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Additional file 1. Sequences alignment. The results of Sanger sequencing have been aligned with the sequences of the plasmid pGEM, and a) bhv1-miR-B6-5p, or b) bhv1-miR-B9. The black nucleotides are the poly-A tail and adaptors added during the reverse transcription step of miRNAs into cDNA using the kit TaqMan Advanced miRNA cDNA Synthesis Kit.

This study aimed to investigate the characteristic proteomic pattern of plasma from sows supplemented with low dietary ω6:ω3 fatty acids (FAs) ratio during gestation and lactation. Two dietary treatments (n = 8 each) comprised either a control ratio of ω6:ω3 FAs (CR, 13:1 during gestation and 10:1 during lactation) or a low ratio (LR, 4:1 during gestation and lactation) by adding soybean oil or linseed oil, respectively. High-resolution mass spectrometry-based quantitative proteomics was applied on plasma (n = 5 each) at day 108 of gestation (G108) and at the end of lactation (L-End), and a total of 379 proteins and 202 master proteins were identified. Out of these, four differentially abundant proteins between LR and CR samples at G108 may relate to serine-type endopeptidase inhibitor activity. Differentially abundant proteins in L-End versus G108 (12 up-regulated and 10 down-regulated) were positively correlated with the events that regulate plasma lipoproteins, stimulus- and defence-responses. These findings demonstrate the benefit of increased dietary ω3 FAs in modifying proteins involved in protective mechanisms against increased stresses in key life cycle phases in pigs. In addition, proteome changes from late gestation to late lactation disclosed the underlying mechanism of pigs in response to reproduction-related stimuli. SIGNIFICANCE: This study aimed to provide a proteomics insight into the beneficial effects of maternal diet supplementation with a low ω6:ω3 fatty acids ratio, based on previously reported performance and zootechnical data. The results suggest that a low dietary ω6:ω3 fatty acids ratio could enhance the cellular defence mechanisms against increased stresses and in particular to oxidative stress in sows during gestation and lactation, as reflected in proteomic changes of haptoglobin (HP), alpha-1-antitrypsin (SERPINA1) and serum amyloid P-component (APCS). Furthermore, significantly changed proteome profiles in sow plasma between late gestation and lactation phases have been revealed for the first time. This finding identified the adaptation mechanisms of sows to changing physiological events during reproduction.

This study evaluates how long-term dietary low ω6:ω3 ratio in sows and offspring's seaweed (SW) intake affects piglet intestinal function and growth through modifying ileum proteome. Sows were assigned to either control diet (CR, ω6:ω3 ratio = 13:1) or treatment diet (LR, ω6:ω3 = 4:1) during gestation and lactation (n = 8 each). The male weaned offspring were received a basal diet with or without SW powder supplementation (4 g/kg) for 21 days, denoted as SW and CT groups, respectively. In total, four groups of weaned piglets were formed following maternal and offspring's diets combination, represented by CRCT, CRSW, LRCT, and LRSW (n = 10 each). Piglet ileum tissue was collected on day 22 post-weaning and analysed using TMT-based quantitative proteomics. The differentially abundant proteins (n = 300) showed the influence of maternal LR diet on protein synthesis, cell proliferation, and cell cycle regulation. In contrast, the SW diet lowered the inflammation severity and promoted ileal tissue development in CRSW piglets but reduced the fat absorption capacity in LRSW piglets. These results uncovered the mechanism behind the anti-inflammation and intestinal-boosting effects of maternal LR diet in piglets supplemented with SW.

This article belongs to the Special Issue Omics Analysis in Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science., Elevated omega-6 (n-6) and omega-3 (n-3) polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) ratios in swine diets can potentially impose a higher risk of inflammatory and metabolic diseases in swine. A low ratio between the two omega PUFAs has beneficial effects on sows’ and piglets’ production performance and immunity status. At present, there are few studies on how sow nutrition directly affects the protein and fat deposition in suckling piglets. Two groups of sows were fed diets with high or low n-6/n-3 polyunsaturated ratios of 13:1 (SOY) and 4:1 (LIN), respectively, during gestation and lactation. Longissimus dorsi muscle and adipose tissue from newborn piglets, nourished only with sow’s milk, were subjected to fatty acid profiling by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and to proteomics assays based on nano-liquid chromatography coupled to high-resolution tandem mass spectrometry (nLC-HRMS). Fatty acid profiles on both muscle and adipose tissues resembled the magnitude of the differences between fatty acid across diets. Proteomic analysis revealed overabundance of 4 muscle and 11 adipose tissue proteins in SOY compared to LIN in both piglet tissues. The detected overabundance of haptoglobin, an acute-phase protein, and the stimulation of protein-coding genes and proteins related to the innate immune response and acute inflammatory response could be associated with the pro-inflammatory role of n-6 PUFAs., This project has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme H2020-MSCA-ITN-2017-EJD under the Marie Skłodowska-Curie Innovative Training Networks (European Joint Doctorate in Molecular Animal Nutrition, MANNA), grant agreement No 765423. More information can be found at www.phd4manna.eu, accessed on 21 March 2022.

Trabajo presentado a la 72nd Annual Meeting of the European Federation of Animal Science, celebrado en Davos (Suiza) del 30 de agosto al 3 de septiembre de 2021.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of mannan oligosaccharides (MOS) on gut health and performance in post-weaning piglets. In total, 40 piglets were divided into two experimental groups and fed a basal diet with (TRT) or without (CON) 0.2% mannan oligosaccharides for 35 days. Growth performance was determined weekly and faecal microbial composition on days 0, 14 and 35. On day 36, histometrical evaluations were performed on duodenal, jejunal, ileal, and colon samples. mRNA gene expression of inflammation-related genes was evaluated in samples of ileal Peyer&rsquo, s patches (IPP). MOS administration improved feed efficiency in the last two weeks of the trial (p &lt, 0.05), and a decreased clostridia content was found in faeces at day 14 (p = 0.05). TRT piglets showed increased duodenal villi height (p &lt, 0.05), and reduced mRNA levels of Tumour Necrosis Factor &alpha, (p &lt, 0.05) and Toll-Like Receptor 4 (p &lt, 0.01) in IPP. Our results suggest beneficial effects of MOS supplementation on gut morphology and the expression of inflammation-related genes in post-weaning piglets, accompanied by increased feed efficiency.

Phytobiotics are usually tested in feed and throughout the production cycle. However, it could be beneficial to evaluate their effects when administered only during critical moments, such as changes in feeding phases. The aim of the trial was to investigate the effect of a commercial plant extract (PE, IQV-10-P01, InQpharm Animal Health, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia) on growth performance, blood antiradical activity and cecal microbiome when administered in drinking water to broiler chickens during the post-hatching phase and at each change of diet. In the experiment, 480 1-day-old male broiler chicks were assigned to two groups in a 50-day trial. Broilers received drinking water (C) or drinking water plus PE (T) at a rate of 2 mL/L on days 0 to 4, 10&ndash, 11 and 20&ndash, 21. PE did not affect performance and water intake, while total antiradical activity was improved (p &lt, 0.05). A greater abundance of lactic acid bacteria (false discovery rate (FDR) &lt, 0.05) was found in the T group and the result was confirmed at a lower taxonomic level with higher Lactobacillaceae abundance (FDR &lt, 0.05). Our findings suggest that PE administration during critical moments of the production cycle of broiler chickens may exert beneficial effects at a systemic level and on gut microbial ecology.

Saturated or unsaturated fatty acids compounds were administered to second-parity twins-diagnosed alpine dairy goats. Experimental groups were fed either calcium stearate (ST, n.7), fish oil (FO, n.8) or a control diet without any fat supplement (C, n.8) from one wk before (30g/head/d of fatty acids) to three wks after kidding (50g/head/d of fatty acids). ST provided 26% C16:0 and 69.4% C18:0 while FO provided 10.4% EPA and 7.8% DHA. Both ST and FO diets were formulated to be isocaloric and isonitrogenous, with the same calcium content. Previous obtained results on metabolic, productive parameters and mRNA expression of genes related to lipid metabolism and inflammatory response let us to consolidate the hypothesis that in goat lipogenesis is reduced across the transition period, if compared to cow, moreover FO can postpone or reduce lipomobilization. Based on these previous results, miRNA expression was performed on the same hepatic and adipose biopsies (collected on day -7 and 7 and 21 from kidding), as a new perspective in controlling cellular pathways, implicated in adipogenesis and metabolic and endocrine functions. We examined miR-26b and 155 for the infiltration of immune cells, miR-99a, 145 and 221 for the inflammation and lipolysis, miR-143 and 378 for pro-adipogenic function. MIXED and GLM procedures of SAS software were used for statistical analysis. No diet effect, but a time effect for miR-155 and a tendency for miR-221 were found. The increase of their expression over the time after kidding let us to speculate that goats have to face a postponed and more contained inflammation due to the lipolysis, when compared to cows., International Journal of Health, Animal Science and Food Safety, V. 4, N. 1s (2017)

The objective of the experiment was to understand the interaction between saturated or unsaturated fatty acids and genes involved in lipid metabolism in liver and subcutaneous adipose tissue. With this purpose, further gene expression assays were performed on obtained adipose and liver samples from a previous in vivo study where expression levels of ADIPOQ, LPIN1, LPL, PPARG, SREBF1 and THRSP were already determined. The study consisted on the administration of either a no fat-supplemented, or a stearic acid or fish oil supplemented diets to dairy goats from the last week of gestation until 21 days after kidding. Fat-supplied goats received 30g/head/d extra fatty acids during the dry period and 50g/head/d during lactation. Liver and subcutaneous adipose tissue samples were harvested at day ­7, 7 and 21 relative to kidding and immediately snap frozen in liquid nitrogen. At the present moment, quantitative real-time RT-PCR of ACAT1, MSMO1, CPT1, IL6 on liver and ACACA, LEP, LPL, FASN, IL6 and PLIN2 on adipose tissue are running. Data obtained will be analysed using the MIXED procedure of SAS and results may increase the knowledge on the mechanism of action of saturated or unsaturated dietary fatty acid sources in the fatty acid metabolism changes during transition in dairy goats., International Journal of Health, Animal Science and Food Safety, Vol 2, No 1s (2015): Proceeding of Veterinary and Animal Science Days

This work regards the dynamic analysis of the coupling elements in IC engine test rigs from a numerical and experimental standpoint. Two mathematical models of an IC test rig have been developed: a torsional lumped-parameter (LP) model (developed in Matlab-Simulink) for the estimation of the torsional dynamic behavior and a 3D finite element (FE) model for the estimation of the natural frequencies of the coupling elements. The numerical models take into account the stiffness and damping of the flexible elements as well as the test rig inertia properties. A large experimental campaign has been carried out in order to validate the models. In particular, torsional vibration measurements have been achieved by a coder-based technique using high-quality optical sensors and equidistantly spaced markers (zebra tape) on the rotating components (high flexible couplings). Eventually, the validated models have been used in order to evaluate the effect of design modifications of the coupling elements in terms of natural frequencies (torsional and bending) and torsional vibration amplitude.