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Metal phosphates represent an important group of materials with established industrial applications that are still attracting special scientific interest, owing to their outstanding physical and chemical properties. In this review, we account on the different synthetic routes and applications of zirconium and titanium phosphates, with a special focus on their application in the medicinal field. While zirconium phosphate has been extensively studied and explored with several reported industrial and medicinal applications, especially for drug delivery applications, titanium phosphates have not yet attracted the deserved attention regarding their established applications. However, titanium phosphates have been the focus of several structural studies with their different polymorphic forms, varied chemical structures, and morphologies. These variations introduce titanium phosphates as a strong candidate for technological and, particularly, biomedical applications.

Bulk Cr2O3 is an antiferromagnetic (AFM) oxide that exhibits the magnetoelectric effect at room temperature, with neither spontaneous magnetization nor net electric polarization. These physical properties stem from a subtle competition between exchange and crystal field interactions. In this article, we exploit the symmetry breaking at the surface of Cr2O3 nanoparticles for unbalancing this delicate physical equilibrium. The emerging weak ferromagnetic signal we observe persists up to near room temperature (≈ 270 K) at which the antiferromagnetic order disappears. In addition, an exchange-bias effect, that rapidly decreases on heating from low temperature up to 30 K, is resistant to thermal disorder above 200 K. Our findings point to the possible formation of an entangled core/shell magnetic structure, where pinned uncompensated spins at the shell are randomly distributed in a low-temperature spin-glass ordering, with low net magnetic moment and an ordering temperature governed by the AFM Néel temperature.

The synthesis of single-atom catalysts and the control of the electronic properties of catalytic sites to arrive at superior catalysts is a major challenge in heterogeneous catalysis. A stable supported single-atom silver catalyst with a controllable electronic state was obtained by anti-Ostwald ripening. An electronic perturbation of the catalytic sites that is induced by a subtle change in the structure of the support has a strong influence on the intrinsic reactivity. The higher depletion of the 4d electronic state of the silver atoms causes stronger electronic metal–support interactions, which leads to easier reducibility and higher catalytic activity. These results may improve our understanding of the nature of electronic metal–support interactions and lead to structure–activity correlations.

The hydrothermal synthesis and the chemical-physical characterization of an ammonium-chromium(III)-iron(III) bis(hydrogenphosphate), Cr0.34Fe0.66NH4(HPO4)2 [CrFeNP] is reported. It was obtained in aqueous media by reaction between chromium(III) chloride, iron(III) chloride, urea, and orthophosphoric acid. The crystal structure of CrFeNP was determined from single-crystal X-ray diffraction data. It crystallizes in the triclinic system, space group P-1, and exhibits two types of different infinite tunnels along [0 1 0] and [1 0 0] directions, where the ammonium cations are located. Thermal analysis shows that the solid is stable up to ca. 600 K. The activation energy of the thermal decomposition up to 1273 K was computed by isoconversional methods. In addition, the magnetic behaviour of the material was investigated from magnetic susceptibility and magnetization measurements. CrFeNP undergoes two successive magnetic transitions at temperatures Tc = 17. 9 K and Tt = 3.1 K, which could be related to a ferri- and an antiferromagnetic magnetic phase transitions, respectively.

In the present work, we synthesized CoxZn1-xFe2O4 spinel ferrite nanoparticles (x= 0, 0.1, 0.2, 0.3 and 0.4) via the precipitation and hydrothermal-joint method. Structural parameters were cross-verified using X-ray powder diffraction (XRPD) and electron microscopy-based techniques. The magnetic parameters were determined by means of vibrating sample magnetometry. The as-synthesized CoxZn1-xFe2O4 nanoparticles exhibit high phase purity with a single-phase cubic spinel-type structure of Zn-ferrite. The microstructural parameters of the samples were estimated by XRD line profile analysis using the Williamson–Hall approach. The calculated grain sizes from XRPD analysis for the synthesized samples ranged from 8.3 to 11.4 nm. The electron microscopy analysis revealed that the constituents of all powder samples are spherical nanoparticles with proportions highly dependent on the Co doping ratio. The CoxZn1-xFe2O4 spinel ferrite system exhibits paramagnetic, superparamagnetic and weak ferromagnetic behavior at room temperature depending on the Co2+ doping ratio, while ferromagnetic ordering with a clear hysteresis loop is observed at low temperatures (5K). We concluded that replacing Zn2+ ions with Co2+ ions changes both the structural and magnetic properties of ZnFe2O4 nanoparticles.

During the last decade, the synthesis and application of metal-organic framework (MOF) nanosheets has received growing interest, showing unique performances for different technological applications. Despite the potential of this type of nanolamellar materials, the synthetic routes developed so far are restricted to MOFs possessing layered structures, limiting further development in this field. Here, a bottom-up surfactant-assisted synthetic approach is presented for the fabrication of nanosheets of various nonlayered MOFs, broadening the scope of MOF nanosheets application. Surfactant-assisted preorganization of the metallic precursor prior to MOF synthesis enables the manufacture of nonlayered Al-containing MOF lamellae. These MOF nanosheets are shown to exhibit a superior performance over other crystal morphologies for both chemical sensing and gas separation. As revealed by electron microscopy and diffraction, this superior performance arises from the shorter diffusion pathway in the MOF nanosheets, whose 1D channels are oriented along the shortest particle dimension.

Composite microporous SiO2-TiO2 spheres and micro/mesoporous TiO2 spheres were prepared via the template-free two-step synthetic route using aqueous peroxotitanate solution and tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS) as precursors. Both the composite SiO2-TiO2 and pure TiO2 spheres prepared by the solvent-exchange method were initially non-porous, but the applied reflux treatment in water-ethanol suspension successfully transformed them into microporous materials with high apparent surface areas approaching 500 m2·g− 1 and the micropore volume of 0.17 cm3·g− 1, while maintaining the same morphology. The prepared composites retained high values of pore volume and specific surface area up to 400 °C of thermal treatment temperature. The crystallization of TiO2 into the anatase phase in the mixed oxide occurred only at 700 °C, that process was also accompanied by the significant reduction of pore volume, as well as apparent surface area values. The prepared materials were tested as adsorbents for the lead(II) removal; they demonstrated high adsorption capacities, reaching 340 mg(Pb2 +)·g− 1. Moreover, the mixed silica-titania oxide was found to be more efficient adsorbent at low pH values.

Graphitic carbon nitride assisted partial photocatalytic oxidation of 5-hydroxymethyl-2-furfural (HMF) in aqueous medium was investigated. Different carbon nitride precursors were considered, being melamine the one yielding the most efficient photocatalyst. The obtained 30% selectivity of HMF oxidation to 2,5-furandicarboxaldehyde (FDC) is higher than those reported up to now. A further thermal exfoliation of the g-C3N4 samples showed under artificial light irradiation both an enhanced photocatalytic activity in conversion of HMF, and selectivity (ca. 42–45%) to FDC. The performance of the catalysts increased when the experiments were carried out under real outdoor illumination, reaching 50% of selectivity versus FDC formation at 40% of HMF conversion. The utilization of radical scavengers revealed that O2− was the main reactive species responsible for HMF oxidation to FDC. The photocatalytic test carried out under natural solar irradiation resulted in higher yields of FDC compared to that observed in the laboratory UV irradiated set-up, thus demonstrating the applicability of the exfoliated carbon nitride material in real-life conditions.

The photocatalytic TiO2-assisted decomposition of 2-(4-methylphenoxy)ethanol (MPET) in aqueous solution has been studied for the first time. The intermediate compounds of MPET photodegradation have been also determined. A toxic p-cresol is formed in significant quantities during the photocatalytic reaction. A solvent-exchange approach for a template-free preparation of spherical TiO2 particles has been described, which is based solely on precipitation of hydrous titania from aqueous titanium peroxo complex by using organic solvents. The proposed method favours the formation of spherical titania particles with a mean size varying from 50 to 260 nm depending on the choice of solvent. The procedure for converting nonporous titania spheres into mesoporous material maintaining the same spherical morphology has been developed. The synthesized TiO2 spheres demonstrate a degree of MPET photo-degradation close to that of the commercial titania Aeroxide P25, besides being successfully recovered and reused for four reaction cycles without loss of photocatalytic activity. The effectiveness of the commercial Aeroxide P25 in MPET photodegradation, on the other hand, suffers 10-time drop during the third reaction cycle, which is attributed to its poor recoverability because the photocatalyst is composed of small particles of 20 nm size.

Extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) investigation of the oxygen-rich titania formed via the thermal treatment of N-doped TiO has revealed that the removal of N-dopants is responsible for the creation of defect sites in the titanium environment, thus triggering at high temperatures (500-800 °C) the capture of atmospheric oxygen followed by its diffusion toward the vacant sites and formation of interstitial oxygen species. The effect of the dopants on Ti coordination number and Ti-O and Ti-N bond distances has been estimated. The photocatalytic p-cresol degradation tests have demonstrated that the interband states formed by the N-dopants contribute to a greater extent to the visible-light activity than the oxygen interstitials do. However, under the UV irradiation the oxygen-rich titania shows higher efficiency in the pollutant degradation, while the N-dopants in N-TiO play the role of recombination sites. The presence of the surface nitrogen species in TiO is highly beneficial for the application in partial photooxidation reactions, where N-TiO demonstrates a superior selectivity of 5-hydroxymethyl furfural (HMF) oxidation to 2,5-furandicarboxaldehyde (FDC). Thus, this work underlines the importance of a rational design of nonmetal doped titania for photocatalytic degradation and partial oxidation applications, and it establishes the role of bulk defects and surface dopants on the TiO photooxidation performance.

Morphological and structural characterization of both (NH4)2Th(PO4)2·H2O (1) and Th2(PO4)(P3O10) (2) have been performed by using electron microscopy techniques (SEM, HR-TEM, DF-STEM and SAED), which reveal a morphological transformation from star-shaped particles to irregularly rhombohedral-like aggregates after thermal treatment at 1000 °C. The 1 → 2 thermal conversion is monitored by thermogravimetric analysis and the activation energy has been obtained by using isoconversional methods. A discrete model describing the kinetic process is obtained and so the original data set can be reconstructed and compared with the experimental measures. By using heating rates different from those involved for getting the model, predictions can be also made. The procedure has worked efficiently in recovering the original kinetic parameters in two theoretical simulations.

The possibility of using sub-micrometer polymeric stomatocytes is investigated to effectuate confined crystallization of inorganic compounds. These bowl-shaped polymeric compartments facilitate confined crystallization while their glassy surfaces provide their crystalline cargos with convenient shielding from the electron beam's harsh effects during transmission electron microscopy experiments. Stomatocytes host the growth of a single nanocrystal per nanocavity, and the electron diffraction experiments reveal that their glassy membranes do not interfere with the diffraction patterns obtained from their crystalline cargos. Therefore, it is expected that the encapsulation and crystallization within these compartments can be considered as a promising template (nanovials) that hold and protect nanocrystals and protein clusters from the direct radiation damage before data acquisition, while they are examined by modern crystallography methodologies such as serial femtosecond crystallography.

Composite silica–titania spherical particles, from the nanometer to submicron size, have been synthesized via a new template-free method, being achieved by the reaction of aqueous titanium peroxo complex with TEOS (tetraethylorthosilicate) in aliphatic alcohols. The choice of the solvent greatly affects the growth of silica–titania particles. It has been established that size of the spheres increases as carbon chain length of alcohol extends (from methanol to n-propanol). The nanometer size SiO2–TiO2 spheres with mean diameter of about 50 nm are formed in the methanol solution, while n-propanol promotes particle growth up to 400 nm. The synthesized composites retain amorphous structure up to 500 °C due to the formation of Si–O–Ti heterolinkages, whose presence has been confirmed by FTIR and XPS studies.

Single-phase Cr doped zinc ferrites have been synthesized by hydrothermal method. The crystal structure, microstructure, crystallite size and distribution, composition and magnetic properties of the synthesized nanoparticles were determined using X-ray powder diffraction, electron microscopies and vibrating sample magnetometry. Powders are composed of ultrafine spherical nanoparticles with a highly homogeneous elemental composition. The nanoparticles have partially inversed cubic spinel structure with average crystallite size below 10 nm. Superparamagnetic behavior is observed at high temperature while ferrimagnetic ordering and surface spin canting is reported at 5 K. Substitution of Fe with Cr ions controls both structural and magnetic parameters.

Polycrystalline ammonium-titanium(IV) phosphate with pyrochlore-type structure has been obtained under hydrothermal conditions and characterised by powder X-ray thermodiffractometry (HT-pXRD), electron microscopy (SEM and TEM) and thermal analysis (TG/SDTA–MS). Moreover, the activation energy of thermal decomposition has been calculated as a function of the extent of conversion applying the Vyazovkin isoconversional method to the thermogravimetric data. The sample is constituted by nearly spherical plate-like particles (diameter ca. 25 nm) which in an aqueous medium are prone to auto-assembling to originate polycrystalline fibres. Thermogravimetric analysis showed significant differences between the thermal decomposition behaviour in inert (N2) and oxidiser (O2) atmospheres (e.g. the total mass loss), revealing the presence of a fraction of P(III) which oxidises to P(V) when the N2 atmosphere is replaced at 823 K by O2 atmosphere.

A series of layered alkylammonium–chromium phosphates, formulated as [CnH2n+1NH3]Cr(OH)PO4 (n=2–6), has been synthesized under hydrothermal conditions. The interlayer spacing, increasing linearly with the increase of alkyl-chain length from 13.61 Å (n=2) to 21.20 Å (n=6), is occupied by a double sheet of packed amine molecules with a tilt angle of ca. 51° respect to the inorganic sheet. The powders are constituted by circular plates (diameter=0.5–3 µm, thickness=~50 nm) with central holes when n=4–6, stacked in axial direction showing worm-like morphologies. The presence of holes, and some corrugated and zig-zag fashions observed on the edge of thin circular plates are the most probable ways for the reduction of the steric tensions between organic and inorganic portions in these hybrid materials. The thermal and thermo-oxidative stability of selected compounds have been studied, including the determination of activation energy data for the decomposition processes.

A new solvent-exchange technique to prepare anatase nanoparticles with exceptional thermal stability and photocatalytic activity is described here. The process of preparation is accomplished by using organic solvents to precipitate hydrous titania particles from a basic aqueous medium containing a titanium peroxo complex. Undoped titanium dioxide formed via a solvent exchange method has unprecedented thermal stability against transformation to the rutile phase, as opposed to TiO2 prepared by the common method of the gelation of an aqueous titanium peroxo complex. On the basis of X-ray thermodiffraction experiments, it has been established that the thermal treatment at 1000 °C of the titania prepared by ethanol precipitation contains 100% pure anatase phase. The stabilization of anatase is induced by the high defectiveness of the TiO2 nanostructure, which is evidenced from band-gap energy estimation, PXRD and HRTEM studies. The prepared TiO2 nanoparticles show an outstanding photocatalytic activity comparable to the commercial Aeroxide P25 photocatalyst in the UV-assisted decomposition of methylene blue.

Formaldehyde (HCHO) is a prior pollutant in both indoor and outdoor air, and catalytic oxidation proves the most promising technology for HCHO abatement. For this purpose, supported metal catalysts with single silver atoms confined at 4-fold O4-terminated surface hollow sites of a hollandite manganese oxide (HMO) as catalytic centers were synthesized and investigated in the complete oxidation of HCHO. Synchrotron X-ray diffraction patterns, X-ray absorption spectra, and electron diffraction tomography revealed that geometric structures and electronic states of the catalytic centers were tuned by the changes of HMO structures via controllable metal–support interactions. The catalytic tests demonstrated that the catalytically active centers with high electronic density of states and strong redox ability are favorable for enhancement of the catalytic efficiency in the HCHO oxidation. This work provides a strategy for designing efficient oxidation catalysts for controlling air pollution.

Two series of isoreticular chiral metal–organic frameworks assembled from Ln(III) (Ln = Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Yb), Na(I), and chiral flexible-achiral rigid dicarboxylate ligands, formulated as [NaLn(Tart)(BDC)(H2O)2] (S1) and [NaLn(Tart)(biBDC)(H2O)2] (S2) (H2Tart = tartaric acid; H2BDC = terephthalic acid; H2biBDC = biphenyl-4,4′-dicarboxylic acid), were obtained as single phases under hydrothermal conditions. The compounds have been studied by single-crystal and powder X-ray diffraction, thermal analyses (TG-MS and DSC), vibrational spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM-EDX), elemental analysis, and X-ray thermodiffractometry. The catalytic activity has been also investigated. The photoluminescence properties of selected compounds have been investigated, exhibiting room temperature tunable UV–vis–IR light emission.

[ES]: En condiciones hidrotermales, se sintetizaron dos nuevos succinatos de itrio, Y2(C4H4O4)3(H2O)4·6H2O (2) y Y2(C4H4O4)3(H2O)2 (3). Sus estructuras cristalinas, resueltas a partir de datos de difracción de rayos X de monocristal se discutiron a la luz de la del Y2(C4H4O4)3(H2O)2·H2O (1). El estudio del comportamiento térmico de los tres compuestos fue posible como consecuencia de su obtención como fases individuales de elevada pureza. El sistema presenta gran diversidad estructural, consecuencia de los diferentes modos de coordinación y la flexibilidad conformacional del ligando succinato que, condicionada por la composición del medio de reacción, dirige la síntesis hacia el producto deseado. La síntesis de nuevos polímeros de coordinación quirales de itrio(III), [NaY(Tart)(BDC)(H2O)2] (1) y [NaY(Tart)(biBDC)(H2O)2] (2) (H2Tart = ácido tartárico; H2BDC = ácido tereftálico; H2biBDC = ácido bifenil-4,4'-dicarboxílico), con la participación de ligandos quirales flexibles y aquirales rígidos, también se efectuó en condiciones hidrotermales. 1 y 2 son compuestos quirales de simetría ortorrómbica, que cristalizan en idéntico grupo espacial (C2221): a = 6.8854(2) Å, b = 30.3859(7) Å, c = 7.4741(2) Å para 1, y a = 6.8531(2) Å, b = 39.0426(8) Å, c = 7.4976(2) Å para 2. Sus estructuras han sido resueltas utilizando la difracción de rayos X de monocristal, asistida por datos de resonancia magnética nuclear en estado sólido (13C CPMASNMR), análisis térmico (TG-MS y DSC) y análisis elemental. Ambos materiales poseen hábito laminar, alcanzando la estabilidad tridimensional mediante enlaces de hidrógeno interlaminares. Los estudios de termodifracción de rayos X de polvo cristalino (HTpXRD) desvelaron el mecanismo del proceso de deshidratación/rehidratación, siendo modelizadas la estructura de las fases anhidras. La sustitución de itrio por lantánidos trivalentes permitió la síntesis de dos nuevas series de compuestos: [NaLn(Tart)(BDC)(H2O)2] y [NaLn(Tart)(biBDC)(H2O)2] (Ln = S, [EN]: Two new members in the yttrium-succinates family have been reported. These yttrium-succinates coordination polymers, formulated as Y2(C4H4O4)3(H2O)4·6H2O (2) and Y2(C4H4O4)3(H2O)2 (3), have been synthesized under hydrothermal conditions. Their structures solved by single crystal X-ray diffraction, are compared with that of Y2(C4H4O4)3(H2O)2·H2O (1). The three compounds were obtained as single phases, and their thermal behaviour is described. The results suggest that the structural diversity obtained in this system is related to the coordination diversity and the conformational flexibility of the succinate ligand, which in turn depend on the synthesis conditions that play an important role in directing to one compound or another. New chiral metal organic frameworks, assembled from Y(III), Na(I) and chiral flexible-achiral rigid dicarboxylate ligands, formulated as [NaY(Tart)(BDC)(H2O)2] (1) and [NaY(Tart)(biBDC)(H2O)2] (2) (H2Tart = Tartaric acid; H2BDC = Terephthalic acid; H2biBDC = Biphenyl-4,4'-dicarboxylic acid), were obtained as single phases under hydrothermal conditions. Their structures were solved by single-crystal X-ray diffraction, and characterized by 13C CPMAS NMR, thermal analyses (TG-MS and DSC), elemental analysis, and X-ray powder diffraction. Both compounds crystallize in the orthorhombic chiral space group C2221 with a = 6.8854(2) Å, b = 30.3859(7) Å, c = 7.4741(2) Å for 1, and a = 6.8531(2) Å, b = 39.0426(8) Å, c = 7.4976(2) Å for 2. 1 and 2 are layered structures whose three-dimensional stability is ensured by strong hydrogen bond interactions. The X-ray powder thermodiffractometry study was performed, and reveals that the dehydration of both compounds is accompanied by phase transformation, while the spontaneous rehydration process is characterized by different kinetics. The crystal structures of anhydrous compounds have been modeled. Two series of isoreticular chiral metal-organic frameworks assembled from Ln(III) (Ln = Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb, Dy

New chiral MOFs, assembled from Y(III), Na(I) and chiral flexible-achiral rigid dicarboxylate ligands, have been obtained as single phase under hydrothermal conditions and their structures were solved by single-crystal XRD. The powder X-ray thermodiffractometry study was performed, and reveals that the dehydration of both compounds is accompanied by phase transformation, while the spontaneous rehydration process is characterized by different kinetics. The crystal structures of anhydrous compounds have been modeled.

New chiral metal organic frameworks, assembled from Y(III), Na(I), and chiral flexible-achiral rigid dicarboxylate ligands, formulated as [NaY(Tart)(BDC)(H2O)2] (1) and [NaY(Tart)(biBDC)(H2O)2] (2) (H2Tart = Tartaric acid; H2BDC = Terephthalic acid; H2biBDC = Biphenyl-4,4′-dicarboxylic acid), were obtained as single phases under hydrothermal conditions. Their structures were solved by single-crystal X-ray diffraction (XRD), and characterized by 13C CPMAS NMR, thermal analyses (thermogravimetry-mass spectrometry (TG-MS) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC)), and X-ray thermodiffractometry. Both compounds crystallize in the orthorhombic chiral space group C2221 with a = 6.8854(2) Å, b = 30.3859(7) Å, c = 7.4741(2) Å for 1, and a = 6.8531(2) Å, b = 39.0426(8) Å, c = 7.4976(2) Å for 2. 1 and 2 are layered structures whose three-dimensional stability is ensured by strong hydrogen bond interactions. The dehydration of both compounds is accompanied by phase transformation, while the spontaneous rehydration process is characterized by different kinetics, fast in the case of 1 and slow for 2.