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Energy isan important in put for economic and industrial development and anindispensable production input for the continuation of the production process.In a very large part of economic and social life, electrical energy is widelyused because of its easy usage and other advantages. The aim of this study isto investigate the effect of the production of paper and paper products and thegross national product, which is an indicator of economic growth, on theconsumption of electricity by panel data analysis. For this purpose, a paneldata set was established for 20 OECD countries between 2006 and 2016 fromEurostat and Wordbank. Cross-sectional dependence, heteroskedasticity andautocorrelation assumptions were tested for the model and deviations from theassumptions were observed. Parameters were estimated using the Driscoll-Kraayestimators, which are resistant to these deviations. As a result of theanalysis, it was found that an increase of 1% in the production of paper andpaper products increased the electrical energy consumption by 0.22%, the increaseof 1% in the per capita gross domestic product increased approximately 0.62% inelectricity consumption., Enerji,ekonomik ve endüstriyel kalkınma için önemli ve üretim sürecinin devamı içinvazgeçilmez bir üretim girdisidir. Kolay kullanım ve diğer avantajlarısebebiyle ekonomik ve sosyal yaşamın oldukça geniş bir bölümünde yaygın olarakelektrik enerjisinden yararlanılmaktadır. Bu çalışmanın amacı, kağıt ve kağıtürünleri üretimi ve ekonomik büyümenin bir göstergesi olan gayri safi millihasılanın elektrik enerjisi tüketimi üzerindeki etkisini panel veri analizi ileincelemektir. Bu amaç doğrultusunda, Eurostat ve Wordbank’tan elde edilen2006-2016 yılları arasında 20 OECD ülkesi için panel veri seti oluşturulmuştur.Model için yatay kesit bağımlılığı, değişen varyans ve otokorelasyonvarsayımları sınanmış ve varsayımlardan sapma olduğu görülmüştür. Bu sapmalaradirençli Driscoll-Kraay tahmin edici kullanılarak parametreler tahminedilmiştir. Analiz sonucunda, kağıt ve kağıt ürünleri üretiminde meydana gelecek%1’lik bir artış elektrik enerjisi tüketimini %0.22 oranında, kişi başıgayri safi milli hasıladaki %1’lik bir artışın ise elektrik tüketimindeyaklaşık olarak %0.62 dolayında arttırdığı bulgusuna ulaşılmıştır.

This research aims to know the impact of macro fundamental factors such as interest rate (SBI), kurs and gross domestic product; and micro fundamental factors such as return on asset (ROA), debt to equity ratio (DER) and price earning ratio (PER) on firm value in pulp and paper industry that listed in Indonesian Stock Exchange. This research used multiple regression analysis and processed with Eviews version 8. The results of study is: 1) By partial, just interest rate have negative and no significant effect on firm value, other factors such as kurs and gross domestic products, return on asset, debt to equity ratio and price earning ratio have positive and no significant effect on firm value; 2) By Simultaneous macro fundamental factor have positive and significant effect on firm value, also micro fundamental factors have positive and significant effect on firm value; 3) By Simultaneous macro and micro fundamental factors have positive and significant effect on firm value. Keywords: macro fundamental factor, micro fundamental factor, firm value

Pulp and paper industry is one of the major sector in every country of the globe contributing not only to Gross Domestic Product but surprisingly to environmental pollution and health hazards also. Paper and paperboard based material is the one of the earliest and largest used packaging form for food products like milk and milk based products, beverages, dry powders, confectionary, bakery products etc. owing to its eco-friendly hallmark. Various toxic chemicals like printing inks, phthalates, surfactants, bleaching agents, hydrocarbons etc. are incorporated in the paper during its development process which leaches into the food chain during paper production, food consumption and recycling through water discharges. Recycling is considered the best option for replenishing the loss to environment but paper can be recycled maximum six to seven times and paper industry waste is very diverse in nature and composition. Various paper disposal methods like incineration, landfilling, pyrolysis and composting are available but their process optimization becomes a barrier. This review article aims at discussing in detail the use of paper and paper based packaging materials for food applications and painting a wide picture of various health and environmental issues related to the usage of paper and paper based packaging material in food industry. A brief comparison of the environmental aspects of paper production, recycling and its disposal options (incineration and land filling) had also been discussed.

This Selected Issues paper examines inflation dynamics in Bulgaria from January 2012 to February 2015 and highlights some stylized facts about inflation in the country. January 2012 to February 2015 is the most relevant period for identifying factors contributing to recent deflation in Bulgaria, as well as their relative importance. Regression analysis suggests that during this period the inward spillover of low inflationary pressure from the European Union to Bulgaria has been the most significant factor, which was further exacerbated by consecutive electricity price cuts in 2013 and fast-falling global commodity prices, especially since late 2014.

Microbiology is an area with a high research production, classified in different branches. Thus, it is difficult to identify research trends without many backgrounds. The present paper aims to apply bibliometric methods to identify the highly cited papers that contribute to the Microbiology development. Furthermore, a science mapping analysis allows discovering the main thematic areas covered by those detected papers. From the 572 153 papers (articles and reviews) indexed in the Web of Science Microbiology category (1900-2017), a total of 645 highly cited papers were detected. Concerning the main scientific producers in Microbiology, Applied and Environmental Microbiology as a journal, R. Knight from the University of Colorado (USA) as an author and the USA as a country are the most productive actors. Nevertheless, taking into account the gross domestic product per capita, China and Spain are remarkable countries. Furthermore, according to the relative priority index (RPI), Denmark, Belgium, Spain and The Netherlands are the countries that make a higher scientific effort in this field. About the co-word analysis, several important themes were detected, such as Next Generation Sequencing, Gene, Escherichia Coli or Gene Expression. Concerning these results, this work supposes a framework on which to base future research.

This paper describes the relation between Greek imports and exports of paper and paperboard and a number of major macroeconomic variables, such as population, gross domestic product, the industrial production index and domestic round wood production. The Pearson correlation coefficient and multiple regression analysis were employed in the analysis of the data. The study shows that there is no significant relation between paper and paperboard imports as a dependent variable and population, gross domestic product and domestic round wood production as independent variables. Despite this, an acceptable model is constructed using only gross domestic product as an independent variable. The study also shows that there is a significant relation between the export of paper and paperboard and gross domestic product, the industrial production index and round wood production. The results indicate that gross domestic product as an independent variable has the greatest effect on wood imports and exports in Greece during the period studied. Using these models is confirmed that the use of socioeconomic variables and the construction of future scenarios for the Greek forest sector is very efficient considering the special characteristics of the Greek economy. These models could help the establishment of economic growth, the reduction of the financial and ecological deficit, the implementation of economic reforms and to increase new investments.

This Annual Progress Report focuses on The Gambia’s Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper (PRSP). It provides information and analysis regarding the achievements and shortfalls experienced between July 2002 and December 2003 with respect to the poverty targets, priority public actions, and the monitoring and evaluation systems put in place for the PRSP/Strategy for poverty alleviation II (SPA II). The report highlights important changes necessary in the strategy as appropriate in light of implementation experiences to date, changes in exogenous factors, and new data and analysis regarding poverty and its dimensions.

This annual progress report reviews Burkina Faso’s Poverty Reduction Strategy Papers (PRSPs). The regional integration dynamics was considered as an action variable that allowed Burkina Faso to better insert itself into the global economy. The major quantitative objectives of the revised PRSP are to increase per capita GDP by at least 4 percent starting in 2004, to reduce the incidence of poverty to less than 35 percent by 2015, and to increase life expectancy to at least 60 years by 2015. Burkina Faso’s performance regarding the implementation of the macroeconomic program remains overall satisfactory.

This Joint Staff Advisory Note provides World Bank and IMF staff analysis, and advices on key priorities to be strengthened during the implementation of the second Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper (PRSP-2) in Mauritania. The PRSP-2 conveys an ambitious poverty reduction strategy based on a set of sound macroeconomic, structural, and sectoral policies to be implemented by 2015. The achievement of the PRSP-2 objectives will be difficult and will require a better prioritization in the context of absorptive capacity constraints and increasing and highly volatile public resources.

Nicaragua’s Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper discusses several strategic policies for boosting medium-term economic growth. The role of the private sector as the main engine of growth through the stimulation of investment and exports is underscored. It also emphasizes the objective of broad-based economic growth that promotes employment and rural development. To this end, the authorities intend to improve the investment climate, increase public infrastructure spending, enhance investment in human capital, and strengthen protection of vulnerable groups.

This paper discusses Second National Poverty Reduction Strategy II (NPRS-II) (2012–2016) for Democratic Republic of São Tomé and Príncipe. A comparison of the results of the 2000 and 2010 poverty profile, based on the average income method, shows that there was progress in reducing poverty, albeit far less than expected. The ratio of the incidence of poverty decreased from 53.8 percent in 2000 to 49.6 percent in 2010, representing a reduction of 4.2 percentage points, which is far below the target set in the NPRS-I for 2010, and also shows relative improvement in the depth of poverty.

The Growth and Social Protection Strategy (GSPS) provides the framework for Dominica’s economic and social policies over the next five years and sets out the macroeconomic framework; the growth strategy, including the enabling environment for private enterprise and sectoral strategies; and poverty reduction and social protection programs. Economic growth in Dominica was curtailed by a conjuncture of unfavorable developments, particularly with respect to trade, but there were underlying weaknesses in the economy such as a reliance on one or two sectors, with this lack of diversity exacerbating its vulnerability to economic shocks.

This paper on Senegal’s Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper discusses the economic, social, and environmental performance of policies, the political and institutional environment, and the constraints weighing on its growth as well as the challenges to be addressed. The shortage of basic infrastructure, especially in the rural areas, is due to elevated costs and low investments. This is compounded by the high cost of individual sanitation infrastructure, the poverty of households, and the limited resources of local communities. The investment rate that sometimes reaches interesting levels remained constant at an average of around 22 percent, in real terms.

interest in studying city competitiveness has skyrocketed in the past few years, although the topic itself is far from new. Mayors and city leaders have long worried about the obstacles to job creation, competitiveness, and economic growth that plague their cities. The objective of this paper is to present key findings from the quantitative analysis of the drivers of competitiveness in cites around the world.

Here is a story from the roadside. A woman, accompanied by two children, is squatting on the sidewalk of a busy Gulshan street in Dhaka, Bangladesh (Figure 1). One child is a toddler, the other a little boy. The woman, while cleaning up the toddler, makes the most of a lamppost's shadow to protect the children from glaring sunlight. The group crouches on a piece of cloth or paper spread out on the pavement in front of a painted wall. The wall marks the boundary between private land and the public street. Since the woman and the children are poor, the commons are essential for their land use practices, even if the roadside offers little comfort to them. The behaviour of humans in deprived and desperate circumstances shapes the spatiality of poverty. Bangladesh, with a Human Development Index (HDI) of 0.547, ranks 140 in a HDI country list of 177 (UNDP, 2007, 231). In 2005, the HDI average for OECD countries was 0.916; for the UK it was 0.946 (rank 16), for Germany 0.935 (rank 22), and for Sierra Leone 0.336 (rank 177). The HDI considers several indices: life expectancy at birth, the adult literacy rate, the combined gross enrolment ratio for primary, secondary and tertiary education, and gross domestic product per capita (UNDP, 2007, 229-32). How does our ability to measure poverty actually improve the lives of the poor? Meanwhile, the unnoticed woman carries on with her business. In Bangladesh, the poor are considered invisible by the elite and do not demand profound political changes (Hossain and Moore, 2005). Here is another story from the roadside. Travellers who have checked in at Vienna International Airport can feast their eyes on a luxurious spectacle of caviar. Figure 2 shows four cases of caviar. Each has a prominent price tag. The price of each case - containing a little over 400 grammes of caviar - exceeds Bangladesh's GDP per capita ($2.05 in 2005). Caviar boutiques invite high-end consumers. Retailing, which relies on passengers' impulsive shopping behaviour, has grown into many an airport's main business. The behaviour of humans in an affluent and already highly satiated state shapes the spatiality of wealth. International airports, once used for transition only, today have more shops and conference rooms than arrival and departure gates. To avoid the consequences of the economic crisis, luxury brands seek 'new modesty' and 'sustainable luxury' (Kahn, 2009, 12). Caviar retailers, however, still promote their products among travellers, who, after all, are credit cards on feet. The spatiality of poverty and wealth is grounded in plural perceptions of land and the social production of land uses by the wealthy and the poor. Figures 1 and 2 help us to perceive land, among other things, as a territory, an economic commodity and an environmental resource. The images invoke land rights, scarcity, value, purity and other qualities of land that planners must not replace with abstract notions of space. The captivating book Southern Theory criticises social theory for its lack of interest in place, material context, and specifically the land Disregarding the land is not just one theoretical choice among others; it emerges as a feature of the ideology of neoliberal society. (Connell, 2007, 196 and 208) Although most spatial planners position themselves as promoters of social and ecological issues, they often neglect the relationship between the poor and the land. Does it suffice to provide space for social housing? Although housing is critical for the poor, the current global discourse on poverty and property is not confined to social housing, but includes the vulnerability of land uses by the poor, informal settlements, the land rights of women, land reform, the contested spaces of urban commons, or new types of ownership for spaces of social exchange. This discourse - including the discussion of sustainable development, poverty reduction, the Millennium Development Goals, or the World Bank's pro-poor land policy - contemplates the poor and the land comprehensively. …

This paper discusses key findings of the Third Annual Progress Report (APR) on the Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper (PRSP) for Guinea. The PRS implemented by the government since 2002 has the overall objective of reducing poverty significantly and sustainably, by increasing incomes and improving the well-being of the population, and particularly of its poorest segments. The APR reveals that in social sectors, and particularly in health, village hydraulics, and education, indicators have improved despite financial constraints. The gross enrollment rate rose from 77 percent to 79 percent at the national level.

This paper presents an overview of the National Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper (NPRSP) for Guinea-Bissau. The paper discusses the phenomenon of poverty, its dimensions, extent, and distribution by category and region. It provides a background analysis of developments in poverty based on the diagnostic of past economic policies. The paper presents the priority goals in the fight against poverty by articulating a long-term and medium-term vision as well as strategic actions. The operational strategies and strategic actions of the NPRSP are also presented in the paper.

This paper analyzes key findings of the second progress report on Malawi’s Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper (PRSP). The second progress report has focused on assessing inputs, outputs, and to some extent outcomes of the implementation of the strategy. In terms of inputs, this report analyzes expenditure by pillars, protected pro-poor activities, and functional analysis of government expenditure pattern. The outputs and outcomes analysis are presented in the report by comparing the planned activities and their targets outlined in the strategy to the actual progress and targets achieved over the second year of the implementation period.

This Joint Staff Advisory Note examines Congo’s Interim Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper (I-PRSP). The I-PRSP recognizes the lack of recent and good quality data on poverty, and recommends new surveys and studies to improve poverty assessment and analysis. On the basis of the sparsely available data, the I-PRSP estimates that at least 50 percent of the population is poor. The I-PRSP also links the high poverty incidence to a significant decline in per capita output and the deterioration of basic social services.

The Poverty Reduction Strategy Papers (PRSPs) on the Republic of Madagascar explain the Madagascar Action Plan (MAP) to accelerate and better coordinate the development process. The National Leadership Institute of Madagascar (NLIM) was created in 2006 to provide cutting-edge training to build leadership capacity at all levels of government and for all sectors of society. The Economic Development Board of Madagascar (EDBM) is charged with ensuring that the business climate of Madagascar is attractive for companies and conducive for the success of private enterprises.

Joyce Chang: I concur with Andrew Powell's conclusions on the roots and causality of the Argentine crisis. Powell points out convincingly that the scope of the crisis is clearly multidimensional. He also demonstrates that fiscal mis management and the deteriorating trend in debt dynamics, exacerbated by messy politics, provided the best forewarning of the crisis. Powell presents a thoughtful analysis of why the balance of payments and size of the current account deficit are less relevant sources of the country's crisis. I fully agree with Powell's assessment that the fiscal adjustment did not need to be so large in the first year of former president de la Rua's adminis tration. The biggest disappointment was that the government was not able to take the initial small steps necessary on the fiscal side to embark on a path of debt stabilization. I would argue that if the de la Rua government had posted a relatively modest increase in the primary surplus in 2001, bringing the pri mary surplus up to 1.5 percent of gross domestic product (GDP) in 2001 from 0.4 percent of GDP in 2000, this would likely have been sufficient to gain market credibility. By the time the de la Rua administration realized the mag nitude of the crisis and called for a zero deficit, it was too late to regain market credibility. Much larger spending cuts were necessary, in the order of 25 per cent, not the 13 percent announced. Powell references a JP Morgan research report written in 2000 (before the JP Morgan Chase merger), which illustrates that the initial fiscal adjustment necessary for Argentina was not that large, and the failure to deliver that adjust ment was a key cause of the crisis.11 would like to point out that JP Morgan's paper was revised in 2001 (postmerger) by a new research team under my

This paper presents the Annual Progress Report on Vietnam’s Poverty Reduction Strategy. The industrial output and export turnover have continuously increased and exceeded the targeted plan. The entire social investment has been fairly well increased, especially that of the private sector, which has been vigorously increased. The targets of employment and poverty reduction as well as the rate of malnourished children have been satisfactory or even exceeded the estimated plan. Many action plans have been implemented, such as institutional reform, administrative apparatus reform, and staff quality improvement and renovation.

In recent years, issues of aid effectiveness have come centre stage, motivated amongst other factors by the increased emphasis on impact evidenced in particular by the UN Millennium Development Goals (MDGs). Improved aid alignment and harmonization (A&H) is seen as vital for enhanced aid effectiveness, as reflected most prominently in the 2005 Paris Declaration. In this context, this Joint Evaluation Paper (JEP) addresses key aspects of donor coordination and harmonization in Bangladesh. The subject of the JEP is the Joint Strategic Framework (JSF) of the four largest aid donors in Bangladesh the World Bank (WB), Asian Development Bank (ADB), Department for International Development (DFID), and Japan. At the time it was started around 2005, the JSF was considered a major step forward in aid A&H, and as such merits serious joint evaluation.

Much has been written about the measurement of socio-economic position (SEP) in high-income countries (HIC). Less has been written for an epidemiology, health systems and public health audience about the measurement of SEP in low- and middle-income countries (LMIC). The social stratification processes in many LMIC-and therefore the appropriate measurement tools-differ considerably from those in HIC. Many measures of SEP have been utilized in epidemiological studies; the aspects of SEP captured by these measures and the pathways through which they may affect health are likely to be slightly different but overlapping. No single measure of SEP will be ideal for all studies and contexts; the strengths and limitations of a given indicator are likely to vary according to the specific research question. Understanding the general properties of different indicators, however, is essential for all those involved in the design or interpretation of epidemiological studies. In this article, we describe the measures of SEP used in LMIC. We concentrate on measures of individual or household-level SEP rather than area-based or ecological measures such as gross domestic product. We describe each indicator in terms of its theoretical basis, interpretation, measurement, strengths and limitations. We also provide brief comparisons between LMIC and HIC for each measure.

This paper discusses key findings of the Fifth Review Under the Poverty Reduction and Growth Facility for Georgia. Despite economic sanctions imposed by Russia in 2006, Georgia’s economic growth continues to be strong, and inflation has declined. Growth is expected to reach 9 percent in 2006 and to slow only moderately to 7–8 percent in 2007. Inflation was back into single digits by end-2006. The 2007 budget is an appropriate compromise between the country’s pressing spending needs and the goal of macroeconomic stability.