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El cultivar de alcachofa más cultivado en España es “Blanca de Tudela” multiplicado a través de zuecas o estacas. También se reproduce mediante zueca el cv. Calicó, cultivar tardía de gran calibre destinada al mercado de exportación. En ambos casos se está observando un grave problema de descenso en los rendimientos del cultivo, debido principalmente a marras de plantación y al decaimiento del vigor de las plantas. El objetivo de este trabajo fue estudiar el comportamiento agronómico de cultivares de características similares a las anteriores propagadas por semilla. Se emplearon en el ensayo 10 cultivares de semilla comparándolos con Blanca de Tudela y Calicó multiplicados por zueca, durante la campaña 2016-17, en una parcela experimental en la que se había cultivado alcachofa durante 15 años, con desinfección mediante solarización anual. También estudiamos la influencia que ejerce sobre el ciclo productivo de estas cultivares de semilla la aplicación de ácido giberélico (AG3). De entre los cultivares estudiados, Sambo F1, del tipo “Calicó”, resultó más productivo y precoz que el “Calicó” multiplicado por estaca. Del tipo “Blanca de Tudela” los mejores resultados en cuanto a producción y calidad del capítulo los obtuvo el cv. Symphony F1, de media estación, el cual inicia las recolecciones más tarde y concentra el periodo de recolección en menos tiempo. Entre los del tipo “Imperial Star”, Nova G-6 fue el más productivo, más precoz y con menos trazas violetas en la base del capítulo. De los violetas, el cv. Opera, resultó algo tardío, de color muy atractivo y gran calidad. En general, se ha obtenido una mayor productividad de varios de los cultivares de semilla ensayados respecto a los testigos y una gran influencia sobre la precocidad en la aplicación de ácido giberélico sobre las cultivares más tempranas. Los resultados de estos trabajos confirman que se pueden compensar los problemas de cultivo, que aparecen en suelos donde se reitera la producción de alcachofa, con empleo de los nuevos cultivares y la desinfección de suelos.

In this study, clothing items recorded in Nappyemulmok (納幣物目) and Ugwimulmok (于歸物目) in the early 20th century were examined. These clothing items were recorded on the lists of goods for wedding gifts from the 1910s to the 1930s. A large quantity of these lists were organized into eight categories by analyzing the fabrics of each item of clothing. Representative fabrics used for skirts and Jeogori (such as Myeongju, 明紬) were used widely. Jeoksam was mostly made with ramie fabric. Pants mostly used cotton such as Dangmok, Mumyung, and calico, with some use of silk. Gojaengi mostly used cotton such as Dangmok, Mumyung, and calico, with some use of ramie. Danui (單衣) used silk fabrics such Pparinseu, Myeongju, and Gyoju for decorative features that were revealed when rolled up. Naeui (內衣) is believed to be the closest underclothes to the body, and Mumyung was mostly used. Dangmok and calico were used for the Yodae (腰帶) and fabrics such as silk, Nobangju, and JuhangNa were used for outdoor use. This type of categorization is significant, as it can be used as academic evidence to verify and reproduce the clothing of the time by identifying fabrics, colors, and characteristics of certain items of clothing. Lastly, it is expected that the analysis of clothing will provide theoretical data in the same way that movies, dramas, and museum exhibitions feature modern traditional weddings.

Aunque la mecanización y las nuevas fuentes de energía asociadas a la Revolución Industrial evidenciaron, más que nunca, el “problema” del trabajo infantil fabril, también en la Barcelona preindustrial existió una honda preocupación respecto al rol laboral de los niños en cuanto principal agente moralizador de la infancia de los pobres. Básicamente, los discursos y las preocupaciones giraban en torno al lugar, es decir, dónde debían trabajar los menores, hecho derivado del temor que infundía entre las élites la imagen de una infancia “descarriada” inmersa en la promiscuidad social de las nuevas industrias emergentes, como las indianas, alejadas del control gremial.Para llevar a cabo este estudio he recurrido a un amplio abanico de testimonios que abordan la problemática del trabajo infantil en la Barcelona del siglo XVIII, desde los círculos ilustrados a la Iglesia, pasando por las nuevas organizaciones industriales de los sectores emergentes y las instituciones de la ciudad

The coat color of cats is normally governed by genes found on the X chromosome in both male chromosome XY and female chromosome XX. The meiosis failure in the process of gametogenesis leads to the birth of three-colored male cats caused by an excess of the X chromosome in the male chromosome type XY. The chromosome structure of three-color male cats, called male calico cats, appeared similar to the XXY Klinefelter’s syndrome in human. Mathematical modeling and investigation of the factors that influence the infrequency of male calico cats are our main objectives of this paper. In addition, we also discuss the possible contributions and strategies to overcome the scarcity of these cats. We construct a mathematical model based on a combination of genes in the chromosome that regulates the color of cat coat on the fertilization process. The mathematical model is given as a six-dimensional system of differential equations. Sensitivity analysis is used to investigate the important parameters in the existence of male calico cats. Our finding states that the probability of normal male cats meiosis is a crucial parameter in the maintenance of the existence of male calico cats. Furthermore, one of the strategies that we could recommend in maintaining the existence of male calico cats is minimizing the value of the successful meiosis probability of normal male cats.

This paper discusses the effects of thickness, mass per unit area, sett, yarn linear density and twist of calico fabrics (100% cotton, plain woven) on the morphology of passive bloodstains. Horse blood was dropped vertically onto three calico fabrics with different mass per unit areas (85.1 g/m², 163.5 g/m² and 224.6 g/m²). Six different impact velocities were used (1.7 ms−1, 2.9 ms−1, 4.1 ms−1, 4.9 ms−1, 5.1 ms−1 and 5.4 ms−1). The dry bloodstains were largest on the calico with the lightest mass per unit area. The low yarn linear density and large inter-yarn spaces meant that the blood could wick into the yarns from all directions and along the intra-yarn spaces. The calico with the middle mass per unit area had the smallest mean dry bloodstain area for four out of the six velocities. The twist level for this calico was greater than for the calicos with a heavier or lighter mass per unit area. This reduced the amount of wicking which occurred along the yarns due to the tighter yarn structure. The calico with the heaviest mass per unit area had the highest yarn linear density resulting in a thicker fabric, so the blood could not as easily penetrate into the fabric. This resulted in a thicker wet blood layer remaining on the fabric surface, where it gradually wicked vertically into the yarns under gravity. Less wicking along the yarns occurred, resulting in a smaller bloodstain than on the fabric with the lightest mass per unit area. The correlation between impact velocity and mean dry bloodstain area was greater for the calicos with the medium and heaviest mass per unit area than for the calico with the lightest mass per unit area. For the calicos with the medium and heaviest mass per unit area, the distance the blood spread laterally at impact, which increased with the increase in impact velocity, had a greater influence on the dry bloodstain area than the amount of wicking.

John Mercer (1791–1866) was a pioneering textile and colour chemist with a legacy of achievements. His invention of mercerising that bears his name, treating cellulosics with sodium hydroxide to bring about advantageous changes in fibre and fabric properties, will stand for all time as one of the most important textile chemical treatments ever developed. However, Mercer's contributions to the textiles and coloration industries went far beyond mercerisation. A self‐taught chemical experimentalist par excellence, his keen observations and interest in calico printing led to many novel developments, such as his work on Chrome Yellow and other ‘mineral colours’. Mercer developed new methods for fixing Prussian Blue on calico and wool, developed new mordants for dyeing, improved the extraction of carminic acid from cochineal, and improved the oiling process in Turkey Red dyeing. He saved lives with his research into early antimicrobials, preventing the spread of cholera in textile villages in Lancashire. Mercer was an unsung hero of early photography, and developed light‐sensitive imaging materials and made some of the earliest recorded monochromatic colour photographs. His forward‐looking views on technical education, that workers in the industry should be fully instructed in the nature of the various substances used in their arts, later came to fruition in the establishment of the textile departments in Manchester, Leeds and Glasgow. To this day, Mercer remains the only textile chemist who has ever been elected as a Fellow of the Royal Society since 1852. He is thus quite rightly considered as the Father of Textile Chemistry.

5G applications with ultra-high reliability and low latency requirements necessitate the adoption of edge computing solutions in mobile networks. Container orchestration frameworks like Kubernetes (K8s) have further emerged as the preferred standard to dynamically deploy edge applications on demand of end-users and third-party companies. Unfortunately, complex networking and security concerns have been highlighted as challenges that impede the successful adoption of container technology by the industry. The security challenge is exacerbated by (mis-)conceptions that secure inter-container communication comes at the cost of performance, yet both requirements are vital for 5G edge-computing use cases. Pursuing low-overhead security solutions, this paper investigates network policies, the K8s concept for controlling network isolation between tenants. We evaluate performance overheads of eBPF -based solutions by Calico and Cilium, and analyze the security of network policies, highlighting security threats to network policies and outline corresponding state-of-the-art solutions. Our assessment shows that network policies are a suitable low-overhead security solution for low-latency inter-container communication. ispartof: pages:407-412 ispartof: 2021 Joint European Conference on Networks and Communications & 6G Summit (EuCNC/6G Summit) pages:407-412 ispartof: European Conference on Networks and Communications location:Porto, Portugal date:8 Jun - 11 Jun 2021 status: published

The spatiotemporal link between large-scale continental crustal extension and magmatic activity has been identified by numerous past studies, yet commonly the details of these associations remain unresolved. This study in the central Mojave metamorphic core complex (CMMCC) of southern California (USA) presents new geologic mapping, stratigraphic interpretations, and 40Ar/39Ar geochronology of the Jackhammer and Pickhandle Formations in the northern Calico Mountains to provide additional age constraints on the relative timing of early Miocene volcanism, deposition, and extension. The Jackham­mer Formation, the oldest Tertiary stratigraphic unit, is nonconformable with pre-Cenozoic nonmylonitic metasedimentary and plutonic basement rocks and consists primarily of alluvial deposits and primary to reworked silicic tuffs, interbedded locally with basement-derived avalanche megabreccia, lacustrine limestone, and mafic lava; in addition, the “Mammut ignimbrite”, an ~130-m-thick crystal-rich welded lapilli tuff, is exposed only in the eastern part of the study area and appears to transition laterally into thinner, nonwelded lapilli tuff ~6 km to the west. The Pickhandle Formation conformably overlies the Jackhammer Formation and consists of: (1) a lower assemblage composed of reddish monomictic debris-flow breccias with porphyritic rhyodacitic clasts and silicic block-and-ash-flow deposits of sim­ilar composition; and (2) an upper assemblage of polymictic (metaplutonic basement and rhyodacite) alluvial deposits, primary to reworked lapilli tuff, and local rhyodacitic lava and block-and-ash flows. Rhyodacitic lava domes were emplaced during the final stages of Pickhandle Formation deposition, primarily intruded along preexisting normal fault zones. Sedimentary and volcanic lithofacies suggest that the Jackhammer and Pickhandle Formations were deposited in a volcanic vent–proximal alluvial fan system that formed within a half-graben basin bounded on the east by the southwest-dipping “Amphitheatre fault”. Growth strata within the hanging-wall deposits, primarily southwest-directed paleocurrents, and interbedded alluvial debris-flow, basement-derived megabreccia, and lacustrine deposits adjacent to this fault suggest synextensional deposition in an intra-hanging-wall basin that developed during upper-plate extension in the CMMCC. New 40Ar/39Ar ages for six samples of silicic pyroclastic flows and a lava dome from the synextensional Pickhandle and Jackhammer Formations in the Calico Mountains have a mean age of 20.10 ± 0.06 Ma. This age is 3–4 m.y. younger than the maximum age of initial extension determined by previous studies in other areas of the central Mojave, suggesting that CMMCC extension was not a synchronous large-magnitude regional event. Rather, extension and contemporaneous volcanism was more localized and asynchronous across the region, occurring in many smaller extensional basins that eventually culminated in exposure of the CMMCC mylonitic footwall rocks.

The article is dedicated to a bad-studied problem in domestic science related to the industrial production of clothing and the use of Ukrainian embroidery. A significant contribution to the development of traditional Ukrainian clothing and decoration was made by fashion designers of the Kyiv House of Fashion Models (KНFM), which began its activity in 1944. Thanks to specialist artists, in difficult conditions, modern models of that time were developed based on Ukrainian traditional clothing. The outfits were created in the light industry and “Ukrkhudozhprom”. It is noted that Ukrainian embroidery was an integral part of Ukrainian clothing, and, over time, industry. In Kyiv, in June 1970, the All-Union Institute of Assortment of Products of the Ministry of Light Industry of the Ukrainian SSR held an artistic and technical council to inspect youth fashion. The members of the Artistic and Technical Council reviewed the models proposed by 34 sewing enterprises and 6 Model Houses of Ukraine. The holding of this event made it possible to introduce the fashion trends of the decade in life. The artists of the Kyiv House of Fashion Models actively introduced and used traditional national clothing elements, combining elements of modern fashion of the time. Analyzing the state of embroidery and the use of traditional Ukrainian cut in modern clothes of the 70s of the twentieth century in KНFM, we can note that in youth clothes, fashion designers used traditional cut, embroidery, decor, similar to the national costumes of all regions of Ukraine. Models of elongated women's dresses made of woolen fabrics changed, in girls' coarse calico sets a shirt cut with a stand-up collar and short sleeves prevailed. The directions of the cut were maintained in the length of the blouses to the waist, with the use of folk motifs of Ukrainian embroidery. Straight and extended skirts to the bottom emphasized the waist and were gathered on an elastic band, belt or bodice. The coat was created on the basis of the cut of the Ukrainian scrolls in a straight silhouette with set-in sleeves, the hood passed into a collar with tassels and was also decorated based on elements of Ukrainian folk embroidery, which was carried out with a chain stitch in black, red, yellow and green colors. Industrial production demonstrated a high level of fashion design. Fashion shows, which were held by Model Houses twice a year, served as a source of inspiration for specialists of Ukrainian light industry enterprises and Ukrkhudozhprom. The implementation of thematic and compositionally completed creative projects by the enterprises guided and coordinated the activities of the garment, textile, knitwear industry. The organization of labor at all stages of production emphasizes the relevance of defining the problem, due to the need to preserve Ukrainian authenticity, research and popularize the features of creating modern products in the direction of artistic crafts, such as artistic embroidery, which is the oldest type of folk art.

In the 1970s, choreographer Lucinda Childs developed a reductive form of abstraction based on graphic representations of her dance material, walking, and a specific approach towards its embodiment. If her work has been described through the prism of minimalism, this case study on Calico Mingling (1973) proposes a different perspective. Based on newly available archival documents in Lucinda Childs&rsquo, s papers, it traces how track drawing, the planimetric representation of path across the floor, intersected with minimalist aesthetics. On the other hand, it elucidates Childs&rsquo, s distinctive use of literacy in order to embody abstraction. In this respect, the choreographer&rsquo, s approach to both dance company and dance technique converge at different influences, in particular modernism and minimalism, two parallel histories which have been typically separated or opposed.

CALICO pour ’CAre and LIving in COmmunity’ (Prendre soin et vivre en communauté) est un projet innovant qui combine un habitat collectif abordable et un nouveau modèle de soins de proximité. Envisageant l’habitat groupé solidaire comme un socle d’émancipation, d’entraide et de qualité de vie pour ses habitant·e·s et leur quartier, le projet ouvre de nouvelles perspectives dans la conception du logement social. Soutenu dans le cadre des Urban Innovative Actions (UIA, Fonds européen FEDER), le projet bénéficie à ce titre d’un cofinancement européen de 5 millions d’euros. Les principaux porteurs du projet sont la Région de Bruxelles-Capitale à travers son administration « Brussels Logement » et le Community Land Trust Bruxelles. Ceux-ci ont réuni un consortium de sept autres partenaires publics1, associatifs et académiques2, pour le montage et le suivi du projet. Démarrée en novembre 2018, la période de financement européen prendra fin en octobre 2021. L’emménagement des habitant·e·s est prévu en mai 2021.

In order to promote the industrial and cultural Renaissance of rural areas, the spatial carrier beneficial to the protection and development of intangible cultural heritage should be rationally planned. Through the coupling relationship between intangible cultural heritage protection and the spatial carrier of village culture, the cultural connotation of intangible cultural heritage should be deconstructed and applied to the design of the spatial carrier of village. Through the full integration of blue calico, an intangible culture, and its spatial carrier, the benign development of culture and space can be formed from the perspectives of cultural reconstruction, spatial scale, temporal scale, lifestyle and new functions. Under the background of rural revitalization, the cultural connotation and characteristics of the villages should be improved, and an effective way to protect the intangible cultural heritage should be explored at the same time.

With the Tanzimat Edict, the Ottoman Empire initiated a policy that aimed at promoting the development of state-subsidized industry, building factories to engage in production using traditional methods to shore up the economy. To this end, the Bursa Silk Factory, the Feshane Fez Factory, the Izmit Broadcloth Factory, the Veliefendi Calico Factory and the Hereke Cloth Factory were founded and supported by the state. Non-Muslim Armenians and Greeks made up a significant proportion of the workforce in these factories. For a limited period of time, through the Bank Ministry of Industry and Mining, the state helped to meet some of the basic needs of the Hereke Factory – which was an important institution in terms of its engagement in the Republican drive to create a national industrial base. The provided support took the form of subsidized loans to promote product diversification and to allow modernization of the machinery, as well as the employment of expert personnel to carry out production and maintenance tasks. Employing foreign workers became was an important component of the employment policy of the factory at the time with the increase in modern machinery and the occurrence of variation in production, as the machinery was modernized and products were diversified. This article evaluates the early-Republican policy of employing foreign workers and experts in Turkey, with particular focus on the case of the Hereke Cloth Factory.

CALL research, like other sub-fields in applied linguistics, has been dominated by explanatory, quantitative studies which aim to understand the effectiveness of technological innovations. Qualitative research in CALL, on the other hand, has received more attention in recent years, most evidently from the publications of two special issues on qualitative research in CALL by CALICO Journal (2015) and Language Learning & Technology (2018). The inherente strength of qualitative studies in CALL is that they celebrate depth of interpretation by focusing on specific contexts and a small number of participants. Yet this strength can sometimes be perceived as a limitation when transferability and applicability of findings are considered. However, this potential shortcoming can be overcome when findings of multiple studies are meaningfully synthesised, for example, in a qualitative research synthesis (QRS). QRS is a relatively new form of research synthesis in CALL which systematically summarises qualitative findings guided by research questions and a predetermined research protocol. To report current methodological practices and identify areas of strengths and weaknesses, this methodological review analyses the methodological sections of 16 QRS in CALL using a most recent, CALL-based QRS methodological framework comprising seven stages (Chong & Plonsky, 2021). Findings reported include length of methodological sections, implementation of the seven methodological stages, and convergent and divergent methodological practices. Suggestions, especially about qualitative data extraction and synthesis, are made in light of the findings.

The Thomas Hunt Morgan Medal recognizes lifetime contributions to the field of genetics. The 2020 recipient is David Botstein of Calico Labs and Princeton University, recognizing his multiple contributions to genetics, including the collaborative development of methods for defining genetic pathways, mapping genomes, and analyzing gene expression.

The bella moth, Utetheisa ornatrix (Linnaeus), is one of our most beautiful moths. Unlike most moths, which are nocturnal, the bella moth is diurnal and flies readily when disturbed. Therefore, it is more commonly seen than nocturnal species by the general public. This document is EENY-358 (IN644), one of a series of Featured Creatures from the Entomology and Nematology Department, UF/IFAS Extension. Original publication date October 2005. EENY358/IN644: Ornate Bella Moth, Rattlebox Moths Utetheisa ornatrix (Linnaeus) (Insecta: Lepidoptera: Erebidae: Arctiinae) (ufl.edu)

This article examines how law is implicated in the formation of place, and how place in turn can shape law. It is an empirical explication of Latour’s call for researchers to study the global through its local instantiations. Drawing upon recent theoretical work in both material culture studies and legal geography the article examines the interplay of law and material formations at one originating site, Sir Richard Arkwright’s Cromford Mills in Derbyshire in order to examine the creation and circulation of a new form of place in the late eighteenth century: the industrial scale cotton mill. It shows how a diverse range of legal elements ranging across patent law, the Calico Acts and ancient local Derbyshire lead mining laws all helped to shape that place-form, its proliferation across the United Kingdom, and ultimately further afield. In doing so the article conceptualises processes of localisation, translocalisation and thing-law by which the abstractions of both place-forms and law elements become activated through their pragmatic local emplacement. Whilst the case study concerns 200 year old place-making machinations, many of the spatio-legal articulations of Arkwright and his opponents have a surprisingly modern feel about them. The paper therefore advocates the benefits of a longitudinal, historical approach to the study of place-making, and in particular, calls for a greater attentiveness in legal geography to law’s role in the intentional formation of (work)places by their owners. \ud Keywords : legal geography; cotton; place; factory; Arkwright; Cromford; Lead mining

La Universidad Autónoma de Nicaragua (UNAN – Managua) desde la Facultad multidisciplinaria de Matagalpa y la Unión de campesinos organizados de San Dionisio (UCOSD) están realizando un diálogo transdisciplinario desde el año 2013. A través de una investigación acción participativa donde se están articulando diferentes niveles de grado y postgrado de la Universidad con las necesidades organizativas, productivas y ambientales de la organización campesina. Desde las carreras de ingeniería agronómica, economía y economía agrícola se ha dialogado con más de 300 familias campesinas organizadas en la subcuenca del río Cálico. En estos diálogos desde las 13 comunidades donde tienen presencia la UCOSD se ha detectado una enfermedad: la organización comunitaria ha muerto dejando paso a una burocracia administrativa que transforma poco a poco de un movimiento social campesino en una empresa prestadora de servicios campesinos. Las contradicciones que sufren los movimientos campesinos y las familias rurales dialogan con las propias contradicciones que sufre la Universidad en su quehacer investigativo y de extensión. Modelos jerárquicos de poder, visiones del conocimiento encontradas y poco respetuosas, inercias de transferencia y no escucha, dolores personales que cargan mochilas pesadas sobre sus estudiantes o sobre los hijos e hijas de los productores. Estas contradicciones nos ayudan a repensar los modelos de gobierno, los modelos de investigación y extensión y su articulación con docencia que debería impulsar una Universidad para enfrentar los retos y transformaciones de este siglo XXI. Rev. iberoam. bioecon. cambio clim. Vol. 1 num 2, 2015, pág. 52-74

This paper analyses the pedagogy connecting fashion students’ understanding of pattern making and garment construction through the project ‘How can a box become a garment’, implemented as an alternative novel approach for students new to pattern construction in how to transform 2D material into a 3D garment, creating unconventional shape and form. Using flattened boxes as a substitute for pattern pieces and working in pairs, students were briefed that there was no right or wrong response, but rather to focus on creating interesting 3D form. Working with a minimum of two boxes cut out in calico, students were encouraged to progress organically alternating between stitching random edges together and analysing the resulting shape on a mannequin until they deemed their garment complete. The research gathered highlights how alternative teaching approaches to creative pattern cutting can be complementary to traditional skills, in particular to students who find this area challenging.

This introduction to the Special Issue of the CALICO Journal positions research in Computer Assisted Language Learning (CALL) in the wider field of qualitative and quantitative approaches to research. It discusses the merits of the different approaches and links them to research paradigms that dominate the different subject areas constituting CALL research. The authors put forward arguments for the use of qualitative and mixed-method studies in CALL, claiming that not only the richness of data gathered through qualitative and mixed studies but also the epistemological stance of hermeneutic ‘understanding’ of the learner and learning can add descriptive breadth and theoretical depth to research and advance the field of CALL.

Catalonia was the only Mediterranean region among the early followers of the British industrial revolution. The roots of this process can be traced back to the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries when the Catalan economy became integrated into international trade, and a successful printed calico industry concentrated in the city of Barcelona. Although the factory system was largely adopted by the cotton industry in the 1840s, the diffusion of the spinning jenny in Catalonia had occurred earlier, in the 1790s. In line with Allen, this article explores whether relative factor prices played a role in the widespread adoption of the spinning jenny in Catalonia. First, series of real wages in Barcelona are supplied for the period 1500–1808. Second, the prices of labour and capital are compared and the potential profitability of the adoption of the spinning jenny is analysed. Findings show that although Catalonia was not a high wage economy in the way that Britain was in the second half of the eighteenth century, evidence from the cotton spinning sector confirms the relevance of relative factor prices in the adoption of new technology. Within the booming cotton sector after the 1780s, high wages created strong incentives for the adoption of the labour-saving spinning jenny.

Although the predominant literature usually places the origins of child exploitation on a large scale in the Industrial Revolution, the study of some forms of child labor in pre-industrial societies opens up new perspectives. This article analyses child labor in Barcelona calico factories during the eighteenth century and shows how some of the changing trends attributed to the Industrial Revolution, in fact, had already begun much earlier in this area of manufacturing. The article draws upon wages books, manufacturing correspondence, technical treaties, industrial statistics and the press as sources, and the results show that the great flexibility of child labor was the main attraction for factory owners, whose needs were changing and diverse. Other aspects, like high expectations of professional training and the contribution to households were other major causes of child labor exploitation in calico factories., A pesar de que la historiografía suele situar en la Revolución Industrial los orígenes de la explotación infantil a gran escala, el estudio de algunas modalidades de trabajo infantil en las sociedades preindustriales abre un nuevo campo de perspectivas y posibilidades pocas veces contempladas. Este artículo analiza el trabajo infantil en la indianería barcelonesa del setecientos y muestra cómo algunas de las «rupturas» atribuidas a la Revolución Industrial, en realidad, ya habían comenzado a fraguarse mucho antes en dicha industria manufacturera. Para ello, hemos recurrido a las listas salariales de las empresas del sector, la correspondencia fabril, las estadísticas oficiales, los tratados técnicos y la prensa. Los resultados obtenidos muestran que la gran flexibilidad del trabajo infantil fue el principal reclamo para una demanda cuyas necesidades eran cambiantes y diversas. Otros aspectos, como las buenas expectativas de formación y la contribución en las economías domésticas, muy alejada del pocket money, fueron otras de las causas principales del trabajo infantil en la indianería.

Annual landings of the calico scallop Argopecten gibbus fishery in the southeastern United States increased from less than 3,000 kg in 1959 to 19.5 million kg of adductor muscle meat in 1984. The fishery began to collapse in early 1986 in Florida and fell below 1 million kg/year in the mid-1990s. From 2002 through 2011, the only reported landings were 550 kg in 2009, but annual landings of less than 200,000 kg beginning in 2012 indicate the resource rebounded enough in that year to create renewed interest in the fishery. When the fishery was developing, the National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS) sponsored 59 cruises (1956 through the mid-1970s) to map the distribution of the stock and found the calico scallop stocks on Florida's east coast principally occurred around the 40-m depth contour near the shelf break. By the early 1980s, surveys were no longer routinely conducted. Two surveys in the mid-1990s were dedicated to investigating the collapse of the stock. The present study consisted of eigh...

Georgia O’Keefe (1887-1986), Cow’s Skull with Calico Roses, 1931 Oil on canvas, 91,4 x 61 cm (36 x 24 in.). Alfred Stiegliz Collection, gift of Georgia O’Keeffe, 1947.712. Artists’s © The Art Institute of Chicago. Photo credit: The Art Institute of Chicago / Art Resource, NY * Introduction: Faraway / Nearby En entrant dans les galeries de The Age of Anxiety le spectateur se trouvait pour ainsi dire nez à nez avec un crâne de vache desséché, orné d’une fleur derrière une corne, et d’une deuxi...