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Sleep disorders increase the symptoms of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). The aim of this study was to investigate whether or not sleep related problems give rise to symptoms of attention deficit and hyperactivity-impulsivity in university students.The 252 university students between the ages of 18-25 years included in the study were assessed on the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), the Adult Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Scale, the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) and the Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI).The participants of the study comprised 38.5% males and 61.5% females with a mean age of 22.39 (±1.93) years. The mean score data were 5.78 (± 2.72) on the PSQI, 41.77 (± 20.38) on the Adult Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Scale, 8.53 (± 6.97) on the BDI and 9.05 (± 7.92) on the BAI. The total score and the scores on the attention-deficit and the general problems subsections of the Adult Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Scale were significantly higher in participants with poor sleep quality (P0.001). The PSQI and the Adult Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Scale scores were significantly above the cut-off values in the participants with depression and anxiety symptoms as compared to those without these symptoms (P0.001). The PSQI total score positively correlated with the Adult Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Scale total score (P0.001).University students with sleep disorder have more ADHD symptoms and poor quality of sleep increase ADHD sypmtoms. Therefore it's important to evaluate quality of sleep in young people suffering from attention problems in terms of treatment approaches and interventions.

The aim of this study was to obtain normative data for Verbal Fluency Test and investigate the effects of age, gender, and education on verbal fluency in native Turkish-speaking individuals.A pilot study was conducted to determine 3 letters with differing levels of difficulty for completing the phonemic fluency task. First names and animals were chosen for the semantic fluency task, and an alternating semantic task (first name-animal) was also used. In total, 415 participants (208 male and 207 female) were recruited and stratified based on the age and education levels.Level of education had a main effect on all verbal fluency tasks; people with higher education performed better. Age and gender were found to have no effect on phonemic verbal fluency. Only thename production task was affected by gender, women performed better. Younger age groups produced more words in name generation and semantic alternating fluency tasks.The effects of age, gender and education on verbal fluency are in accordance with many previous reports. Analysis of various errors were also conducted. Results for Turkish are presented and discussed in the light of literature.

Objective Neuropeptide Y (NPY) is a protein widely expressed in the central nervous system and involved in diverse physiological processes, such as emotional regulation, nutritional behavior, and stress. In some populations, studies on alcohol dependence (AD) and the NPY gene have found that NPY variations increase alcohol consumption and thus may potentially be associated with AD. In this study, we investigated the relationship between NPY gene promoter polymorphisms and phenotypes related to alcohol use. Method A total of 417 male participants comprising 252 individuals with AD and 165 healthy individuals were included in this study and phenotypic data were collected. Polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR/RFLP) and DNA sequencing METHODS were used for genotyping the rs16147 and rs17149106 polymorphisms in the promoter region of the NPY gene. The data of 384 participants were analysed to evaluate the possible relationship between genotypes and the diagnosis of AD, family history of AD, the severity of AD using the Michigan Alcoholism Screening Test (MAST), the age of onset of problematic alcohol use, the average amount of alcohol consumed per day for the last six months and the lifetime maximum alcohol consumption in one day. Results A significant difference was found between the AD and control groups concerning rs16147 polymorphism genotype distribution (p=0.025). No association with polymorphisms and alcohol-related phenotypes were demonstrated in the AD group. Conclusion To our knowledge, this study shows for the first time in the literature that alcohol dependence is associated with NPY rs16147 polymorphism in the Turkish population.

study question: We aimed to determine the impact of an oral contraceptive (OC) treatment on health-related quality of life (HRQOL), depressive and anxiety symptoms in polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). summary answer: OC therapy in PCOS improves hirsutism and menstrual disturbances, along with HRQOL. This improvement is not associated with any change in the prevalence of depressive and anxiety symptoms. what is known and what this article adds: Limited data are available regarding the effects of an OC on HRQOL, and depressive and anxiety symptoms in PCOS. This study reports the effects of the ethinyl estradiol/drospirenone (EE/DRSP) OC on an HRQOL questionnaire for women with PCOS (PCOSQ), depressive and anxiety symptoms after 6 months of treatment. design: Prospective observational study. All participants completed PCOSQ, Beck Depression Inventory, Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale and General Health Questionnaire. Serum androgens, fasting insulin, fasting and postload glucose values during an oral glucose tolerance test were measured. Changes in these variables and the scores of questionnaires were evaluated after 6 months of treatment with EE/DRSP (3 mg/30 mg). participants and setting: Thirty-six patients with PCOS without a previous psychiatric diagnosis were included in the study. main results and the role of chance: The main complaints of the patients were hirsutism and irregular menses. Accordingly, menstrual and hirsutism problems were the most serious concerns followed by emotional problems on the PCOSQ. Eight patients (22.2%) had clinical depression scores. After treatment, regular menstrual cycles were attained and hirsutism was significantly improved in all patients. Hirsutism and emotion domains of the PCOSQ improved at 6 months (P , 0.05 for both). Depression was improved in five of eight depressive patients and four new patients showed increased depression scores. Overall, depression, anxiety mean scores and depression rates did not show a significant change. bias, confounding and other reasons for caution: The study is subject to the strengths and limitations of observational study design. A limitation of our study is the small sample size and lack of data related to possible confounding factors. generalizability to other populations: Generalizable to Caucasian PCOS.

Aim: Recent neuroimaging studies support functional and structural alterations in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC), particularly on the left side in patients with major depressive disorders (MDD). The aim of the present study was to examine the biochemical characteristics of left DLPFC as measured on proton (1H) magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) in patients with drug-naive first-episode MDD and a healthy control group. A second aim was to assess the effect of antidepressant treatment on the metabolites of DLPFC. Methods: Short-echo single-voxel 1H-MRS was done for the left DLPFC in 17 female drug-free MDD patients (mean age ± SD, 30.9 ± 6.9 years) and 13 matched control subjects (mean age ± SD, 29.1 ± 6.2 years) and was repeated at 8 weeks following antidepressant treatment. Results: Comparison of baseline values indicated that there were no significant differences in any of the metabolite ratios (N-acetyl aspartate/creatine [NAA/Cr], myoinositol [Ino]/Cr, and choline [Cho]/Cr) between patients and controls. Significant differences were detected between pre- and post-treatment Ino/Cr ratios (0.67 ± 0.13, 0.58 ± 0.22, P = 0.032, respectively), although there was no difference in NAA/Cr and Cho/Cr ratios. Conclusion: Although no significant metabolic alterations exist in female patients with drug-naive first-episode MDD as evaluated on 1H-MRS, an increase in Ino/Cr was observed following 8-week antidepressant treatment. These findings give rise to the possibility that non-neuronal cells, particularly glial cells that are probably damaged, play a role in the action of antidepressant treatment.

background: Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is associated with psychological and metabolic disturbances. The aim of this study was to determine whether depression, anxiety and reduced health-related quality of life (HRQOL) are more common in women with PCOS and associated with metabolic risk. methods: The study included 226 PCOS patients and 85 BMI-matched healthy control women. All participants completed standardized questionnaires assessing depression (Beck Depression Inventory), anxiety (State-Trait Anxiety Inventory) and both depression and anxiety (Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale and General Health Questionnaire). Patients also completed a PCOS HRQOL questionnaire. Hirsutism scores, serum androgens and lipids were obtained. All subjects underwent a standard oral glucose tolerance test. results: 28.6% of PCOS women versus 4.7% of control women had clinical depression scores indicating an 8.1-fold increased risk of depression in PCOS (P , 0.001). Depression and anxiety scores were higher in PCOS women than controls (P , 0.01 for all subscales). Obese PCOS subjects had higher depression scores and rates than non-obese PCOS women (P , 0.05). Depression scores were significantly correlated with insulin resistance and lipid parameters and with the number of components comprising the metabolic syndrome. Menstrual and hirsutism problems were the most serious concerns followed by emotional problems on the HRQOL. conclusions: Depression and anxiety are more common in patients with PCOS compared with healthy women. Depression in PCOS might be associated with obesity and metabolic abnormalities including insulin resistance and dyslipidemia.

The objective of this study was to investigate the relationship between sense of identity and depression in a group of adolescents. Thirty-one depressed adolescents and 31 control subjects were included in the study. They were evaluated using the Sense of Identity Assessment Form (SIAF), Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HDRS), Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), and Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI). Depressed adolescents were reevaluated during the eighth week of antidepressant treatment. Higher baseline SIAF scores were detected in depressed adolescents as compared with non-depressed subjects. After antidepressant treatment, there was a significant decrease in SIAF scores in the depression group. Correlation analysis indicated that there are significant, positive relationships between SIAF, depression, and anxiety scores. The regression analysis results suggested that the change in SIAF scores can accurately predict 91.6% of the remitters and 42.8% of the non-remitters. Collectively, these findings indicate that there is a close association between depression symptoms and identity confusion-related distress in adolescents.

Recent neuroimaging studies support functional and structural alterations in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC), particularly on the left side in patients with major depressive disorders (MDD). The aim of the present study was to examine the biochemical characteristics of left DLPFC as measured on proton ((1)H) magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) in patients with drug-naïve first-episode MDD and a healthy control group. A second aim was to assess the effect of antidepressant treatment on the metabolites of DLPFC.Short-echo single-voxel (1)H-MRS was done for the left DLPFC in 17 female drug-free MDD patients (mean age +/- SD, 30.9 +/- 6.9 years) and 13 matched control subjects (mean age +/- SD, 29.1 +/- 6.2 years) and was repeated at 8 weeks following antidepressant treatment.Comparison of baseline values indicated that there were no significant differences in any of the metabolite ratios (N-acetyl aspartate/creatine [NAA/Cr], myoinositol [Ino]/Cr, and choline [Cho]/Cr) between patients and controls. Significant differences were detected between pre- and post-treatment Ino/Cr ratios (0.67 +/- 0.13, 0.58 +/- 0.22, P = 0.032, respectively), although there was no difference in NAA/Cr and Cho/Cr ratios.Although no significant metabolic alterations exist in female patients with drug-naïve first-episode MDD as evaluated on (1)H-MRS, an increase in Ino/Cr was observed following 8-week antidepressant treatment. These findings give rise to the possibility that non-neuronal cells, particularly glial cells that are probably damaged, play a role in the action of antidepressant treatment.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of clozapine on regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) and its relationship with response to treatment. In addition, we aimed to study the influence of clozapine on proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (H-1-MRS) findings in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) in a subgroup of patients. Psychopathology, neurocognitive functioning, and SPELT imaging of 22 patients were assessed at the baseline and 8 weeks after the initiation of clozapine treatment. In 10 of these patients intermediate-echo (TE: 135 ms) single-voxel H-1-MRS was also performed at the baseline and after 8 weeks. Clozapine treatment increased the right frontal (superior and medial)/caudate perfusion ratio in the whole group, while it increased bilateral frontal (superior and medial)/caudate perfusion ratios in treatment responders. In addition, percentage changes in left and right frontal (superior and medial)/caudate perfusion ratios compared to the baseline were higher in treatment responders than in non-responders. The improvement in attention was related to the increase in percentage change in the right frontal (superior and medial)/caudate perfusion ratio, while the improvement in verbal fluency was related to the increase in percentage changes in both right and left frontal (superior and medial)/caudate perfusion ratios and to right frontal (superior and medial)/thalamus perfusion. Baseline frontal (superior and medial)/thalamus perfusion could explain 32% of the variability of percentage improvements in psychopathology. H-1-MRS showed that the baseline PANSS general psychopathology score was inversely correlated with the baseline NAA/Cre ratio. An increased NAA/Cre ratio in DLPFC after 8 weeks of clozapine treatment was also revealed by H-1-MRS. Our SPELT imaging results suggest the presence of an imbalance in fronto-striato-thalamic circuitry that changes with clozapine, especially in the responders, while H-1-MRS results indicate a supportive effect of clozapine on neuronal integrity. (C) 2009 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.

ÖZET YÜKSEK LİSANS TEZİ KONYA İLİ TATLI SU ÇEŞME SULARININ KİMYASAL VE BAKTERİYOLOJİK YÖNDEN İNCELENMESİ Filiz BAŞARAN DEMÎR Selçuk Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Biyoloji Ana Bilim Dalı Danışman : Yrd. Doç. Dr. Cengiz AKKÖZ 2005, 68 Sayfa Jüri : Yrd. Doç. Dr. Cengiz AKKÖZ Doç. Dr. Hüseyin KARA Yrd. Doç. Dr. Rüstem DUMAN Bu çalışmada, Konya Büyükşehir Belediyesi tararından işletilen tatlı su çeşmelerinden belirlenen 25 'inden alman su örneklerinde koliform bakteri miktarı ve bazı kimyasal parametreler incelenmiştir. Araştırma, Ekim 2004 - Nisan 2005 tarihleri arasında dört kez numune alınarak yapılmıştır. Sudaki koliform bakteriler üçlü tüp yöntemi ile incelenmiş, total koliformlar, kuvvetle muhtemel sayı (KMS) hesabına göre sıfır bulunmuştur.Suyun kimyasal özelliklerinden pH, toplam sertlik, kalsiyum, magnezyum, klorür, nitrit, amonyak, organik madde miktarı ve serbest klor değerleri araştırılmıştır. Buna göre incelenen su, daha çok bazik karakterli ve orta sert su sınıfına girmiştir. Ayrıca kalsiyum, magnezyum, klorür, nitrit, amonyak, organik madde miktarı değerlerinin de içme suyu standartlarına uygun olduğu belirlenmiştir. Sonuçlar, Konya il merkezinde içme suyu olarak çok fazla miktarda tüketilen tatlı su çeşmelerinin su örneklerinin Sağlık Bakanlığı içme suyu standartlarına uygun olduğunu göstermiştir. Anahtar Kelimeler: Konya, içme suyu, koliform, kimyasal özellikler. ıı ABSTRACT MS Thesis INVESTIGATION OF SPRING TOP WATER OF CHEMICAL AND BACTERIOLOGfflC PROPERTIES OF KONYA REGION Filiz BAŞARAN DEMİR Selçuk University Graduate School of Natural Applied Scienses Department of Biology Supervisor: Assist. Prof. Dr. Cengiz AKKÖZ 2005,68 Page Jury: Assist. Prof. Dr. Cengiz AKKÖZ Assoc. Prof. Dr. Hüseyin KARA Assist. Prof. Dr. Rüstem DUMAN in this study, the quantity of coliform bacterium and certain chemical parameters of the samples which obtained from 25 spring top water selected from out of ali operated by Konya Metropolitan Manucipality have been investigated. The investigation was performed between October 2004 - April 2005 by taking four times samples. That wether there was coliform in water, was realized by the method of triple tubes and total coliform was gained O (zero) accordıng to Strongly Probable value (SPV). The values of pH, total hardness, calcium, magnesium, chlolure, nitrite, ammonia, the quantity of organic substance and free clorium were observed from water of chemical features. According to this observation, examined water was categorized in to alkaline with character and medium hard class any more. in addition to this the values of calcium, magnesium, chlolure, nitrite, ammonia, the quantity of organic subtance were assiganed to that they were in conformity with the standarts of drinking water. The results have shown that the samples of water consumed much at the center of the Konya province throught spring top water are up to the standarts of the Health Ministery. Key Words: Konya, drinking water, coliform, chemical properties. iii 75

Amaç: Bu çalışmanın amacı bir seçici noradrenalin geri alım inhibitörü olan reboksetinin majör depresyon tanıh hastalarda etkinliği, güvenilirliği ve kabul edilebilirliğinin araştırılmasıdır. Aynı zamanda reboksetinin enerji, motivasyon ve sosyal işlevler üzerine düzeltici etkilerinin saptanması da hedeflenmiştir. Yöntem: Araştırma çok merkezli, açık bir klinik çalışma olarak gerçekleştirilmiştir. Onsekiz - 65 yaşları arasında bulunan, DSM-IV tanı ölçütlerine göre majör depresif bozukluk tanısı almış ve Hamilton Depresyon Derecelendirme Ölçeği (HAMD) puanı 20 ve üzeri olan toplam 44 hasta (10 erkek, 34 kadın) araştırmanın yürütüldüğü beş ayrı klinikte bu çalışmaya dahil edilmiştir. İlaçdan arındırma döneminin ardından tüm hastalar 8 hafta süreyle günde 8 mg reboksetin tedavisi almışlardır. Dördüncü haftadan sonra araştırmacıların kararıyla 10 mg/gün dozuna çıkılmıştır. Başlangıç değerlendirmesini takiben 1., 2., 4., 6. ve 8. haftalarda hastalar izlem görüşmelerine çağırılarak belirtilerdeki düzelme ve yan etkiler kaydedilmiştir. Tedavi etkinliğinin değerlendirilmesi için HAMD ölçeğipuanlarındaki değişim ve Klinik Global İzlenim (KGİ) Ölçeği puanları esas alınmıştır. Yorgunluk ve enerji azlığı belirtilerinin seyri Çok Boyutlu Yorgunluk Envanteri (MFI) ile, sosyal işlevlerin değerlendirilmesi ise Sosyal Uyum Öz-Değerlendirme Ölçeği (SASS) ile gerçekleştirilmiştir. Yan etkiler her bir değerlendirme görüşmesinde ayrıntılı olarak sorgulanmıştır. Bulgular: İzlem süresi boyunca araştırma grubunun ortalama HAMD puanlarında anlamlı bir azalma gözlenmiştir. HAMD puanında % 50 ve üzerinde bir düşüş tedaviye yanıt ölçütü olarak kabul edildiğinde, tedavi sonunda yanıt oranı % 67 olarak hesaplanmıştır. Remisyon ölçütü olarak HAMD toplam puanının 8 değerinin altında olması kuralı kabul edildiğinde, remisyon oranı % 60 olarak hesaplanmıştır. MFI puanlarının tedavi ile değişimi incelendiğinde, tedavi başlangıcına göre anlamlı bir düşme gözlenmiştir. SASS ölçeği puanlarında ise tedavi öncesine göre anlamlı bir artış gözlenmiştir. Tedavi süresince hastaların %88,6'sında en az bir yan etki görülmüş, %15.9'unda ise yan etkiler nedeniyle tedavinin kesilmesi gerekmiştir. Sonuçlar: Bu çalışma majör depresyon tedavisinde reboksetinin etkin ve güvenilir bir ilaç olduğunu göstermektedir. Aynı zamanda, depresyon hastalarında görülen sosyal işlevlerde bozukluk, motivasyon azlığı ve yorgunluk belirtileri üzerine reboksetinin olumlu etkileri olduğu kaydedilmiştir., Objective: The aim of the study was to investigate the efficacy, safety and tolerability ofreboxetine in major depressive disorder as well as its effect on energy, motivation and social functioning. Methods: This multicenter study was conducted as an open-label design. A total of 44 patients (10 male, 34 female) diagnosed with major depressive disorder according to DSM-IV, between the age of 18 - 65 were recruited in five different centers in Turkey. Inclusion of the study was dependent on an initial Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HAMD) score of3 20 points at baseline. After an initial wash-out period, the patients were assigned to treatment with 8 mg/day ofreboxetine for 8 weeks. The dosage was increased to 10 mg/day at the investigator's discretion from week 4. The patients were re-evaluated at weeks 1, 2, 4, 6 and 8 to determine any changes in depressive symptoms and side effects. The efficacy analysis was done on the basis of the changes in scores of HAMD and Clinical Global Impression Scale (CGI). The general social functioning were measured by the Social Adaptation Self-Evaluation Scale (SASS). The energy and motivation level were assessed by the Multidimensional Fatigue Inventory (MFI). The frequency and severity of adverse events were also recorded during the study. Results: There was a significant reduction in the mean HAMD scores during the study period. When a decrease of at least 50 % in the HAMD total score from baseline was considered as an index of response, 67% of patients responded to reboxetine at the end of treatment period. When the remission was defined as having a HAMD total score £8, 60 % of patients were classed as being in remission at the end of the study. The SASS total score improved during the treatment period. Additionally, a significant decrease was detected on MFI scores at the end of the study. Overall, 88.6 % of patients have reported at least one adverse event and 15.9 % of patients discontinued treatment due to adverse events. Conclusion: The results from this study suggest that reboxetine is effective and safe in improving depressive symptoms as well as restoring energy, motivation and social functioning in patients with major depressive disorder.

Aims: The purpose of the present study was to compare alcoholic subtypes (type 1 versus type 2) with regard to platelet monoamine oxidase (MAO) activity. A possible relationship between enzyme activity, personality traits and executive functions was also investigated. Methods: Seventeen type 1 and 16 type 2 in-patient male chronic alcoholic patients and 17 healthy male volunteers were included in the study. The personality traits were investigated by the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2 (MMPI-2). Executive functions were assessed by the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST). Results: When compared to the healthy subjects, platelet MAO activity was reduced in both alcoholic groups. The enzyme activity of the type 2 group was significantly lower than that of type 1 patients. Both groups of alcoholic patients also displayed impairment in executive functions. The comparison of the MMPI-2 scores of the study groups revealed that type 2 alcoholics had more severe psychopathology. Conclusions: The results support previous evidence suggesting that platelet MAO activity is a useful biochemical measure for the subtyping of alcoholics.