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Objectives: This paper aims to evaluate the extremity function and vascular outcome after limb-sparing surgery for extremity musculoskeletal tumors invading vascular structure required reconstruction. Methods: Of the 507 patients with musculoskeletal tumors, who underwent surgery between 2004 and 2007, 17 (3,3%) patients with major vessel involvement were included in the study. The mean age was 37.8 ± 14.5, with a female/male ratio of 8/9. Thirteen (76.4%) patients had Stage IIb disease, and 2 (11,7%) patients had Stage III disease. In 2 (11,7%) patients have locally aggressive tumor that had Stage 3. Fifteen (88.2%) of the cases involved lower extremity, whilst 2 (11.8%) of them involved upper extremity. An arterial reconstruction was carried out in all patients. Wide tumor resection and endoprosthetic reconstruction were performed in 6 (35.2%) patients. Other 11 (65.8%) patients were treated with wide resection and soft tissue reconstruction. Postoperative data included; perioperative morbidities such as bleeding, infection, graft thrombosis, rupture, metastatic local recurrence and mortality. Ankle brachial index (ABI) and color-flow-duplex-scan (CFDS) were done at the final follow-up of the study, in order to prove the efficacy of reconstruction. Functional outcome was evaluated with International Society of Limb Salvage (ISOLS) criteria. Results: The mean follow-up was of 39 months (range 3–120). Perioperative complications were arterial graft thrombosis occurred in 3 (17.6%) patients treated acutely with thrombectomy, uncontrolled deep wound infection occurred in 2 patients whom extremities were amputated.The most frequent complication after surgery was limb edema according to possibly venous and lymphatic obstruction, staged as C1, C2 and C3 disease was established in 6 patients (two patients in each group), and 1 patient was classified as C6 disease. Three (17.6%) patients had local recurrence (1/3 patient died and 2/3 (11.7%) patients underwent transfemoral amputation). At the last follow-up, 9 (52.9%) patients were alive without evidence of disease, 8 (47.1%) patients were died due to primary disease. There were 8 (47.1%) patients alive with an intact limb. Although functional outcome scores were satisfactory, emotional acceptance scores were low. The limb salvage probability was 74.0%. Conclusion: Limb-sparing oncological surgery in musculoskeletal tumors with vascular invasion provides a satisfactory limb function, which may lead to an improved life quality. Arterial reconstruction has a high rate of patency in the long term. The surgeon should be aware of early perioperative complication related to vascular reconstruction and infection that effect on the rate of extremity survival. Level of evidence: Level IV, Therapeutic study Keywords: Musculoskeletal tumor, Extremity sarcomas, Limb salvage, Vascular reconstruction, Vascular invasion

Blood vascular reconstruction plays an important role in vessel disease diagnosis and prognosis, treatment planning and surgery. Based on adjacent vector projection, a simple and robust explicit algorithm is presented for vascular reconstruction. It generates the base mesh and utilizes the Loop algorithm for perceptual refinement by mesh subdivision. In the end, the reconstructed vascular tree is rendered for volumetric visualization and localization of vascular malformations. Experimental results on the Aneurisk database have validated the capacity of the proposed algorithm in generating smooth surface and natural transition of high tortuosity in real time, while on clinical cases has verified its accuracy on pinning vascular stenosis.

Objective: To review the published papers reporting on the use of infrainguinal angioplasty in the treatment of critical limb ischaemia (CLI). Methods: A MEDLINE (1966–2005) and Cochrane library search for articles relating to the use of infrainguinal angioplasty in the treatment of CLI. Results: Recent papers reporting on the results of infrainguinal angioplasty as treatment for CLI patients show excellent limb salvage rates regardless of the patency rates. The Cochrane Database of systematic reviews has accepted two prospective randomised trials comparing bypass operations and angioplasty among CLI patients. Pooling both trials showed no overall significant difference in amputation rates between the surgery and PTA groups. A multicentre, randomised controlled trial, the BASIL (bypass versus Angioplasty in Severe Ischaemia of the Leg) trial showed that in the medium term (after six months), the outcomes after angioplasty or surgery among CLI patients did not differ significantly with respect to amputation-free survival, all-cause mortality and quality of life. Conclusions: Infrainguinal PTA is feasible in CLI patients. Data from the BASIL trial show the similar ability of bypass surgery and balloon angioplasty in preserving both life and limb in short term. These results are, however, not applicable for the majority of CLI patients as only 15% (70/456) of the patients with severe limb ischaemia were considered candidates for the trial.

Comprehensive care of chronic venous insufficiency and associated ulcers requires a multipronged and interprofessional approach to care. A comprehensive treatment approach includes exercise, nutritional assessment, compression therapy, vascular reconstruction, and advanced treatment modalities. National guidelines, meta-analyses, and original research studies provide evidence for the inclusion of these approaches in the patient plan of care. The purpose of this paper is to review present guidelines for prevention and treatment of venous leg ulcers as followed in the US. The paper further explores evidence-based yet pragmatic tools for the interprofessional team to use in the management of this complex disorder.

Background. Lower extremity reconstruction has always been a challenge. Some of the published articles had a major impact on the field but are often not considered as classics because they have fewer citations. We therefore conducted a scientometric analysis of the most cited articles with a focus solely on the lower limb. Methods. A search was conducted on Medline, the Web of Science database, Google Scholar, and Scopus identifying articles relevant to reconstructive surgery of the lower limb. All journals were included with no time frames. Articles relating solely to orthopedics or vascular reconstruction were excluded. The number of citations obtained were then plotted and compared between the different search engines. The mean citation number was calculated by taking into consideration the total number of years since the article’s first year of publication. Articles were then ranked and classified according to their authors, their years of publications, and their countries. They were furthermore categorized and analyzed. Results. Highly cited articles were easily retrieved with Google Scholar, mostly published in Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery (n = 37) and were mainly authored by American Medical Centers (n = 22). Fifty-four percent (54%) of these classic articles discussed the design of new flaps or were anatomical studies. Conclusions. We were not able to find a correlation between the year of citation and the number of citations. The citation pattern of a paper cannot be predicted, but a majority of highly cited article allowed the design of new reconstructive techniques.

Starting with a case report, we made a detailed review of the literature, with the purpose of identifying and analyzing the type of iatrogenic vascular lesion following knee arthroscopy and the method of vascular repair. A PubMed literature search was undertaken to locate all reported cases of major vascular iatrogenic injuries during arthroscopic knee procedures. We identified 39 papers which report a total of 62 cases of major iatrogenic popliteal lesions after knee arthroscopy, between 1985 and 2014. The type of arthroscopic intervention performed, the type of iatrogenic vascular lesion encountered, the time passed until its discovery and treatment, the method of vascular reconstruction, and the postoperative course are presented. Postarthroscopy vascular complications are infrequent but potentially disastrous for the condition of the affected inferior limb. An early diagnosis and reintervention are mandatory for a good postoperative outcome.

Prosthesis refers to artificial replacement of an absent part of the human body. These prostheses help in psychological support of the patients and enhance their social acceptance. Complete or partial finger amputations are some of most frequently encountered forms of partial hand loss. Micro vascular reconstruction is the first choice of rehabilitation but when it is contraindicated, unavailable, unsuccessful or unaffordable, the prosthetic rehabilitation is an alternative for improving the psychological status of an individual. Most of these artificial prostheses make use of silicone. The present paper tries to combine aesthetics with function. The authors have created functionally active finger prosthesis with the help of electromechanical controls. The prosthesis is battery-powered, light-weight, and allows the user to regain complete control of flexion and extension movements of an artificial finger.

About a decade ago, the first image-based computational hemodynamic studies of cerebral aneurysms were presented. Their potential for clinical applications was the results of a right combination of medical image processing, vascular reconstruction, and grid generation techniques used to reconstruct personalziaed domains for computational fluid and solid dynamics solvers and data analysis and visualization techniques. A considerable number of studies have captivated the attention of clinicians, neurosurgeons, and neuroradiologists, who realized the ability of those tools to help in understanding the role played by hemodynamics in the natural history and management of intracranial aneurysms. This paper intends to summarize the most relevant results in the filed reported during the last years. Fil: Castro, Marcelo Adrian. Universidad Tecnológica Nacional. Facultad Regional Buenos Aires; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina

Introdução: Os sarcomas do membro inferior representam a localização mais comum dos tumores do tecido conjuntivo e nenhum outro tratamento demonstrou ser melhor do que o cirúrgico. O objetivo deste trabalho é apresentar o caso de uma mulher de 59 anos com um leiomiossarcoma localizado na coxa esquerda. Caso clínico: Os autores descrevem o caso de uma doente de 59 anos de idade, assintomática até janeiro de 2013, altura em que identificou uma tumefação na coxa esquerda, indolor e de crescimento progressivo. Sem sinais de compromisso neurovascular. Ao exame objetivo identificou-se uma massa com cerca de 10 cm de diâmetro, aderente aos planos profundos, sem pulsatilidade. Não apresentava adenopatias palpáveis e os pulsos estavam presentes e simétricos. Realizou RMN que revelou uma lesão sólida em plano intermuscular projetada ao longo do pedículo vasculo-nervoso. A biópsia incisional demonstrou tratar-se de um leiomiossarcoma. Em articulação com o serviço de cirurgia plástica foi realizada uma ressecção alargada do leiomiossarcoma, seguida de reconstrução da artéria femoral superficial e veia femoral com interposição da veia grande safena contralateral em posição femoro-femoral. O procedimento decorreu sem intercorrências de relevo. Discussão e conclusão: Os leiomiossarcomas são tumores malignos e localmente agressivos, sendo a ressecção alargada (no touch no see) a melhor possibilidade terapêutica, tornando-se indispensável uma abordagem multidisciplinar para se alcançar a cura com preservação funcional do membro mesmo com ressecções radicais. Introduction: The lower limb sarcomas represent the most common location of tumors of the connective tissue and no other treatment proved to be better than surgery. The objective of this paper is to present a case of leiomyosarcoma located in the left thigh of a 59 year old woman. Case report: The authors describe the case of a 59 year old woman, asymptomatic until January 2013, when a swelling, painless and progressive growth in the left thigh has been identified. No signs of neuro-vascular compromise. A mass with 10 cm diameter, adhering to the deep planes, without pulsatility, has been identified through physical examination. She had no palpable lymphadenopathy and pulses were present and symmetrical. MRI revealed a solid lesion in intermuscular plane designed along the vascular-nervous pedicle. The incisional biopsy confirmed a leiomyosarcoma. Together with the Plastic Surgery service a wide resection of leiomyosarcoma was performed followed by reconstruction of the SFA and the FV with interposition of the contralateral great saphenous vein in femoro-femoral position. The procedure was held without significant complications. Discussion and conclusion: Leiomyosarcomas are malignant and locally aggressive, therefore the extended resection (no touch no see) has been proved to be the best therapeutic option, as a multidisciplinary approach in order to achieve the cure with functional preservation of the member even with radical resections becomes indispensable.

Vascular reconstruction of intracranial lesions is sometimes required during various operations. A few examples are: A3-A3 side-to-side anastomosis for anterior communicating aneurysm in order to secure the blood flow to the distal anterior cerebral artery, STA-radial artery graft-A3 hemi-bonnet bypass for bilateral injury of the anterior cerebral artery, and direct stitching for aneurysmal neck laceration, etc. In this paper we describe the various techniques of vascular reconstruction for intracranial lesions and tumors. Some special microsurgical instruments, such as a micro-needle folder for stitching in a deep field, should be sterilized individually, and be ready for use at any time because injury to vessels in a deep operative field occurs suddenly. If the injured vessels are reconstructed quickly and completely, the neurological deficits after surgery can be limited and at times even prevented. Therefore veins or arteries that are or have been damaged should be reconstructed as much as possible.

The internal carotid artery (ICA) is sometimes involved with neck and skull base tumors or aneurysms, requiring elective ICA occlusion. This paper describes our strategy for vascular reconstruction after the ICA occlusion and the long-term follow-up results.Elective ICA occlusion was performed in 24 patients with unclippable aneurysms or tumors more than 2 years ago. The series comprises 5 males and 19 females, ranging in age from 32 to 75 (a mean age of 54.3). The lesions involved 5 tumors involving the ICA and 19 unclippable ICA aneurysms. Vascular reconstruction was determined by flowchart based on the balloon occlusion test with monitoring by clinical evaluation, EEG and cerebral blood flow (CBF) measurements. High-flow external carotid-internal carotid (EC-IC) bypass (including skull base bypass) was performed in 18 cases, superficial temporal artery-middle cerebral artery (STA-MCA) anastomosis in 4, and replacement using vascular prosthesis in 1. Bypass was not performed in 1 aged patient because adequate CBF was preserved. All bypass grafts have remained patent postoperatively. Two patients have developed mild ischemic complications in the 4.0-year follow-up.Hemodynamic stroke risk should be examined before elective ICA occlusion when low flow (STA-MCA) bypass or no reconstruction is chosen. Vascular reconstruction is an effective surgical approach in the treatment of tumors involving the ICA and unclippable aneurysms to prevent late ischemic complications.

Background Vascular leiomyosarcoma are rare tumors typically originating from the inferior vena cava (IVC). Due to nonspecific clinical signs most tumors are diagnosed at advanced stages. Complete surgical resection remains the only potential curative therapeutic option. Surgical strategy is particularly influenced by the level of the IVC affected. Due to the topographic relation to the renal veins level-II involvement of the IVC raises special surgical challenges with respect to the maintenance of venous outflow. Case presentation We herein report two cases of leiomyosarcoma of the IVC with successful en bloc resection and individualized caval reconstruction. One patient presented with a large intramural and intraluminal mass and received a complete circumferential resection. Reconstruction was performed by graft replacement of the caval segment affected. The other patient displayed a predominantly extraluminal tumor growth and underwent semicircumferential resection of the IVC including the confluence of the left renal vein. In this case vascular reconstruction was performed by cavoplasty and reinsertion of the left renal vein into the proximal portion of the IVC. Resection margins of both patients were tumor free and no clinical signs of venous insufficiency of the lower extremity occurred. Conclusion This paper presents two cases of successfully managed leiomyosarcomas of the vena cava and exemplifies two different options for vascular reconstruction in level II sarcomas and includes a thorough review of the literature.

ResumoIntroduçãoOs sarcomas do membro inferior representam a localização mais comum dos tumores do tecido conjuntivo e nenhum outro tratamento demonstrou ser melhor do que o cirúrgico. O objetivo deste trabalho é apresentar o caso de uma mulher de 59 anos com um leiomiossarcoma localizado na coxa esquerda.Caso clínicoOs autores descrevem o caso de uma doente de 59 anos de idade, assintomática até janeiro de 2013, altura em que identificou uma tumefação na coxa esquerda, indolor e de crescimento progressivo. Sem sinais de compromisso neurovascular. Ao exame objetivo identificou‐se uma massa com cerca de 10cm de diâmetro, aderente aos planos profundos, sem pulsatilidade. Não apresentava adenopatias palpáveis e os pulsos estavam presentes e simétricos. Realizou RMN que revelou uma lesão sólida em plano intermuscular projetada ao longo do pedículo vasculo‐nervoso. A biópsia incisional demonstrou tratar‐se de um leiomiossarcoma. Em articulação com o serviço de cirurgia plástica foi realizada uma ressecção alargada do leiomiossarcoma, seguida de reconstrução da artéria femoral superficial e veia femoral com interposição da veia grande safena contralateral em posição femoro‐femoral. O procedimento decorreu sem intercorrências de relevo.Discussão e conclusãoOs leiomiossarcomas são tumores malignos e localmente agressivos, sendo a ressecção alargada (no touch no see) a melhor possibilidade terapêutica, tornando‐se indispensável uma abordagem multidisciplinar para se alcançar a cura com preservação funcional do membro mesmo com ressecções radicais.AbstractIntroductionThe lower limb sarcomas represent the most common location of tumors of the connective tissue and no other treatment proved to be better than surgery. The objective of this paper is to present a case of leiomyosarcoma located in the left thigh of a 59 year old woman.Case reportThe authors describe the case of a 59 year old woman, asymptomatic until January 2013, when a swelling, painless and progressive growth in the left thigh has been identified. No signs of neuro‐vascular compromise. A mass with 10cm diameter, adhering to the deep planes, without pulsatility, has been identified through physical examination. She had no palpable lymphadenopathy and pulses were present and symmetrical. MRI revealed a solid lesion in intermuscular plane designed along the vascular‐nervous pedicle. The incisional biopsy confirmed a leiomyosarcoma. Together with the Plastic Surgery service a wide resection of leiomyosarcoma was performed followed by reconstruction of the SFA and the FV with interposition of the contralateral great saphenous vein in femoro‐femoral position. The procedure was held without significant complications.Discussion and conclusionLeiomyosarcomas are malignant and locally aggressive, therefore the extended resection (no touch no see) has been proved to be the best therapeutic option, as a multidisciplinary approach in order to achieve the cure with functional preservation of the member even with radical resections becomes indispensable.