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Tarap (Artocarpus odoratissimus Blanco) is one of the plants in the tropics that are consumed by dayak tribe in East Kalimantan. Toxicity tests on seeds and bark have been done but there is no data regarding the acute toxicity of Artocarpus odoratissimus Blanco seeds and flesh of fruit causing the need for acute toxicity tests. This Research to know the acute toxic effects of tarap (Artocarpus odoratissimus Blanco) seed and flesh extracts on larvae of Daphnia magna. Tarap seeds and flesh (Artocarpus odoratissimus Blanco) was taken from dayak market in Samarinda, is East Kalimantan, Indonesia. The seeds and flesh of the tarap fruit are extracted by maceration with ethanol solvent. An acute toxicity test was performed by exposing Dapnia magna larvae aged ≤ 24 hours with a solution of the experimental group and the control group for 48 hours. Toxicity test results are expressed in percentage of immobilization of larvae of Daphnia magna calculated by probit test to obtain EC50 (Half maximal effective concentration) values. Extracts are toxic if the EC50 value > 1000ppm. EC50 Ethanol extract of tarap seeds obtained values ( 3922,301 ± 324,590 ) for EC50 24h and ( 2964,498 ± 412,498 ) for EC50 48h. The EC50 value of ethanol extract from flesh of tarap fruit is ( 12224.514 ± 2186. 899 ) EC50 24h and ( 6165,235 ± 1940,006 ) EC50 48h.Ethanol extract of tarap fruit and flesh is non toxic to larvae of Daphnia magna.

Terap leaf (Artocarpus odoratissimus Blanco) is a plant that contains flavonoids which are phenolic groups. These compounds are effectively used as natural antioxidants. Antioxidants function to reduce the speed of lipid peroxidation by giving electrons to free radicals, can make normal molecules. Phenol compounds also have bacteriosid, antihelmintic, analgesic, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, anticancer and degenerative diseases. The purpose of this study was to determine the total phenolic levels contained in the terap leaf plants. The terap leaves were obtained from Amuntai City, Hulu Sungai Tengah which were selected based on inclusion and exclusion criteria. Phenolic compounds in terap leaves were extracted using maceration method using 96% ethanol solvent. Qualitative testing of terap leaf was determined using FeCl3 reagent, determination of terap leaf compounds was expressed with gallic acid equivalence value. The method used is Visible Spectrophotometry with Folin ciocalteau reagents. The concentrations used in linear regression curves are 5, 10, 15, 20, 25 and 30µg / mL. Qualitative test results obtained the terap leaf extract positive containing phenolic compounds with marked changes in yellow to green. Based on quantitative test results obtained operating time at minute 1 and the maximum wavelength obtained is 762 nm. Linear regression obtained by y = 0.0213x + 0.117. The value of total phenolic content obtained in the terap leaf extract was 10.56% w / w.

Kernels of A. odoratissimus and L. garciae fruits collected from different areas in Sarawak were extracted and the fatty acid profiles in their kernel oils were studied. Proximate analysis of the kernels such as moisture content, ash content, crude fat and crude fiber were determined. The kernels were extracted using Soxhlet extraction apparatus and the Fatty Acid Methyl Esters (FAME) composition in the kernel oils were analysed using Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS). The number of FAME components found in A. odoratissimus kernel oil was higher in comparison to L.garciae kernel oil. The major compound in kernel oil of each fruit sample also differs from each other; C12:0 (lauric acid) (28.75±0.09-34.12±1.02%) was the main FAME in L.garciae while C18:2n6c (linoleic acid) (37.30±4.62-40.74±6.19%) was the dominant compound in A. odoratissimus. This study is significant as it has revealed that the kernel oils of these underexploited indigenous fruits have a great potential to be developed for the applications in nutrition, industrial and cosmetics.

This study aimed to investigate the anatomical structure and fiber quality of four lesser-used wood species namely Benuang (O. sumatrana), Duabanga (D. moluccana), Pisang Merah (H. hellwigii), and Terap (A. odoratissimus). This study evaluated its suitability for raw material in pulp and paper manufacturing. The anatomical structure was observed macro- and microscopically. Macroscopic structures were observed directly to the wood samples, while microscopic characteristics were observed through microtome specimens. Fiber dimension was measured through macerated specimens and fiber quality was analyzed following the Rachman and Siagian’s method. Results showed that these four timber species have similarity in the indistinct growth ring, diffuse porous in a radial pattern, rounded solitary vessel outline, 1 to 3 cells of ray width, deposits within the rays, fiber length, and cell wall thickness. Differences were found on vessel diameter, vessel grouping, vessel frequency, tyloses existence, type of axial parenchyma, and ray height. Based on fiber length and its derived values, the wood fibers of all species studied are suitable for pulp and paper manufacturing. They belong to the II quality class. The produced pulp and paper would have good quality, especially in tensile, folding, and tear strength. To promote their utilization, silviculture aspect of these four species has to be well understood.

As an extension to successful adsorption of malachite green dye onto Artocarpus odoratissimus (Tarap) leaves, the surface of the leaves was modified by using a strong base, namely sodium hydroxide (NaOH). The isotherm was best fitted to the Redlich–Peterson model. Based on monolayer adsorption using Langmuir model, the q m a x value of Tarap leaves enhanced from 254.9 to 422.0 mg/g upon the modification, and increased by 3 fold when using the Sips model. This paper provided a better insight on the types of reactions that occurred during the adsorption process and the strength of attractions between adsorbent–adsorbate supported with the aid of multiple characterization methods. Other influencing parameters on adsorption such as contact time, ionic strength, pH, temperature and initial dye concentrations were also studied.

Background: Diabetes mellitus causes 4.2 million of deaths worldwide and 79% adults with diabetes are living in low- and middle-income countries. This research providing an alternative therapy through the prevention of postprandial hyperglycemia may help diabetic patients and provide a new utilization model of fruit peel. Artocarpus odoratissimus , commonly known as marang, is an edible fruit found in the southern part of the Philippines. Most of the weight of the fruit is discarded and treated as waste. Objectives: This study aimed to utilize the by-products of marang fruit as a promising pharmaceutical agent by determining the phytochemicals present and in vitro antidiabetic activity of the different parts of the fruit. Methods: Phytochemical screening of phenolics and flavonoids was done through thin layer chromatography. Ten concentrations (2-1000 µg/mL) of the extracts from the peel, pulp, and seeds were evaluated for the in vitro antidiabetic assay using alpha-glucosidase enzyme. Mean percent inhibition was calculated, and data was analyzed using ANOVA. The IC 50 estimates were calculated using the program GraphPad Prism version 8. Results: Extracts from the fruit parts of A. odoratissimus contained phenols and flavonoids and were active inhibitors of alpha-glucosidase enzyme. The fruit peel extract of marang was the most potent (IC 50 = 48.19 µg/mL) compared to the seed extract, pulp extract, and the standard drug acarbose (p value = 0.035). Conclusion: The fruit waste, the peel and seeds, has an intense activity against alpha-glucosidase enzyme because of their phenols and flavonoid contents. Keywords: alpha-glucosidase, Artocarpus, diabetes, phenolics, fruit peel

Breadfruit (Artocarpus altilis) is a traditional staple tree crop throughout the tropics. The species is an evergreen tree 15&ndash, 20 m, there are currently no size-controlling rootstocks within the species. Through interspecific grafting, a dwarf phenotype was identified in breadfruit plants growing on Marang (Artocarpus odoratissimus) rootstocks, which displayed ~60% reduction in plant height with ~80% shorter internodes. To gain insight into the molecular mechanism underlying rootstock-induced dwarfing, we investigated the involvement of gibberellin (GA) in reduction of stem elongation. Expression of GA metabolism genes was analysed in the period from 18 to 24 months after grafting. In comparison to self-graft and non-graft, scion stems on marang rootstocks displayed decrease in expression of a GA biosynthetic gene, AaGA20ox3, and increase in expression of a GA catabolic genes, AaGA2ox1, in the tested 6-month period. Increased accumulation of DELLA proteins (GA-signalling repressors) was found in scion stems growing on marang rootstocks, together with an increased expression of a DELLA gene, AaDELLA1. Exogenous GA treatment was able to restore the stem elongation rate and the internode length of scions growing on marang rootstocks. The possibility that GA deficiency forms a component of the mechanism underlying rootstock-induced breadfruit dwarfing is discussed.

Artocarpus odoratissimus, Terep (Sasak), is traditionally used as a malarian drug. As chemotacsomomy analisys, A. odoratissimus contains flavonoids. This experiment involves the isolation of flavonoid from A. odoratissimus. Isolation of flavonoid in A. odoratissimus could be performed using methanol as extracting solvent, and gravitational column chromatography was used to isolate flavonoid in pure form the extract. The characteristic of flavonoid from A. odoratissimus could be studied in undergraduate course.

Tarap seed (Artocarpus odoratissimus) is one of the popular snacks among Borneo Island people especially in Sabah, Malaysia. Their flesh and seed are such a potential food source but they are not fully exploited. Therefore, this study was conducted to determine its nutritional composition, mineral content and functional properties of Tarap seed flour (TSF). The proximate analysis (protein, carbohydrate, fat, crude fiber, ash, moisture), minerals content and functional properties (powder particle size, bulk density, oil and water absorption capacity, emulsion capacity, foaming ability, least gelling concentration, swelling ability and pasting properties) were determined. The proximate analysis results obtained showed that TSF had 49.65% carbohydrate, 15.60% crude fat, 12.3% crude fibers, 8.8% crude protein, 1.17 % ash and 12.5% moisture. Most abundant mineral found in Tarap flour was potassium, followed by magnesium, calcium, and natrium. The results showed that TSF has an average particle size of 166.02μm with low bulk density (0.57g/cm3) as compared to wheat flour. Water and oil absorption capacities of TSF were 2.61 and 1.69g/g, respectively, while the efficiency of emulsification was 14.8%. Least gelation concentration was found to be 12% while foaming ability was 7%. Swelling ability results showed a steady increment from 60°C to 70°C but sharp increased observed from 70°C to 80°C. From the results presented, it can be concluded that TSF has a great potential for use in the formulation of composite flours to be used as ingredients in the food industry.

Breadfruit (Artocarpus altilis) is a tropical fruit tree primarily grown as a staple crop for food security in Oceania. Significant wind damage has driven an interest in developing its dwarf phenotype. The presence of any dwarf breadfruit variety remains unknown. Little is known regarding the growth of the species on rootstocks. Here, we examined the phenotype of breadfruit plants growing on marang (Artocarpus odoratissimus) rootstocks within 18 months after grafting, we identified a rootstock-induced dwarf trait in the species. This dwarf phenotype was characterized by shorter stems, reduced stem thickness and fewer branches, with 73% shorter internode length, 51% fewer and 40% smaller leaves compared to standard size breadfruit plants. The height of breadfruit plants on marang rootstocks was reduced by 49% in 9 months, and 59% in 18 months after grafting. The results suggest marang rootstocks can be applied to breadfruit breeding program for tree vigor control. Further biochemical characterization showed plants on marang rootstocks displayed leaves without change of total chlorophyll content, but with lower total soluble sugars, and stems with reduced activity of plasma membrane H+-ATPase, a well-known primary proton pump essential for nutrient transport. The significance of the two parameters in rootstock dwarfing is discussed.

Regeneration of Imperata grassland areas is becoming increasingly important, both to create new secondary forest and to recover the original biodiversity. The diversity of plant communities in secondary succession of Imperata grasslands was studied using 45 subplots of 9 linear transects (10 m x 100 m). Data was collected and all stems over 10 cm dbh were identified, the Importance Values Index (IVI) for all trees were calculated, saplings and seedlings were counted and analysed, and soil samples were taken and analysed. Results showed that after more than 10 years of regeneration, 65 families were encountered consisting of 164 species, which were dominated by Vernonia arborea Buch.-Ham, Vitex pinnata L., Macaranga gigantea (Reichb.f. & Zoll.) Muell.Arg., Symplocos crassipes C.B. Clarke, Artocarpus odoratissimus Miq., and Bridelia glauca Blume. The effects of regeneration, from Imperata grassland to secondary forest, on soil were the strongest in the A-horizon where an increase in carbon, N content, and pH were observed. Our result shows that Imperata grasslands appear to be permanent because of frequent fires and human interferences and so far few efforts have been made to promote sustainable rehabilitation. If protected from fire and other disturbances, such as shifting cultivation, Imperata grassland will grow and develop into secondary forest.

Objective. This study was conducted to characterize and compare the physicochemical and pharmacopoeial properties of starches isolated from the seeds of Artocarpus odoratissimus Blanco (marang), Nephelium lappaceum L. (rambutan), and unripe green Mangifera indica L. (mango) with corn starch, as possible sources of pharmaceutical grade starch. Methods. The starch from the seeds of these fruits was isolated and characterized through their physicochemical (organoleptic characteristics, percent yield, amylose-amylopectin ratio, bulk density, tapped density, compressibility index, Hausner ratio, angle of repose, solubility, swelling power, and viscosity) and pharmacopoeial properties (identification test, pH, loss on drying, and limit of iron). Morphology of the granules was also assessed. Results. The physicochemical properties showed that amylose content of the seed starches was significantly lower (p=0.001) and amylopectin content significantly higher (p=0.001) than the native high amylose corn starch. The lower values of bulk and tapped densities, and high values in compressibility index and Hausner ratio of the seed starches compared to corn starch may be due to their smaller particles. The results of the pharmacopoeial characterization showed compliance with the United States Pharmacopeia's (USP) acceptable limits, except for the pH of marang seeds. Conclusion. The starches isolated from the fruit seeds have unique properties, but only rambutan seed starch has the most desirable physicochemical and pharmacopoeial properties that is comparable with corn starch. Rambutan seeds could be utilized as a source of starch for pharmaceutical applications.

In this study, the feasibility of utilizing Artocarpus odoratissimus skin (“Tarap” skin or TS) as a potential adsorbent for the removal of crystal violet dye was investigated. X-ray fluorescence, Fourier Transform Spectroscopic, and scanning electron microscopic investigation of TS and its NaOH-treated form (NaOH-TS) before and after interaction with crystal violet (CV) cationic dye indicate that the dye shows a strong affinity toward the adsorbent, which is enhanced upon the treatment with a NaOH solution. Decrease in the concentration of metal ions on the TS/NaOH-TS is indicative of the contribution of an ion-exchange mechanism owing to the positive charge of CV molecules. Comparison of experimental adsorption curves with calculated curves point the way toward the agreement with the Langmuir isotherm among the six models tested (Langmuir, Freundlich, Temkin, Dubinin–Radushkevich, Redlich–Peterson, and Sips) under optimized conditions with maximum adsorption capacity of 118 mg g−1 for TS which is...

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengidentifikasi senyawa turunan hasil fraksinasi kayu akar Artocarpus odoratissimus. Kayu akar A. odoratissimus dimaserasi dengan pelarut metanol. Fraksinasi dilakukan menggunakan Kromatografi Cair Vakum (KCV) dengan variasi eluen mulai dari nonpolar sampai polar (n-heksan 100 %; n-heksan : etil asetat = 9:1 sampai 1:9; etil asetat 100%, dan etil asetat : metanol 9,5:0,5 dan 9:1) menghasilkan 10 fraksi utama. Pemurnian dilakukan dengan kromatografi kolom grafitasi menghasilkan 7 fraksi utama. Hasil identifikasi berdasarkan FT-IR dan 1H-NMR menunjukan bahwa senyawa murni tersebut diduga senyawa turunan fenilpropanoid

This research has made for identification derivate compound of fractionation derivate compound of fractionation root bark Artocarpus ododratissimus. Root bark A. dodoratissimus has macerated by methanol. Fractionation by using Vacuum Liquid Choromatography with eluen variation from nonpolar till polar (n-hexane 100%; n-hexane:ethyl acetate 9:1 till 1:9; ethyl acetate 100% and ethyl acetate:methanol 9,5:0,5 and 9:1) produce main fraction. Purified by used with Gravitation Coulumb Chomatograph produce seven main fraction. Identification based on FT-IR and 1H-NMR showed that the pure compound assumed phenyl prophane derivation.Keyword: Artocarpus odoratissimus, phenyl prophane

Regeneration of Imperata grassland areas is becoming increasingly important, both to create new secondary forest and to recover the original biodiversity. We studied the diversity of plant communities in secondary succession of Imperata grasslands using 45 subplots of 9 linear transects (10 m x 100 m). Data was collected and all stems over 10 cm dbh were identified , the Importance Values Index (IVI) for all trees were calculated, saplings and seedlings were counted and analysed, and soil samples were taken and analysed. Results showed that after more than 10 years of regeneration, 65 families were encountered consisting of 164 species, which were dominated by Vernonia arborea Buch.-Ham, Vitex pinnata L., Macaranga gigantea (Reichb.f. & Zoll.) Muell.Arg., Symplocos crassipes C.B. Clarke, Artocarpus odoratissimus Miq., and Bridelia glauca Blume. The effects of regeneration, from Imperata grassland to secondary forest, on soil were the strongest in the A-horizon where an increase in carbon, N content, and pH were observed. Our result shows that Imperata grasslands appear to be permanent because of frequent fires and human interferences and so far few efforts have been made to promote sustainable rehabilitation. If protected from fire and other disturbances, such as shifting cultivation, Imperata grassland will grow and develop into secondary forest.

Several materials have been studied for the adsorption of ammonium ion from synthetic solution. Zeolite is having the highest adsorption capacity (3.160 mg/g) with fast reaction time followed by chitosan (2.5770 mg/g). Activated carbon derived from Tarap (Artocarpus odoratissimus) and rice husk shows better performance than the low cost bleached fibres.

Artocarpus odoratissimus (Tarap) skin shows great potential as an effective low-cost biosorbent for toxic dyes, methylene blue (MB), and methyl violet 2B (MV). The Langmuir adsorption isotherm leads to the maximum biosorption capacities of this biomass, whose point of zero charge was at pH 4.4, of 0.577 mmol g−1 (184.6 mg g−1) and 0.349 mmol g−1 (137.3 mg g−1) for MB and MV, respectively. The Sips isotherm model is the best fit for adsorption of MB, while both the Langmuir and Sips models are in good agreement for MV. Mass transfer of dye species from solution to the biosorbent phase is fast with 50% dye being removed in less than 1 min following the pseudo-second-order kinetics.

Mangifera pajang (family: Anacardiaceae; local name: bambangan) and Artocarpus odoratissimus (familiy: Moraceae; local name: tarap) are popular edible fruits in Sabah, Malaysia. The flesh, kernel and peel from M. pajang; seed and flesh from A. odoratissimus were analysed for total antioxidant activity, total polyphenol, total flavonoid and total anthocyanins contents. M. pajang kernel extract displayed the highest free radical scavenging and ferric reducing activities. Total phenolic content of the samples were in the range of 5.96–103.3 mg gallic acid equivalent/g. M. pajang kernel and M. pajang flesh contained the highest and lowest total flavonoid content with the values of 10.98 and 0.07 mg rutin equivalent/g, respectively. The antioxidant activities of extracts were significantly correlated with the total phenolic and flavonoid content (but not the anthocyanins content). The phytochemicals and antioxidant properties of M. pajang and A. odoratissimus, especially their by-products (kernel/seed), indicate that they may impart health benefits when consumed and should be regarded as a valuable source of antioxidant-rich nutraceuticals.

The pollination biology of Artocarpus odoratissimus and A. integer (Moraceae) was studied in Sarawak, Malaysia. Female and male heads of A. odoratissimus secreted liquid rewards containing fructose in nighttime, and were visited by diverse nocturnal insects (18 families of 4 orders) including flies, nitidulid beetles, moths and cockroaches. In A. integer, male heads offered only pollen as rewards, and female heads offered liquid rewards containing protein. They were visited by diverse nocturnal insects (11 families of 5 orders). The evidence for insect pollination of these two species of Artocarpus was from the existence of rewards, and that some insects carrying pollen grains were collected on female heads.

Premise of the study: Chloroplast microsatellite loci were characterized from transcriptomes of Artocarpus altilis (breadfruit) and A. camansi (breadnut). They were tested in A. odoratissimus (terap) and A. altilis and evaluated in silico for two congeners. Methods and Results: Fifteen simple sequence repeats (SSRs) were identified in chloroplast sequences from four Artocarpus transcriptome assemblies. The markers were evaluated using capillary electrophoresis in A. odoratissimus (105 accessions) and A. altilis (73). They were also evaluated in silico in A. altilis (10), A. camansi (6), and A. altilis × A. mariannensis (7) transcriptomes. All loci were polymorphic in at least one species, with all 15 polymorphic in A. camansi. Per species, average alleles per locus ranged between 2.2 and 2.5. Three loci had evidence of fragment-length homoplasy. Conclusions: These markers will complement existing nuclear markers by enabling confident identification of maternal and clone lines, which are often important in vegetatively propagated crops such as breadfruit.

This study investigates the potential of the stem axis of Artocarpus odoratissimus fruit (TSA) as an adsorbent for the removal of methyl violet 2B (MV). The functional group analysis was carried out using Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy. Investigation of the effects of pH and ionic strength provide insights on the involvement of electrostatic attraction and hydrophobic–hydrophobic attraction between the adsorbent and adsorbates. Kinetics models (pseudo-first-order, pseudo-second-order, Weber–Morris and Boyd) and isotherm models (Langmuir, Freundlich and Dubinin–Raduskevich) were used for characterising the adsorption process. The Langmuir model predicted a high q m of 263.7 mg g−1. Thermodynamics studies indicate the adsorption system is spontaneous, endothermic and physical sorption dominant. The spent adsorbent was successfully regenerated using water and obtained adsorption capacity close to the unused adsorbent even after fifth cycle of washing.