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Background: Adolescents have been overlooked in global public health initiatives as this period is generally considered to be the healthiest in an individual's life course. However, the growth of the global adolescent population and their changing health profiles have called attention to the diverse health needs of adolescents. The increased attention toward adolescent health has accentuated existing gaps as global health reports have emphasised that there is a continued need for valid and reliable health data. In this context, evidence has shown that mental health issues constitute one of the greatest burdens of disease for adolescents. This integrative review aims to unpack the meaning of mental wellness among adolescents and its associated constructs by analysing and synthesising empirical and theoretical research on adolescent mental wellness. In doing this, we will develop a working definition of adolescent mental wellness that can be used to develop an instrument aimed at measuring adolescent mental wellness. Methods: The integrative review is guided by the five steps described by Whittemore and Knafl. A comprehensive search strategy which will include carefully selected terms that correspond to the domains of interest (positive mental health/mental wellness) will be used to search for relevant literature on electronic databases, grey literature and government or non-governmental organisations (NGO) websites. Studies will be included if they describe and/or define general mental wellness in adolescent populations aged 10–19. The screening and reporting of the review will be conducted following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. Data from the integrative review will be analysed using narrative framework synthesis for qualitative and quantitative studies. Discussion: This integrative review aims to search for and synthesise current research regarding adolescent mental wellness to identify how wellness is being described and conceptualised. We aim to identify gaps and to contribute to a more comprehensive definition of mental wellness which can aid in the development of an age- and culturally appropriate measure of adolescent mental wellness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Artificial intelligence is useful for building objective and rapid personal identification systems. It is important to research and develop personal identification methods as social and institutional infrastructure. A critical consideration during the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic is that there is no contact between the subjects and personal identification systems. The aim of this study was to organize the recent 5-year development of contactless personal identification methods that use artificial intelligence. Methods: This study used a scoping review approach to map the progression of contactless personal identification systems using artificial intelligence over the past 5 years. An electronic systematic literature search was conducted using the PubMed, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, CINAHL, and IEEE Xplore databases. Studies published between January 2016 and December 2020 were included in the study. Results: By performing an electronic literature search, 83 articles were extracted. Based on the PRISMA flow diagram, 8 eligible articles were included in this study. These eligible articles were divided based on the analysis targets as follows: (1) face and/or body, (2) eye, and (3) forearm and/or hand. Artificial intelligence, including convolutional neural networks, contributed to the progress of research on contactless personal identification methods. Conclusions: This study clarified that contactless personal identification methods using artificial intelligence have progressed and that they have used information obtained from the face and/or body, eyes, and forearm and/or hand. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article analyses the concept of "the new heroism" in Jennifer Egan's 2012 Twitter fiction "Black Box." The article compares the Twitter fiction reader to the video game player and applies some notions from video games in navigating the digital environment of Twitter. Moving on to the fictional description of heroism within the text, the article considers the process of digitisation described as it affects the human body and individual identity, creating "digital heroes." Ideas of gender and sexual trauma transform the female body into a political weapon through digitisation. Final comments connect the text's depiction of death and the afterlife to the preliminary discussion of video games, enabling the protagonist to exist forever as a digital file-or "saved game." Conclusions draw out connections between the digital collective of the heroism in Egan's text and the collaborative nature of electronic literature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article evaluates the contribution of digital literature in the struggle against the novel coronavirus contagion, focusing on Flight Rufaro Mlambo's poetry of ChiNdau and English expression. Since the outbreak of the disease in Wuhan City, Hubei Province, China, in November 2019, and its declaration as a pandemic by the World Health Organization on 11 March 2020, various efforts to combat the disease have been implemented at global, regional, national and institutional levels. Notable in this struggle has been the use of cyberspace to complement other non-digital fronts in fighting the seemingly elusive pathogen. Written texts, audio recordings, songs, drama and verse videos are among the multiple artistic forms posted online as anti-Covid-19 weaponry. Employing the "existence-as-war" theory, Mlambo's verse is evaluated against this context in which the efforts to suppress the virus are theoretically interpreted in real war terms. The war's antagonists pit governments and all local, regional and international partners on one hand and the virus, sceptics and denialists on the other. The article seeks to answer the following question: To what extent does Zimbabwe's anti-Covid-19 digital literature serve as effective weaponry against the stubbornly mutating lethal virus? [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The objective of this research was to identify which dimensions are related to the establishment of higher levels of digital maturity. Originality/value: There is little academic scientific literature on digital maturity in Brazil. This research will offer subsidies to companies regarding the different dimensions that need to be emphasized by managers in order to achieve a full and effective digital transformation. This information will be valuable to support the digital transformation process of these companies. The study fills a gap in the academic context related to the lack of more comprehensive empirical studies based on digital maturity. Design/methodology/approach: This study evaluated the relationship of eight dimensions of capacity (strategy, leadership, market, operational, people, culture, governance, and technology) with the development of digital maturity. This survey applied an electronic questionnaire to directors of the strategic level of Brazilian retail sector companies located in different regions of Brazil. At the end, a total of 260 valid questionnaires were obtained. The responses were analyzed using the Partial Least Squares (PLS) method. Findings: The research results showed that the strategy, market, operations, culture, and technology dimensions are those that are most related to the development of digital maturity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Community health workers (CHWs) can increase access to various primary healthcare services; however, their potential for improving surgical care is under-explored. We sought to assess the role of CHWs in the surgical cascade, defined as disease screening, linkage to operative care, and post-operative care. Given the well-described literature on CHWs and screening, we focused on the latter two steps of the surgical cascade.Methods: We conducted a scoping review of the peer-reviewed literature. We searched for studies published in any language from January 1, 2000 to May 1, 2020 using electronic literature databases including Pubmed/MEDLINE, Web of Science, SCOPUS, and Google Scholar. We included articles on CHW involvement in linkage to operative care and/or post-operative surgical care. Narrative and descriptive methods were used to analyze the data.Results: The initial search identified 145 articles relevant to steps in the surgical cascade. Ten studies met our inclusion criteria and were included for review. In linkage to care, CHWs helped increase surgical enrollment, provide resources for vulnerable patients, and build trust in healthcare services. Post-operatively, CHWs acted as effective monitors for surgical-site infections and provided socially isolated patients with support and linkage to additional services. The complex and wide-ranging needs of surgical patients illustrated the need to view surgical care as a continuum rather than a singular operative event.Conclusion: While the current literature is limited, CHWs were able to maneuver complex medical, cultural, and social barriers to surgical care by linking patients to counseling, education, and community resources, as well as post-operative infection prevention services. Future studies would benefit from more rigorous study designs and larger sample sizes to further elucidate the role CHWs can serve in the surgical cascade. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Even before the development of information and communication technologies, narratives not only depicted the influences of new media but also were inspired by the audiovisual language of cinema, provoking a different sensory experience for the reader. The nature and language of digital technologies expanded what was first imagined and experimented with in print. To establish continuity between the intermedial presence of the moving image in print narratives and the possibility of accomplishing such an intermedial approach in digital literature, this article examines the influence of the visual aesthetics of cinema in two of Horacio Quiroga’s short stories and a short novel by the Colombian author José Félix Fuenmayor, as well as two Latin American digital novels, Pentagonal: Incluidos tú y yo by Carlos Labbé, and Lagunas by Milton Laüfer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

E-mail marketing is included in the literature as an electronic marketing tool that emerges with the development of the internet. The puspose of this study, carried out as a mapping review, is to provide an insight into the field of e-mail marketing, which is considered as a marketing tool. In the study, 57 marketing focused e-mail marketing studies in international academic journals between 1950-2019 were examined. In the selection of the studies, filtering was carried out using keywords, and studies not directly related to the field and marketing were excluded. With the studies examined, results were obtained regarding the theoretical background of e-mail marketing, the areas it focuses on, the sectors it is addressed, and the orientations of the studies. 42 of the studies examined are empirical and 15 are conceptual. It has been concluded that the most studied area is consumer behavior, the highest number of publications are included in the journal "Journal of Direct, Data and Digital Marketing Practice" and that 2016 is the year in which the most publications were made in the literatüre related to 11 studies. With the results obtained in the study, a niche field proposal is presented to academicians who want to move to a different area, and the areas not covered in the e-mail marketing literature are shown. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To derive a comprehensive list of nursing-sensitive patient outcomes (NSPOs) from published research on nurse staffing levels and from expert opinion. Data Sources/Study Setting: Published literature reviews and their primary studies analyzing the link between nurse staffing levels and NSPOs and interviews with 16 experts on nursing care. Study Design: Umbrella review and expert interviews. Data Collection/Extraction Methods: We screened three electronic databases for literature reviews on the association between nurse staffing levels and NSPOs. After screening 430 potentially relevant records, we included 15 literature reviews, derived a list of 22 unique NSPOs from them, and ranked these in a systematic fashion according to the strength of evidence existing for their association with nurse staffing. We extended this list of NSPOs based on data from expert interviews. Principal Findings: Of the 22 NSPOs discussed in the 15 included literature reviews, we rated the strength of evidence for four as high, for five as moderate, and for 13 outcomes as low. Four additional NSPOs that have not been considered in literature were identified through expert interviews. Conclusions: We identified strong evidence for a significant association between nurse staffing levels and NSPOs. Our results may guide researchers in selecting NSPOs they might wish to prioritize in future studies. In particular, rarely studied NSPOs as well as NSPOs that were only identified through expert interviews but have not been considered in literature so far should be subject to further research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to the proximity to China and millions of international travelers yearly, Taiwan was thought to be at a great risk to be hit hard by the COVID-19. However, it so far managed to prevent the massive community transmission among its 23 million citizens. What leads to this success? What kinds of technology are used? Built upon the previous research and report, I argue that three major technology elements contribute to its success. First, the quarantine and cellphone tracking policy which blocks the transmission of imported cases. Second, the mask manufacturing management and distribution system help slow the spread of the disease. Third, a bunch of open-source software developed by civil society keeps people informed and even increase their voluntary compliance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Non‐surgical rhinoplasty using hyaluronic acid dermal fillers is a cosmetic procedure that has been becoming increasingly popular among patients wanting to correct nasal deformities or nasal irregularities, in the recent years. Aim: This systematic review aims to provide quality evidence about the success of non‐surgical rhinoplasty procedures in terms of patient satisfaction and complications. Methods: A systematic electronic literature search using keywords and MESH search terms over the PubMed/Medline, Cochrane Central, Scopus, and EBSCO online databases was conducted from November 2005 to February 2021. Additionally, the reference lists of included systematic reviews were hand searched. Data collected included patient satisfaction and complications from prospective and experimental studies providing highest level of evidence. Articles were critically appraised, and MINORS scale was used to assess the risk of bias. Results: Based on the search criteria, 2896 citations were found. After removing duplicates and screening for relevance, 23 citations were finalized for full‐text review, of which 12 articles were excluded and 11 articles were included in the study. The average satisfaction of patients amongst the studies was found to be >90%. In all the studies, transient edema and erythema, post‐injection pain, and bruising were some temporary complications. Rare complications that were reported were vascular impairments and hematoma. Conclusions: Non‐surgical rhinoplasty is a good, minimally invasive alternative over conventional rhinoplasty. There is however a paucity of quality data in the form of experimental and prospective studies regarding the accuracy, effectiveness, and complications of non‐surgical rhinoplasty. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We present a tightly coupled array antenna excited by high-power photodiodes for millimeter wave transmit operation. The design includes thinned photodiode substrates for improved bandwidth performance at high frequency combined with the inherently lightweight, low-loss, and direct feeding architecture afforded by the photonic approach. Circuit and full wave simulations are conducted for array design and compared against the traditional electronic arrays in the literature. A prototype 1 × 3 photonic array is developed and characterized to validate the design which achieves a 3 dB (VSWR < 1.4) radiated power bandwidth of 4.6:1 across 13–60 GHz and maintains a 3 dB bandwidth near 4:1 across scan angles up to 30°. The fabricated array exhibits a 3 dB radiated power bandwidth of 1.8:1 across 30–55 GHz and a maximum measured effective isotropic radiated power of 19.4 dBm at 40 GHz. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The fastest growing in technology in the recent many of years has changed the way of people live and the conduct of business. The existing of the internet and mobile has led to profound transformation to a various industry from manual-based to automatic-based activity and from offline to online transaction include in banking and financial industry. The objective of this study is to analyze the related literatures on Digital Banking and Financial Inclusion between 2014 until 2020. The methodology that has been applied in this study is descriptive research based on document analysis on previous studies and literatures on digital banking and financial inclusion either from free-of-charge or free-of-registration online journals. The journals and articles are acquired from various sources of channel such as google scholar, science direct and researchgate.com. There are 126 articles related in this field were collected and examined. This study perceived at several variables which include authorship patterns, number of articles published, research approach, geographical affiliation, subject and gender of the author. The general finding of this study illustrates that most of the previous study discussed on economic and social development that positively influenced by digital banking and financial inclusion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective of the study: Investigate what are the individual characteristics of the digital entrepreneur in startups. Methodology/approach: a multiple case study was carried out with five startups incubated in a digital hub, using participatory observation, transcription of public information and semi-structured interviews with the leading entrepreneurs of each company as sources of evidence. The interviews were coded and analyzed based on the content analysis technique. Originality/Relevance: Given the upward movement of digital entrepreneurship, which needs to be seen as an entirely new field of research due to the unique characteristics of the Internet, a prominent theme that needs to be investigated is the relationship between entrepreneurship and the adoption of digital platforms for creating startups in validation processes. Main results: It was found that the main characteristics of digital entrepreneurs are related to gender, age, academic background, professional experience, and personal knowledge and skills in the chosen sector, pointing out that they can, at least so far, facilitate the success of the digital platform. Theoretical/methodological contributions: We sought to evolve with the literature on digital entrepreneurship in the context of startups. Social contributions/management: It is hoped that this investigation can help future digital entrepreneurs to know the necessary characteristics for this new business model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study aimed to elaborate a narrative review of the literature on digital influencers and to suggest an analysis inspired by the field of Science and Technology Studies. The thematic literature maintains the explanatory axis of research centered on the figure of the influencer as a producer of action and a user of digital technologies. However, I argue it is possible to perceive the construction of influence on digital platforms as an effect of a vast network of heterogeneous elements and not of just one or more subjects. I propose the work of influencers is only possible when this sociotechnical network is mobilized in such a way that it would be interesting from an analytical point to describe it. The advantages of this approach would be to find answers about how these connections happen and to point to other ways of understanding the associations between subjects and technical mediations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The fastest growing in technology in the recent many of years has changed the way of people live and the conduct of business. The existing of the internet and mobile has led to profound transformation to a various industry from manual-based to automatic-based activity and from offline to online transaction include in banking and financial industry. The objective of this study is to analyze the related literatures on Digital Banking and Financial Inclusion between 2014 until 2020. The methodology that has been applied in this study is descriptive research based on document analysis on previous studies and literatures on digital banking and financial inclusion either from free-of-charge or free-of-registration online journals. The journals and articles are acquired from various sources of channel such as google scholar, science direct and researchgate.com. There are 126 articles related in this field were collected and examined. This study perceived at several variables which include authorship patterns, number of articles published, research approach, geographical affiliation, subject and gender of the author. The general finding of this study illustrates that most of the previous study discussed on economic and social development that positively influenced by digital banking and financial inclusion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The EVOLVE implant (Wright Medical Technology, Arlington, TN, USA) is a modular loose-fitting radial head prosthesis. The primary objective was to synthesize all available literature investigating the midterm clinical outcomes of the EVOLVE implant. Materials and methods: An electronic literature search in Pubmed/Medline, Scopus, EMBASE, and Cochrane library was performed querying for studies published in 2000–2017. Articles describing clinical and radiographical outcomes as well as reoperation were included. Outcomes of interest included range of motion, Mayo Elbow Performance Score, Disabilities of the Arm Shoulder and Hand, radiographic outcome, and reason for reoperation. Results: A total of five articles consisting of 146 patients with EVOLVE implants were included. Mean patient age was 57.4 years (range 22–84), and 43.8% were males (n = 64). Mean follow-up was 4.8 years (range 1–14). Mean Mayo Elbow Performance Score and Disabilities of the Arm Shoulder and Hand score were 87.6 (range 30–100) and 18.9 (range 0–82), respectively. Midterm clinical results were good or excellent (Mayo Elbow Performance Score > 74) in 94 patients. Reoperation was observed in 12 patients, with implant revision required in 2 patients. The primary reason for reoperation was persistent stiffness (n = 9). Conclusion: Midterm outcomes of EVOLVE radial head prosthesis are satisfactory, and associated complication rates are low. Loose-fit implant method appears to be a reliable approach to avoid failure of radial head prosthesis by painful loosening. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The implementation of people-centred care requires strategies that respond to local conditions and contexts, with the participation of local stakeholders in collaborative approaches such as co-design. Within this framework, the authors performed a literature review to identify the most implemented practices in health and social care services for co-designing digital solutions. Methods: The literature review was conducted following five steps: (i) Definition of the Keywords and their relations; (ii) Definition of the selection criteria; (iii) Search in PubMed; (iv) Selection of papers; and (v) Analysis of the selected papers. Results: 20 papers addressed to co-design health digital solutions with stakeholders were analysed in terms of the activities implemented and participants involved. Discussion: Previous studies using co-design methods for the deployment of health digital solutions employed a wide range of activities, most of them combining activities and/or mixed target groups. Conclusion: Co-design is the key to deliver people-centred care as it allows to involve stakeholders in the development of health digital solutions. Implementing one or more of the co-design methods identified in this literature review should be considered to better address the needs and specific projects and target groups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background. Antimicrobial resistance especially caused by extended-spectrum β-lactamase-producing Enterobacteriaceae (ESBL-PE) has become a global public health concern. Globally, these isolates have remained the most important causes of several infections and associated mortality. Their rapid spread in Ethiopia is associated with a lack of regular surveillance and antibiotic stewardship programs. Isolates of ESBL-PE from different regions of Ethiopia were searched exhaustively. However, published data regarding the pooled estimate of ESBL-PE are not conducted in Ethiopia. For this reason, we systematically reviewed laboratory-based studies to summarize the overall pooled prevalence of the isolates recovered from various human specimens. Methods. An exhaustive literature search was carried out using the major electronic databases including PubMed, Web of Science, MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL, Google Scholar, Cochrane Library, Scopus, and Wiley Online Library to identify potentially relevant studies without date restriction. Original articles which address the research question were identified, screened, and included using the PRISMA follow diagram. Data extraction form was prepared in Microsoft Excel, and data quality was assessed by using 9-point Joanna Briggs Institute critical appraisal tools. Then, data were exported to STATA 16.0 software for analyses of pooled estimation of outcome measures. Estimation of outcome measures at 95% confidence interval was performed using Der-Simonian-Laird's random-effects model. Finally, results were presented via text, figures, and tables. Results. A comprehensive electronic database literature search has yielded a total of 86 articles. Among the total, 68 original articles were excluded after the review process. A total of 18 studies with 1191 bacterial isolates recovered from 7919 various clinical samples sizes were included for systematic review and meta-analysis. In this study, the pooled prevalence of ESBL-PE was 18% (95% CI: 9–26). Nine out of the total (50%) reviewed articles were studied using the combination disk test. Likewise, E. coli and K. pneumoniae (50% both) were the predominant isolates of ESBL-PE in addition to other isolates such as Salmonella spp. and Shigella spp. Conclusion. This meta-analysis has shown a low pooled estimate of ESBL-PE in Ethiopia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This review systematically examines the literature exploring comprehension of a verbally presented police caution and the suggested factors influencing this, amongst adults within the criminal justice system. An electronic literature search returned 438 titles, with screening leaving 13 articles considered appropriate for the review question. The majority of these were USA studies, with two UK and two Canadian studies. Heterogeneous study methodologies permit only a narrative approach to pooling the data. Findings indicate that a considerable proportion of this population have difficulty fully understanding the caution. Higher IQs and verbal comprehension are positively associated with performance. The studies also indicate that some factors that may appear intuitively related to comprehension, such as prior caution exposure, education, age and mental health, may not be linked to performance. The literature generally used broad inclusion criteria, which increased potential for confounders and reduced opportunity to draw out probable predictors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Traumatic acute subdural hematoma (ASDH) is an oft encountered entity in neurosurgery. While resolution of such thick SDHs usually takes time, certain cases of rapid spontaneous resolution have also been reported. This article attempts to review the pathophysiology, clinical and radiological features of such cases, as well as provide an insight into decision making for their management. Methods: Electronic literature search was done to look for similar cases of spontaneous rapid resolution of ASDH. Five of authors cases have been described. Their clinical and radiological features along with those of cases from literature search were tabulated and analyzed. Results: A total of 44 relevant cases were included for analyses. Of these, 39 cases were from 33 articles found in existing literature and 5 cases were from author's collection. The M:F ratio was 25:19 with a mean age was 41.84(SD-4.094) years. Twenty -six patients showed "Rapid" neurological improvement (24 hours) occurred in 10 patients. The mean hematoma resolution time on CT scan was 13.78 hours (SD 16.46) ranging from 1- 72 hours. Twenty-nine patients showed redistribution of hematoma, most commonly to tentorium and falx cerebelli. CT scan findings were classified into 5 types as per the nature of hypodensity around hematoma. The geometric mean time to resolution of hematoma was least for type 2 (7.27 hours) and type 1(7.52 hours) patients. Conclusion: Selected patients of ASDH with rapid neurological improvement and specific CT findings may show spontaneous resolution of ASDH. Multicentric studies with larger study population may provide better insight into the nature and outcomes of such entities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Avulsions of the volar plate of the finger proximal interphalangeal joint (PIPJ) following sprains are often undiagnosed in the acute setting. Therefore, the chronic outcomes of this injury are most frequently the object of study and treatment. Different techniques for volar plate chronic avulsion repair are described in the literature. The most used among these are mainly two: the direct suturing with or without the use of bone anchors and the tenodesis techniques with flexor digitalis superficialis (FDS). The aim of this systematic review is to determine outcomes and complications associated with these surgical treatments of post-traumatic volar plate avulsions without phalangeal fractures. An electronic literature research was carried out and pertinent articles were selected. Surgical techniques details, outcomes and complications for direct sutures and tenodesis technique are discussed. Outcomes (Range of motion and pain) seem to be comparable, whereas authors that use the direct suture technique describe more frequently PIPJ flexion contracture complication. From this review of the literature, authors believe that both techniques are available for the repair of chronic injuries of the volar plate of the PIPJ, although direct suturing can be considered as less reproducible. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we propose an analysis about the specificities of the hypertextual novel Terminal (Komatsu, 2018), mainly concerning its material formalization as a literary object of the new media (Manovich, 2005), which makes converge references to printed and digital culture. We seek to discuss the aspects that highlight that the work puts itself in an intermediary place by i) obliterating the computational logic of the Blogger platform and ii) obliterating the novel's paradigms consolidated by the printed culture. Thus, the work presents characteristics that make us ponder on two distinct cultural realities, printed and digital, and, in doing so, resignifies the cultural and material practices of the new media at the same time it provokes fissures in the rites institutionalized by the printed culture. Such analysis leads us to think over hypertextual literary reading as an extranoematic effort (Aarseth, 1997) and how it occurs in the work in question, from the analysis of one of the possible paths offered to the reader, who pilots, metaphorically, a spaceship interface while reading the work. The themed navigation expands and establishes a dialogue with the material characteristics of the medium, at the same time in which consolidates itself as a poetical resource for the narrative. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Exposure to heat, air pollution, and pollen are associated with health outcomes, including cardiovascular and respiratory disease. Studies assessing the health impacts of climate change have considered increased exposure to these risk factors separately, though they may be increasing simultaneously for some populations and may act synergistically on health. Our objective is to systematically review epidemiological evidence for interactive effects of multiple exposures to heat, air pollution, and pollen on human health.Methods: We systematically searched electronic literature databases (last search, April 29, 2019) for studies reporting quantitative measurements of associations between at least two of the exposures and mortality from any cause and cardiovascular and respiratory morbidity and mortality specifically. Following the Navigation Guide systematic review methodology, we evaluated the risk of bias of individual studies and the overall quality and strength of evidence.Results: We found 56 studies that met the inclusion criteria. Of these, six measured air pollution, heat, and pollen; 39 measured air pollution and heat; 10 measured air pollution and pollen; and one measured heat and pollen. Nearly all studies were at risk of bias from exposure assessment error. However, consistent exposure-response across studies led us to conclude that there is overall moderate quality and sufficient evidence for synergistic effects of heat and air pollution. We concluded that there is overall low quality and limited evidence for synergistic effects from simultaneous exposure to (1) air pollution, pollen, and heat; and (2) air pollution and pollen. With only one study, we were unable to assess the evidence for synergistic effects of heat and pollen.Conclusions: If synergistic effects between heat and air pollution are confirmed with additional research, the health impacts from climate change-driven increases in air pollution and heat exposure may be larger than previously estimated in studies that consider these risk factors individually. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recent literature on Islam and the digital covers a wide range of topics and themes; however, what is yet to be developed from an Islamic perspective is a broader philosophical framework that accounts for the nature, exigencies and affordances of contemporary digital technologies. In advance of such a framework, this article is an attempt to open the way to philosophical engagement with issues of digital ethics from an Islamic perspective. After a brief review of recent literature on Islam and the digital and a significantly earlier work by Ziauddin Sardar, in which he proposed an information strategy for the Muslim world, this paper provides some background to Islamic ethics and the wide field of ethical theories in the Islamic tradition. This paper then proceeds by identifying and outlining examples of contemporary themes in Islam and the digital which conceal underlying philosophical and theological issues. Finally, this paper considers the significant scale and scope of the transformations involved in the ongoing transposition to the 'onlife' and highlights several areas where Islamic perspectives may be seen to converge or diverge with other strands of scholarship on digital ethics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There are evolving data correlating elevated post-hepatic resection portal vein pressure (PVP) with risk of developing post-resection liver failure (PLF) and other complications. As a consequence, modulation of PVP presents a potential strategy to improve outcomes following liver resection (LR). The primary aim of this study was to review the existing evidence regarding the impact of post-resection PVP on clinical outcomes in patients undergoing a LR. Systematic literature searches of electronic databases in accordance with PRISMA were conducted. Changes in PVP and clinical outcomes following liver resection were defined according to the existing literature. Ten studies, consisting of 712 patients with a median age 61 (52–68) years, were identified that met the inclusion criteria. Of those, 77% (n = 550) underwent a major LR and 27% (n = 195) of patients had cirrhosis. Following LR, the median (range) PVP increased from 11.4 mmHg (median baseline, range 7.3–16.4) to 15.9 mmHg (7.9–19). The overall median incidence of PLF was 19%. Six of the ten studies found an elevated PVP after LR predicted PLF. One study found elevated PVP after LR predicted mortality after LR. Elevated PVP following hepatic resection was associated with increased rates of PLF. It was not possible to define a specific threshold PVP for predicting PLF. Modulation of PVP therefore presents a potential strategy to mitigate the incidence of LR. Future studies should standardize on reporting liver remnant and haemodynamics to better characterize clinical outcomes following LR. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This systematic review aimed to assess the efficacy of the current approach to tissue traction during the endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD) of superficial esophageal cancer, early gastric cancer, and colorectal neoplasms. We performed a systematic electronic literature search of articles published in PubMed and selected comparative studies to investigate the treatment outcomes of tractionassisted versus conventional ESD. Using the keywords, we retrieved 381 articles, including five eligible articles on the esophagus, 13 on the stomach, and 12 on the colorectum. A total of seven randomized controlled trials and 23 retrospective studies were identified. Clip line traction and submucosal tunneling were effective in reducing the procedural time during esophageal ESD. The efficacy of traction methods in gastric ESD varied in terms of the devices and strategies used depending on the lesion location and degree of submucosal fibrosis. Several prospective and retrospective studies utilized traction devices without the need to reinsert the colonoscope. When pocket creation is included, the traction devices and methods effectively shorten the procedural time during colorectal ESD. Although the efficacy is dependent on the organ and tumor locations, several traction techniques have been demonstrated to be efficacious in facilitating ESD by maintaining satisfactory traction during dissection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the first beginning of the third decade of 21 century, a huge change is occurring in Higher Education. The need to offer higher education to more students, and more diversified, had been a challenge to Higher Education Institutions (HEIs), imposed by globalization and the knowledge economy. However, the pandemic forced HEIs to rebalance their digital offer. Although e-learning, online education, distance learning, or some other form of technological education have been used extensively in HE, it is important to reflect on the effects that such use will bring to the reconfiguration of digital learning, even in a post- pandemic period. Such is the purpose that frame this text. It starts from the recent literature on digital learning and its features to reflect on the possibilities and difficulties that the pandemic has brought to the concept and its practices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Candida africana is a pathogenic species within the Candida albicans species complex. Due to the limited knowledge concerning its prevalence and antifungal susceptibility profiles, a comprehensive study is overdue. Accordingly, we performed a search of the electronic databases for literature published in the English language between 1 January 2001 and 21 March 2020. Citations were screened, relevant articles were identified, and data were extracted to determine overall intra-C. albicans complex prevalence, geographical distribution, and antifungal susceptibility profiles for C. africana. From a total of 366 articles, 41 were eligible for inclusion in this study. Our results showed that C. africana has a worldwide distribution. The pooled intra-C. albicans complex prevalence of C. africana was 1.67% (95% CI 0.98–2.49). Prevalence data were available for 11 countries from 4 continents. Iran (3.02%, 95%CI 1.51–4.92) and Honduras (3.03%, 95% CI 0.83–10.39) had the highest values and Malaysia (0%) had the lowest prevalence. Vaginal specimens were the most common source of C. africana (92.81%; 155 out of 167 isolates with available data). However, this species has also been isolated from cases of balanitis, from patients with oral lesions, and from respiratory, urine, and cutaneous samples. Data concerning the susceptibility of C. africana to 16 antifungal drugs were available in the literature. Generally, the minimum inhibitory concentrations of antifungal drugs against this species were low. In conclusion, C. africana demonstrates geographical variation in prevalence and high susceptibility to antifungal drugs. However, due to the relative scarcity of existing data concerning this species, further studies will be required to establish more firm conclusions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background. Oral anti-diabetics in the treatment of gestational diabetes mellitus have had different approaches among time in medical guidelines. The interest in this pregnancy-associated disease is due to the dramatic increase of rates of gestational diabetes but also to the significantly higher short-term and long term implications for mother and off-spring. This article aims to review the literature and guidelines on current recommendations regarding oral therapy in gestational diabetes mellitus. Methods. A systematic literature electronic search for reviews and guidelines was undertaken using Pub Med and the official websites of Diabetes and Obstetrics and Gynecology associations. Conclusions. Whereas oral anti-diabetics are an attractive alternative approach to insulin, in the last guidelines published by the societies of Obstetrics and Gynecology and Diabetes a new trend is noticeable subtracting oral anti-diabetics as the first option because of the lack in high-quality data on long-term safety, higher rate of treatment failure and pharmacokinetics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Depression is a seriously disabling psychiatric disorder with a significant burden of disease. Metabolic abnormalities have been widely reported in depressed patients and animal models. However, there are few systematic efforts that integrate meaningful biological insights from these studies. Herein, available metabolic knowledge in the context of depression was integrated to provide a systematic and panoramic view of metabolic characterization. After screening more than 10 000 citations from five electronic literature databases and five metabolomics databases, we manually curated 5675 metabolite entries from 464 studies, including human, rat, mouse and non-human primate, to develop a new metabolite-disease association database, called MENDA (http://menda.cqmu.edu.cn:8080/index.php). The standardized data extraction process was used for data collection, a multi-faceted annotation scheme was developed, and a user-friendly search engine and web interface were integrated for database access. To facilitate data analysis and interpretation based on MENDA, we also proposed a systematic analytical framework, including data integration and biological function analysis. Case studies were provided that identified the consistently altered metabolites using the vote-counting method, and that captured the underlying molecular mechanism using pathway and network analyses. Collectively, we provided a comprehensive curation of metabolic characterization in depression. Our model of a specific psychiatry disorder may be replicated to study other complex diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Greek myth of Pygmalion and Galatea, from which many intertexts in fine arts, drama, literature and audiovisual works derive, has crossed ages, languages and media in its potencies of meaning. Marked by themes as the love between creator and creature, the demiurgic power of artistic creation, and the motive power of desire, the story of the artist who falls in love with a sculpture to the point of giving it life is a recurrent motif in horror, sci-fi and in other genres that involve art and technology. Among other actualizations of this myth, special attention should be given to the electronic work of interactive fiction Galatea, by Emily Short (2000), as a computer program in which the reader/user interacts with a textual interface to converse with a character that stands for Pygmalion's beloved one. In that process, each new input typed by the reader/user triggers an unexpected reply or action by the digital interlocutor. Thereby the statue comes progressively alive in this dialogue, as the desire to read the text also becomes the desire to see her move, answer, take stances. Considering this piece of interactive fiction, a genre of electronic literature that has still been little studied by scholars in Brazil, this paper aims to analyze the demiurgic power taken by natural language and programming code when, together, they give life to Galatea through dialogue. To do so, we herein use references on the relations between human and machinal semiosis (Hayles, 2005), on interactive fiction as a genre within electronic literature (Montfort, 2005), and on the role of natural and artificial languages in the creation of golems and other automata (Nazario & Nascimento, 2004). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Although drug-eluting stents (DES) have reduced the rates of in-stent restenosis (ISR) compared with bare-metal stents (BMS), DES related ISR (DES-ISR) still occurs and outcomes of DES-ISR remain unclear. The objective of this meta-analysis was to investigate the long-term clinical outcomes of patients with DES-ISR compared with patients with BMS related ISR (BMS-ISR) after the treatment of DES or drug-eluting balloon (DEB). Methods and results. We searched the literature in the main electronic databases including PUBMED, EMBASE, Cochrane Library, and Web of Science. The primary endpoints were target lesion revascularization (TLR) and target vessel revascularization (TVR). The secondary endpoints included all cause death (ACD), cardiac death (CD), myocardial infarction (MI), stent thrombosis or re-in-stent restenosis (ST/RE-ISR), and major adverse cardiovascular events (MACEs). A total of 19 studies with 6256 participants were finally included in this meta-analysis. Results showed that the rates of TLR (P < 0.00001), TVR (P < 0.00001), CD (P=0.02), ST/RE-ISR (P < 0.00001), and MACEs (P < 0.00001) were significantly higher in the DES-ISR group than in the BMS-ISR group. No significant differences were found between the two groups in the rates of MI (P=0.05) and ACD (P=0.21).Conclusions: Our study demonstrated that patients with DES-ISR had worse clinical outcomes at the long-term follow-up than patients with BMS-ISR after the treatment of DES or DEB, suggesting that DES and DEB may be more effective for BMS-ISR than that for DES-ISR. Positive prevention of DES-ISR is indispensable and further studies concentrating on detecting the predictors of outcomes of DES-ISR are required. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Up to the point of writing this review, there is no scientific evidence of any effective medical therapy for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). In this review, we attempted to discuss the current summary of evidence of some medication, currently in trial for the treatment of COVID-19. Material and Methods: We have done an electronic literature search using the following database: PubMed, Medline, Scopus and Google scholar. These databases were searched using the keywords COVID-19 and pharmacological therapy. Results: At present, there are no well randomized controlled studies which can give evidence for most of the therapy used for COVID-19. Several medications are in trials for COVID-19, among them: 1/ chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine; 2/anti-virals oseltamivir, remdesivir, lopinavir/ritonavir and other protease inhibitors; 3/antibiotics macrolide (Azithromycin); 4/cytokine therapy interferon; 5/ humanized monoclonal antibody tocilizumab; 6/adjunct therapies vitamins C, D, and herbal medicine; 7/ COVID-19 convalescent plasma; 8/systemic steroids; 9/expected COVID-19 vaccine. We have also included some of the herbal medicines that are commonly and widely used in the Middle East, Asia as well in Sudan, (black seeds, honey and Acacia Nilotica). It is worth mentioning that these herbal medicines have shown benefits in treating other diseases, but the evidence of their benefit in COVID-19 still needs to be established. Conclusion: Currently there is no pharmacological therapy for the COVID-19. More research and randomized clinical trials are needed to find effective therapy or vaccine against COVID-19. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Modern urban-transport planning requires evidence-based insights into current transport flows to better understand the needs and impacts of policymaking. Urban transport includes passenger and freight vehicles, which have different behavior, and the need for such a separation is often ignored in research and practice [1]. New digital data sources provide an opportunity to better understand urban transport and identify where policy interventions are required. We review the literature on digital counting techniques to monitor transport flows, including loops, Automatic-Number Plate Recognition (ANPR) cameras and floating car data. We further investigate the potential of ANPR cameras, which are widely deployed, and which can be augmented with vehicle category information. This article presents the methodology that we follow for transforming raw augmented ANPR camera data into practical knowledge for city planners. Our is aim is to provide a better understanding of passenger and freight vehicle movements and stops, identifying similarities and differences between vehicle categories. We demonstrate our methodology on a case study for the Mechelen-Willebroek district in Belgium, encompassing augmented data from 122 ANPR cameras for a period of two weeks. Additionally, we also look at the car-reduced zone and how time restrictions affect the different vehicle categories' actions. The findings are validated with GPS data from heavy-good vehicles in the same period. The potential of augmented ANPR camera data and promising themes and applications of this data source are illustrated through the case study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We present a sound and automated approach to synthesizing safe, digital controllers for physical plants represented as time-invariant models. Models are linear differential equations with inputs, evolving over a continuous state space. The synthesis precisely accounts for the effects of finite-precision arithmetic introduced by the controller. The approach uses counterexample-guided inductive synthesis: an inductive generalization phase produces a controller that is known to stabilize the model but that may not be safe for all initial conditions of the model. Safety is then verified via bounded model checking: if the verification step fails, a counterexample is provided to the inductive generalization, and the process further iterates until a safe controller is obtained. We demonstrate the practical value of this approach by automatically synthesizing safe controllers for physical plant models from the digital control literature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article reports on an analysis of the different forms and practices of electronic literature starting with the concept of the ebook as the zero degree of literary re-mediation. The next step is the use of a computational model (composed of data, processes, interactions, a user interface, and context) applied to a semiotic model of the book in which one goes from the physicality of the signs on the page to the abstract concept of the work so as to classify the various types of electronic literature from hypertextual works to digital poetry to twitterature to the automatic creation of texts and finally returns to the relationship with the printed book and the mutual influence between the various communicative genres. This study also contains an analysis of recent literary works such as S., theMystery.doc, and House of Leaves in which the limits of the typographic page are challenged and the linearity of the text is shattered. Thus it shows how digital textuality is reflected in aspects ranging from the book as an object to the form of the novel and how electronic literature is an integral part of the redefinition of cultural and communicative processes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Up to a decade ago, to treat patients with chronic wrist pain due to advanced stages of arthritis, surgeons had four main solutions: partial or total wrist arthrodesis, total wrist prosthesis and proximal row carpectomy (PRC). Since 2010, a new technique has been described in literature using the Resurfacing Capitate Pyrocarbon Implant (RCPI), combined to PRC. The aim of this article is to review the literature and determine the indications, outcomes and complications associated with RCPI. An electronic literature research was carried out and pertinent articles were selected. Surgical technique, results and complications described in those articles are presented. From this review of the literature, authors conclude that Resurfacing Capitate Pyrocarbon Implant can be considered as a good alternative to arthrodesis and total wrist arthroplasty, at any ages, when proximal row carpectomy alone would not be indicated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the massive increase of online content, widespread of social media, the popularity of smartphones, and rise of security breaches, image forensics has attracted a lot of attention in the past two decades alongside the advancements in digital imaging and processing software. The goal is to be able to verify authenticity, ownership, and copyright of an image and detect changes to the original image. However, more sophisticated image manipulation software tools can use subtle anti-forensics techniques (AFTs) to complicate and hinder detection. This leads security professionals and digital investigators to develop more robust forensics tools and counter solutions to defeat adversarial anti-forensics and win the race. This survey study presents a comprehensive systematic overview of various anti-forensics and anti-AFTs that are proposed in the literature for digital image forensics. These techniques are thoroughly analysed based on various important characteristics and grouped into broad categories. This study also presents a bibliographic analysis of the-state-of-the-art publications in various venues. It assists junior researchers in multimedia security and related fields to understand the significance of existing techniques, research trends, and future directions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite the rapid growth in technology and the research effort given on investigating the adoption of electronic banking services, both banks and academic researchers in developing countries perceive the problem of low-level adoption of electronic banking. Most studies which have investigated the adoption, acceptance, or intention to use electronic banking, have agreed that customers «trust is one of the most important impediments that have frustrated the success of the adoption process. Therefore, in developed countries, customers» trust became the pivot of research studies that investigated the electronic dealings between customers and new IT/IS innovations. Recently, a few researchers have started investigating online trust in developing countries. Although electronic banking services have been widely adopted in developed countries, there is still low usage in developing countries such as Saudi Arabia. This quantitative research aims to empirically determine the significant antecedents of electronic Banking Service Adoption, as well as to explain how the Diffusion of Innovation Theory (DOIT) is being used in determining the antecedent of electronic banking in Saudi Arabia. Using an adopted survey instrument, (5-point-Likert scale) is used. Were eventually used to further analyse the data using mainly The Partial Least Square (PLS). This study contribute to the body of knowledge by extending existing literature to identifying the factors influencing the acceptance of electronic banking among banks customers, developing a comprehensive model which contributes to online customer literature by extending the Diffusion of Innovation Theory (DOIT) to include trust and system reliability applying them to the context of electronic banking, extending existing literature by applying the developed model to Saudi customers, contributing to technology acceptance theories by showing the role of system reliability in the acceptance of electronic banking, Contributing to the electronic trust literature by examining the role of customer trust in the context of electronic banking and how it might be increased. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The odontoblasts are post-mitotic cells of mesenchymal origin arranged in the form of a palisade in the periphery of the dental pulp and responsible for the formation of the dentin. The odontoblasts are derived from the neural crest and their differentiation is the consequence of epithelial-mesenchymal interactions between the cells of the dental papilla and the internal dental epithelium. This work aims to review the physiological and pathological aspects of odontoblasts, including their origin, mechanisms of differentiation and functional properties. An electronic literature search was conducted from 2000 to February 2018, selecting 2889 articles, of which 52 articles were analyzed and discussed. The results show the origin, stages and factors related to odontoblastic differentiation, together with the main aspects of the structural organization and functions performed by odontoblasts. This review demonstrates through current scientific evidence that the studies concerning odontoblasts focus on understanding the mechanisms in the formation of reparative dentin, the immune response and its role in the processes of inflammation and pain. Future work should clarify the different signals involved in the cellular and molecular pathophysiological processes carried out by the odontoblasts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Efficacy of programs for patients with diabetes mellitus (DM) that have promoted family members to help with patients' self-care activities has been largely inconsistent. This meta-analysis aims to assess the effect of family-oriented diabetes programs for glycemic control (GC).Methods: Electronic literature searches were conducted for clinical trials with a parallel design wherein there were two groups according to whether family members were included (intervention group) or not included (control group) and changes in glycohemoglobin A1C (A1C) were assessed as a study outcome. Each effect size (i.e. difference in A1C change between the intervention and control group) was pooled with a random-effects model.Results: There were 31 eligible trials consisting of 1466 and 1415 patients in the intervention and control groups, respectively. Pooled A1C change [95% confidence interval (CI)] was -0.45% (-0.64% to -0.26%). Limiting analyses to 21 trials targeted at patients with type 1 DM or 9 trials targeted at patients with type 2 DM, the pooled A1C changes (95% CI) were -0.35% (-0.55% to -0.14%) and -0.71% (-1.09% to -0.33%), respectively.Conclusion: This meta-analysis suggests that focusing on the family as well as the individual patient in self-management diabetes programs to improve the performance of self-care activities of patients with DM is effective in terms of proper GC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Family abandonment and rejection resulting in homelessness are detrimental to women diagnosed with mental illness in India. A majority of the literature related to homelessness holds a western background, and women's homelessness in relation to mental illness is relatively unexplored in the Indian context. This review was conducted to understand the sociocultural factors influencing family rejection and to synthesize the living situation of institutionalized women with mental illness in India. Methods: Literature search in electronic databases (PubMed, Google Scholar), carried out using appropriate keywords, and a manual search in the library catalog. Results: As per the selection criteria, 19 reports, including original research articles and conceptual papers, were included and reviewed. Conclusion: There is a shortage of methodologically sound research in understanding the connection of mental illness–women homelessness–and the institutionalization scenario. This review highlights the necessity of shifting focus from institutionalization to innovative psychiatric rehabilitation strategies using the Mental Healthcare Act, 2017. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: This study aims to describe how the school was consolidated in a social device for health promotion. Method: A bibliographic survey was carried out in the gray literature and in electronic databases, according to pre-established methodological criteria. Results: The literature analyzed the health in the school in aspects such as the origin, character and development of health actions, health models in the school, health in the school for the promotion of health and its main challenges. Conclusion: Assistance and punctual health actions, as well as the difficulties involved in intersectoral articulation, are still the main challenges for health promotion in school. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Obesity is a well-known risk factor for various chronic diseases. Among the various risk factors for obesity, diet is one of the most modifiable. This study aimed to review current research on the association between obesity and the Korean diet compared with the Mediterranean diet. An electronic literature search was conducted using Medline and Embase. Totals of 10 and 17 studies were included in this review for the Korean dietary pattern (KDP) and the Mediterranean dietary pattern (MDP), respectively. These studies mainly applied factor analysis for the KDP and index analysis for the MDP. Only one of 10 KDP articles reported a significant inverse association with obesity, while most MDP studies showed a preventive association with obesity. There are a limited number of KDP studies compared with MDP studies, and the methods of deriving the dietary patterns are different between the KDP and MDP. To produce more conclusive evidence on the association between the KDP and obesity, well-designed and controlled trials or large prospective cohort studies are needed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights • Childhood cancer patients and survivors seem at higher risk for tinnitus development compared to siblings. • Platinum agents, high dose cranial radiation and central nervous system tumors are risk factors for tinnitus development. • Regular screening for tinnitus and information providing before, during and after childhood cancer therapy is recommended. Abstract Background Tinnitus can occur during and after treatment for childhood cancer. Studies on the occurrence of, and risk factors for tinnitus during and after childhood cancer treatment are scarce. The aim of this study is to get insight into the frequency and risk factors of tinnitus during and after childhood cancer therapy, based on a review of all previously reported literature. Materials and methods Systematic electronic literature searches that combined childhood cancer with different treatments and tinnitus terms were performed in the databases EMBASE, Medline, Cochrane, Web of Science, and Google Scholar. Studies were included based on reporting the frequency of tinnitus during and/or after childhood cancer, with 75% of participants being under the age of 25 at time of diagnosis, diagnosed with any type of childhood malignancy and treated with any type of chemotherapy and/or radiotherapy. A risk of bias assessment per research question was performed. Results Tinnitus incidence rates were reported up to 15.9 (95% CI 11.8–21.4) during therapy and up to 5.4 (95% CI 4.3–6.9) more than 5 years after diagnosis. The relative risk of developing tinnitus as compared to siblings during and after childhood cancer therapy were reported up to 17.2 (95% CI 11.8–25.0) during therapy and up to 3.7 (95% CI 2.7–5.1) more than 5 years after diagnosis. Independent risk factors for tinnitus development included high dose cranial radiation and platinum based chemotherapy. Conclusion The frequency of and risk to develop tinnitus seems to be higher in childhood cancer patients and survivors as compared to the normal population. Regular tinnitus screening before, during and after therapy with standardized questionnaires for early detection seems therefore reasonable in order to identify high-risk patients and eventually develop successful clinical preventive, supportive and management strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]