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Poverty Reduction Strategy Papers (PRSPs) are a central instrument in international development cooperation and of key importance in guiding donors' policies towards southern recipients. However, many aspects of the PRSP have been criticised by a variety of development stakeholders. A checklist of 85 questions has been developed to analyse the inclusion of aspects of sustainable development in PRSPs and to point to sustainability challenges and opportunities. It thus facilitates targeted advice and quality improvements. The checklist was applied to a selection of 12 PRSPs of developing countries. The results reveal an insufficient integration of the ecosystem services concept, of biodiversity and of climate issues. Property rights, gender issues, water and energy are as a rule well elaborated. PRSPs show significant variation in the integration of environmental sustainability issues. Sustainability assessments can contribute to significant improvements between first and second generation PRSPs provided the assessments are supported by a strong institutional framework and a dedicated political commitment towards sustainability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Innovation has been and continues to be recognised as central to promoting and supporting sustainable economic development; as such, South Africa has set the goal of becoming a knowledge economy. This is an economy that succeeds in producing knowledge and transforming itself into a technology-based from a resource-based economy that will stimulate growth and development of the country, while creating sustainable employment opportunities. The two key policies designed to drive strategic economic development in South Africa are the Innovation Policy and the Industrial Policy. This article considers the role of technology commercialisation strategy and how it can be utilised as a model for cooperation and collaboration to ensure achievement of the objectives of the innovation and industrial policies and present a homogeneous approach to policy implementation. The data was collected through a field survey of small, medium and micro enterprises (SMME s) which are technological oriented. Additional information was gathered through an in-depth, semi-structured interviews with selected stakeholders within the innovation landscape. The research findings confirm that commercialisation is the most significant and critical step of the innovation value chain, supported by collaboration and linkages of the innovation system players and it requires effective co-operation from both public and private entities. Successful technology commercialisation justifies efforts, funds and time committed to research and development and it propels enterprise development, spurs industrialisation, enhances enterprise technological capability, efficiency and competitiveness, create investment opportunities, and make research more demand driven. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Educational competencies represent learning objectives and are used to plan educational programs, develop curricula, and assess existing programs, among other functions. After reviewing the literature and offerings at more than 20 universities, the existence of a comprehensive set of educational competencies in the area of energy and sustainability was not identified. This paper motivates and presents model competencies for graduate education programs in the energy and sustainability area, which is called Energy for Sustainability (EfS). Energy for Sustainability follows from the perspective that the provision of energy is a key element in promoting the goals of sustainability. The nature and use of competencies in education planning and assessment is reviewed, and recommendations for model competencies for two EfS specialties, 'Buildings and Urban Environments' and 'Energy Systems and Policy,' are presented. Competencies are prioritized, and their use in developing new multidisciplinary master's and doctoral programs at the University of Coimbra is discussed. The competencies promote a wide range of understanding and capabilities aimed at the technical, economical, social, and institutional factors needed to manage and transition current energy systems towards the goals of sustainability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sustainable high-performance buildings are being more widely adopted around the world to reduce energy costs and improve the well being of occupants. To achieve the set goals for these building projects within realistic financial and time constraints, superior planning, design, and construction processes are needed. The available literature lacks the descriptive project delivery metrics identifying scientific methods for providing insight or feedback about the performance of project delivery processes for sustainable high-performance buildings. This paper describes an exploratory study examining more than 100 variables in green project delivery to scientifically identify important metrics. Limited by a rather small sample due to the relatively young market of green buildings, the outcome of this paper, nevertheless, provides important direction for the continued development of meaningful metrics to assist in the establishment of a decision making support tool for project teams to facilitate optimum project delivery processes for sustainable high-performance buildings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The challenge facing marketing (and business) is letting go of old assumptions and embarking on a journey of unprecedented uncertainty towards a more sustainable marketplace. Current marketing approaches are called into question in this paper and it is argued that they fail to represent adequately – and far less to confront – our relationships with products and the natural environment. This paper challenges marketing in this respect, investigating the consequences of putting marketing into an ecological context. By using the generative and creative power of metaphors we attempt to draw the sustainability debate away from the language of the mechanistic world; where matter is regarded as inert, mute, passive and exploitable. By using the ‘living product’ metaphor as a tool for change we explore the potential for a reorientation towards organizational–environmental configurations that are dynamic and flexible and provide space for dealing with uncertainty. These concepts are then illustrated in a number of practical examples, providing an insight into the potential of marketing in our search towards a more sustainable marketplace. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this paper is to elucidate the sustainability of Estonian shale oil industry until the year 2030 in terms of the full cycle breakeven cost of oil. The full cycle cost is rapidly increasing due to increasing necessary capital expenditure, increased national taxation and the European Union (EU) carbon (C) emissions abatement policies. There is a fair amount of uncertainty about all three components, which makes scenario analysis an appropriate tool to estimate the survivability of Estonian shale oil industry scenarios in the next 15 years. Past economic performance alone is not a proper guide for future in case of Estonian oil shale industry. However, heavy investments have been made in the industry since 2011 and several hundred million euros are being invested or planned to invest in the replacement of old capacity and raising new oil production capacity. Analysis shows that, indeed, in certain scenarios the shale oil breakeven price is at the highest end of global crude oil production projects, thus raising questions of the industry’s survivability in case of multiyear sustained global oil prices below 90 USD/bbl. Conclusions of the study are relevant to analyzing the full cycle costs of other promising global shale oil projects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recent economic turmoil has revived interest in the quest for sustainable growth. Current economic thinking attaches growing importance to industrial development. The roots of such thinking can be traced back to traditional arguments about the beneficial role of manufacturing for economic growth through horizontal and vertical spillovers to other sectors. These spillovers are of particular importance at the regional level, as such externalities tend to be localized in nature. The objective of this paper is to explore the relationship between economic structure and regional growth in ten Western European EU member states in the post-crisis period. The analysis wishes to answer the question of whether regions with a higher concentration of manufacturing outperform their counterparts with more diverse economic structures. A spatial panel econometric technique is applied in order to distinguish between the intra-regional and inter-regional effects of economic structure, yielding recommendations for policy makers in the field of industrial policy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As long as the economy is not embedded in a superordinate societal framework the problem of sustainable development cannot be solved within the logic of the market system. The establishment of such a framework is an epochal cultural and political task. The well-known definition of sustainable development by the Brundtland Commission fails to make this clear since it neglects the importance of interpersonal obligations (rights and duties). But from an ethical perspective, interpersonal obligations are essential. The discourse on sustainability is dominated by the technocratic illusion that more "eco-efficiency" of our economic means is enough and that the purposes of our economic activities need not be put into question. Contrary to this illusion, it is argued here that we need to develop a socio-ecological understanding of the problem and to recognize that "sus- tainable development" after all is just another term for establishing social, international and intergenerational fairness and justice. After raising the awareness for this understanding in the first section, the second section of this paper presents a problem-solving approach that includes four elementary steps of rethinking and establishing socio-ecological policies by means of limiting the inherent necessities of market competition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Business: Theory & Practice is the property of Vilnius Gediminas Technical University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Industrial policy and credible commitments: a proposal of analysis and of governmental action. This paper analyses the question of the counterparts that governments should claim from firms and/or economic sectors supported by vertical industrial policy. This is a discussion that still have to advance because everything indicate that the set of current counterparts (goals of costs, productivity, exportation, etc.) still may be increased and improved, what will facilitate the assessment of industrial policy execution by society and the verification of its efficacy in order to yielding more possibilities of economic growth for a country or region. To reinforce the commitment credibility of the agents supported by industrial policy, this paper proposes to maintain the counterparts meant before and that such agents will be stimulated to commit specific assets in their activities that are supported by govern. It is shown that, without use more public resources than the used currently, this new counterpart may reinforce substantially the incentives that the firms supported by vertical industrial policy have it to execute the traditional counterparts assumed by them, and with it guarantee the best possible use of public resources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Finance is grease to the economy. Therefore, we assume that it may affect corporate social responsibility (CSR) and the sustainability of economic development too. This paper discusses the transmission mechanisms between finance and sustainability. We find that there is no simple one-to-one relationship between financial development and sustainable development but there are various – often indirect – linkages. It appears that most of the literature concentrates on the role of public shareholders when it comes to changing corporate policy and performance in a more sustainable direction. However, this focus neglects the potential impact of the credit channel and private equity on a firm’s non-financial policies and performance. These very powerful mechanisms can govern business policies and practices. Therefore, there appears to be much more scope for finance to promote socially and environmentally desirable activities and to discourage detrimental activities than has been acknowledged in the academic literature so far. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite the extensive literature that exists on predictive control and robustness to uncertainty, both multiplicative (e.g. parametric) and additive (e.g. exogenous), very little attention has been paid to the case of stochastic uncertainty. Yet this arises naturally in many control applications, for example when models are identified using least squares procedures. More generally, stochastic uncertainty is a salient feature in other key areas of human endeavour, such as sustainable development. Sustainability refers to the strategy of encouraging development at current time without compromising the potential for development in the future. Inevitably, modelling the effects of sustainable development policy over a horizon of say 30 years involves a very significant random element, which has to be taken into account when assessing the optimality of any proposed policy. Model Predictive Control (MPC) is ideally suited for generating constrained optimal solutions and as such would be an ideal tool for policy assessment. However, this calls first for suitable extensions to the stochastic case. The aim of this paper is to review some of the recent advances in this area, and to provide a pilot study that demonstrates the efficacy of stochastic predictive control as a tool for assessing policy in a sustainable development problem concerning allocation of public research and development budgets between alternative power generation technologies. This problem has been considered in earlier work, but only in the context of a single-shot, open-loop optimisation. Similarly, the consideration of stochastic predictive control methodologies has previously been restricted to general hypothetical control problems. The current paper brings together this body of work, proposes suitable extensions, and concludes with a closed-loop study of predictive control applied to a sustainable development policy assessment problem. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The paper reviews how the concept of sustainable development has played out in industrialized countries since 1987. It examines the theory and practice of sustainable development in the context of three criticisms (it is vague, attracts hypocrites and fosters delusions), and argues for an approach to sustainability that is integrative, is action-oriented, goes beyond technical fixes, incorporates a recognition of the social construction of sustainable development, and engages local communities in new ways. The paper concludes with a description of an approach to sustainability that attempts to incorporate these characteristics. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The paper focuses on competitiveness and sustainability in the context of a modern economic approach to industrial policy, presenting a case study on Romania. The paper shows the challenges of the globalized economy on its industrial sector, by focusing on the first step: deindustrialization, the second step: re-industrialization, and, in the end, the third step, the return to industry, by emphasising new approaches to industrial policy. In the context of Romania's national development strategy in line with "Europe 2020 Strategy" Government directs its attention to shaping economic development with active and responsible measures for the society. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: The promotion of sustainable consumption and production patterns is enshrined as a key objective in the renewed European Union Sustainable Development Strategy (EU SDS). Sustainable consumption and production is arguably the most challenging aspect of the EU SDS. It requires changes to the way products and services are designed, produced, used and disposed of, taking into account producer and consumer behaviours. This paper reviews the European Commission''s Communication on the sustainable consumption and production and sustainable industrial policy action plan, introduced on July 16, 2008. The paper examines the priority areas identified for action, the means adopted to improve energy and environmental performance of products as well as uptake by consumers. The paper concludes that the absence of mandatory quantifiable targets and deadlines and a reliance on both cross-sectoral and multi-level relationships are likely to weaken the ability of the action plan''s fundamental objective of decoupling economic growth from resource use. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Industrial policy and economic development: a review of the contemporary debate. This paper discusses the importance of the industrial policy for the Brazilian economic development. It presents the theoretical foundations and the main international experiences about this theme. Besides it examines the main industrial policies adopted in Brazil, especially in recent years. Based on this discussion, it is possible to note that despite the criticisms against this policy, they were widely used by many developed countries in the past and also played an important role, contributing to increase the industrial growth in Brazil. However, the recent Brazilian industrial policies were not so efficient, especially when compared with those adopted during most of the 20th century. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The management of municipal properties represents a major component of the public management and for the well-functioning and development of municipal property the creation of a strategic portfolio of municipal property is necessary. This paper discusses the employment of the multi-criteria analysis in the municipal property management, with the aim of finding the most convenient destinations of municipal assets. It includes the results obtained up to now in the on-going project "Municipal Property Management in South-Eastern Cities (PROMISE)", which concentrates on the development of a comprehensive system for municipal property classification and assessment, so as to find an appealing combination between the use of properties for their own needs and for attracting investment and promoting sustainable development of their cities and regions as well. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Whether an undervalued currency is an attainable industrial policy for developing countries' sustained development has recently invoked many discussions. This paper studies the case of Taiwan after first determining the misalignment of Taiwan's currency by estimating the fundamental equilibrium real exchange rate. Three sub-periods for Taiwan's currency exchange rate misalignment are identified: undervaluation in the periods 1981-1986 and 1998- 2008 and overvaluation during 1987-1997. Second, we use a vector autoregression (VAR) model to examine the Granger causality between exchange rate misalignment and GDP, by incorporating export and investment variables. The evidence shows that exchange rate misalignment does Granger cause GDP and it mainly comes from the third subperiod when the Taiwan dollar was undervalued. From past experience and the current economic doldrums of the last resort of global exports - the United States - currency undervaluation is not a validated strategy upon which emerging markets can wishfully impinge. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper addresses the concept of sustainable development and, more particularly, its applicability in underdeveloped economies when analyzing reciprocal effects between economic organization and environmental issues. It also addresses the relationships between development and underdevelopment, from an ecological economics' approach, and its theoretical implications regarding the concept of sustainable development. We conclude that the specificities of Latin American economies, when compared to those economies of developed countries, also entail, beyond economical disparities, the existence of strong antagonisms from an environmental standpoint, which are recurrently ignored by most of the interpretations concerning sustainable development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: The current developing situation and prospect of chemical industry of Shandong Province is reviewed and analyzed. The chemical industry of Shandong Province has developed rapidly with a large economic aggregate, and has become one of the pillar industries of Shandong Province. However, its structure is not reasonable and its processing depth is inadequate. This paper points out the main contradiction in the developing process of chemical industry of Shandong Province and its main environmental problems. Combined with the relative industry policies issued by the Country and Shandong Province, several suggestions and recommendations on implementing the sustainable development strategy in chemical industry of Shandong Province are brought out, which includes promulgating the related policies and regulations to establish a threshold of environmental admittance for new chemical projects, gathering the chemical projects into the centralized areas, paying attention to the construction of environmental infrastructure facilities and its perfection of the chemical industry parks, and strengthening the supervision and management of environmental risk of the chemical projects, as aims to harmonize economic development and environmental protection, and to realize the harmonious state of society, environment and human beings, on the base of a fast economic progress of chemical industry. © 2011 Published by Elsevier Ltd. Selection and peer-review under responsibility of RIUDS [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The now prevailing industrial technological mode of production, its last stage - fifth technological wave has mainly exhausted its potential, is in the state of a deep crisis. In the tradition of technological innovation waves (modelled following Kondratieff's long waves hypothesis), the paper explores the emergence of the 6th technological wave associated with the development of new technological classes. The changes have the potential to influence the cyclic effects in economic development and cause a paradigm shift, a change in the technological regime. The new paradigm needs a new organizing principle, new policy framework and new "theory of moral sentiments". At the heart of the debate over the potential effectiveness of sustainable development is the question of whether technological change, even if it can be achieved, can reduce the impact of economic development sufficiently to ensure other types of change will not be necessary. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Creating a socially and environmentally sustainable future, requires governments and private business to re-think their resource utilization strategies. The question could be asked whether an investment in human capital development could contribute to sustainable economic growth. In order to test this possibility, a study on the concepts of sustainable development, emphasising the interrelationship between human development and economic was conducted, which considered 45 countries' GDPs and its corresponding HDI. Based on the analysis, it was found that there is a positive relationship between a country's HDI and its overall prosperity as indicated by its GDP. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article focuses on transforming international product chains into channels of sustainable production. It is increasingly considered that sustainable development involves three main aspects of productive activity: the economic, social and environmental. The relevance of this triad is particularly manifest in the international trade relationships involving large international trading and manufacturing companies that obtain their major inputs from low-income regions in the world. The mixed blessing that globalization is thought to be is also leading to further pressure on companies operating in developing countries on issues such as labor rights and environmental management, especially when the countervailing powers of good government and civil society are weak and poverty prevails.

Technology advancement and population pressures demand that development planning be conducted not only with the techno-economic paradigm in mind but also taking into consideration environmental, political, and social sustainability factors. Projections considering current energy policies demonstrate that global electricity consumption will grow by 84% in the next 25 years. The portion of electricity consumption from fossil fuels is estimated at 63%, still representing a major ?challenge to the energy sector in the coming decades [1]. Estimating supply alternatives for increasing electricity consumption is integral to the development expansion plans of developing nations. The selected countries in this work are part of different social, environmental, political, and economic scenarios. Although the sample of countries is small, it represents a very heterogeneous and comprehensive group. The implications from the review here aim to provide an overview of energy planning around the world. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Characteristic of "sustainable development" is in the "recognition" of the environment as an element, outside of which cannot be thought of overall development of a society. In this article will be treated the rehabilitation project of salt production in Vlore which is the only activity of this type in Albania and the largest in the Balkans. The industry of salt Production in Vlore is part of one of the branches of industry that can contribute in an important way in the national production and in the improvement of the balance of imports-exports. This project is done for two reasons: Technologies used in Albania are of a very old level 2. The current productivity is very low compared with the industrialized countries. This investment project apart from the impact to a sustainable development for the area it also presents a series of other values such as: Saline can provide water surface which are important for the moderation of climate and air quality. In the period of their return to their previous conditions they can turn into Lagoons of great value; Saline serve as a tool for the regulation of flooding in the area in which they are located; [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article concerns limits and development possibilities of the sustainability analysis concept. Discussed are the qualitative sustainability measurement, and connections to the methodological basis of development assessment and the essence of evaluating sustainability. At first the sustainability definition is tackled, followed by an analysis of the nature of sustainability. The third section highlights the requirements for decision making that guarantees sustainability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on the green-collar jobs program projected by labor leaders and environmentalists. It says that the program offers new jobs in clean technologies which include the erection of wind turbines, installation of solar panels, retrofitting old buildings and pro-environment tasks. It tells that the program aims to win popular acceptance and be a useful way for a long overdue discussion of national industrial policy. It states that the program permits a basic income increase among people that will pursue the socially useful jobs being offered.

In Bolivia, recent decentralisation policies have broadened the participation of local actors in development processes. However, development is far from sustainable, and poverty and natural resources degradation still increase. The challenge is to develop strategies that achieve the genuine participation of poor farmers in natural resources management and sustainable development. The logical strategy, which was developed and validated in five Bolivian mountain villages, is an example. In this strategy, first a solid foundation for sustainable development is laid, with activities focussing on five basic conditions for sustainable development in rural villages: leadership and organisation, responsible participation, effective collaboration, mutual trust and environmental awareness. The results show that the existence of a solid foundation is crucial for the success of other development activities, such as soil and water conservation activities. However, given that 2 years after the project’s withdrawal the firmness of the foundation had slightly weakened, it was concluded that a better integration of these villages in local development processes is essential to profit from the new dynamics. This is especially true for soil and water conservation. To achieve this integration, municipalities—with the support of international development agencies—must be encouraged to invest in laying this solid foundation in rural villages and in facilitating follow-up activities to keep the dynamic process going. This study shows that such investments result in better organised villages, more equality, and the genuine participation of more people in sustainable village development. Effective collaboration and accountability at institutional level are, however, required. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A critical review of the multidisciplinary literature on sustainable development reveals a lack of a comprehensive theoretical framework for understanding sustainable development and its complexities. A critical review shows that the definitions of sustainable development are vague; there is a lack of operative definitions and disagreement over what should be sustained; the concept is unclear in terms of emotional commitment; and it “remains a confused topic”, “fraught with contradictions”. This article aims to theoretically synthesize the interdisciplinary literature on sustainable development, and then identify the results by broad categories. Therefore, this article uses conceptual analysis, which reviews multidisciplinary literature on sustainable development, which recognizes patterns and similarities within the literature, then it synthesizes the patterns to different categories and independent concepts, where each concept has distinctive meanings and represents close ideas on sustainability. The analytical process elaborates seven concepts that together assemble the theoretical framework of ‘sustainable development’ and each concept represents distinctive meanings of the theoretical framework. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

South Africa introduced a visionary policy for water resource management in 1998. The South African National Water Act (Act 36 of 1998) contains several innovative mechanisms with the potential to transform water resource management within the country and abroad. The Reserve is one of these innovations, guaranteeing a basic water requirement for both human needs and ecosystem health. This article discusses the process of Reserve determination and implementation in South Africa and identifies challenges and opportunities for successful implementation. Based on the perceptions of 28 water managers, consultants, and researchers, the key issues and recommendations for improving implementation are presented. The major findings indicate that political support, the capacity of the implementing organization, supporting policies, strong linkages between policy actors and effective monitoring programs are key issues in the successful implementation of sustainable development policy mechanisms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Examines the surface transportation policy and sustainable development in Turkey. Importance of modern transportation systems; Role of transportation in economic growth; Dominance of the highway mode and the steady decline of the rail mode.

While evidence pointing to environmental, social-equity, and economic threats mounts, few U.S. firms have embraced the principles of sustainable development. This reticence is illustrated through an analysis of the adoption of ISO 14001, an international environmental-management system intended to advance the sustainable-development agenda in organizations. Interviewed managers said they resisted the standard because the benefits of ISO 14001 did not outweigh the costs and because in-house environmental systems served the same purpose. While part of this reticence can be attributed to the standard itself, it is also partly due to the nature of the issue of sustainable development. It is a societal issue to which most firms do not know how to respond. To bridge this divide, sustainable development must become more institutionalized in the regulations, norms, and mindsets of Americans. By translating the general principles of sustainable development into business practices, by developing better measures of sustainable development, and by empowering and engaging employees, firms are more likely to embrace sustainable development so that it permeates all organizational activities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

International government and corporate corruption is increasingly under siege. Although various groups of researchers have quantified and documented world-wide corruption, apparently no one has validated the measures. This study finds a very strong significant correlation of three measures of corruption with each other, thereby indicating validity. One measure was of Black Market activity, another was of overabundance of regulation or unnecessary restriction of business activity. The third measure was an index based on interview perceptions of corruption (Corruption Perceptions Index or CPI) in that nation. Validity of the three measures was further established by finding a highly significant correlation with real gross domestic product per capita (RGDP/Cap). The CPI had by far the strongest correlation with RGDP/Cap, explaining over three fourths of the variance. Corruption is increasingly argued to be a barrier to development and economic growth. Business students often do not see ethics courses as being as relevant as other value-free disciplines or core courses. The data in this study suggests otherwise. Sustainable economic development appears very dependent on a constant, virtuous cycle that includes corruption fighting, and the maintenance of trust and innovation, all reinforcing each other. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents the opinion of the European Economic and Social Committee (EESC) on sustainable development as a driving force for industrial change. The committee says that sustainability constitutes the only possible course of action in the future and that the concept of sustainability should embrace economic and social sustainability, which Europe can contribute by strengthening competitiveness through innovation and stimulation of research and development by active policy. According to the commission, sustainability must reach global dimension.

The article provides information on the development surrounding the advancement of national welfare and health in the U.S. During the 1900's U.S. politicians Theodore Roosevelt and Gifford Pinchot made conservation a popular crusading idea and an important American ideology. Under Roosevelt administration in 1901, the cause of conservation was advanced in various ways leading to the Governors Conference in May 1908, and the subsequent appointment of the Federal Commission on the Conservation of Natural Resources.