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Electronic paper displays rely on electrokinetic effects in nonpolar solvents to drive the displacement of colloidal particles within a fluidic cell. While Electrophoresis (EP) is a well-established and frequently employed phenomenon, electro-osmosis (EO), which drives fluid flow along charged solid surfaces, has not been studied as extensively. We hypothesize that by exploiting the interplay between these effects, an enhanced particle transport can be achieved. In this study, we experimentally investigate the combined effects of EP and EO for colloidal particles in non-polar solvents, driven by an electric field. We use astigmatism micro-particle tracking velocimetry (A- μ PTV) to measure the motion of charged particles within model fluidic cells. Using a simple approach that relies on basic fluid flow properties we extract the contributions due to EP and EO, finding that EO contributes significantly to particle transport. The validity of our approach is confirmed by measurements on particles with different magnitudes of charge, and by comparison to numerical simulations. We find that EO flows can play a dominant role in the transport of particles in electrokinetic display devices. This can be exploited to speed up particle transport, potentially yielding displays with significantly faster switching times. Interplay of electrokinetic effects : Driven by the applied electric field, both electro-osmosis (EO, top left), which drives a flow along the surfaces of the fluidic cell, and electrophoresis (EP, top right), which drives a migration of particles relative to the background liquid, occur in our system. A typical example of the resultant particle velocity field (bottom) illustrates the important role of EO on particle transport in the fluidic cell. • Studied electrokinetics of particles in nonpolar solvent using astigmatism micro-PTV. • Both electrophoresis (EP) and electro-osmosis (EO) play important roles. • Combination of EO and EP could be exploited in faster switching e-paper displays. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study suggested the design of type-variable electronic paper with multiple bottom electrode structures and experimentally investigated the process mechanism of the electrophoretic particle loading method (EPLM) as an electronic ink injection method. The type-variable electronic paper was achieved by constructing the multi-electrode structure that had a structure of four electrodes that can independently apply voltage to one cell. By injecting electronic ink that mixes two types of particles with opposite charges into an electrically neutral color (blue) fluid, we realized electronic paper with a single color, and we then measured the optical characteristics of the panel. We used the EPLM to prevent charged particles that have lost their charge from being injected into the e-paper by using an electric field. In order to confirm the color expression and transmittance control effect using the multi-electrode structure, we conducted reflectance measurement and transmittance measurement experiments. Our experiments confirmed that the expression of more than five colors was possible and that the transmittance was controllable to a minimum of 13.50% and a maximum of 71.18%. This study provides an attractive method to create e-paper as a new form outside the framework of existing e-paper technology.

Paper electrophoresis of proteins is a simple, economical method well adapted to routine laboratory use. It can give important diagnostic information concerning serum proteins, and is invaluable in the differential diagnosis of diseases in which there are abnormal hemoglobins.

Three hyperimmune dogs were injected intramuscularly with canine wild rabies virus. The dogs showed no clinical evidence of rabies. Intramuscular injection of the wild rabies virus in susceptible puppies induced fulminating disease and mortality in 14 to 16 days. Investigation of the serum proteins of the hyperimmune dogs by a paper electrophoresis technique revealed conspicuous changes in the beta and gamma protein bands.