Search

In this collection of papers, we, the Research Group Critical Information Infrastructures (cii) from the Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, present eight selected student research articles contributing to the design, development, and evaluation of critical information infrastructures. During our courses, students mostly work in groups and deal with problems and issues related to sociotechnical challenges in the realm of (critical) information systems. Student papers came from five different cii courses, namely Emerging Trends in Internet Technologies, Emerging Trends in Digital Health, Digital Health, Critical Information Infrastructures, and Selected Issues on Critical Information Infrastructures: Collaborative Development of Innovative Teaching Concepts in summer term of 2021 and the winter term of 2021/2022.

This document summarizes various tips for economics research papers.

In simple dyadic games such as rock, paper, scissors (RPS), people exhibit peculiar sequential dependencies across repeated interactions with a stable opponent. These regularities seem to arise from a mutually adversarial process of trying to outwit their opponent. What underlies this process, and what are its limits? Here, we offer a novel framework for formally describing and quantifying human adversarial reasoning in the rock, paper, scissors game. We first show that this framework enables a precise characterization of the complexity of patterned behaviors that people exhibit themselves, and appear to exploit in others. This combination allows for a quantitative understanding of human opponent modeling abilities. We apply these tools to an experiment in which people played 300 rounds of RPS in stable dyads. We find that although people exhibit very complex move dependencies, they cannot exploit these dependencies in their opponents, indicating a fundamental limitation in people’s capacity for adversarial reasoning. Taken together, the results presented here show how the rock, paper, scissors game allows for precise formalization of human adaptive reasoning abilities.

China's low-carbon energy transition depends on the power sector taking the lead. In this assessment, we seek to answer three questions about China's power sector transformation: (1) Is the power sector transition on track, in terms of non-fossil and renewable capacity and output? (2) Are market reforms in the power sector a prerequisite for China's low-carbon transition? (3) Do efforts at international experience sharing and topics of cooperative research require adjustment? The paper assesses that China is making steady progress at decarbonising in some sectors, such as the power sector and transport, while others will require more time to assess. On market reforms, however, progress has been slow and appears likely to remain so. While to date, international cooperation on power sector cooperation has focused on evaluating the potential benefits of a target market model in China, the paper argues that efforts to highlight progress in technology or policy - both inside and outside China - may have greater impact on future policy discussions.

Narcotic drugs are smuggled from the Americas to Europe and many parts of the World. While opium, cannabis, hashish or other drugs are mainly coming out of Asia or Africa and are channelled and smuggled to Europe mostly on a land passage (or very short maritime routes), cocaine is mostly produced in Columbia, Peru and Bolivia but also other South and middle American countries and is trafficked to North America and Europe and other parts of this globe by help of smuggling on airplanes and maritime smuggling pathways. The European War on Drugs concerning cocaine and the transatlantic smuggling pathway is depending on the interception of this maritime smuggling pathway since large quantities are shipped on the sea way and only smaller quantities are trafficked by aircrafts. The smuggling techniques are varying as are the common and joint law enforcement strategies. This background paper describes the Maritime Analysis and Operations Center (Narcotics) of the European Union that has been founded by seven EU member states in 2007 and which is an EU law enforcement unit that aims at intercepting the drug smuggling in the Atlantic Ocean. It is run by the Portuguese Government in Lisbon, co-financed by the EU and is co-operating with law enforcement units in the USA, South America and Africa as well as INTERPOL and EUROPOL. The paper starts with the original wording of the MAOC (N) self-description and its mission statement. It focusses on the international cooperation of the MAOC (N): Success stories and seizures of the last two years 2020/2021 are listed and shortcomings and possible future co-operations are discussed. Furthermore it discusses limitations and omissions of the MAOC (N). Finally it concludes that more EU member states should contribute actively in the management and operations of the MAOC (N).

This research studied the strategies that players use in sequential adversarial games. We took the Rock-Paper-Scissors (RPS) game as an example and ran players in two experiments. The first experiment involved two humans, who played the RPS together for 100 times. Importantly, our payoff design in the RPS allowed us to differentiate between participants who used a random strategy from those who used a Nash strategy. We found that participants did not play in agreement with the Nash strategy, but rather, their behavior was closer to random. Moreover, the analyses of the participants’ sequential actions indicated heterogeneous cycle-based behaviors: some participants’ actions were independent of their past outcomes, some followed a well-known win-stay/lose-change strategy, and others exhibited the win-change/lose-stay behavior. To understand the sequential patterns of outcome-dependent actions, we designed probabilistic computer algorithms involving specific change actions (i.e., to downgrade or upgrade according to the immediate past outcome): the Win-Downgrade/Lose-Stay (WDLS) or Win-Stay/Lose-Upgrade (WSLU) strategies. Experiment 2 used these strategies against a human player. Our findings show that participants followed a win-stay strategy against the WDLS algorithm and a lose-change strategy against the WSLU algorithm, while they had difficulty in using an upgrade/downgrade direction, suggesting humans’ limited ability to detect and counter the actions of the algorithm. Taken together, our two experiments showed a large diversity of sequential strategies, where the win-stay/lose-change strategy did not describe the majority of human players’ dynamic behaviors in this adversarial situation.

Many papers in economics that are published in peer reviewed journals are initially released in widely circulated working paper series. This raises the question about the benefit of publishing in a peer-reviewed journal in terms of citations. Specifically, we address the question: To what extent does the stamp of approval obtained by publishing in a peer-reviewed journal lead to more subsequent citations for papers that are already available in working paper series? Our data set comprises about 28.000 working papers from four major working paper series in economics. Using panel data methods, we show that the publication in a peer reviewed journal results in around twice the number of yearly citations relative to working papers that never get published in a journal. Our results hold in several robustness checks.

The Federal Reserve reestablished the Commercial Paper Funding Facility (CPFF 2020) in response to the disruptions in the commercial paper market triggered by the COVID-19 pandemic and subsequent economic shutdowns. The CPFF 2020 was designed to support market functioning and provide a liquidity backstop for the commercial paper market. This paper provides an overview of the CPFF 2020, including detailing the facility's design, documenting its usage, and describing its impact on commercial paper markets. In addition, we compare the market conditions and facility design in CPFF 2020 to that of the original CPFF facility.

In this collection of papers, we, the Research Group Critical Information Infrastructures (cii) from the Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, present nine selected student research articles contributing to the design, development, and evaluation of critical information infrastructures. During our courses, students mostly work in groups and deal with problems and issues related to sociotechnical challenges in the realm of (critical) information systems. Student papers came from four different cii courses, namely Emerging Trends in Digital Health, Emerging Trends in Internet Technologies, Critical Information Infrastructures, and Digital Health in the winter term of 2020 and summer term of 2021.

Working papers or preprints have become an important part in the scientific landscape. Such papers present research before (potentially) being published in refereed journals. But is every working paper finally published in a journal? We answer this question for four major working paper series in economics. Based on linked data in RePEc and a random sample we provide an estimate of 66.5% of more than 28,000 investigated working papers that are published in a journal. About 8% are released as a book chapter. For the remaining 25.5% we find no evidence for what happened to the article.

Using new transaction-level data for non-financial commercial paper (CP) in the U.S., we show that companies systematically reduce their outstanding short-term debt on quarterly and annual disclosure dates. Constraints on CP lending supply cannot explain this pattern. Instead, companies optimize their disclosed liquidity buffers and strategically repay CP debt if doing so strengthens common accounting ratios, such as the current ratio. Unlike other CP issuers, firms that repay their CP debt neither hold lower cash buffers nor use CP as bridge financing, suggesting an alternative role of CP debt as "hidden liquidity buffer".

D0bleaching wastewater from E. globulus Kraft pulping industry was treated by Fenton and photo-Fenton processes. The aim was to optimize the operational conditions for adsorbable organic halides (AOX) removal, namely oxidant concentration, [H2O2], catalyst concentration, [Fe2＋], and treatment time, using the central composite experimental design (CCED) tool. Temperature and pH were set at 60 ºC and 2, respectively, which are similar to the natural values of the D0bleaching wastewater. Both processes showed potential to remove AOX from D0with 177 - 178 mM H2O2 and 10 min reaction time. Maximum AOX removal was 85 % for the Fenton process with 8.5 mM Fe2＋, and 95 % for the photo-Fenton process with 2.0 mM Fe2＋ and UV irradiance 142 W.m− 2. For both methods, the only statistically significant variable (p=0.05) was the concentration of oxidant, [H2O2]. Keywords: AOX, Bleaching wastewater, CCED, Fenton, Photo-Fenton, Pulp and paper industry

International trade and investment in telecommunications are governed by the World Trade Organization's (WTO) General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS) and its Annex and Reference Paper (RP) on telecommunications. This paper discusses whether the 25-year old WTO framework is still fit for purpose. It makes two contributions to the literature. First, it offers a systematic comparison between the provisions in the RP, the EU-Canada Comprehensive Economic and Trade Agreement (CETA) and EU common regulatory framework. GATS builds on an outdated classification of telecommunications which is repeated in the CETA. The RP obliges countries to regulate interconnection, which is also largely repeated in CETA, although regulatory forbearance is permitted. CETA does not offer new market access in telecommunications to either party. Second, the paper investigates empirically whether binding regulation in trade agreements strengthen market openness, measured by imports of telecommunications services, and finds that it does not. The paper concludes that trade agreements may not be suitable for international cooperation on telecommunications regulation. Trade agreements run the risk of making regulation hostage to unrelated trade policy issues while adopting the RP runs a risk of legal obligations to over-regulate telecommunications.

The 2021 Feature Papers Special Issue is a list of high-quality research output that shows the width and the breadth of the journal Risks [...]

The use of paper instruments-cash and checks-has been declining in the United States, and consumers have been gradually replacing paper with cards and electronic payments. Stavins (2021) examines the evolution of payments from paper to cards and electronic payments, while Shy (2020) shows the payments landscape across merchant types. This paper combines the cross-sectional analysis across merchants with the aggregate time series study to analyze the evolution of consumer payments by merchant type. Using data from a representative diary survey of US consumers collected annually over the past several years, we examine changes for each merchant type to assess which transactions shifted from paper to electronic payments and from in-person to remote transactions. We find that cash use declined faster than check use, in large part because transactions shifted from in person to remote. While the cash-use share of transactions dropped for almost all merchant types, changes in check use were much more heterogenous across merchants. COVID-19 accelerated the payments evolution away from cash for some merchant types, as their drop in cash payments was much larger during the pandemic than prior to it. Merchants whose transactions are typically conducted in person experienced the largest decline in cash payments during the pandemic. Regression results show that the probability of using either cash or checks declined significantly in 2019 and 2020, even after controlling for merchant types, the dollar value of transactions, and consumers' socio-demographic attributes.

We compare Covid-related working papers in economics to non-Covid-related working papers in four dimensions. Based on five well-known working papers series and data from the RePEc website, we find that Covid papers are mainly cover topics in macroeconomics and health, they are written by larger teams than non-Covid papers, are more often downloaded and they receive more citations relative to non-Covid papers.

Cost Action 19121: GoodBrother The European Cooperation in Science and Technology (COST) is a funding organisation for the creation of research networks, called COST Actions (CA). These networks offer an open space for collaboration among scientists across Europe (and beyond) and thereby give impetus to research advancements and innovation. Many institutions around Europe participate actively in the CA19121 - Network on Privacy-Aware Audio- and Video-Based Applications for Active and Assisted Living, also called GoodBrother. Europe faces crucial challenges regarding health and social care due to the demographic change and current economic context. Active Assisted Living (AAL) technologies are a possible solution to support tackling them. AAL technologies aim at improving the health, quality of life, and wellbeing of older, impaired, and frail people. AAL systems use different sensors to monitor the environment and its dwellers. Cameras and microphones are being more frequently used for AAL. They monitor an environment and gather information, being the most straightforward and natural way of describing events, persons, objects, actions, and interactions. Recent advances have given these devices the ability to ‘see’ and ‘hear.’ However, their use can be seen as intrusive by some end-users such as assisted persons and professional and informal caregivers. GoodBrother aims to increase the awareness of the ethical, legal, and privacy issues associated with audio- and video-based monitoring and to propose privacy-aware working solutions for assisted living by creating an interdisciplinary community of researchers and industrial partners from different fields (computing, engineering, healthcare, law, sociology) and other stakeholders (users, policymakers, public services), stimulating new research and innovation. GoodBrother will offset the “Big Brother” sense of continuous monitoring by increasing user acceptance, exploiting these new solutions, and improving market reach. Working Group 1 on Social Responsibility: Ethical, legal, social, data protection and privacy issues Experts from diverse disciplines are analysing the ethical, legal, data protection and privacy issues associated with the use of cameras and microphones in private spaces, and how to manage multi-party privacy preferences. They also study the differences according to gender and cultural/societal background in the perception of these issues. This WG aims to establish the core requirements that AAL solutions must fulfil to consider ethico-legal issues and to integrate privacy by design and by default. Those requirements will set up the guidelines for the technical WGs (WG2, WG3 and WG4). The Workgroup goals are: Review the current European and international legislation and the ethical issues that underpin this on the use of audio- and video-based monitoring in private environments. Study the differences in the perception of privacy depending on the culture, society, gender and age of the users, and analyse the situations and conditions in later life, i.e. occurrence of a fall, which may affect that perception. Investigate the potential benefits and barriers of AAL technology adoption for people in need of care. Support the development of privacy-aware monitoring systems by a continuous exchange of knowledge with technological participants in the Action. Promote the consideration of ethical, legal, privacy and gender matters in the design of AAL solutions. Inform other WGs on the ethico-legal requirements in the design and development of AAL solutions. About this Position Paper In this position paper, we have used Alan Cooper’s persona technique to illustrate the utility of audio- and video-based AAL technologies. Therefore, two primary examples of potential audio- and video-based AAL users, Anna and Irakli, serve as reference points for describing salient ethical, legal and social challenges related to use of AAL. These challenges are presented on three levels: individual, societal, and regulatory. For each challenge, a set of policy recommendations is suggested., This publication is based upon work from COST Action GoodBrother – Network on Privacy-Aware Audio- and Video- Based Applications for Active and Assisted Living, supported by COST (European Cooperation in Science and Technology). COST (European Cooperation in Science and Technology) is a funding agency for research and innovation networks. Our Actions help connect research initiatives across Europe and enable scientists to grow their ideas by sharing them with their peers. This boosts their research, career and innovation. www.cost.eu

For the past years, preprints started to be very common in Economics and Business Studies and economic researchers simply referred to them as working papers (Cruz & Krichel, 2000). Since a previous study of Nuredini & Peters (2016) confirms a relatively good coverage of journal articles for Economic and Business Studies literature in Altmetric.com, this study explores the altmetric representations for working papers in these fields. We present altmetric information from Altmetric.com for working papers from Econstor. Considering that working papers in Economics and Business Studies from Econstor often have handles for their identification, our study explored handles and confirmed a lower coverage in Altmetric.com (0.2%). Therefore we investigated altmetric information for two other working papers identifiers: DOIs, and URLs. Better coverage is identified for working papers with DOIs (7%). Econstor URLs are less found in Altmetric.com with coverage of 0.04%. The topmost used altmetric source for working papers in Economic and Business Studies is Twitter for handles and DOIs and for URLs is Policy Posts. Mendeley counts are well present for working papers with DOIs but not for handles. A negative correlation (r = - 0.0157) is identified between citation counts from Crossref and Altmetric Scores. Additionally, we noticed several issues that are happening while sharing Econstor working papers on social media that prevent from collecting altmetric information. Thus, we suggest an alternative way to share these papers on social media to prevent losing altmetric information.

Triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs) have been investigated as a promising methodology to harvest mechanical energy into electricity. The matching impedance and the transient property of TENGs are important for their practical application. In this work, we proposed novel paper-based methodology for investigation of TENGs. First, we propose a novel method for triggering transience of pencil-on-paper (POP)-TENGs using household microwave oven and commercial graphite pencil. Moreover, a fast, simple and cost-effective approach for measuring the matching impedance of TENG based on paper variable resistor is proposed. The results of this work are beneficial for simple, fast and cost-effective functionalization of TENGs. Keywords: Triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG), Matching impedance

This paper provides background information on, and basic descriptive statistics for, a representative survey of the German population conducted on my behalf by GfK in December 2021. The survey covers various topics having to do with inflation and monetary policy, including: 1) inflation perceptions and expectations, 2) interest in and subjective, as well as objective, knowledge about monetary policy, 3) attitude to and knowledge about the ECB's monetary policy reform in 2021, 4) trust in the ECB and perception of its independence, 5) importance of climate-change-related measures, and 6) an experiment evaluating whether information about the ECB's monetary policy reform in 2021 reduces people's trust in the ECB and their perception of its independence. A broad range of socio-demographic and economic indicators are collected too.

The JEL classification system is a standard way of assigning key topics to economic articles to make them more easily retrievable in the bulk of nowadays massive literature. Usually the JEL (Journal of Economic Literature) is picked by the author(s) bearing the risk of suboptimal assignment. Using the database of the Collaborative Research Center from Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin we employ a new adaptive clustering technique to identify interpretable JEL (sub)clusters. The proposed Adaptive Weights Clustering (AWC) is available on http://www.quantlet.de/ and is based on the idea of locally weighting each point (document, abstract) in terms of cluster membership. Comparison with $$k$$ k -means or CLUTO reveals excellent performance of AWC.

Using the Panama Papers, we show that the beginning of media reporting on expropriations and property confiscations in a country increases the probability that offshore entities are incorporated by agents from the same country in the same month. This result is robust to the use of country-year fixed effects and the exclusion of tax havens. Further analysis shows that the effect is driven by countries with non-corrupt and effective governments, which supports the notion that offshore entities are incorporated when reasonably well-intended and well-functioning governments become more serious about fighting organized crime by confiscating proceeds of crime.

This paper takes a fresh look at citation counts and publications in top-rank journals, which the academic economics profession uses to evaluate and promote its members. It first examines how and why citations are mentioned in an article, and what this implies about their counts. The discussion then examines how average citation counts to articles are used to rank journals, and the paper reviews the concerns that have been expressed about this practice. These concerns identify the large variance in citation counts among articles of the same journal, implying that those articles themselves must vary greatly in quality (Engemann and Wall 2009). To address these concerns, the paper proposes the classification of citations into three categories: Fodder Citations (for references that contribute only trivially to a paper), Relevant Citations (which substantively contribute to the paper, though the paper would remain roughly the same without them), and Essential Citations (which have a major influence). The paper argues that counts of citations by the last two categories offers greater credibility in the application of citation counts to evaluate economic literature. Finally, the paper provides an opportunity for economists to participate in a new project that solicits information on citations by these categories.

Citation information in scholarly data is an important source of insight into the reception of publications and the scholarly discourse. Outcomes of citation analyses and the applicability of citation-based machine learning approaches heavily depend on the completeness of such data. One particular shortcoming of scholarly data nowadays is that non-English publications are often not included in data sets, or that language metadata is not available. Because of this, citations between publications of differing languages (cross-lingual citations) have only been studied to a very limited degree. In this paper, we present an analysis of cross-lingual citations based on over one million English papers, spanning three scientific disciplines and a time span of three decades. Our investigation covers differences between cited languages and disciplines, trends over time, and the usage characteristics as well as impact of cross-lingual citations. Among our findings are an increasing rate of citations to publications written in Chinese, citations being primarily to local non-English languages, and consistency in citation intent between cross- and monolingual citations. To facilitate further research, we make our collected data and source code publicly available., Projekt DEAL

This paper synthesizes a set of national case studies conducted in the Sahelian countries during 2019- 2020 as a collaboration between national universities and research institutes, and the Center for Development Research (ZEF), University of Bonn, with contributions from the Agrhymet Regional Centre, Permanent Interstate Committee for Drought Control in the Sahel (CILSS). These case studies provide up-to-date knowledge and critical insights on the nexus of land degradation, climate change and energy in the Sahel. The current synthesis paper highlights their major findings and provides crosscutting and cross-regional analytical conclusions. First, the synthesis paper explores current trends in the Sahel region on land use and land degradation, energy use and supply, climate change projections and impacts, as well as their interactions and links to agricultural growth, food security, poverty reduction, and peace in the region. Second, technological, socio-economic and policy solutions at the nexus of land, water, energy and climate challenges that enable environmentally sustainable and socially inclusive rural development in the Sahel are discussed, including their interactions and implications for peace and stability in the region. The findings show that such socio-economic solutions as improving access to markets, strengthening social safety nets, increasing investments to transport and energy infrastructures, promoting land tenure security, expanding off-farm employment opportunities can greatly contribute to rural development in the Sahel, particularly by aiding climate change resilience and sustainable land management. Key technological innovations highlighted across the case studies include expanding irrigation and adopting water use efficient irrigation techniques, crop diversification, expanding agricultural mechanization, investing into restoring and rehabilitating degraded lands through reforestation, afforestation and agroforestry practices. The key lessons learnt from ongoing national policy initiatives for sustainable development highlight the importance of active stakeholder consultation and participation in policy formulation, institution of effective policy monitoring and assessment mechanisms, and avoiding of excessive reliance on external sources of funding for the successful implementation of sustainable development policies and programs. Based on these findings, the synthesis paper proposes an agenda for applied research to provide guidance to and accompany promising development strategies in and for the region.

Gary Becker wrote what may be the first economic analysis of conscription. Less than a decade later, economists played a key role in an important public policy debate during the Vietnam War, which eventually led to abolishment of the military draft. Becker had connections to many of those economists who studied the economics of conscription, and his paper foreshadowed many of the ideas in that literature. Despite this, none cited his paper on conscription. We discuss this history and speculate on this puzzle.

Consumer payments in the United States gradually have been shifting away from paper checks for the past several years. Cash use has declined as well, although at a much slower pace. As the number of check payments has decreased, those payments have been replaced with electronic and card payments. However, the transition from paper to electronic and card payments for bills has not proceeded in the same way as the transition for purchases. Using detailed consumer survey panel data collected over nine years, we track the same respondents over time and find that consumers who reduced their check or cash use for bill payments in a given year were more likely to reduce their check or cash use for purchases in the following year; but a reduction in check or cash use for purchases was not followed by the use of fewer checks or less cash for bill payments. The results suggest that a change in bill payment behavior may be a precursor to payment behavior changes in general. These results may help predict changes in payment instrument use for various transaction types as new payment methods, such as faster payments or central bank digital currency, become available to consumers in the future.

This is the 100th issue of the IMB Working Papers. It contains three short papers on the series itself. The first paper takes stock of the history, content and relevance of the IMB Working Paper Series. It analyses the first 100 issues of the series in detail (Dörrenbächer in this volume, pp. 4-15). The second paper is addressing the changes at the institution publishing the IMB Working Paper Series. Having been merged with an Institute for Long-Distance Studies, the IMB (Institute of Management Berlin) was re-named to BPS (Berlin Professional School), bringing professionalism to center stage (Tomenendal and Egger de Campo in this volume, pp.16-19). The third paper looks ahead and describes the future ambitions of the working paper series, which will appear as BPS Working Paper Series in the future. Aspects covered are the rationale, scope and way of delivery of the series (Dörrenbächer and Tomenendal in this issue, pp. 20-23). Dies ist die 100. Ausgabe der IMB Working Paper Reihe. Sie beinhaltet drei Kurzbeiträge, die sich mit der Reihe, ihrer Entwicklung und ihrer Zukunft auseinandersetzen. Der erste Beitrag analysiert in einer Rückschau die Inhalte und die Relevanz der bisher veröffentlichen Working Papers (Dörrenbächer, Seite 4-15). Der zweite Beitrag beschäftigt sich mit dem Wandel der herausgebenden Institution, die nach einer Fusion nun als Berlin Professional School für eine fundierte, praxisorientierte Managementausbildung für Wirtschaft und Verwaltung steht (Tomenendal and Egger de Campo, Seite 16-19). Der letzte Beitrag zeigt Zukunftsperspektiven für die ab der nächsten Nummer als BPS Working Papers Series firmierende Reihe auf. Neben zukünftigen inhaltlichen Schwerpunkten werden Vorschläge für eine erhöhte Sichtbarkeit und Zugänglichkeit der Reihe gemacht (Dörrenbächer und Tomenendal, Seite 20-23).

In this paper we take up the challenge to integrate new aspects into macroeconomic modelling and to consider economic activities from an outcome-oriented perspective, so called functionalities. The basic idea is, that functionalities lie behind the demand for commodities and services and therefore are the actual reason for economic activities. Functionalities describe (basic) human needs, such as housing, nutrition, or mobility, and are determinants of human well-being. A crucial aspect of functionalities is the interaction between stocks and flows. The paper presents the operationalisation of functionalities within the framework of an Input-Output (IO) model. Three extensions of the IOT are performed: Firstly, an appropriate allocation of energy supply, transformation and demand to sectors is made. This allows linking the monetary structure with physical units of the total energy and useful energy balances. Secondly, greenhouse gas emissions and other material consumption were additionally allocated to sectoral production. Thirdly, groups of goods of private and public consumption as well as exports were allocated to specific functionalities.

The FAIR principles formulate guidelines for the sustainable reusability of research data. FAIR stands for Findability, Accessibility, Interoperability, and Reusability of data and metadata. While there is a growing body of general implementation guidelines, so far there is a lack of specific recommendations on how to apply the FAIR principles to the specific needs of social, behavioural and economic science data. These disciplines work with highly diverse data types that often contain confidential information on individuals, companies, or institutions. These features pose some challenges to the useful implementation of the FAIR principles - especially regarding the machine-actionability of data and metadata that is at the core of the FAIR principles. This White Paper defines the FAIR principles for the social, behavioural and economic sciences. For each of the 15 FAIR (sub)principles, the paper proposes minimum requirements and provides a vision for a full-implementation of the FAIR principles by repositories and data centres. The paper was authored by members of the Economic and Social Sciences goINg FAIR Implementation Network (EcoSoc-IN) and addresses research data centres and other stakeholders who strive for a FAIR research data infrastructure in the disciplines of KonsortSWD.

Eine Untersuchung von rund 3 000 Artikeln, die zwischen 2000 und 2010 in den Top-5-Zeitschriften der Volkswirtschaftslehre veröffentlicht wurden, zeigt, dass Artikel, die vorher als Working Paper in der Öffentlichkeit zirkulierten, im Durchschnitt 25% mehr Zitierungen erhalten als solche, für die dies nicht gilt.

In this working paper we place scenarios of Austria's transition to a green economy in a global context of efforts of international community to limit global warming to the levels outlined in the Paris Agreement. To this end we propose a method of deriving robust and physically grounded budgets of Austria's cumulative GHG emissions that are consistent with the 1.5 êC and the 2 êC warming targets of Paris agreement, respectively. These budgets are based on the most recent estimates of carbon budgets for the 1.5 êC and 2 êC warming targets and delineate a "space for manoeuvre" within which Austria's green transformation must take place if it is to make a desired contribution to humanity's climate-change mitigation efforts. We also derive reference pathways for Austria's GHG emissions that are in line with the 1.5 êC and the 2 êC warming targets, and which inform us about the necessary emission reductions in any given year, e.g., in 2050. We also demonstrate how budgets of cumulative national GHG emissions and corresponding reference emission pathways can be downscaled to provide boundary conditions for a novel approach to modelling economic transformations based on the concept of functionalities. First, we establish how much of GHG emissions is currently caused by providing functionalities Access, Shelter and Other Life Support in Austria. Next, with help of existing EU-wide scenarios of green transition that resolve multiple economic sectors, we assess expected cumulative emissions from sectors not covered by these functionalities. Finally, we subtract these cumulative emissions from the budget of Austria's total GHG emissions and distribute the remainder between the considered functionalities.

In the context of research on long-run transformations, such as the low-carbon energy transformation, research interest is growing on how to define and measure human wellbeing meaningfully. The working paper provides a thorough discussion of the literature on well-being and human needs in the context of energy consumption and confronts this scientific discourse with the concept of energy services, or functionalities. Based on a thorough literature review and a comprehensive stakeholder consultation process, we show, that energy services represent the crucial link between energy use (and related GHG emissions) and human need satisfaction.

In order to meet the climate targets as set out in the Paris agreement - i.e., to stay "well below 2 êC" of global warming - a transformation of the socio-economic system towards climate neutrality is required. This transformation is connected to radical changes in most aspects of our daily lives, especially with respect to mobility and housing. This poses the questions of how well-being might change due to these changes and ultimately how to quantitatively measure such changes. In the present paper we make a first steps towards answering these fundamental questions. We do so by making use of the concept of energy services, or "functionalities", which take a demand and sufficiency perspective. To quantify effects, we operationalise this concept by using and extending existing macroeconomic models (Input-Output and Computable General Equilibrium). In terms of results we provide standard economic indicators but contrast them with - in our view - more relevant indicators, such as a more comprehensive measure for well-being, as well as distributional effects and co-benefits. Our results clearly show increases in well-being emerging from the climate neutral transformation, whereas conventional indicators such as GDP are declining. We thus demonstrate the importance of looking at the "right" indicators, when assessing socio-economic effects of climate policy and at the same time provide a concrete alternative to state-of-the-art modelling approaches.

The policy word “collaboration” is a political buzzword omnipresent within human service organisations in Sweden and other countries. Collaboration stands for services working together toward a common goal. It is understood as the solution for a multitude of problems, putting the client at the centre and involving the services needed for making them financially self-sufficient. Public service collaboration assumes gaps between entities, whether they are organisations or professionals holding a particular kind of knowledge or available resources. Gaps are seen as omissions and pitfalls in activities which should be removed. My thesis is that putting the gap at the centre reveals not only the disjuncture of the gaps but also the productiveness of the gap in collaborative projects between organisations. The article demonstrates how documents and meetings work both as makers and blenders of gaps between social services and jobcentres. If gaps are productive spaces, what does it denote for collaboration between organisations? The article is placed ethnographically in documents and meetings set to enable collaboration between social workers and job coaches. I will focus on the gap, the space between documents and organisations, as productive spaces in collaborative projects.

This paper evaluates an editorial and seven invaluable and interesting review papers for the Journal of Risk and Financial Management (JRFM). The topics covered include the rising complexity of bank regulatory capital requirements from global guidelines to their United States (US) implementation, connections among big data, computational science, economics, finance, marketing, management and psychology, factors, outcome, and the solutions of supply chain finance, with a review and future directions, time-varying price-volume relationship, adaptive market efficiency, and a survey of the empirical literature, improved covariance matrix estimation for portfolio risk measurement, stock investment and excess returns, with a critical review in the light of the efficient market hypothesis, and a cross section analysis of country equity returns, and a review of the empirical literature.

The UK is 'locked down' because of coronavirus (COVID-19). No clear exit strategy currently exists. This paper suggests a possible way forward that combines elements from economics and epidemiology. The paper proposes as a policy a 'release' from lockdown of the young cohort of UK citizens aged between age 20 and 30 who do not live with parents. The paper calculates that there are approximately 4.2 million UK individuals who fall into this 20-30 ageband and who live outside the original parental home. Of those, 2.6 million work in the private sector, so unless some corrective action is taken they are likely to be extremely harshly affected, financially, when compared to employees in the public sector. The paper argues that a young-workforce release of this kind would lead to substantial economic and societal benefits without enormous health costs to the country. In this way, the nation might begin to move forward in the footsteps of the young. The paper's key concept could in principle be implemented in other countries.

We suggest a blueprint for an eFranc as a possible complement for the Swiss monetary system to ensure the long-term stability of its money. An eFranc is a non-interest-bearing digital form of the legal tender available to the public. The public can convert banknotes or part of its bank deposits into eFrancs, subject to the banks’ ability to obtain the corresponding amount of eFrancs from the central bank.There is free conversion of eFrancs into bank deposits (and into banknotes). For the technical implementation of the eFranc, we suggest a two-layer system combining a permissioned asynchronous blockchain without consensus which provides a secureenvironment for validating transactions (base layer) plus a peer-to-peer paymentnetwork (top layer)., Economic Working Paper Series, 20/342

Von etwa 28 000 Working Papers aus vier renommierten Working-Paper-Reihen wurden 66,5% in einer Fachzeitschrift publiziert. Rund 8% sind als Buchkapitel erschienen. Für die verbleibenden 25% gab es keine Hinweise über ihren weiteren Verbleib.

During the COVID-19 pandemic, some goods suddenly became scarce due to panic purchases and stockpiling. The decision to hoard is influenced by higher-order beliefs. If an agent believes that other agents think that a good will become scarce, she concludes that these other agents will hoard, and thus tries to preempt them by hoarding herself. To capture such behaviour, we construct a model with a global game. Agents receive noisy information about some variable that influences supply or demand. They then form higher-order beliefs, and possibly panic and hoard the product. We analyze determinants of such panics. Endogenizing prices and quantities, we show that producers with market power set prices strategically to induce panics and thus boost demand. Absent market power, strong competition leads to low prices and thus little overproduction, also causing panics. We also consider firms who need the scarce good as an intermediate product in their production chain, and show that a regulator would require such firms to stockpile the product, thus increasing resilience.

The Bank Restriction Act of 1797 was the unconventional monetary policy of its time. It suspended the convertibility of the Bank of England's notes into gold, a policy that lasted until 1821. The current historical consensus is that it was a result of the state's need to finance the war, France’s remonetization, a loss of confidence in the English country banks, and a run on the Bank of England’s reserves following a landing of French troops in Wales. We argue that while these factors help us understand the timing of the suspension, they cannot explain its success. We deploy new long-term data that leads us to a complementary explanation: the policy succeeded thanks to the reputation of the Bank of England, achieved through a century of prudential collaboration between the Bank and the Treasury.

Basic materials production is responsible for 25% of global greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. However, both, mitigation efforts and results, are limited. While business-as-usual investments are declining, due to concerns about stranded assets and global over-supply of some materials like steel, the policy framework is insufficient for new low-carbon innovation and investments. To catalyse investments into low-carbon innovation and decarbonize the basic materials sector it is necessary to: - Develop a shared understanding of development perspectives, including new technologies, materials and practices. - Identify conducive conditions for climate-friendly innovations and investments. - Explore options for refinement and use of existing and additional policy and market instruments. - Discuss opportunities and challenges related to implementing such instruments. Against this background, this issues paper discusses key elements that need to be considered for climate bonds or green bonds to play a role in financing decarbonisation in the aluminium and steel sector and to the extent that the relevant information was available, also the copper sector. [...]

With this contribution at the ECDA-2019 in Bayreuth we want to start a much needed debate about the nature of the work of a data scientist. Is it a mere occupation or does the societal impact together with ethical issues surrounding the work imply data science should become a real profession in the sense of Airaksinen (Airaksinen, 2009). We explore the elements of data science and the responsibility a data scientist has for society. Some barriers are identified and what can be done about them. In this paper, we describe the line of reasoning which was presented, and some lessons learned from the actual discussions with the audience.