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Stage-level latitudinal biodiversity gradient plots

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Additional methods and results

Interpersonal trust among team members is an important phenomenon influencing working relationships and performance outcomes. However, there is a lack of empirical studies investigating the development of trust with respect to behavioural and environmental factors in a group of strangers. This exploratory, mixed method study investigated the development of wo-dimensional interpersonal trust (affective and cognitive) and team cohesionin a newly formed temporary team of novice adults during a seven-day sail training programme. A descriptive longitudinal case study approach was adopted in the current study. Seven crew members completed the standardised psychometric questionnaires and were interviewed during the voyage. Results suggested that the development of trust occurs over three phases; 1) initial perception of shared identity, 2) early trust and 3) two dimensionaltrust comprising cognitive and affective dimensions. Distinct antecedents for the development of trust at each stage were identified and the importance of the competence-oriented subcomponent of cognitive trust within this challenging environmental context was highlighted. Exploratory interpretation suggests some overlap in the antecedents of interpersonal trust and team cohesion. However, further longitudinal research must examine this relationshipand establish corroborative evidence for the model of trust. This research can impact on practitioners leading programmes to better understand how trust can develop over time, and offers a pragmatic approach to investigations in real world contexts.

BackgroundThe distribution of adolescent MVPA across multiple contexts is unclear. This study examined indoor and outdoor leisure-time in terms of being structured or unstructured, and explored relationships with total daily MVPA.MethodsBetween September 2012 and January 2014, seventy 11-13 year olds from 4 schools in Edinburgh wore an accelerometer and GPS receiver over 7 days, also reporting structured physical activity using a diary. Time spent and MVPA were summarised according to indoor/outdoor location and whether activity was structured/unstructured. Independent associations between context-specific time spent and total daily MVPA were examined using multivariate linear regression.ResultsVery little time or MVPA was recorded in structured contexts. Unstructured outdoor leisure-time was associated with an increase in total daily MVPA almost twice that of unstructured indoor leisure-time (b-value [95% CI]: 8.45 [1.71, 14.48] vs. 4.38 [0.20, 8.22] minute increase per hour spent). The association was stronger for time spent in structured outdoor leisure-time (35.81 [20.60, 52.27]).ConclusionsResearch and interventions should focus on strategies to facilitate time outdoors during unstructured leisure-time and maximise MVPA once youth are outdoors. Increasing the proportion of youth engaging in structured activity may be beneficial as although time spent was limited, association with MVPA was strongest.

Modern mangroves are among the most carbon-rich biomes on Earth, but their long-term (≥10 6 years) impact on the global carbon cycle is unknown. The extent, productivity and preservation of mangroves are controlled by the interplay of tectonics, global sea level and sedimentation, including tide, wave and fluvial processes. The impact of these processes on mangrove-bearing successions in the Oligo-Miocene of the South China Sea (SCS) is evaluated herein. Palaeogeographic reconstructions, palaeotidal modelling and facies analysis suggest that elevated tidal range and bed shear stress optimized mangrove development along tide-influenced tropical coastlines. Preservation of mangrove organic carbon (OC) was promoted by high tectonic subsidence and fluvial sediment supply. Lithospheric storage of OC in peripheral SCS basins potentially exceeded 4,000 Gt (equivalent to 2,000 p.p.m. of atmospheric CO2). These results highlight the crucial impact of tectonic and oceanographic processes on mangrove OC sequestration within the global carbon cycle on geological timescales.

Leisure constraint research has been prominent within the leisure field since the mid 1960s. Constraints to participation are generally categorised as intrapersonal, interpersonal, and structural. Previous research has addressed snowsports (e.g., skiing and snow boarding) in limited ways. This study is concerned with Physical Education students as tourists and the implications of their experiences of taking students on ski courses (often overseas) in their subsequent careers as PE teachers. The current study involved interviewing (n=36) students training to teach Physical Education within a UK higher education institution. Participants were grouped by sex and whether or not they had previously participated in snowsports. Interviews were analysed for both deductive themes (from the above mentioned three categories) and inductive themes. Findings suggest that issues concerning “time”, “hassle”, and “anticipation of expense” were of little relevance while interpersonal issues were the main consideration. Implications for snowsport development and encouragement are discussed and suggestions for further research made.

A key aim of many expeditions is to facilitate personal development, however, while there is much anecdotal evidence that this is the case, there is less empirical work that explores the exact nature of such benefits. As such, this exploratory study examined three summer BES expeditions (Norway, Namibia & Amazon) on 122 young people (aged between 16 and 22) using mixed methods methodology. Open ended and likert scale survey questions (on line) and interviews were used alongside the measurement of four psychological attributes associated with effective character development and motivation – mental toughness, coping skills, GRIT and leadership skills. Surveys were filled out at 3 stages; 1) pre expedition, 2) immediately post expedition and 3) three months post expedition, with interviews completed post final survey. Results indicated that the expeditions impacted positively on the psychological attributes of young people, with lasting effects. Specifically, the quantitative analysis revealed a significant difference and large effect size for increased ‘use of coping strategies’ (P< 0.05; ηp2 .29) and large effects were also found for improved leadership (ηp2 .23), GRIT (ηp2 .17) and mental toughness (ηp2 .16). Furthermore, data suggested there might be a differential impact of 5-week over 3-week expeditions. However, due to the exploratory nature of this work and the small numbers involved in analysis, interpretation needs to be taken with caution and further work is advised.Qualitative data indicated that young people experienced enriching expeditions and were positive about the science, adventure and social elements of the expeditions in particular.