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The carbon/phenolic composites are extensively considered as an efficient ablative thermal protection material, but inferior oxidation-ablation resistance has limited their further application. In this work, a multiscale ZrO 2 -SiOC coated carbon/phenolic composite (NCF/ZSAx-PA) was fabricated through a dual-stage construction strategy. The as-prepared composites exhibited a low density (0.314–0.348 g/cm3), low thermal conductivity (0.0605–0.0725 W/(m·k)) and promoted compressive strength (2.95/5.08 MPa in the Z/XY direction). Benefiting from the formation of a protective ZrO 2 -SiO 2 ceramic coating, the multiscale composites showed excellent anti-oxidation and ablation performance. The residual weight of NCF/ZSAx-PA was 19.41 % at 1000 °C while the unmodified carbon/phenolic composites were entirely burnt off under an air atmosphere. Besides, the NCF/ZSAx-PA exhibited low back temperature (53.6 °C), low linear ablation rate (0.0519 mm/s), and low mass loss rate (0.0100 g/s) under the 3.62 MW/m2 oxyacetylene assessment. All the superior properties enabled the NCF/ZSAx-PA a prospective application on the thermal protection system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Pathogenic infections can significantly impact the health of livestock. Traditionally, antibiotic growth promoters (AGPs) have been used in feed to enhance growth performance and disease control. However, concerns regarding antibiotic resistance have led to the exploration of traditional herbal medicine as a natural alternative, guided by the principle of medicine-food homology. The Taguchi method was employed to optimize the culture formula for cordycepin production, an active component of Cordyceps militaris (C. militaris). The influences of C. militaris supplementing solid-state fermentation (CMSSF) in feed on the growth performance and immune responses of grower pigs were evaluated in the present study. Results: The C. militaris ethanol extract (CME) displayed potent free radical scavenging activity against 2, 2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,2'-azinobis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) after undergoing fermentation. Additionally, the antibacterial testing revealed that CME effectively inhibits the growth of common pig pathogens such as Glaesserella parasuis, Pasteurella multocida, Staphylococcus hyicus, and Streptococcus suis. In lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-treated intestinal porcine enterocyte cell line (IPEC-J2), CME significantly suppressed the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, including tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and interleukin (IL)-6. In addition, higher antioxidative activity was detected as indicated by elevated concentration of superoxide dismutase (SOD) in pig serum. The levels of immunoglobulin M (IgM), IgA, and IgG antibodies, as well as classical swine fever virus (CSFV) antibodies (S/P ratio) in serum were all increased. Growth performance of pigs fed with dietary CMSSF supplementation was improved in comparison with the control. Conclusions: Results demonstrated that CMSSF has the potential to be used as a natural growth promoter to enhance immunity, antioxidation, as well as overall health and growth performance of grower pigs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The continuous imbalance of the diabetic wound microenvironment is an important cause of chronic nonhealing, which manifests as a vicious cycle between excessive accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and abnormal healing. Regulating the microenvironment by suppressing wound inflammation, oxidative stress, and bacterial infection is a key challenge in treating diabetic wounds. In this study, ROS‐responsive hydrogels are developed composed of silk fibroin methacrylated (SFMA), modified collagen type III (rCol3MA), and lipid nanoparticles (LNPs). The newly designed hydrogel system demonstrated stable physicochemical properties and excellent biocompatibility. Moreover, the release of antimicrobial peptide (AMP) and puerarin (PUE) demonstrated remarkable efficacy in eradicating bacteria, regulating inflammatory responses, and modulating vascular functions. This multifunctional hydrogel is a simple and efficient approach for the treatment of chronic diabetic infected wounds and holds tremendous potential for future clinical applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Alzheimer's disease (AD) involves a complex pathophysiology with multiple interconnected subpathologies, including protein aggregation, impaired neurotransmission, oxidative stress, and microglia-mediated neuroinflammation. Current treatments, which generally target a single subpathology, have failed to modify the disease's progression, providing only temporary symptom relief. Multi-target drugs (MTDs) address several subpathologies, including impaired aggregation of pathological proteins. In this review, we cover hybrid molecules published between 2014 and 2024. We offer an overview of the strategies employed in drug design and approaches that have led to notable improvements and reduced hepatotoxicity. Our aim is to offer insights into the potential development of new Alzheimer's disease drugs. This overview highlights the potential of multi-target drugs featuring heterocycles with N-benzylpiperidine fragments and natural compounds in improving Alzheimer's disease treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Butterfly pea flower (BPF), roselle calyx (RC), and grape skin (GS) are rich in bioactive phenolics with health benefits. Due to its simplicity, safety, and environmental friendliness, this study used water as a solvent to explore different extraction conditions in these plant materials and compared the heat stability of anthocyanins in the aqueous extracts. To maximize the total anthocyanins and polyphenols in the aqueous extracts, the powders of BPF, GS, and RC should be extracted for 30 min at 90 °C; 30 min and 120 min at 90 °C; and 30 min and 60 min at 60 °C, respectively. Among the tested plant materials, the content of total anthocyanins was RC > GS > BPF, while the total phenolic content was GS > BPF > RC. Anthocyanins of the aqueous extracts underwent rapid thermal degradation at high temperatures and high pH values. The thermal stability of anthocyanins in the materials was in the order: BPF > GS > RC. This is likely related to the types and structures of the anthocyanins such as the degree of acylation and glycosylation. The study demonstrates that hot water extraction is efficient and practical for these materials, yielding extracts suitable for food and nutraceutical applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Onions (Allium cepa L.) are nutritious vegetables; however, variations in processing methods can influence their chemical composition and functional properties. Raw processing and cooking are the two main food-processing methods for onions, but it is not clear what kind of changes these two methods cause. In the present study, ultrahigh-resolution liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (UHPLC–MS) was utilized to observe the changes in onion composition during cooking and to investigate the protective effects of raw and cooked onion extracts against lead damage in vitro and at the cellular level. Many compounds were identified, including amino acids, nucleosides, flavonoids, and organosulfur compounds. Cooking causes changes in the content of numerous amino acids (e.g., DL-glutamine) in onions and increases nucleoside content (e.g., 5'-S-methyl-5'-thioadenosine, adenine). Both raw and cooked onion extracts can reduce neuronal cell damage caused by lead exposure, but cooking increased the free radical scavenging (e.g., DPPH, ABTS, hydroxyl radicals) and chelating of lead ions (up to about 25%) of the onion extracts. In conclusion, cooking can cause changes in the chemical composition of onions and increase their antioxidant and lead chelating capacity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Controlled non-enzymatic glycation reactions are common under normal physiological conditions. However, during elevated blood glucose conditions, the glycation reactions are accelerated, leading to the formation of toxic compounds such as advanced glycation end products (AGEs). Several natural products are now being investigated as protective agents against glycation to preserve blood protein structure and functions. Methods: Human serum albumin (HSA) was glycated with 0.05 M α-D-glucose alone or in the presence of Zingiber officinale Roscoe (ginger) extract (0.781–100 μg/mL) for 10 weeks, and biochemical, biophysical, and computational analyses were carried out. Results: HSA glycated for 10 weeks (G-HSA-10W) resulted in significant production of ketoamines, carbonyl compounds, and AGE pentosidine. Notable structural alterations were observed in G-HSA-10W, ascertained by ultraviolet (UV), fluorescence, and circular dichroism (CD) studies. Antioxidant, anti-glycating, AGEs inhibitory, and antibacterial effects of ginger extracts were observed and attributed to the presence of various phytochemicals. Molecular docking studies suggested that the compounds 8-shagaol and gingerol exhibited strong and multiple interactions with HSA. Molecular simulation analysis suggests HSA attains a high degree of conformational stability with the compounds gingerol and 8-shogaol. Conclusions: These findings showed that ginger extract has an antioxidant function and can prevent glycation-induced biochemical and biophysical alterations in HSA. Thus, aqueous ginger extract can be utilized to combat glycation and AGE-related health issues, especially diabetes, neurological disorders, inflammatory diseases, etc. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Kombucha, a functional beverage rich in glucuronic acid, is fermented in the presence of acetic acid bacteria and yeast as the primary microorganisms. Glucuronic acid is recognized for its various physiological benefits, such as detoxification, antioxidation, and anti-inflammation. To optimize the glucuronic acid content in kombucha, various strain combinations by selecting fermented sources were accomplished. According to the experimental results, kombucha produced through co-fermentation with Pichia anomala and Komagataeibacter hansenii, with glucose-added black tea as the carbon source, exhibited the highest glucuronic acid production. A response surface methodology found that under optimized conditions of a 12.27% (w/v) carbon source concentration, a 10.07% (w/v) substrate concentration, and a 28.4 °C temperature, the highest glucuronic acid production reached 80.16 g/L, which represented a 2.39-fold increase compared to the original kombucha. Furthermore, the total polyphenol content increased by 3.87-fold, while DPPH and ABTS free radical–scavenging capacities increased by 1.86- and 2.22-fold, respectively. To sum up, these observations reveal the potential for commercial production of glucuronic acid–enriched kombucha and contribute to the development of functional food products related to kombucha in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The aim of this research was to clarify the mechanism through which baicalin exerts its inhibitory effects on Aeromonas hydrophila infection. Methods: The antibacterial efficacy of baicalin was assessed by determining its minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) against A. hydrophila. Various parameters, including the growth curve, cell wall integrity, biofilm formation, AKP content, and morphological alterations of A. hydrophila, were analyzed. In vivo experiments involved the administration of A. hydrophila 4 h postintraperitoneal injection of varying doses of baicalin to induce infection, with subsequent monitoring of mortality rates. After a 3 d period, liver, spleen, and intestinal tissues were harvested to evaluate organ indices, antioxidant and immune parameters, as well as intestinal microbial composition. Results: The findings indicated that baicalin treatment resulted in the disruption of the cell wall of A. hydrophila, leading to the loss of its normal structural integrity. Furthermore, baicalin significantly inhibited biofilm formation and facilitated the release of intracellular proteins (P < 0.05). In vivo, baicalin enhanced the survival rates of yellow catfish infected with A. hydrophila. Compared to the control group, the liver index of yellow catfish was elevated, while the spleen and intestinal indices were reduced in the baicalin-treated group (P < 0.05). Additionally, baicalin at an appropriate dosage was found to increase levels of SOD, GSH, CAT, ACP, and AKP in yellow catfish (P < 0.05), while simultaneously decreasing MDA accumulation and the mRNA expression of inflammatory markers such as Keap1, IL1, IFN-g, and TNF-a, (P < 0.05). Moreover, baicalin significantly enhanced the operational taxonomic unit (OTU) count in A. hydrophila-infected yellow catfish (P < 0.05), restoring the abundance of Barnesiellaceae, Enterobacteriaceae, Plesiomonas, and UBA1819 (P < 0.05). Discussion: In summary, baicalin demonstrates the potential to improve the survival rate of yellow catfish subjected to A. hydrophila infection, augment antioxidant and immune responses, mitigate inflammation, and enhance intestinal microbial diversity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research aimed to investigate the effects of dietary fructooligosaccharides (FOS) on attenuating the Aeromonas hydrophila (A. hydrophila)-induced oxidative stress and apoptosis in blunt snout bream Megalobrama amblycephala. Fish were divided into three groups as follows: C1 (Control), T1 (A. hydrophila), and T2 (A. hydrophila + 4 g/kg FOS). The results showed that the activities of antioxidant enzymes increased, the liver morphology had disorderly arrangement, and extensive cell necrosis occurred because of A. hydrophila-infection. While the dietary FOS improved the above-mentioned liver damage. Additionaly, FOS elevated mRNA levels of pro-apoptotic molecules, including caspase-8 and 9, and down-regulated mRNA levels of the anti-apoptotic molecule Bcl-2, which is triggered by A. hydrophila-infection. The transcriptome analysis showed that the oxidative stress-related DEGs pathways were activated in intestine of blunt snout bream by A. hydrophila-infection. The FOS-added group led to the enrichment of more pathways to health. Further WGCNA co-expression network analysis showed that the screened single genes were clustered into 49 modules. The two modules with the highest association to the five traits (10 hub genes) were chosen to build the network by combining the physiological and biochemical characteristic. In summary, this research offers a foundation for the exploring of A. hydrophila-restoration genes in dietary FOS, and also lays a theoretical foundation for aquaculture in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The myofibrillar protein (MP) of duck meat is prone to excessive oxidation during thermal processing, resulting in a decline in its overall quality. In this paper, the effect of shikimic acid on the oxidative structure of duck muscle fibrin was studied. The findings showed that, at a mass ratio of 1:50,000 (g/g) between shikimic acid and MP, the carbonyl content of MP was reduced by 74.20%, while the sulfhydryl content was increased by 73.56%. MP demonstrated the highest denaturation temperature, whereas its thermal absorption was the lowest. The percentage of α-helixes and β-sheets increased by 16.72% and 24.74%, respectively, while the percentage of irregular structures decreased by 56.23%. In addition, the surface hydrophobicity index of MP exhibited a significant decrease (p < 0.05), while there was a significant increase in its free radical-scavenging ability (p < 0.05). Molecular fluorescence spectrum analysis showed that shikimic acid could bind to MP, altering the internal environment of MP and enhancing its thermal stability. FTIR analysis showed that shikimic acid could enhance the distribution of protein particle sizes by reducing irregular structures, the proportion of β-rotation, and the degree of protein aggregation. It is hoped that this research can offer scientific support for improving meat processing technology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Control of oxidation/antioxidation homeostasis is important for cellular protective functions, and disruption of the antioxidation balance by exogenous and endogenous ligands can lead to profound pathological consequences of cancerous commitment within cells. Although cancers are sensitive to antioxidation drugs, these drugs are sometimes associated with problems including tumor resistance or dose-limiting toxicity in host animals and patients. These problems are often caused by the imbalance between the levels of oxidative stress-induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) and the redox efficacy of antioxidants. Increased ROS levels, because of abnormal function, including metabolic abnormality and signaling aberrations, can promote tumorigenesis and the progression of malignancy, which are generated by genome mutations and activation of proto-oncogene signaling. This hypothesis is supported by various experiments showing that the balance of oxidative stress and redox control is important for cancer therapy. Although many antioxidant drugs exhibit therapeutic potential, there is a heterogeneity of antioxidation functions, including cell growth, cell survival, invasion abilities, and tumor formation, as well as the expression of marker genes including tumor suppressor proteins, cell cycle regulators, nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2, and Jun dimerization protein 2; their effectiveness in cancer remains unproven. Here, we summarize the rationale for the use of antioxidative drugs in preclinical and clinical antioxidant therapy of cancer, and recent advances in this area using cancer cells and their organoids, including the targeting of ROS homeostasis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: The aim of this study was to compare cortisol concentrations, nutritional composition, and the antioxidant status of human milk of women living in Bydgoszcz (Poland), taking into account maternal factors (fertility, area of residence, economic activity, and breastfeeding period). Methods: The basic composition of human milk was evaluated using the MIRIS HMATM analyzer. The level of cortisol was determined by the enzyme-linked immunosorbent method. In order to determine the antioxidant activity, the DPPH radical method was used. Results: It was observed that the concentration of cortisol in human milk in the group of women living in the city center was higher compared to the milk of women living on the outskirts of the city. In the group of women breastfeeding from 3 to 5 weeks after childbirth, the concentration of cortisol in milk was higher compared to the group of women breastfeeding less than 12 months of age and compared to the group of women lactating over 12 months of age. The antioxidant status of human milk was highest in the group of professionally active women and in the group of breastfeeding women from 3 to 5 weeks after childbirth. The basic composition and the caloric value of human milk differed statistically significantly in the study groups. Conclusions: Based on this study, it can be concluded that the composition and antioxidant status of human milk depends on maternal factors (fertility, professional activity, area of residence, and breastfeeding period). Higher cortisol concentrations in breast milk are probably determined by the area of residence (city center and associated higher noise/sound and stress levels) and lactation period (hormonal imbalance, fatigue, and postpartum period). Milk from economically active women shows greater protection against reactive oxygen species compared to milk from inactive women, protecting against the occurrence of diseases of civilization. Milk from breastfeeding women over 12 months of age also shows protection against reactive oxygen species, despite the fact that the highest level of antioxidant status of human milk occurs in the initial period of lactation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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This study was designed to explore the hepatoprotective effects of enzymatic degradation products derived from sturgeon roe on alcohol-damaged hepatocytes and to elucidate the underlying mechanisms. Utilizing sturgeon roe as the research material, the enzymatic process was optimized by focusing on key parameters such as enzymatic efficiency and in vitro activity. The protective effects on hepatocytes were systematically investigated by using the HepG2 cell model. Advanced computerized virtual screening technology was employed to identify potential bioactive peptides within the sturgeon roe. The findings indicated that the optimum enzymatic product of sturgeon roe was obtained under the conditions of 1:1 compounding of alkaline protease (1343 U/g) and trypsin (27 U/g) for 8 h, yielded a protein recovery of 49.30%±0.57%, a hydrolysis degree of 46.05%±0.92%, and ABTS+ free radical scavenging rate of 51.45%±0.66%. Notably, at a concentration of 5 mg/mL, this product significantly enhanced the activity of alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) by 168.64%±1.42% (P<0.05). The product prepared under this enzymatic condition at 0.3~2 mg/mL significantly elevated superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, glutathione (GSH) contents, and reduced malondialdehyde (MDA) contents in alcohol-injured HepG2 cells compared to the model group (P<0.05). In addition, the product at 0.3~2 mg/mL also significantly reduced alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) activities (P<0.05). Virtual screening identified 5 peptides, including LPG and FLPR, in the sturgeon roe enzymatic degradation product, showed promising hepatoprotective properties against alcohol-induced hepatocyte injury. Consequently, this study lays a solid foundation for the further development and utilization of aquatic resources, such as sturgeon roe, in hepatoprotective applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, honeysuckle was used as raw material to compare the effects of hot water extraction (HWE), enzyme extraction (EE), ultrasonic-assisted extraction (UE) and ultrasonic-enzyme extraction (UEE) on the physicochemical properties and antioxidant activity of honeysuckle polysaccharides. The results showed that the yield of polysaccharide extracted by the four methods from high to low was UE-LJP (7.74%), EE-LJP (4.35%), UEE-LJP (3.38%) and HWE-LJP (2.13%). The polysaccharides obtained by different extraction methods all contain uronic acid, and the polysaccharide was an acidic polysaccharide. The ultrasonic-assisted extraction of polysaccharide from Lonicerae japonicae Flos had the lowest protein content (0.16%), the strongest water holding capacity and hydration characteristics. The total sugar content of polysaccharide extracted by enzymatic method was higher (38.68%). The antioxidant activity showed that the four polysaccharides had strong antioxidant activity. Among them, HWE-LJP, UE-LJP and EE-LJP had strong DPPH free radical scavenging ability, and the half inhibitory concentration was 0.067, 0.104 and 0.093 mg/mL, respectively. In terms of hydroxyl radicals, UEE-LJP showed strong scavenging ability, and the half inhibitory concentration was 0.390 mg/mL. Therefore, different extraction methods had significant effects on the physical and chemical properties and antioxidant activity of Lonicerae japonicae Flos polysaccharides. UE method and EE method could be used as the most suitable methods for extracting Lonicerae japonicae Flos polysaccharides. This paper would provide reference for the development of functional food and antioxidant and other functional drug raw materials.

Objectives: This study was to optimize the extraction and purification process parameters of donkey serum albumin (DSA) from Asini Corii Colla, to compare the emulsification, foaming properties and antioxidant activity of DSA before and after purification, and to identify the purity of DSA. Methods: In this study, Asini Corii Colla was used as raw material and DSA extraction rate was used as the response value, the optimum extraction process of salting-out-ultrasonic assisted extraction was determined by single factor and Box-Behnken response surface design. The concentration of DSA in Asini Corii Colla was purified by Sephadex G-75, and the purity of DSA in purified Asini Corii Colla was identified by SDS-PAGE gel electrophoresis. The water holding capacity, oil holding capacity, emulsification and foaming properties of DSA in Asini Corii Colla before and after purification were compared. Finally, DSA was used to analyze its antioxidant activity in vitro by scavenging ability of superoxide anion radical, ABTS+ radical, DPPH radical and hydroxyl radical. Results: The optimum extraction process parameters of DSA in Asini Corii Colla were as follows: The ratio of dissolved solution was 1:11 g/mL, the ratio of material to liquid was 1:8.3 g/mL, the ultrasonic power was 400 W, and the ultrasonic time was 31 minutes. Under these conditions, the extraction rate of DSA was 49.57%, and the purity of DSA after purification could reach 83.7%. The results of functional properties showed that the water holding capacity, oil holding capacity, emulsification and foaming properties of DSA purified under different pH conditions were enhanced compared with those before purification. The results of antioxidant activity in vitro showed that DSA had strong antioxidant activity in vitro. When the concentration of DSA was 10.0 mg/mL, the scavenging rates of superoxide anion radical, ABTS+ radical, DPPH radical and hydroxyl radical were 73.39%, 83.61%, 71.24% and 83.79%, respectively. Conclusions: The extraction, purification and identification techniques of DSA in Asini Corii Colla are simple, rapid, and high feasibility, which provides a certain reference for the high-value utilization of Asini Corii Colla and the development of functional food.

Indole-3-propionic acid (IPA) has anti-inflammatory properties, which can be beneficial for weaned piglets with underdeveloped immune systems. The study explores the impact of IPA supplementation on growth performance, oxidative stress, and inflammation response in weaned piglets. In Exp. 1, 90 weaned piglets were divided into six groups (5 replicates per group, 3 pigs per replicate), with each group receiving a basal diet with varying amounts of IPA (0, 50, 100, 200, 400, or 600 mg/kg) for 42 d. Piglets fed the diets with 50, 100, and 200 mg/kg of IPA exhibited reduced feed conversion ratios (F:G) compared to the control piglets (P = 0.035). Notably, 50 and 100 mg/kg IPA treatments significantly reduced diarrhea incidence and serum interleukin (IL)-6 content (P

Abstract Background Pathogenic infections can significantly impact the health of livestock. Traditionally, antibiotic growth promoters (AGPs) have been used in feed to enhance growth performance and disease control. However, concerns regarding antibiotic resistance have led to the exploration of traditional herbal medicine as a natural alternative, guided by the principle of medicine-food homology. The Taguchi method was employed to optimize the culture formula for cordycepin production, an active component of Cordyceps militaris (C. militaris). The influences of C. militaris supplementing solid-state fermentation (CMSSF) in feed on the growth performance and immune responses of grower pigs were evaluated in the present study. Results The C. militaris ethanol extract (CME) displayed potent free radical scavenging activity against 2, 2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,2’-azinobis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) after undergoing fermentation. Additionally, the antibacterial testing revealed that CME effectively inhibits the growth of common pig pathogens such as Glaesserella parasuis, Pasteurella multocida, Staphylococcus hyicus, and Streptococcus suis. In lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-treated intestinal porcine enterocyte cell line (IPEC-J2), CME significantly suppressed the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, including tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and interleukin (IL)-6. In addition, higher antioxidative activity was detected as indicated by elevated concentration of superoxide dismutase (SOD) in pig serum. The levels of immunoglobulin M (IgM), IgA, and IgG antibodies, as well as classical swine fever virus (CSFV) antibodies (S/P ratio) in serum were all increased. Growth performance of pigs fed with dietary CMSSF supplementation was improved in comparison with the control. Conclusions Results demonstrated that CMSSF has the potential to be used as a natural growth promoter to enhance immunity, antioxidation, as well as overall health and growth performance of grower pigs.

Abstract Fructus Choerospondiatis (FC) has been utilized in Mongolian medicine for the treatment of many diseases. This investigation assessed the coloration, five active components, total phenolic and flavonol contents, as well as the antioxidant and antibacterial properties of different parts of FC from eight cultivars, and the optimal cultivar was identified to determine the anti-inflammatory capacity of all parts. The findings revealed that L* and b* values of the dried peel powder were the highest and the a* value of whole fruit powder was the highest. The concentrations of gallic acid, catechin, epicatechin, total phenols, and total flavonoids exhibited a positive correlation with antioxidant activity. A comprehensive analysis revealed that the peel contained a greater abundance of active compounds and exhibited stronger antioxidant and antibacterial properties compared to other parts. RPNO.1 can be used as the source of high-quality FC for clinical application. In vivo anti-inflammatory experiments indicated that both the flesh and peel of RPNO.1 displayed the highest anti-inflammatory effect. This research not only addressed the gap in studies regarding FC’ s anti-inflammatory properties but also proved that the peel of FC, which was often discarded, had utilization value and could be used as a medicinal herb.

In this study, co-pigmentation with tannin combined with microencapsulation was used to improve the stability of Vitis davidii Foex. anthocyanin. Anthocyanin microcapsules were prepared by vacuum freeze drying using maltodextrin with different dextrose equivalent (DE) values as the wall material. The results showed that the co-pigmented anthocyanin microcapsules with maltodextrin DE12 had the highest encapsulation efficiency of (99.23 ± 0.31)% and the best hygroscopicity and thermal stability. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) showed that the surface morphology of all four microcapsules was glassy structure. The co-pigmented anthocyanin microcapsules had higher L* and a* values but lower b* value than the unco-pigmented ones. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) analysis showed that the co-pigmented anthocyanin microcapsules with maltodextrin DE12 had higher thermal denaturation temperature and thermal stability. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) confirmed successful microencapsulation of co-pigmented anthocyanin with maltodextrin. The co-pigmented anthocyanin microcapsules with maltodextrin DE12 had good sustained release performance and strong antioxidant capacity. After simulated gastric digestion, the percentage of anthocyanins released from the microcapsules was only (56.84 ± 0.02)%. After simulated intestinal digestion, the 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity of the microcapsules was (50.15 ± 0.38)%. Moreover, the degradation kinetics of the microcapsules followed first-order kinetics model and the microcapsules had good storage stability. Microencapsulation could effectively reduce the loss of anthocyanins during the pasteurization of V. davidii Foex. grape juice.

Abstract This research aimed to investigate the effects of dietary fructooligosaccharides (FOS) on attenuating the Aeromonas hydrophila (A. hydrophila)-induced oxidative stress and apoptosis in blunt snout bream Megalobrama amblycephala. Fish were divided into three groups as follows: C1 (Control), T1 (A. hydrophila), and T2 (A. hydrophila + 4 g/kg FOS). The results showed that the activities of antioxidant enzymes increased, the liver morphology had disorderly arrangement, and extensive cell necrosis occurred because of A. hydrophila-infection. While the dietary FOS improved the above-mentioned liver damage. Additionaly, FOS elevated mRNA levels of pro-apoptotic molecules, including caspase-8 and 9, and down-regulated mRNA levels of the anti-apoptotic molecule Bcl-2, which is triggered by A. hydrophila-infection. The transcriptome analysis showed that the oxidative stress-related DEGs pathways were activated in intestine of blunt snout bream by A. hydrophila-infection. The FOS-added group led to the enrichment of more pathways to health. Further WGCNA co-expression network analysis showed that the screened single genes were clustered into 49 modules. The two modules with the highest association to the five traits (10 hub genes) were chosen to build the network by combining the physiological and biochemical characteristic. In summary, this research offers a foundation for the exploring of A. hydrophila-restoration genes in dietary FOS, and also lays a theoretical foundation for aquaculture in the future.

This study was designed to explore the hepatoprotective effects of enzymatic degradation products derived from sturgeon roe on alcohol-damaged hepatocytes and to elucidate the underlying mechanisms. Utilizing sturgeon roe as the research material, the enzymatic process was optimized by focusing on key parameters such as enzymatic efficiency and in vitro activity. The protective effects on hepatocytes were systematically investigated by using the HepG2 cell model. Advanced computerized virtual screening technology was employed to identify potential bioactive peptides within the sturgeon roe. The findings indicated that the optimum enzymatic product of sturgeon roe was obtained under the conditions of 1:1 compounding of alkaline protease (1343 U/g) and trypsin (27 U/g) for 8 h, yielded a protein recovery of 49.30%±0.57%, a hydrolysis degree of 46.05%±0.92%, and ABTS+ free radical scavenging rate of 51.45%±0.66%. Notably, at a concentration of 5 mg/mL, this product significantly enhanced the activity of alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) by 168.64%±1.42% (P

Goji (Lycium barbarum L.) leaves flavonoid microcapsules (M-LBLF) were prepared using gelatin and carboxymethyl cellulose sodium (CMC) as wall materials, and the stability and biological activities were investigated. The preparation process of M-LBLF was optimized through response surface methodology. The stability of the product was detected using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), thermogravimetric analysis and in vitro simulated digestion. The biological activity of the product was evaluated through free radical scavenging and enzyme activity inhibition experiments. Results showed that, the optimal process conditions for M-LBLF were a core to wall ratio of 1:3.86, a wall material concentration of 1.15%, a stirring temperature of 45 ℃, and an embedding rate of 84.21%. SEM observation showed that most of the surface of the microcapsule particles was smooth, the structure of the capsule wall remained intact, and there were no signs of rupture on the wall material. FT-IR spectra showed a shift in C=O at 1594 cm−1 in Lycium barbarum leaves flavonoids (LBLF), suggesting an electrostatic interaction between LBLF and CMC. XRD spectra showed that due to microencapsulation, the amorphous structure of the product was partially transformed into a crystalline state, resulting in slight changes in the diffraction peak intensity of M-LBLF and LBLF. Thermogravimetric analysis found that microencapsulation improved the high-temperature decomposition, playing a protective role for LBLF. In vitro simulated digestion and antioxidant activity experiments showed that microencapsulation improved the stability of LBLF and retained good antioxidant activity during digestion. In addition, the equations were fitted by multiple linear regression to obtain the semi-inhibitory mass concentration (IC50) of the microcapsules against pancreatic lipase (2.2004±0.03 mg/mL) and against α-amylase (2.188±0.02 mg/mL), suggesting that M-LBLF was able to inhibit both pancreatic lipase activity and α-amylase activity, which suggested that it had the potential to regulate the glycolipid metabolism activity. This research would provide a foundation for improving the stability of flavonoids extracted from goji leaves and developing the related nutritional and health foods.

The demand for beneficial, safe natural pigments is growing. Clitoria ternatea (CT) flowers are a promising source of natural blue colours and bioactive compounds. This study extracted intact CT flowers (CTFs) and their powders (CTFPs) with distilled water at various temperatures (30-90 °C) and durations (30-180 min). The total anthocyanin content (TAC) and total phenolic content (TPC) of the CT extracts were analysed by using the pH differential and Folin-Ciocalteu methods, respectively. The antioxidant activity was expressed as the ability to scavenge DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) radicals. The results showed that different sample types significantly (P

Polyacrylonitrile pre-oxidized fiber（PANOF）is an emerging flame retardant material with low cost and high performance，showing a promising application potential as thermal protection materials in the aerospace field.Pretreated PANOF（t-PANOF）was obtained by the process of oil removing with acetone and surface modification using silane coupling agent KH570 in turn.Scanning electron microscopy（SEM），Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy（FT-IR）and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy（XPS）were employed to figure out the changes of morphology and chemical structure of the fibers before and after pretreatment and their interfacial properties with silicone rubber（SR）.Effects of t-PANOF on the mechanical and thermal performances of SR were further investigated. With the presence of ceramic forming agent（CFA），the ablation responsive behaviors of CFA/t-PANOF/SR ternary composites were researched as well.The results show that the level of interfacial adhesion between fibers and rubber is significantly enhanced contributed from the pretreatment of PANOF，and the tensile strength of the composites is improved accordingly.However，with the increasing content of t-PANOF，the comprehensive mechanical properties of t-PANOF/SR composites show the trend that increase first and then decrease，indicating that the optimal dosage of the fibers is 5 to 10 phr.t-PANOF skeleton helps to not only enhance the dimensional stability of SR in high temperature and oxygen-rich environment，but also improve the ablation performance of CFA/t-PANOF/SR composites.The antioxidation ceramic layer with fiber skeleton as the main structure is formed on the surface of CFA/t-PANOF/SR composites under the high temperature aerobic gas with the heat flux density of 2 MW/m2，the corresponding linear and mass ablation rate are only 0.02 mm/s and 0.02 g/s respectively，which is expected to be utilized as an ablation material to satisfy the demands of the new generation of aerospace vehicles.

Introduction: The formation of advanced glycation end products (AGEs) due to prolonged high blood sugar levels and oxidative stress is crucial for accelerating several chronic diseases, including diabetic complications. Edible Thai plants, such as Ficus botryocarpa (FB) and F. racemosa (FR), are abundant in phytochemicals and exhibit antioxidant, antidiabetic, and antimicrobial properties. This study aimed to evaluate the potential effects of ethanolic extracts derived from the fruits of FB and FR (referred to as FBE and FRE, respectively) on glycation and oxidative stress in vitro. In addition, the total phenolic and flavonoid compounds in the extracts were measured. Methods: Phenolic and flavonoid contents were determined using the Folin-Ciocalteu and aluminium chloride methods, respectively. To evaluate their antiglycation capabilities, the extracts were tested along with aminoguanidine as a positive control using a fructose-induced bovine serum albumin (BSA) glycation model. Fluorescent AGE and fructosamine levels were quantified. The inhibition of lipid peroxidation and superoxide anion radicals was evaluated using thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances (TBARS) and a riboflavin–light–nitroblue tetrazolium assay, respectively. Results: The phenolic and flavonoid compounds in FBE extract were greater than those in the FRE. FBE inhibited AGEs and produced a significant reduction in fructosamine levels more effectively than FRE (P

Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) are widely used in the field of biomedicine. However, the synthesis of AgNPs by traditional physical and chemical methods has problems such as pollution, product toxicity, and time-consuming. Therefore, it is extremely important to explore the preparation of AgNPs. Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) of sweet corncob polysaccharide (SCP-AgNPs) were successfully synthesized by green method using sweet corncob polysaccharide (SCP) as raw material and the reaction conditions were optimized. The generated AgNPs were characterized by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray diffraction, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and their antioxidant and anti-diabetic abilities in vitro were investigated. The results showed that the optimum reaction conditions of SCP-AgNPs were as follows: The concentration of silver nitrate in the solution was 0.75×10−3 mol/L, the pH was 10.0, and the reaction time was 80 min. The prepared SCP-AgNPs were spherical with an average particle size of 13.5 nm. The structure showed a face-centered cubic crystal structure, and Ag was determined to be Ag0 state. The synthesized SCP-AgNPs had strong free radical scavenging effect in vitro. At the same time, SCP-AgNPs had a good inhibitory effect on the activity of α-glucosidase and α-amylase. SCP-AgNPs has a significant inhibitory effect on key enzymes of diabetes and has potential anti-diabetic activity. It is a nano-drug suitable for nano-biomedical applications and will be widely used in food processing, medicine and other fields in the future.

Epilepsy, a chronic neurological disorder affecting millions globally, is often exacerbated by neuroinflammation and oxidative stress. Existing antiepileptic drugs primarily manage symptoms, leaving the disease's progression largely unaddressed. Flavonoids, ubiquitous plant metabolites with potent antiinflammatory and antioxidant properties, show promise in epilepsy treatment. Unlike conventional therapies, they targetmultiple pathophysiological processes simultaneously, offering a comprehensive approach to this complex neurological disorder. This review explores the dual role of flavonoids in mitigating neuroinflammation and reducing oxidative stress through various molecular pathways. By inhibiting key inflammatory mediators and pathways such as NF-κB, MAPK, JNK, and JAK, flavonoids offer neuronal protection. They enhance the body's natural antioxidant defenses by modulating enzyme activities, including superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione peroxidase. Moreover, flavonoids influence crucial antioxidant response pathways like PI3K/AKT, Nrf2, JNK, and PKA. Despite their therapeutic promise, the low bioavailability of flavonoids poses a considerable challenge. However, cutting-edge strategies, including nanotechnology and chemical modifications, are underway to improve their bioavailability and therapeutic efficacy. These advancements support the potential of flavonoids as a valuable addition to epilepsy treatment strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Animal coloration serves a variety of visually related functions in nature (e.g. mate choice, aposematism and camouflage) but the pigments in integumentary tissues such as skin, scales and feathers may also serve functions unrelated to the visual environment (e.g. temperature regulation, detoxification and pollutant protection). Our understanding of the significance of the non‐visual functions of animal integumentary pigments, as well as how they interact with the visually related functions to shape animal visual systems, remains limited. Furthermore, due to their important roles in shaping species interactions and mediating interactions in the environment, animal colour traits are likely to be impacted by global change (e.g. increased temperatures, altered habitat quality and quantity, increased environmental stochasticity, pollutants and novel species assemblages). Considering the effects of global change on both visual and non‐visual functions is important for understanding whether the selection is acting directly on the pigment or on coloration. Since changing the trait distributions can then lead to changes in visual systems, we advocate for studies to consider all potential functions of integumentary pigments, both visual and non‐visual functions and their interaction. Towards this goal, we first highlight common functions of pigments with a focus on non‐visual functions across animal systems. Then we synthesize our current understanding of how global change can impact pigmentation and discuss factors that can modify the interactions between climate change and pigment function. Lastly, we discuss how changes in colour traits can impact visual systems and provide an example using amphibians and their responses to climate change as a model. Read the free Plain Language Summary for this article on the Journal blog. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Inonotus hispidus, commonly referred to as the Sanghuang mushroom, is a species that is consumed as a tea. To date, this is the only species of the same fungus that has been successfully cultivated. Methods: A single-factor test was conducted using Inonotus hispidus MS-5 and MS-9 as test materials. The response surface methodology was adopted to design and optimise the liquid fermentation medium for them. Results: As indicated in the results, the optimum fermentation conditions for MS-5 include 24.09g/L glucose, 7.88g/L yeast extract, 0.99g/L dandelion powder, 1.5g MgSO4, 2g KH2PO4, 0.01g vitamin B1, and 1L deionized water; the optimum fermentation conditions for MS-9 include 24.64g/L glucose, 7.77g/L yeast extract, 0.98g/L dandelion powder, 1.5g MgSO4, 2g KH2PO4, 0.01g vitamin B1, and 1L deionized water. Under such conditions, the mycelial biomass (dry weight) values were able to reach 16.02g/L and 14.91g/L for MS-5 and MS-9, respectively, which were 1.6 and 1.54 times those measured before optimization. Discussion: As revealed in the antioxidant and anticancer experiment, Inonotus hispidus exopolysaccharides has corresponding functional effects at the cellular level. This research optimised the liquid culture formulation of Inonotus hispidus and demonstrated that the function of it as a traditional Sanghuang herbal tea is well-documented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Melatonin (N-acetyl-5-methoxytryptamine) is an essential small molecule with diverse biological functions. It plays several key roles, including regulating the secretion of reproductive hormones and the reproductive cycle, enhancing the functionality of reproductive organs, improving the quality of sperm and eggs, and mitigating oxidative stress in the reproductive system. Melatonin effectively inhibits and scavenges excess free radicals while activating the antioxidant enzyme system and reduces the production of inflammatory factors and alleviates tissue damage caused by inflammation by regulating inflammatory pathways. Additionally, melatonin contributes to repairing the intestinal barrier and regulating the gut microbiota, thereby reducing bacterial and toxin permeation. The use of melatonin as an endogenous hormone in animal husbandry has garnered considerable attention because of its positive effects on animal production performance, reproductive outcomes, stress adaptation, disease treatment, and environmental sustainability. This review explores the characteristics and biological functions of melatonin, along with its current applications in animal production. Our findings may serve as a reference for the use of melatonin in animal farming and future developmental directions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Science & Technology of Food Industry is the property of Science & Technology of Food Industry Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Lactobacillus is a recognized probiotic and has been widely used in food and medicine. As a new type of low-temperature resistant Lactobacillus, the fermentation products of Dellaglioa algida have multiple physiological activities. This study focuses on the exopolysaccharide (EPS) produced by Dellaglioa algida. The composition of the EPS is analyzed by FTIR, UV, GPC, HPLC, NMR, and SEM, and its antioxidant and immune activities are explored. The experimental results show that the EPS is a polymer composed of nine monosaccharides such as rhamnose, glucose, and mannose, connected by α - and β -glycosidic bonds, with an average molecular weight of 2.163 × 10 4 Da. When the EPS concentration reaches 100 μg/mL, the scavenging activities of DPPH and ABTS+ are 60.0% and 51.2%, respectively. The EPS promotes the secretion of NO by regulating the iNOS/NO pathway, reduces oxidative damage, and reduces the secretion of inflammatory factors such as IL-6, IL-1 β , and TNF- α , and downregulates the mRNA expression of inflammatory factors, thereby alleviating the cell inflammation stimulated by the cold-resistant bacteria Pseudomonas fluorescens and Pseudomonas fragi. By virtue of these properties, the EPS produced by Dellaglioa algida fermentation has the potential to act as an antioxidant and immunomodulator. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Coffee is one of the most popular beverages in the world, and at present, specialty coffees are developing for better tastes, flavors, or functions. Fermented coffees also reflect this trend and some brands are commercialized. Unlike general fermented coffees, we tried to ferment coffee extract with several lactic acid bacteria. Finally, we selected three strains that persisted in the coffee extract, and show strong antimicrobial activity, for the fermentation starters. The strains were identified as Pediococcus pentosaceus (KNUT 0384), Lacticaseibacillus paracasei (CJNU 1840), and Lactiplantibacillus plantarum (CJNU 0441) based on 16S rRNA gene sequences. During the fermentation process, the total acidities (p < 0.05 vs. the control, non-fermented coffee extract) and cell masses increased, which indicates that the bacteria metabolized properly in the extract. Furthermore, the fermented coffee extracts showed increased antimicrobial activities against Listeria monocytogenes (p < 0.05 vs. the control) and Streptococcus mutans (p < 0.05 vs. the control), increased anti-oxidative activities (p < 0.05 vs. the control, except for the KNUT 0384 sample), decreased caffeine content (p < 0.05 vs. the control, except for the KNUT 0384 sample), and increased chlorogenic acid content (p < 0.05 vs. the control). Taken together, the fermented coffee extracts with the selected lactic acid bacteria could be specialty coffees where several functions are improved when compared with a control coffee extract. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The increasing prevalence of age-related neurodegenerative disorders owing to the aging population worldwide poses substantial challenges. This study investigated the neuroprotective effects of protocatechuic acid (PCA), a compound found in various fruits, vegetables, and grains, using a scopolamine-induced hypomnesia mouse model. Six-week-old male C57BL/6J mice were orally administered PCA at doses of 10 and 100 mg/kg body weight per day for two weeks, along with intraperitoneal injections of scopolamine. Learning and memory abilities were assessed using the passive avoidance, Morris water maze, and Y-maze behavioral assays. Biochemical analyses evaluated the levels of oxidative stress markers, including 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) in the blood and malondialdehyde (MDA) in the brain, as well as phase II antioxidant proteins in the hippocampus. Histological examination was conducted to determine hippocampal integrity. Our results demonstrated that PCA administration at 10 mg/kg body weight per day or higher for two weeks (i) significantly ameliorated scopolamine-induced learning and memory impairments, as evidenced by improved performance in behavioral tasks, (ii) reduced plasma 8-OHdG levels and cerebral MDA levels in a dose-dependent manner, (iii) increased antioxidant protein expressions in the hippocampal tissue, and (iv) mitigated histological damage in the hippocampal region of the brain. These findings suggest that oral administration of PCA provides neuroprotective effects against oxidative stress-induced learning and memory impairments, possibly through upregulating antioxidant machinery. Therefore, PCA may serve as a promising dietary supplement for mitigating cognitive deficits associated with neurodegenerative diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Liver injury induced by alcohol is a serious global health problem. Several tea-like plants are widely used as beverages, which are drunk like tea. In this study, the hepatoprotective effects of eight tea-like plant extracts with the intake of 200 mg/kg.bw/day were investigated and compared using a C57BL/6J mouse model of acute alcohol exposure, including sweet tea, vine tea, Rabdosia serra kudo, broadleaf holly leaf, mulberry leaf, bamboo leaf, Camellia nitidissima, and Akebia trifoliata peels. The results showed that the eight tea-like plants had hepatoprotective effects to different degrees against acute alcohol exposure via enhancing the activities of alcoholic metabolism enzymes, ameliorating oxidative stress and inflammation in the liver, as well as regulating gut microbiota. In particular, sweet tea, bamboo leaf, mulberry leaf, and Camellia nitidissima increased the activities of alcohol dehydrogenase or aldehyde dehydrogenase. Among these tea-like plants, sweet tea and Camellia nitidissima had the greatest hepatoprotective effects, and their bioactive compounds were determined by high-performance liquid chromatography. Chlorogenic acid, rutin, and ellagic acid were identified in sweet tea, and epicatechin, rutin, and ellagic acid were identified in Camellia nitidissima, which could contribute to their hepatoprotective action. These tea-like plants could be drunk or developed into functional food against alcoholic liver injury, especially sweet tea and Camellia nitidissima. In the future, the effects of sweet tea and Camellia nitidissima on chronic alcoholic liver diseases should be further investigated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To reduce the use of antibiotics and chemicals in aquaculture, an edible herb, Bidens pilosa, has been selected as a multifunctional feed additive. Although there has been considerable research into the effects of B. pilosa on poultry, the wider effects of B. pilosa, particularly on the growth and gut microbiota of fish, remain largely unexplored. We aimed to investigate the interactive effects between the host on growth and the gut microbiota using transcriptomics and the gut microbiota in B. pilosa-fed tilapia. In this study, we added 0.5% and 1% B. pilosa to the diet and observed that the growth performance of tilapia significantly increased over 8 weeks of feeding. Comparative transcriptome analysis was performed on RNA sequence profiles obtained from liver and muscle tissues. Functional enrichment analysis revealed that B. pilosa regulates several pathways and genes involved in amino acid metabolism, lipid metabolism, carbohydrate metabolism, endocrine system, signal transduction, and metabolism of other amino acids. The expression of the selected growth-associated genes was validated by qRT–PCR. The qRT–PCR results indicated that B. pilosa may enhance growth performance by activating the expression of the liver igf1 and muscle igf1rb genes and inhibiting the expression of the muscle negative regulator mstnb. Both the enhancement of liver endocrine IGF1/IGF1Rb signaling and the suppression of muscle autocrine/paracrine MSTN signaling induced the expression of myogenic regulatory factors (MRFs), myod1, myog and mrf4 in muscle to promote muscle growth in tilapia. The predicted function of the gut microbiota showed several significantly different pathways that overlapped with the KEGG enrichment results of differentially expressed genes in the liver transcriptomes. This finding suggested that the gut microbiota may influence liver metabolism through the gut–liver axis in B. pilosa-fed tilapia. In conclusion, dietary B. pilosa can regulate endocrine IGF1 signaling and autocrine/paracrine MSTN signaling to activate the expression of MRFs to promote muscle growth and alter the composition of gut bacteria, which can then affect liver amino acid metabolism, carbohydrate metabolism, endocrine system, lipid metabolism, metabolism of other amino acids, and signal transduction in the host, ultimately enhancing growth performance. Our results suggest that B. pilosa has the potential to be a functional additive that can be used as an alternative to reduce antibiotic use as a growth promoter in aquaculture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The ability of Deinococcus bacteria to survive in harsh environments, such as high radiation, extreme temperature, and dryness, is mainly attributed to the generation of unique pigments, especially carotenoids. Although the limited number of natural pigments produced by these bacteria restricts their industrial potential, metabolic engineering and synthetic biology can significantly increase pigment yield and expand their application prospects. In this study, we review the properties, biosynthetic pathways, and functions of key enzymes and genes related to these pigments and explore strategies for improving pigment production through gene editing and optimization of culture conditions. Additionally, studies have highlighted the unique role of these pigments in antioxidant activity and radiation resistance, particularly emphasizing the critical functions of deinoxanthin in D. radiodurans. In the future, Deinococcus bacterial pigments will have broad application prospects in the food industry, drug production, and space exploration, where they can serve as radiation indicators and natural antioxidants to protect astronauts' health during long-term space flights. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hot water extract of Chlorella vulgaris (CVE) is a biologically substance that enhances organism's immune function and antioxidative capacity. This study evaluated the effect of supplementation with various concentrations of CVE on muscle nutritional components, non-specific immunity, antioxidation, and resistance to non-ionic ammonia (NH3-N) stress in Litopenaeus vannamei over 45 days using diets supplemented with CVE at five different concentrations (0%, 0.5%, 1%, 5%, 10%, and 15%). Specifically, fresh and sweet amino acids (Asp, Glu) significantly increased (P < 0.05) in shrimp fed the 1% CVE diet, reaching 18.12 g/kg and 33.08 g/kg, respectively. Bitter amino acids (Leu) and Hypoxanthine (Hx) significantly decreased (P < 0.05) in shrimp fed the 1% CVE diet, at 10.56 g/kg and 10.56 ug/g. CVE supplementary enhanced the activities of acid phosphatase, alkaline phosphatase, and nitric oxide synthase while decreasing malondialdehyde levels. Shrimp fed with a 1% CVE diet exhibited significantly higher enzyme activity than the control group under NH3-N conditions (P < 0.05). Overall, this study demonstrated that 1% CVE as a feed additive significantly improved the muscle mass, boosted immunity and reduced the stress response to NH3-N in L. vannamei. This research provides a valuable reference for the application of CVE as a feed additive in crustacean aquaculture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Materials Engineering / Cailiao Gongcheng is the property of Journal of Materials Engineering Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The liver, being the most metabolically active organ, is highly vulnerable to damage caused by oxidative stress. Rosa davurica Pall. seed oil (RDPO), a novel vegetable oil, and its bioactive components have been extensively researched in the field of antioxidants. In this research, the antioxidant properties and hepatoprotection by RDPO were evaluated. A series of antioxidant evaluation systems and a CCl4-induced acute liver injury model in mice were used to investigate the antioxidant activity and hepatoprotective efficacy of RDPO. The results showed that the extraction rate of RDPO was 11.12% using the optimal extraction process. Three major unsaturated fatty acids of the oil were α-linolenic acid (11.89 ± 0.017%), linoleic acid (18.52 ± 0.072%), and oleic acid (11.54 ± 0.425%). Furthermore, its antioxidant small-molecule compounds were β-sitosterol (1.429 ± 0.002 μg/g), α-tocopherol (1.273 ± 0.079 μg/g), β-carotene (0.012 ± 0.001 μg/g), lycopene (0.108 ± 0.002 μg/g), squalene (178.950 ± 0.794 μg/g), total polyphenols (1.114 ± 0.032 μg GAE/mg), and total flavonoids (0.504 ± 0.009 mg RU/g), respectively. In vitro, RDPO significantly inhibited the production of ABTS+•, DPPH•, O2•−, and hydroxyl radicals, as well as Fe3+. In vivo, RDPO significantly reversed the activity of total superoxide-dismutase, catalase, L-glutathione, and the level of malondialdehyde (MDA) in liver tissue. It also obviously inhibited the activity of aspartate transaminase (AST) and the level of MDA in the serum. Therefore, RDPO has demonstrated excellent antioxidant activity and a potential liver protective effect. This effect may be ascribed to its capacity for decreasing AST activity, inhibiting lipid peroxidation, and boosting endogenous antioxidant enzyme activity. Therefore, RDPO has significant application value in the biopharmaceutical industry and as a dietary supplement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) are widely used in the field of biomedicine. However, the synthesis of AgNPs by traditional physical and chemical methods has problems such as pollution, product toxicity, and time-consuming. Therefore, it is extremely important to explore the preparation of AgNPs. Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) of sweet corncob poly- saccharide (SCP-AgNPs) were successfully synthesized by green method using sweet corncob polysaccharide (SCP) as raw material and the reaction conditions were optimized. The generated AgNPs were characterized by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray diffraction, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and their antioxidant and anti-diabetic abilities in vitro were investigated. The results showed that the optimum reaction conditions of SCP-AgNPs were as follows: The concentration of silver nitrate in the solution was 0.75x10-3 mol/L, the pH was 10.0, and the reaction time was 80 min. The prepared SCP-AgNPs were spherical with an average particle size of 13.5 nm. The structure showed a face-centered cubic crystal structure, and Ag was determined to be Ag0 state. The synthesized SCP-AgNPs had strong free radical scavenging effect in vitro. At the same time, SCP-AgNPs had a good inhibitory effect on the activity of α-glucosidase and α-amylase. SCP-AgNPs has a significant inhibitory effect on key enzymes of diabetes and has potential anti-diabetic activity. It is a nano-drug suitable for nano-biomedical applications and will be widely used in food processing, medicine and other fields in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, a newly isolated Pediococcus acidilactici F3 was used as probiotic starter for producing fermented soymilk to enhance antioxidant properties with high antimicrobial activity against food-borne pathogens. The objectives of this study were to investigate optimized fermentation parameters of soymilk for enhancing antioxidant property by P. acidilactici F3 and to assess the dynamic antimicrobial activity of the fermented soymilk during co-culturing against candidate foodborne pathogens. Based on central composite design (CCD) methodology, the maximum predicted percentage of antioxidant activity was 78.9% DPPH inhibition. After model validation by a 2D contour plot, more suitable optimum parameters were adjusted to be 2% (v/v) inoculum and 2.5 g/L glucose incubated at 30 ◦C for 18 h. These parameters could provide the comparable maximum percentage of antioxidant activity at 74.5 ± 1.2% DPPH inhibition, which was up to a 23% increase compared to that of non-fermented soymilk. During 20 days of storage at 4 ◦C, antioxidant activities and viable cells of the fermented soymilk were stable while phenolic and organic contents were slightly increased. Interestingly, the fermented soymilk completely inhibited food-borne pathogens, Salmonella Typhimurium ATCC 13311, and Escherichia coli ATCC 25922 during the co-culture incubation. Results showed that the soymilk fermented by P. acidilactici F3 may be one of the alternative functional foods enriched in probiotics, and the antioxidation and antimicrobial activities may retain nutritional values and provide health benefits to consumers with high confidence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigated the effects of Selenium-enriched brown rice protein on oxidative stress in the mammalian erythrocytes. Selenium-enriched brown rice protein and native rice protein (control) were treated with mice erythrocytes at various cooking processes. The research explored the antioxidant activity of enzymes, including superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase CAT), and lipid peroxidase (LPO) as well as markers of oxidative damage such as malondialdehyde (MDA). Furthermore, the investigation analyzed the expression of proteins, including nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), a principal regulator of the antioxidant response, and Band3, a membrane protein crucial for erythrocyte function. The study also examined the influence of different types of cooking on the effectiveness of selenium-enriched brown rice protein and native rice protein (control). Cooking increased the protection against oxidative damage of red blood cells; high-pressure cooking demonstrated the highest efficacy, followed by microwave cooking and low-pressure cooking. In addition, the results indicated that this protection mechanism might be related to the regulation of antioxidant enzyme activities and gene expressions induced by Peroxiredoxins (PRP) protein, Band3, and Nrf2 genes, leading to decreased lipid peroxidation and oxidative product generation. This contributed to the preservation of RBC integrity and decreased the rate at which it was Hemolysis. Our findings suggest that the protective mechanism of PRP against oxidative damage in RBCs is associated with the regulation of PRP, Band3 protein, and Nrf2 gene expression. This regulation reduces lipid peroxidation, minimizes LPO and MDA production, and preserves cell integrity, ultimately decreasing the hemolysis rate under oxidative stress.

The study investigated the effects of pretreatments of freeze-thawing at - 20 °C (FT), osmotic dehydration at 20 % (w/v) of sucrose (OD), and water only (WO) on vitamin C content, total phenolic content (TPC), antioxidation (1,1,-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), 2,2-azino-bis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS), and moisture content (MC). The study further assessed the energy Consumption Rate (ECR), drying Rate (DR), drying kinetics and Sensorial properties of Orange-Fleshed Sweet Potato (OFSP) slices dried using hot air drying (HAD). FT pretreatment improved the preservation of Vitamin C (12.73 ± 0.26 mg.100 g-1 dm), TPC (26.20 ± 0.65 mg GAE/g db.), ABTS (37.12 %), and DPPH (44.77 %) than the OD and WO. Again, the FT recorded the lowest moisture content (6.5 %) after drying, and lower drying time (6 h), than the OD (7.5 h), WO (9.5 h), and Control (11hours). However, the ECR of both FT and OD exhibited the same ECR (15 kWh/kg). The OD recorded higher scores for Colour (7.0), and Appearance (7.0) per the sensory evaluation conducted compared for FT, WO, and Control. However, the FT recorded higher scores in Aroma (8.6), Flavour (8.6), and General Acceptance (8.5) than the OD, WO, and Control. Among the three pretreatments, FT was found to enhance the drying kinetics comparative to the WO and OD pretreated sample. Newton's model fitted well to the experimental results (R2 > 0.999) than the first order and Weibull models.

Abstract The continuous imbalance of the diabetic wound microenvironment is an important cause of chronic nonhealing, which manifests as a vicious cycle between excessive accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and abnormal healing. Regulating the microenvironment by suppressing wound inflammation, oxidative stress, and bacterial infection is a key challenge in treating diabetic wounds. In this study, ROS‐responsive hydrogels are developed composed of silk fibroin methacrylated (SFMA), modified collagen type III (rCol3MA), and lipid nanoparticles (LNPs). The newly designed hydrogel system demonstrated stable physicochemical properties and excellent biocompatibility. Moreover, the release of antimicrobial peptide (AMP) and puerarin (PUE) demonstrated remarkable efficacy in eradicating bacteria, regulating inflammatory responses, and modulating vascular functions. This multifunctional hydrogel is a simple and efficient approach for the treatment of chronic diabetic infected wounds and holds tremendous potential for future clinical applications.

旨在为大豆甾醇酯（SSEs）的合理高效利用提供理论依据，以大豆甾醇（SS）和脂肪酸为原料，采用酶法制备了大豆甾醇油酸酯（SSO）、大豆甾醇亚油酸酯（SSL）和大豆甾醇共轭亚油酸酯（SSC），采用化学法制备了大豆甾醇棕榈酸酯（SSP）和大豆甾醇硬脂酸酯（SSS），分析了5种SSEs的脂溶性、熔融结晶特性及热稳定性，并探究了不同添加量SSEs对鱼油氧化稳定性的影响。结果表明：SSO、SSL和SSC的脂溶性远高于SS，而SSP和SSS的脂溶性相较于SS并无明显改善；差示扫描量热与热重分析表明SS与不饱和脂肪酸的酯化反应比饱和脂肪酸能更有效地降低SS的熔点和结晶点，其热稳定性顺序为大豆甾醇饱和脂肪酸酯>大豆甾醇不饱和脂肪酸酯>SS。SSEs添加量为0.1%和1%时，5种SSEs对鱼油均具有较好的抗氧化性。综上，不饱和大豆甾醇酯相较于SS具有良好的脂溶性，在油脂的抗氧化方面具有良好的应用前景。Aiming to provide a theoretical basis for the rational and efficient use of soybean sterol esters (SSEs), soybean sterol oleate (SSO), soybean sterol linoleate (SSL) and soybean sterol conjugated linoleate (SSC) were prepared by enzymatic method, and soybean sterol palmitate (SSP) and soybean sterol stearate (SSS) were prepared by chemical method, using soybean sterol (SS) and fatty acids as raw materials. The lipid solubility, melting and crystallization properties and thermal stability of the five SSEs were analyzed and the effects of SSEs on the oxidation stability of fish oil were investigated. The results showed that the solubility of SSO, SSL and SSC in soybean oil was much higher than that of SS, while the solubility of SSP and SSS in soybean oil was not significantly improved compared with that of SS. Differential scanning calorimetry and thermogravimetric analysis showed that the esterification reaction between SS and unsaturated fatty acids was more effective than that between SS and saturated fatty acids in lowering the melting point and crystallization point of SS, and the order of their thermal stabilities were saturated fatty acid esters of soybean sterol > unsaturated fatty acid esters of soybean sterol > SS. The five SSEs showed good antioxidant properties in fish oil when the SSEs were added at 0.1% and 1%. In conclusion, unsaturated fatty acid esters of soybean sterol have good lipid solubility compared with SS, and have good application prospects in antioxidant of oils.

Human fibroblast cells (BJ cells) were used in vitro to study the skin-care effects of fish swim bladder oligopeptides (FSBOP). Wound healing results showed that cell migration was significantly enhanced in cells treated with 0.5 % FSBOP (P

Background: Parkia speciosa (PS) is commonly used in Southeast Asian cuisine and traditional medicine to treat diabetes, hypertension, dermatitis, and kidney diseases. PS has emerged as a subject of interest because of its potential antioxidation and anti-inflammatory properties. However, despite its historically long and wide usage, a comprehensive investigation of these properties in PS pods (PSp) have not been conducted. Aims of this study: This study aimed to identify the phytochemical compounds in the ethanolic extract of PSp collected from Southern Thailand and assess whether PSp exhibit antioxidant properties and mitigate inflammation in a lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced RAW264.7 model. Materials and methods: The ethanolic extract of PSp was comprehensively analyzed using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC/MS) to identify its phytochemical constituents. To assess the antioxidant activity, 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,2′-azino-bis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic) acid (ABTS) assays were performed, and cytotoxicity was evaluated using the MTT assay. The effect of PSp on reactive nitrogen and oxygen species (RNS and ROS) was determined using a nitric oxide (NO) assay, and its effect on pro-inflammatory cytokines was assessed using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and real-time quatitvative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). Morphological changes following treatment were observed using a microscope. Western blot analysis was performed to quantify MAPK pathway expression. Results: PSp contain polyphenols, phytosterols, triterpenes, oxaloacetic acid, and unsaturated fatty acids. PSp demonstrated high antioxidant potential in scavenging free radicals and exhibited no cytotoxic effects on macrophages. Moreover, PSp effectively reduced NO release and inhibited pro-inflammatory cytokines such as IL1-β, TNF-α, and IL-6. PSp treatment induced notable morphological changes in macrophages, characterized by an increase in cell size and the presence of intracellular vacuoles. In addition, Western blot analysis showed the selective suppressive effect of PSp on the p38-MAPK pathway. Conclusion: PSp possess strong antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, making it a potential therapeutic agent for the treatment of inflammatory disorders.