sources (MCP2, MCP3, DCP3 and DCP4) were tested at a single level (1.5 g / kg of added P). The Ca: P ratio remained constant and equal to 1.34. In total, 11 experimental treatments were used. In each batch, each of the 11 treatments was assigned to 4 cages (8 replications at the end of the study for each treatment). The last 4 days of the study, we conducted the digestibility balance to calculate the digestibility coefficient of the P. The last day of the study, all animals were slaughtered and the left tibia was extracted for analyses of bone mineralization variables. Results indicate that compared with MCP3 (showing a digestibility coefficient equal to 65.6%), the new sources MCP1, DCP1 and DCP2 showed a tendency to higher apparent digestibility of their P (83.7, 80.3 and 79.8%, respectively, P <0.10). No significant differences were observed amongst P sources in the evaluated bone mineralization variables. In conclusion, the new sources of P tested (MCP 1, DCP1 and DCP2) seem to improve the app

[ES] El principal objetivo de este trabajo fue evaluar el efecto sobre el coeficiente de digestibilidad aparente de la materia seca (MS), energía bruta (EB), proteína bruta (PB) y de las fracciones fibrosas, al variar la fuente de la fibra añadida a las dietas de futuras cerdas reproductoras. Para ello, se utilizaron 8 piensos en un diseño factorial 4x2 (4 tipos de fibra e inclusión o no de enzimas), aunque para este trabajo por cuestiones prácticas se considerará únicamente el efecto del tipo de fibra. Como fuentes de fibra, se utilizaron: fuentes de glucosa insoluble-celulosa (fórmula de base maíz con girasol y soja), fuentes de manosa (fórmula de base maíz con colza y palmiste), fuentes de glucanos (formula de base cebada con girasol y soja) y fuentes de arabinoxilanos solubles (fórmula de base trigo, salvado de arroz y germen de maíz con girasol y soja). Se utilizaron 12 cerdas vacías con un peso vivo inicial de 123,2±8,33 kg. Los animales se alojaron en jaulas de digestibilidad durante 8 periodos experimentales de 2 semanas de duración cada uno: 10 días de adaptación a los piensos experimentales y 4 días de recogida de muestras. Los animales se pesaron al inicio y final de cada periodo, y durante todo el periodo experimental se controló el consumo de pienso. Durante los 4 días de recogida el total de heces producidas se recogió y pesó cada 24 h. A partir de las muestras de pienso, se analizó la MS, cenizas, PB, extracto etéreo (EE), fibra bruta (FB), almidón (AL), la Fibra Neutro Detergente (FND), Fibra Ácido Detergente (FAD), Lignina (LAD), Fibra Dietaria Total (FDT), Fibra Dietaria Soluble (FDS), la proteína ligada a fibra y la EB. A partir de las muestras de heces individuales recogidas durante el balance de digestibilidad, se analizó la EB, MS y PB. A partir de un pool de heces por tratamiento, se realizaron las determinaciones de MS, EE, FND, FAD y FDT. No existieron diferencias significativas en el peso vivo y el consumo medio diario entre los diferentes, [EN] The main objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of the source of fiber on the apparent digestibility coefficients of dry matter (DM), gross energy (GE), crude protein (CP) and fiber fractions in future breeding sows. Eight dietary treatments in a 4x2 factorial design (four types of fiber and inclusion or not of enzymes) were used. For practical reasons in this research only the effect of fiber type was considered. As a source of fiber glucose insoluble-cellulose (corn, sunflower and soya diet), mannose (corn, rapeseed and palm kernel diet), glucan (barley, sunflower and soya diet) and arabinoxylans (wheat, rice brand and corn germ whit sunflower and soya) diets were tested. Twelve sows 123,2±8,33 kg initial live weight were used. The animals were housed in digestibility cages for eight experimental periods, two weeks each: ten days for experimental feed adaptation, and four days of feces collection. The animals were weighed at the beginning and at the end of each period. Throughout the whole experimental period, animal weight was controlled. During the 4 days of feces collection, the total amount of feces were collected and weighted each 24 hours. Feed samples were analyzed for DM, ash, CP, ether extract (EE), crude fiber, starch, neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber (ADF), lignin, total dietary fiber (TDF), soluble dietary fiber, the fiber-bound protein and GE. The individual sample feces collected were analyzed for DM, CP and GE. Feces were polled by treatment and each pool were analyzed for DM, EE, NDF, ADF and TDF, as well. No statistical significant differences were found in animal live weight and average daily consumption between treatments during the experimental period. The analyzed diet composition was similar to the estimated. There was a significant effect of the fiber type on DM, GE and CP (P<0.001) digestibility coefficients, in addition to EE, starch and fibers (NDF, ADF, gross fiber and TDF; P<0.05), being the latter ana, [CA] L’objectiu d’aquest treball es avaluar l’efecte sobre el coeficient de digestibilitat aparent de la matèria seca (MS), energia bruta (EB), proteïna bruta (PB) i de les fraccions fibroses, al variar les fonts de fibra en pinsos de porques reproductores. Per això, es van utilitzar 8 pinsos en un disseny factorial 4x2 (4 tipus de fibra e inclusió o no d’enzims), encara que per a aquest treball per qüestions pràctiques es considerarà únicament l’efecte del tipus de fibra. Com a fonts de fibra, es van utilitzar: fonts de glucosa insoluble-cel·lulosa (fórmula de base dacsa amb gira-sol i soja), fonts de manosa (fórmula de base dacsa amb colza i palmiste), fonts de glucans (fórmula de base d’ordi amb girasol i soja) y fonts d’arabinoxilans solubles (fórmula de base trigo, segó d’arròs i germen de dacsa amb gira-sol i soja). Es van utilitzar 12 porques buides amb un pes viu inicial de 123,2±8,33 kg. Els animals es van allotjar en gàbies de digestibilitat durant 8 períodes experimentals de 2 setmanes de duració cada u: 10 dies d’adaptació als pinsos experimentals i 4 dies de recollida de mostres. Els animals es pesaren a l’inici i al final de cada període i durant tot el període experimental es va controlar el consum de pinso. Durant els 4 dies de recollida el total de excrements produïts se va recollir i pesar cada 24 h. A partir de les mostres de pinso, s’analitzà la MS, cendres (cen), PB, extracte eteri (EE), fibra bruta (FB), midó (AL), la Fibra Neutra Detergent (FND), Fibra Àcid Detergent (FAD), Lignina (LAD), Fibra Dietaria Total (FDT), Fibra Dietaria Soluble (FDS) y la proteïna lligada a fibra. A partir de les mostres d’excrements individuals recollits durant el balanç de digestibilitat, s’analitzà la EB, MS i PB. A partir d’un pool d’excrements per tractament, es realitzaren les determinacions de MS, EE, FND, FAD i FDT. No van existir diferencies significatives en el pes viu i el consum medi diari (CMD) entre els diferents pinsos. La composició analitzada dels p

[EN] Pig slurry is a valuable fertilizer for crop production but at the same time its management may pose environmental risks. Slurry samples were collected from 77 commercial farms of four animal categories (gestating and lactating sows, nursery piglets and growing pigs) and analyzed for macronutrients, micronutrients, heavy metals and volatile fatty acids. Emissions of ammonia (NH3) and biochemical methane potential (BMP) were quantified. Slurry electrical conductivity, pH, dry matter content and ash content were also determined. Data analysis included an analysis of correlations among variables, the development of predictionmodels for gaseousemissions and the analysis of nutritional content of slurries for crop production. Descriptive information is provided in this work and shows a wide range of variability in all studied variables. Animal category affected some physicochemical parameters, probably as a consequence of different slurry management and use of cleaning water. Slurries from gestating sows and growing pigs tended to be more concentrated in nutrients, whereas the slurry from lactating sows and nursery piglets tended to be more diluted. Relevant relationships were found among slurry characteristics expressed in fresh basis and gas emissions. Predictivemodels using on-farmmeasurable parameterswere obtained forNH3 (R2 = 0.51) andCH4 (R2 = 0.76), which suggests that BMP may be estimated in commercial farms from easily determined slurry characteristics. Finally, slurry nutrient composition was highly variable. Therefore, complete analyses of slurries should be performed for an effective and environmental friendly land application.

[EN] Standardized measurement protocols are required to reduce ammonia (NH3) emissions. In vitro measurement of NH3 emissions consists in trapping the emission from an emitting source in an acidic solution under controlled conditions. The objective of this study was to assess the in vitro NH3 measurement method from pig slurry with acid wet traps, as regards to the following: (i) the variation between replicates of NH3 emissions measured in vitro, (ii) the relationships between partial and accumulated emissions, and (iii) the reduction of measurement frequency. For this study, a total of 60 pig slurry samples from different animal types (sows and growing animals) were collected from commercial farms. The coefficient of variation among replicates of accumulated NH3 emission during 15 days was 6.73 %. Emissions tended to decrease with time, and an average reduction of NH3 emissions about 16 % was found in the period 96-240 h with respect to the 0-96-h period. However, samples continued emitting considerable amounts of NH3 after 360 h. Linear regression models allowed predicting emissions accumulated for 15 days using only the first 8 days (R-2 > 0.90). Reducing NH3 measurement frequency (from 24 to 48 h) did not significantly affect measured emissions (P > 0.05). The results of this study confirm that replication of measurements is required and a coefficient of variation of 10 % may be established as quality control requirement. The study also suggests that reducing the duration and frequency of measurements is a tangible option to simplify this methodology.

[EN] The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of a new phytase produced by Pichia pastoris from a single gene of Serratia odorifera on performance (egg production, feed intake and feed conversion) and phosphorus utilization rates (P) and other nutrients determining the minimum of two new enzyme effective dose ages. Experiments were carried out with 240 hens Lohmann Brown line 16 weeks of life. These hens were assigned to five experimental treatments consisting on a control diet and four experimental diets that differed in the levels of the new enzyme (phytase units were assigned (UFT) / kg feed). The treatments were: C (control, without phytase and low P), 250 (C-250 UFT / kg feed), 500 (C-500 UFT / kg feed), 1000 (C- with 1000 UFT / kg feed) and 10,000 (10,000 C- UFT / kg feed). During the experiment a nutrient balance (fecal level) at 25 weeks of age and another nutrient balance (fecal and ileal level) at 30 weeks of age was performed. Thus the utilization ratio of calcium (Ca) and P, dry matter (DM), organic matter (OM), protein (CP) and energy (EB) was calculated. In addition, egg production and feed conversion (IT) and the average daily feed intake (CMD) were studied. No significant differences with the addition of phytase in the performance parameters (weight of animal, CMD, egg production, egg weight, mass and IT) relative to negative control were observed. With 25 week old hens, the addition of phytase improved (P <0.05) the rate of use of MS with 1,000 UFT / kg, the coefficient of digestibility of OM, CP and Ca 250 UFT / kg and the P 500 UFT / kg based on feed without phytase. With 30 week old hens, the addition of phytase improved (P <0.05) coefficient for DM, OM and P 1,000 UFT / kg and the coefficient of digestibility of Ca 10,000 UFT / kg compared to the feed without phytase. Adding 500 UFT / kg improved retention of Ca and P in 25 week old hens. Adding 1,000 UFT / kg improved retention of P in 30 week old hens. Mineral excretion was not signi, [ES] El objetivo del presente estudio fue evaluar la eficacia de una nueva fitasa producida por Pichia pastoris a partir de un gen aislado de Serratia odorifera sobre los rendimientos productivos (producción de huevos, consumo de pienso e índice de transformación) y los coeficientes de utilización del fósforo (P) y de otros nutrientes determinando la dosis eficaz mínima de esta nueva enzima a dos edades. La experimentación se realizó con 240 gallinas de la línea Lohmann Brown de 16 semanas de vida. A estas gallinas se asignaron 5 tratamientos experimentales que consistieron en un pienso control y cuatro piensos experimentales que diferían entre sí en los niveles de la nueva enzima (unidades de fitasa (UFT)/kg de pienso). Los tratamientos fueron: C- (control, sin fitasa y con niveles bajos de P), 250 (C- con 250 UFT/kg de pienso), 500 (C- con 500 UFT/kg de pienso), 1.000 (C- con 1.000 UFT/ kg de pienso) y 10.000 (C- con 10.000 UFT/kg de pienso). Durante el experimento se realizó un balance de nutrientes a nivel fecal a las 25 semanas de vida y otro balance de nutrientes fecal e ileal a las 30 semanas de vida. Con ello se calculó el coeficiente de utilización de nutrientes del calcio (Ca) y P, materia seca (MS), materia orgánica (MO), proteína (PB) y energía (EB). Además, se estudió la producción de huevos e índice de Transformación (IT) y el Consumo medio diario (CMD). No se observaron diferencias significativas con la adición de fitasas en los parámetros productivos (peso del animal, CMD, producción de huevos, peso del huevo, masa e IT) respecto al control negativo. En gallinas de 25 semanas, la adición de fitasa mejoró (P <0,05) el coeficiente de utilización de la MS con 1.000 UFT/kg, el coeficiente de utilización de la MO, PB y Ca con 250 UFT/kg y el del P con 500 UFT/kg respecto al pienso sin fitasa. En gallinas de 30 semanas, la adición de fitasa mejoró (P <0,05) el coeficiente de utilización de la MS, MO y el P con 1.000 UFT/kg y el coeficiente de utilización d

[EN] Nutritional strategies in pig production are of utmost relevance in the reduction of the impact on the environment. The objective of this study was to assess the effect of the inclusion of an unreliable source of digestible fat (palm calcium soaps) at 3 levels (0, 3.5 and 7.0%) and their interaction with a source of fermentable fiber (citrus pulp, CP) in pig feed bait on emissions of ammonia (NH3) and methane (CH4) derived from slurry. It also seeks to quantify the volume and evaluate the chemical characteristics of the slurry. For this, 30 boars Pietrain x (Landrace x Largewhite) were used with an initial weight of 52.8 ± 8.5 kg. These were assigned to 5 treatment (n = 6) in 3 consecutive rounds. The experimental period lasted 21 days: 14 days of adaptation and 7 day sampling period. During the experimental period, the production parameters were recorded and the volume of feces, urine and slurry produced was measured. In addition, potential NH3 emissions were measured in dynamic camera 11 days. Production potential of CH4 at 30 days and CH4 production per animal per day was also measured. Overall, no differences in growth performance between treatments. The inclusion of calcium soap of palm feed resulted in an increase (P = 0.002) of the volume of excreted feces daily. However, the inclusion of CP did not result in differences in fecal output between treatments. The amount of urine excreted by the animals and reconstituted slurry volumes were not significantly different between treatments. An increased level of calcium soaps in feed and the addition or not of CP did not change the initial composition of manure in terms of total solids, volatile solids and pH. However, increasing the proportion of calcium soaps in feed from 3.5 to 7% increased the concentration of volatile fatty acids, especially acetic acid (P = 0.018) and propionic acid (P = 0.088), indicating fermentation activity of this fat in the intestine. A negative effect (P <0.05) in the level of adde, [ES] Las estrategias nutricionales en la producción porcina son de suma relevancia frente a la reducción del impacto causado sobre el medio ambiente. El objetivo de este estudio fue valorar el efecto de la inclusión de una fuente de grasa poco digestible (jabones cálcicos de palma) a 3 niveles (0, 3,5 y 7,0%) y su interacción con una fuente de fibra fermentable (pulpa cítrica, CP) en piensos de porcino de cebo sobre las emisiones de amoniaco ( y metano ( derivadas de los purines. Asimismo, se pretende cuantificar el volumen y evaluar las características químicas de las deyecciones. Para ello, se utilizaron 30 cerdos machos enteros Pietrain x (Landrace x Largewhite) con un peso inicial de 52,8 ± 8,5 kg. Éstos fueron asignados a 5 tratamientos (n = 6) en 3 tandas consecutivas. El periodo experimental fue de 21 días: 14 días de adaptación y 7 días de periodo de recogida de muestras. Durante el periodo experimental, se registraron los parámetros productivos y se midió el volumen de las heces, orina y purín producido. Además, se midieron las emisiones potenciales de NH3 en cámara dinámica a 11 días. También se midió el potencial de producción de CH4 a 30 días y la producción de CH4 por animal y día. En general, no se observaron diferencias en los parámetros productivos entre tratamientos. La inclusión de jabón cálcico de palma en los piensos dio lugar a un aumento (P = 0,002) del volumen de heces excretado al día. Sin embargo, la inclusión de CP no dio lugar a diferencias en la producción de heces entre tratamientos. La cantidad de orina excretada por los animales y los volúmenes de purín reconstituido no fueron significativamente diferentes entre tratamientos. Un incremento del nivel de jabones cálcicos en los piensos y la adición o no de CP no modificó la composición inicial del purín en términos de sólidos totales, sólidos volátiles y pH. Sin embargo, el incremento de la proporción de jabones cálcicos en los piensos de un 3,5 a un 7% incrementó la concentración de áci

The objective of this study was to compare co-located real-time light scattering devices and equivalent gravimetric samplers in poultry and pig houses for PM10 mass concentration, and to develop animal-specific calibration factors for light scattering samplers. These results will contribute to evaluate the comparability of different sampling instruments for PM10, concentrations. Paired DustTrak light scattering device (DustTrak aerosol monitor, TSI, U.S.) and PM10 gravimetric cyclone sampler were used for measuring PM10 mass concentrations during 24 h periods (from noon to noon) inside animal houses. Sampling was conducted in 32 animal houses in the Netherlands, including broilers, broiler breeders, layers in floor and in aviary system, turkeys, piglets, growing-finishing pigs in traditional and low emission housing with dry and liquid feed, and sows in individual and group housing. A total of 119 pairs of 24 h measurements (55 for poultry and 64 for pigs) were recorded and analyzed using linear regression analysis. Deviations between samplers were calculated and discussed. In poultry, cyclone sampler and DustTrak data fitted well to a linear regression, with a regression coefficient equal to 0.41, an intercept of 0.16 mg m(-3) and a correlation coefficient of 0.91 (excluding turkeys). Results in turkeys showed a regression coefficient equal to 1.1 (P = 0.49), an intercept of 0.06 mg m(-3) (P < 0.0001) and a correlation coefficient of 0.98. In pigs, we found a regression coefficient equal to 0.61, an intercept of 0.05 mg m(-3) and a correlation coefficient of 0.84. Measured PM10 concentrations using DustTraks were clearly underestimated (approx. by a factor 2) in both poultry and pig housing systems compared with cyclone pre-separators. Absolute, relative, and random deviations increased with concentration. DustTrak light scattering devices should be self-calibrated to investigate PM10 mass concentrations accurately in animal houses. We recommend linear regression e

The application of disinfectant thermo-nebulised into the air of laying hen houses to reduce airborne microorganisms was evaluated with emphasis on its effect on Mycoplasma gallisepticum. Two air disinfectant tests were conducted in two identical laying hen houses. One of the houses was used as the treatment, whereas the other was used as a control. Airborne microorganisms were sampled before, 1 h and 6 h after disinfection. Prior to disinfection, outdoor and indoor environmental conditions, temporal concentrations of particulate matter (PM10 and PM2.5), and the spatial distribution of airborne microorganisms were measured. The average pre-disinfection concentration for PM2.5 was 0.024 ± 0.025 mg m−3 and for PM10 was 0.546 ± 0.377 mg m−3, showing high proportions of particles from feathers and manure. The concentration of airborne mesophilic aerobic bacteria ranged from 4.1 to 5.7 log colony forming units, CFU m−3. No differences were obtained between sampling height and sampling in corridors. Under the test conditions, air disinfection using wide spectrum thermo-nebulised disinfectant was not effective in reducing the concentration of mesophilic aerobic bacteria, Enterobacteriaceae and M. gallisepticum in the air. Mycoplasma spp. was confirmed by qPCR on cage surfaces and chicken's feathers before and after disinfection. The presence of outdoor Mycoplasma spp. suggests that inlet air could be a source of entry of this pathogen. Further information on the relationship between PM and airborne microorganisms and their behaviour in the air are necessary to design adequate techniques to reduce them in livestock houses.

[EN] LinkedIn professional social network was used as a common platform for exposure, discussion and analysis of information. Its use can facilitate collaborative learning of students, stimulate their motivation and enhance their professional career project. The study was conducted in three subjects of the Master in Animal Production at the Universitat Politècnica de València during 2014-2015 academic year. The specific objectives were: i) to create a virtual learning community, ii) to facilitate student’s active participation, iii) to enhance teacher-student and student-student interactions, iv) to promote critical thinking, and v) to encourage the use of this professional network that favors student’s professional career plan. Four actions based on the development and maintenance of a LinkedIn group and the ellaboration of a heading of critical thinking were established. The achievement of the objectives was assessed by the instrinsic network’s activity, as well as by quantitative and qualitative evaluations and a survey of self perception. All students created and used their profile regularly. Discussion topics were proposed, assessing student’s participation during the study. The difficulty of evaluating the development of critical thinking was demonstrated., [ES] Se utilizó la red social profesional LinkedIn como una plataforma común de exposición, discusión y análisis de contenidos. Su uso puede facilitar el aprendizaje colaborativo de los alumnos, estimular su motivación y potenciar su proyecto de carrera profesional. La experiencia se llevó a cabo en tres asignaturas obligatorias del Máster en Producción Animal de la Universitat Politècnica de València durante el curso 2014-2015. Los objetivos específicos fueron: i) crear una comunidad de aprendizaje virtual, ii) facilitar la participación activa de los alumnos, iii) fomentar la interacción profesor-alumno y alumno-alumno, iv) potenciar el pensamiento crítico y v) potenciar el uso de una red profesional que favorezca el proyecto de carrera profesional de los alumnos. Para ello se establecieron 4 acciones basadas en la creación y mantenimiento de un grupo LinkedIn y el desarrollo de una rúbrica de evaluación del pensamiento crítico. La consecución de los objetivos se evaluó mediante la propia actividad de la red, así como evaluaciones cuantitativas y cualitativas y una encuesta de autopercepción. Todos los alumnos crearon y utilizaron su perfil de forma regular. Se propusieron temas de debate, valorando la participación del alumno durante la experiencia. Igualmente, quedó evidenciada la dificultad de evaluar el desarrollo del pensamiento crítico.

[EN] This study covers 5 years of systematic surveys of self-perception of students about some core skills. The study incudes all students of 3rd year of Agricultural Engineering (currently Graduate on Agricultural and Rural Engineering), during the subject “Technologies of animal production”. The main objective was to gather information in order to design specific activities for developing core skills during this subject. We also tried to identify changes occurred in the students during the transition to the new study plans. After several courses conducting informal surveys, from course 2010-2011 a common survey model was answered by the students. The survey consists of 27 questions on a Likert scale of 5 levels. As a result, and considering the limitations of this kind of surveys, a general overview of the evolution of different skills was obtained. The results of this survey were essential to properly design the subject during this transition to the new plans. According to the survey results, we covered some detected deficiencies (e.g. use of AutoCad) and this contributed to maintain very positive subject indicators: approval rate over 80% and positive evaluation (between 8 and 9) by students in official surveys, [ES] Este estudio recoge los resultados de 5 años de encuestas sistemáticas de autopercepción del alumno sobre determinadas competencias transversales. El estudio incluye todos los alumnos de 3er curso de Ingeniero Agrónomo (actualmente, graduado en Ingeniería Agronómica y del Medio Rural), cursando la asignatura “Tecnología de la Producción Animal”. El objetivo inicial era disponer de información para diseñar las actividades de adquisición de competencias transversales en la mencionada asignatura, reflejando además los cambios derivados del proceso de adaptación al nuevo grado. Tras varios cursos realizando encuestas informales, desde el curso 2010-2011 y hasta la actualidad se ha mantenido el mismo modelo de encuesta basado en 27 preguntas valoradas con escala Likert de 5 niveles. Como resultado, y considerando las correspondientes limitaciones de las encuestas de autopercepción, se ha obtenido una visión general de la evolución de distintas competencias transversales en los últimos 5 años. Además, los resultados de dichas encuestas han sido esenciales para planificar la asignatura en el proceso de cambio a los grados, cubriendo deficiencias detectadas (p.ej. redacción de informes o uso de AutoCad), y contribuyendo a mantener unos indicadores muy positivos (tasa de aprobados superior al 80%, valoración de las encuestas oficiales a los alumnos sobre el profesorado cercana a 9).