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The goal of this study was to examine the collections of eBooks in Spanish provided by vendors of library resources to school libraries to determine if there are equitable offerings of eBooks in Spanish relative to the Spanish-speaking school population in the United States. The results of the study indicated that the top vendors do provide eBooks in Spanish, but the titles comprised a small percentage of their total collections and do not mirror national demographics. Research findings showed that with only one to three percent of eBook titles in vendor's collections available in Spanish, there is a lack of equity in Spanish language eBook titles compared to the national school population of10% to 17% Spanish speaking children with varying degrees of English proficiency. This lack of equity in Spanish eBooks available for school libraries will be of growing concern as demand for eBooks in Spanish increases with the growing Spanish speaking school population in U.S. public schools. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: With the mandate to review all available literature in the study's inclusion parameters, systematic review projects are likely to require full-text access to a significant number of articles that are not available in a library's collection, thereby necessitating ordering content via interlibrary loan (ILL). The aim of this study is to understand what effect a systematic review service has on the copyright royalty fees accompanying ILL requests at an academic health sciences library. Case Presentation: The library created a custom report using ILLiad data to look specifically at 2018 ILL borrowing requests that were known to be part of systematic reviews. This subset of borrowing activity was then analyzed to determine its impact on the library's copyright royalty expenditures for the year. In 2018, copyright eligible borrowing requests that were known to be part of systematic reviews represented only approximately 5% of total filled requests that involved copyright eligible borrowing. However, these systematic review requests directly or indirectly caused approximately 10% of all the Spencer S. Eccles Library copyright royalty expenditures for 2018 requests. Conclusion: Based on the sample data set, the library's copyright royalty expenditures did increase, but the overall financial impact was modest. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Technological advancements and lower production costs since the mid-1990s have dramatically improved opportunities for instructors to tailor self-made instructional videos for their students. However, video production technology has outpaced the development of educational theory, causing instructional videos to consistently fall short of their pedagogical potential. Responding to these shortcomings, scholars from various backgrounds have started publishing guidelines to help practitioners as they develop instructional videos for their respective fields. Using a rapid literature review, this article contributes to this ongoing effort by synthesizing theory-based, best-practice guidelines for a specific subcategory of educational videos called supplemental instructional videos (SIVs). SIVs are different from other types of instructional videos in that they are used to support and magnify other learning methods, mediums, and materials rather than substitute for them. Bringing the best-practice guidelines synthesized in this paper immediately into application, they were used to inform the production of SIVs for an undergraduate course that was held in the Building Construction Department of a major public university in the United States during the Spring 2020 semester. The methods used in the production of the SIV guidelines were systematically documented during the course for future researchers and practitioners to learn and build from. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article seeks to understand the current state of the field of special collections library administration in the United States. Using a dataset gathered through publicly available information about special collections directors from the Association of Research Libraries (ARL), Independent Research Libraries Association (IRLA), and the Oberlin Group institutional members, the authors explore the educational backgrounds of directors, the types of positions they held prior to taking on their current roles, and the effect of gender on leadership advancement. This article also discusses the similarities and differences between institution types as well as promotions within institutions and across types of institutions.

Libraries in the United States handle sensitive patron information, including personally identifiable information and circulation records. With libraries providing services to millions of patrons across the U.S., it is important that they understand the importance of patron privacy and how to protect it. This study investigates how knowledge transferred within an online cybersecurity education affects library employee information security practices. The results of this study suggest that knowledge transfer does have a positive effect on library employee information security and risk management practices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article discusses the distribution of rhotic and non-rhotic English in the United States between 1770 and 1849. For the study, handwritten documents belonging to individuals from different social classes were inspected to identify misspellings that deviated from conventional spelling patterns (if compared to dictionaries and spellers of the time) regarding or the previous vowel. The investigation shows that during the period elision was never the most frequent occurrence. In fact, the results indicate that it was the quality of the previous vowel that underwent significant oscillations. Regarding the distribution of rhotic and non-rhotic English in the United States, the evidence suggests that r-lessness happened mostly in states that are predominantly non-rhotic today. In terms of social variation, there was a tendency for the middle classes to produce more non-rhotic misspellings than other classes. Lastly, the data indicates a strong possibility of a rapid expansion of non-rhotic English after 1850. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

At the beginning of the Spring 2020 semester, academic institutions in the United States shifted rapidly to virtual instruction amid the COVID-19 pandemic. This shift forced the libraries associated with these institutions to create innovative ways to reach faculty, staff, and students in an online mode. At the University of Memphis, librarians enhanced many existing online services and developed new ones. This study tracks the utilization of these services by online instructors during the span of one year since the COVID-19 pandemic began. The methods were mixed, involving a survey soliciting information from online instructors using both qualitative and quantitative methods and follow-up interviews conducted privately and virtually with teaching faculty and staff. This article presents the findings of this research and details the plans for further action at the University of Memphis to enhance and promote library services to online faculty. The plan involves increasing the level of online marketing, involvement with faculty training, and the enhancement of existing services, specifically embedded librarianship. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article argues that book banning in public school libraries is a violation of students' First Amendment rights, and a device employed to reinforce principles of white supremacy within the U.S. public education system. It mentions that challenged books are mostly authored by individuals from LGBTQ, discussing themes such as sexual orientation. It suggests that the First Amendment's principles can be preserved and systemic injustices that massively affect People of color communities.

Schizophrenia is a debilitating psychiatric disorder, leading to both physical and social morbidity. Worldwide 1% of the population is struggling with the disease, with 100,000 new cases annually only in the United States. Despite its importance, the goal of finding effective treatments for schizophrenia remains a challenging task, and previous work conducted expensive large-scale phenotypic screens. This work investigates the benefits of Machine Learning for graphs to optimize drug phenotypic screens and predict compounds that mitigate abnormal brain reduction induced by excessive glial phagocytic activity in schizophrenia subjects. Given a compound and its concentration as input, we propose a method that predicts a score associated with three possible compound effects, i.e., reduce, increase, or not influence phagocytosis. We leverage a high-throughput screening to prove experimentally that our method achieves good generalization capabilities. The screening involves 2218 compounds at five different concentrations. Then, we analyze the usability of our approach in a practical setting, i.e., prioritizing the selection of compounds in the SWEETLEAD library. We provide a list of 64 compounds from the library that have the most potential clinical utility for glial phagocytosis mitigation. Lastly, we propose a novel approach to computationally validate their utility as possible therapies for schizophrenia. Author summary: Phagocytosis is a fundamental biological process to protect biological organisms from exogenous infectious particles as well as to preserve equilibrium and efficiency of the host by removing its unwanted cells. A dysregulation of the phagocytic activity can lead to severe consequences for the host. In this study, we focus on a recent theory that relates an excessive phagocytic activity in brain cells, and a consequent abnormal reduction in brain volume, to the development of schizophrenia. Our working hypothesis is that pharmaceutical compounds that can reduce excessive of phagocytic activity might prove effective as a schizophrenia treatment. Rather than attempting to develop ex-novo such a chemical compound, we rely on a more cost-effective and efficient approach that seeks candidate therapies in a set of approved chemical compounds. To achieve this, we train a machine learning model capable of predicting, with good accuracy, the ability of a molecular compound to increase or decrease phagocytosis in the target brain cells. Our approach leverages learning models capable of directly processing the molecular graph of the compound, leading to the identification of 64 candidate drugs of potential clinical utility. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the history of milestones in the United States and examines the milestones located in Dutchess County, New York. It examines the role that was played in the development of the milestone system by statesman Benjamin Franklin while he served as United States Postmaster General as well as the efforts U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt to institute the system in New York during his time as governor.

This article contains information about the Stanford University library in California and the Hoover Institution. The author presents biographical data about U.S. President Herbert Hoover and the formation of a library collection with materials from World War I. Information is presented about the history of the Stanford library and the Hoover Institution. The author discusses details about the library collection available at the Hoover Institution, including financial aspects.

Lists items added to the Huntington Library's collections of primary research materials and made available to researchers in 2000. Items appearing under the categories 'Manuscripts,' 'Rare Books,' 'Photographs' and 'Prints and Ephemera'; Statement of acknowledgment appearing at the end of the entry where gifts by donors have made acquisitions possible.

For almost a half-century creative works by Estonians abroad were unknown and inaccessible in the homeland. Exile literature was stored away in the special collections departments of libraries In 1972 it was decided to set up a special collections department at the ESSR Academy of Sciences Library of the time, which from 1974 onwards could be accessed by a limited group of readers on the basis of special permits. The situation changed in 1988-1989, when the use of the special collections was freed of restrictions. From that time on, the collections were rapidly increased due to book donations by the Estonians abroad. As a result of the steady effort of Academic Library of Tallinn University, the collection of expatriate Estonian literature has become the most complete one of its kind in Estonia, containing over 5000 book titles and over 600 journal titles. The collection contains over 31 thousand published items. The databases have been instrumental to reference activities, conducted by the Centre of Estonian Exile Literature. They are regularly used in the day-to-day work and provide information on the content of the collections. The referred databases are available on the web site of Academic Library of Tallinn University. Collections of expatriate Estonian literature are available in the archives of expatriate Estonians throughout the world as well as in Estonia libraries. In the interests of better preservation, microfilms and digital copies are now prepared from newspapers, which are available on the web site of National Library of Estonia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, science trade books from the libraries of 10 elementary schools across the United States were evaluated using the modified Hunsader rubric for their overall quality pertaining to science content, literacy, and critical literacy criteria. Findings indicate that 62% of the books met the overall science content criterion, 99% met the overall literacy criterion, and 41% met the overall critical literacy criterion. The majority of science trade books in each school were life science books, and the majority of books across all schools were 18-23 years old, with many being much older. Implications and recommendations are provided. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Contemporary Accounting Research is the property of Canadian Academic Accounting Association and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Presents a survey of the Africana research holdings and collections that are available at the Center for Research Libraries (CRL) located in Champaign, Illinois. Composition of the collection from Africanists; Cooperative Africana Microform Program as the primary institutional focus of the collection; Provision of bibliographic access by CRLCATALOG.

This paper describes the results of a study to compare contemporary e-journal licenses from two research universities in the United States and Spain in terms of e-reserves, interlibrary loan, text and data mining, authors' rights and treatment of copyright exceptions, usage statistics, governing law, data privacy, and obligations entailing security. The data include a higher proportion of scholarly society and academic press publishers than earlier license analyses. This analysis compares license terms over time, across publisher types and between the two libraries, and it compares findings with recommendations from model licenses. The results show progress toward model license goals in some areas, but deficiencies in others including self-archiving, usage statistics clauses, and clauses related to e-resource data privacy and library security and disciplinary obligations. Our findings also raise questions about international ILL and governing venue clauses in library licenses outside the North American context. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Examines factors that influences the formation of a guide to collection of manuscripts on American Indian available in the library of American Society. Historical background of the library; Forms of printed manuscript guides; Prerequisites of the guide.

First-generation college students have a profound impact both inside and outside the classroom on the strategic goals of universities, yet in-depth, firsthand information about their experiences are difficult for researchers and university administrators to find. Oral histories are a data-rich method of collecting narratives that legitimize the perspectives of underrepresented communities whose stories are often absent from the written record. This article provides a brief overview of first-generation populations, a review of literature relating to the increasing involvement of libraries and archives in capturing and preserving the stories of underdocumented communities in the twenty-first century, and shares three case studies of first-generation initiatives at public universities in California, Colorado, and Nebraska. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The legal community in the United States has good reasons to be interested in the laws of other nations, but there are real barriers to finding and understanding comparative law. This article describes important differences in how law is envisioned in the United States: the pre-eminence of the adopted Constitution as the ultimate statement of rights and government powers, the interpretive role of judges in a unique federalist system, and the importance of case law in learning and talking about the law. This article also describes overarching obstacles that interfere with finding and reading comparative law: the influence of language and culture on formulating and carrying out research enquiries, and the increasingly bewildering array of interferences in accessing law authority and scholarship even when its existence is known. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Diseases caused by pathogenic free-living amoebae include primary amoebic meningoencephalitis (Naegleria fowleri), granulomatous amoebic encephalitis (Acanthamoeba spp.), Acanthamoeba keratitis, and Balamuthia amoebic encephalitis (Balamuthia mandrillaris). Each of these are difficult to treat and have high morbidity and mortality rates due to lack of effective therapeutics. Since repurposing drugs is an ideal strategy for orphan diseases, we conducted a high throughput phenotypic screen of 12,000 compounds from the Calibr ReFRAME library. We discovered a total of 58 potent inhibitors (IC50 <1 μM) against N. fowleri (n = 19), A. castellanii (n = 12), and B. mandrillaris (n = 27) plus an additional 90 micromolar inhibitors. Of these, 113 inhibitors have never been reported to have activity against Naegleria, Acanthamoeba or Balamuthia. Rapid onset of action is important for new anti-amoeba drugs and we identified 19 compounds that inhibit N. fowleri in vitro within 24 hours (halofuginone, NVP-HSP990, fumagillin, bardoxolone, belaronib, and BPH-942, solithromycin, nitracrine, quisinostat, pabinostat, pracinostat, dacinostat, fimepinostat, sanguinarium, radicicol, acriflavine, REP3132, BC-3205 and PF-4287881). These compounds inhibit N. fowleri in vitro faster than any of the drugs currently used for chemotherapy. The results of these studies demonstrate the utility of phenotypic screens for discovery of new drugs for pathogenic free-living amoebae, including Acanthamoeba for the first time. Given that many of the repurposed drugs have known mechanisms of action, these compounds can be used to validate new targets for structure-based drug design. Author summary: Free-living amoebae (FLA) are ubiquitous in soil and freshwater and most are non-pathogenic to people; however, three different pathogenic FLA have been found to cause severe, most often fatal diseases in humans. Due to poor detection and inadequate treatment options available for pathogenic FLA, the fatality rates are still > 90% for the diseases caused by Balamuthia mandrillaris, Naegleria fowleri, and Acanthamoeba spp. With hundreds of cases in the United States and many more cases reported worldwide, there is still an urgent clinical need for effective diagnosis and specific treatments discovered against these opportunistic parasites. Drug repurposing is a powerful approach for drug-discovery because it significantly improves the discovery time, reduces the amount of resources, and decreases costs required to advance lead candidate drugs of interest into the clinic. This is extremely helpful for neglected diseases including pathogenic FLA where there is a need for new active therapies with limited budgets. This report addresses the discovery of new active drugs with potential for repurposing, multiple new drug classes that inhibit pathogenic FLA, and numerous putative drug targets that can be used as tools for further investigation and structure-based drug design. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since the passage of the American Disabilities Act in 1990 and the coincident growth of the Internet, academic libraries have worked to provide electronic resources and services that are accessible to all patrons. Special collections are increasingly being added to these web-based library resources, and they must meet the same accessibility standards. The recent popularity surge of Web 2.0 technology, social media sites, and mobile devices has brought greater awareness about the challenges faced by those who use assistive technology for visual disabilities. This study examines the screen-reader accessibility of online special collections finding aids at 68 public US colleges and universities in the Association of Research Libraries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Public libraries are heavily affected by political and policy-making processes that shape the funding, activities, and roles of libraries in society, with the explosion of information policy decisions in the past two decades significantly increasing the responsibilities of libraries while also increasing limitations on their activities. Research in library and information science, however, has paid scant attention to these issues over time. If libraries are to be able to effectively advocate for the interests of their institutions, patrons, and communities, researchers need to more strongly engage problems of politics and policymaking that impact libraries. With greater amounts of data and analysis in this area, libraries will be better situated to advocate for their needs in political and policy-making processes, as well as better able to articulate their positions to members of the public. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article presents results from an IMLS-funded project to evaluate the current state of collections in Florida's libraries, archives, and museums, current practices to preserve and conserve these collections, and perceived needs to maintain and improve these collections for future generations. The survey, modeled after the Heritage Health Index national survey, demonstrated that many of Florida's collections are in desperate need of conservation and preservation and indicate a clear need for an increased effort to guarantee the continued safety of and access to these collections. In addition to providing data on Florida's collections, the results of this study have national implications that will help researchers, professionals, administrators, government agencies, and the general public better understand the nature of collecting agencies and the long-term requirements for the continued preservation and conservation of the nation's natural and cultural heritage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This memoir, written by Libby I. Sukoff, O.D. and edited by Andrea P. Thau, O.D., both of New York, chronicles Dr. Sukoff's life and more than six-decade career in optometry. Dr. Thau has included an introduction describing the personal and professional relationship she has with the author. This article has been annotated by Kirsten Hébert, contributing editor. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Many scholars have chronicled the long political and legal battle that led to ratification of the 16th Amendment on February 25, 1913. However, none have described how the Bureau of Internal Revenue implemented the tax in only six months on a shoestring budget. William H. Osborn, the commissioner who oversaw the effort, left a diary of his experiences, which sheds light on the political, budgetary, and bureaucratic challenges he faced. While most internal revenue commissioners work in relative obscurity, Osborn won public acclaim by pursuing long-neglected evasions with headline grabbing criminal cases, pushing against patronage to hire qualified agents, and instituting cost-saving efficiencies. He melded political acumen, administrative genius, and a talent for inspiring his employees to build the basic framework for modern federal income tax collections. His experiences highlight the important, but often overlooked, role played by skilled bureaucrats. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This essay shows that comparable notions of humanism emerged independently in two twentieth-century scholars, Yuen Ren Chao (1892–1982) and George Sarton (1884–1956). They met as young men at Harvard University and found themselves to be compatible thinkers. They both respected the so-called facts of science, perhaps more than theories in science. They saw their task as assembling these facts for a future synthesis. They recognized the diversity of the world's civilizations, and they actively participated in trying to unite scholars of good will. At the end of their lives, they remained optimistic about the future of humanity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the U.S. Supreme Court's ruling in the 1944 administrative law case Yakus v. United States which deals with a potential violation of America's Emergency Price Control Act of 1942 (EPCA) and the U.S. Office of Price Administration's (OPA's) price control regulations. The OPA's law enforcement campaign is addressed, along with the legal rights and obligations of meat packers, America's New Deal Era, and a black market for meat.

In March 2003 the University of Mississippi Libraries made our MetaSearch tool publicly available. After a year of working with this product and integrating it into the library Web site, a wide variety of libraries interested in our implementation process and experiences began to call. Libraries interested in this product have included consortia, public, and academic libraries in the United States, Mexico, and Europe. This article was written in an effort to share the recommendations and concerns given. Much of the advice is general and could be applied to many of the MetaSearch tools available. Google Scholar and other open Web initiatives that could impact the future of MetaSearching are also discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work reports on a study that investigated how the transformation of institutional logics—the tearing down of old logics and the construction of new ones—opens up possibilities for actors to make new kinds of status claims. Drawing on a historical analysis of the field of finance in the United States and evidence on professional finance association foundings, I show how a transformation in the logics guiding the field and development of financial expertise shaped the professionalization of finance occupations from 1945 through 1993. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]