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Abstract Obesity and overweight are major health concerns, with a 19.7% prevalence among Malaysian adults, as reported in the 2019 National Health and Morbidity Survey. This study assessed the effectiveness of an educational intervention on weight control intention using the Health Belief Model (HBM). A quasi-experimental design was employed, involving 140 participants equally divided into an intervention group (IG) and a control group (CG). Post-intervention, the IG showed significant improvement in perceived self-efficacy in dieting (mean score 3.96 ± 0.85) compared to the CG (3.76 ± 0.86, p = 0.003). Perceived self-efficacy in exercise also increased in the IG (4.12 ± 0.52) compared to the CG (3.51 ± 0.94, p

Abstract Obesity is an abnormal and potentially dangerous condition caused by excess body fat accumulation. The number of people with obesity is increasing worldwide. Obesity is the primary cause of various diseases; therefore, it is crucial to make efforts to control body weight. Identifying the factors that influence men with obesity to attempt to control and not control their weight is essential. The objective of this study was to create a prediction model for weight control experience among Korean men in their 30 s and 40 s. We analyzed data from the 2022 Community Health Survey and included 12,311 men who were overweight or obese. The men were divided into two groups based on their weight control experience: (1) Yes group (n = 9405) and (2) No group (n = 2906). Chi-square and independent t-tests were used to compare general and health-related characteristics between the groups. Decision tree analysis was used to build a prediction model for weight control experience. A split-sample test was conducted to validate the model. From the results of this study, various models predicting weight control experience were derived. From the decision tree model without setting the first node, those who weighed below average, had a high school diploma or less, and did not know their blood sugar levels had the highest probability of not controlling their weight at 55.3%. In the prediction model where the first node was set to age, those in their 40 s who thought their weight was below average and were unaware of their blood sugar levels had the highest rate of not trying to control their weight at 50.1%. In the prediction model where the first node was set to BMI, those who were overweight but thought their weight was below average and had a high school diploma or less had the highest rate of not trying to control their weight at 51.5%. There is an urgent need to provide obesity prevention and management education to those who have no weight control experience, particularly those at high risk, as identified in this study.

Abstract Background Unhealthy weight control behaviors (UWCBs) involve weight control strategies to reduce or maintain weight, such as fasting, taking diet pills, and vomiting or taking laxatives. UWCBs in teenagers can escalate into severe health issues such as eating disorders. Understanding the trends of UWCBs and their association with risk behaviors in teenagers is crucial, as early intervention and prevention strategies are pivotal. Methods This study utilized eight waves of the youth risk behavior surveillance system (YRBSS) data from 1999 to 2013. Our primary outcome was UWCBs engagement. We used multinomial logistic models to analyze the association between UWCBs and risk behaviors among adolescents including driving after alcohol consumption, suicide attempts, smoking, alcohol use, and sexual intercourse. Results Among 109,023 participants, UWCBs prevalence was 16.64%. Body Mass Index (BMI) was significantly associated with UWCBs risk. In addition, we found the intention of weight management confounded the relationship between BMI and UWCBs. The unadjusted logistic regression indicated a monotone-increasing association between BMI and the risk of UWCBs. In contrast, the adjusted logistic regression indicated a U-shaped curve with the lowest (BMI 30 kg/m2) BMI groups having significantly higher odds of engaging in UWCBs compared to the reference BMI group (18.5 ≤ BMI ≤ 24.9 kg/m2). Conclusions The intention of weight management confounded the relationship between Body Mass Index (BMI) and the risk of UWCBs. These findings suggest that healthcare interventions for weight management behaviors should be tailored to adolescents with BMI ≥ 25 and BMI

ObjectiveWeight-control compensatory behaviors appear to be a commonly utilized strategy for health management. Individuals engaging in such behaviors believe that the negative consequences from unhealthy behaviors will be neutralized by the positive consequences of healthy behaviors. Existing research has not reached a consensus on whether such behaviors are beneficial to health. This review aims to (1) summarize the patterns of weight-control compensatory health behaviors in different populations, (2) highlight correlates, predictors, and consequences of compensatory health behaviors, and (3) identify gaps for future research.MethodThis review identified existing literature using online databases, CINAHL and PubMed. Primary research articles published after 2000 with non-clinical participants of 12 years or older who engaged in compensatory behaviors for weight control purposes were selected. Descriptive statistics were extracted from 35 studies.ResultsDifferent patterns for weight-control compensatory behaviors emerged between the female and male sexes. Meanwhile, no clear association of such behaviors was found across weight status. Studies reviewed also highlighted three main areas of compensatory behaviors for weight management, namely dietary behaviors, physical activity, and alcohol consumption. Weight-control compensatory behaviors had significant negative correlations with mental health indicators, such as psychosocial functioning, emotional differentiation ability, and body esteem.ConclusionWeight-control compensatory behaviors may be a widely used weight management strategy and can be presented in diverse ways. Although believed to be promoting health, such behaviors appear to be associated with poor psychological well-being. This emerging topic warrants more in-depth investigation to establish the direction of causation. Future research may investigate the relationship between weight-control compensatory behaviors and various aspects of health over longer time periods, examine the engagement of multiple weight-control compensatory behaviors, and focus on high-risk populations.

ObjectiveExercise is a transdiagnostic clinical feature of eating disorders, but consensus is lacking as to what constitutes, and gives rise to, excessive exercise motivated by weight control. Using a longitudinal cohort study, we aimed to describe population-level prevalence rates of varying levels of weight-control exercise and examine gender and weight status (overweight or obesity; OVOB) as cross-sectional determinants of weight-control exercise in 14-15-year-old adolescents. We then evaluated the association of OVOB at 10-11 years with weight-control exercise at 14-15 years.MethodsThe sample comprised 6329 adolescents from the Longitudinal Study of Australian Children (LSAC). Weight and height were measured in early adolescence (aged 10-11) and in mid-adolescence (aged 14-15). Participants reported weight-control exercise using the Branched Eating Disorders Test at 14-15 years.ResultsIn mid-adolescence, the estimated population prevalence for any weight-control exercise was 49 % (55 % in females). For girls, moderate levels of exercise were most prevalent, and low levels for boys. For all levels except for the very lowest, boys with (vs. without) OVOB history (10-11 years) had about twice the odds of endorsing every level of weight-control exercise. Patterns among girls were similar, though lower in magnitude (∼1.5 times).ConclusionsFor both girls and boys, across most exercise levels, rates of weight-control exercise were greatest for those with OVOB; for the highest exercise level, effects were strongest for boys with OVOB. To accurately identify at-risk adolescents, our results provide preliminary support for a fluid definition of excessive weight-control exercise, dependent on gender and weight status.

AbstractAdolescence, especially for females, is a period of ongoing risk behavior that triggers the development of adverse health outcomes during adulthood. This study aimed to investigate the weight control practice and its associated factors among high school female-adolescents in Hawassa town, Ethiopia. A school-based mixed cross-sectional study was conducted on 552 female-adolescents in Hawassa town, between December 2020 and January 2021. SPSS version 26 was used to perform bivariable and multivariable regression. Chi-square and Odds ratio were used to see the association in addition to Descriptive statistics of the data collected using a structured and semi-structured mixed questionnaire. BMI was calculated after taking the weight and height using a digital weight scale and stadiometer respectively of adolescent female participants. The focus group discussion was collected using an open-ended questionnaire. Among the total female-adolescents, 38.6% [95% CI = 34.5–42.8%] had experienced any of the weight control practices. The study also revealed that 25.9%, 20.5% and 7.8% of female-adolescents had experienced unhealthy, healthy and both weight control practices respectively. The multivariate regression analysis revealed that being at late adolescent age [AOR = 1.98; 95% CI = 1.33–2.95], living in a household at middle wealth status [AOR = 2.72; 95% CI = 1.60–4.63] and high wealth status [AOR = 5.69; 95% CI = 3.43–9.46], having a normal BMI [AOR = 2.36; 95% CI = 1.18–4.71] and being an overweight adolescent [AOR = 2.45; 95% CI = 1.13–5.28], having a mild depression [AOR = 1.72; 95% CI = 1.12–2.66], being dissatisfied with own mid-torso body image [AOR = 2.68; 95% CI = 1.52–4.73] were associated with exercising weight control practice. This study indicates that nearly forty percent of female-adolescents exercise weight control behaviors, of which a significant proportion of them were involved in unhealthy weight control behaviors. Factors that were associated with weight control behaviors among female adolescents should be also considered in designing healthy weight control interventions in urban settings of Ethiopia.

Abstract Background Previous research has established the importance of moderate‐to‐vigorous physical activity (MVPA) for weight control. One area of unexplored investigation is the relationship between individuals' perceptions of the importance of MVPA for weight control and MVPA engagement. This study examined the associations between the perceived importance of MVPA and MVPA engagement, weight loss, barriers to PA, and exercise enjoyment in adults enrolled in a long‐term behavioral weight loss (BWL) intervention. Methods Adults (N = 301) with overweight/obesity (BMI = 27–45 kg/m2) completed an 18‐month BWL intervention, followed by a no‐intervention 18‐month follow‐up. At baseline, 6 months, 18 months (i.e., post‐treatment), and 36 months (i.e., follow‐up), participants ranked the importance of six strategies for weight control: keeping a food record, MVPA, light PA, self‐weighing, small portions, and low‐calorie diet. Observed MVPA (measured by accelerometer), percent weight loss, perceived barriers to PA, and exercise enjoyment were also measured at each assessment. Results Results showed that most participants perceived MVPA as a primary weight control strategy (first, second, or third most important) throughout the intervention, regardless of the weight control goal (weight loss vs. maintenance). Individuals who ranked MVPA as a primary strategy for weight control at concurrent time points, compared to those who did not, engaged in significantly more MVPA at post‐treatment, had greater weight loss at follow‐up, endorsed fewer barriers to PA at post‐treatment and follow‐up, and reported greater exercise enjoyment at baseline and post‐treatment. Conclusion Perceived importance of MVPA was related to subjective experiences of MVPA, MVPA adherence, and weight loss in a long‐term BWL intervention.

This article proposes an event-triggered resilient control algorithm for cigarette weight control systems to defend against denial of service attacks (DoS) attacks and false data injection (FDI) attacks. First, the mathematical model of the system is derived by considering its physical and electromagnetic characteristics. Then, an attack detection mechanism is designed to identify potential FDI attacks. A predictive compensation algorithm is also developed to mitigate the influence of these attacks, incorporating an observer to estimate unknown compensation signals. Due to limited network resources, we employ an event-based model-free adaptive control (MFAC) framework, where data is transmitted only when specific conditions are violated. Throughout the entire control process, only the input and output data of the system are used. Finally, simulation comparisons are provided to demonstrate the effectiveness and superiority of our method.

Abstract Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a chronic metabolic disorder exacerbated by obesity. Single Anastomosis Sleeve-Ileal Bypass (SASI) has emerged as a promising metabolic bariatric procedure that combines sleeve gastrectomy and ileal bypass, facilitating substantial weight loss and T2DM remission through restrictive and malabsorptive mechanisms. This study aims to evaluate the effects of SASI on T2DM remission, weight loss, and safety in one year follow-up. A retrospective cohort study analyzed 31 patients with obesity and T2DM who underwent SASI. Data collected included demographic characteristics, preoperative and postoperative BMI, HbA1c levels, and bariatric outcomes, including %TWL and T2DM changes. The mean age was 45 years, with a mean preoperative BMI of 40.7 kg/m². One year postoperatively, the mean %EWL was 85.6% and %TWL was 31.7%. T2DM remission was achieved in 24 (77.4%) patients, improvement in 4 (12.9%), and no change in 3 (9.7%). Hypertension improved in 21 (87.5%) patients, with 12 (50%) achieving remission. Significant reductions in BMI and HbA1c levels were observed (p

The methods for controlling weight play a central role in formally diagnosed eating disorders (EDs) and appear to be important in the context of other nonformally recognized disorders, such as orthorexia nervosa (ON). These methods also have an impact on eating behaviors, including dietary variety. Our study aimed to: (i) assess the intensity of ON tendency by sex and BMI groups, (ii) evaluate the associations between ON tendency, weight control methods, and dietary variety, and (iii) determine the extent to which weight control methods and dietary variety contribute to the ON tendency among both females and males. Data were gathered from a sample of 936 Polish adults (463 females and 473 males) through a cross-sectional quantitative study conducted in 2019. Participants were requested to complete the ORTO-6, the Weight Control Methods Scale, and the Food Intake Variety Questionnaire (FIVeQ). Multiple linear regression analysis was employed to evaluate associations between ON tendency, weight control methods, and dietary variety. Females exhibited a higher ON tendency than males (14.4 ± 3.4 vs. 13.5 ± 3.7, p

Abstract Background Misperceptions about obesity is common among adolescents. Adolescents who overestimate their body size tend to indulge in extreme weight control behaviors. However, little is known about the factors involved in the adoption of extreme weight control behavior (EWCB) by non-obese adolescents who are mistaken for being overweight. This study identified factors associated with unhealthy behaviors among normal/underweight high school students who overestimate their body image and attempt to lose weight. Design A secondary analysis of nationally representative data from the Korea Youth Risk Behavior Survey focused on adolescents who attended vocational and academically oriented high schools. Methods The analysis included data from 4,286 non-obese respondents (15–18 years) who overestimated their body weight. Of them, 2,887 were girls (66.5%), while 1,399 were boys (33.5%). Multiple logistic regression was used to investigate risk factors for EWCB by sex. A statistical analysis reflecting strata, clusters, and weights of the complex sampling design was adopted. Results Of the respondents, 674 (23.3%) girls and 162 (11.5%) boys reported EWCB. For both sexes, vocational high school attendance and depression were significantly influenced by EWCB. EWCB was linked to perceived stress in girls and living in a big city in boys. Conclusions The findings suggest the importance of providing quality health education, including that for non-obese adolescents, in school obesity prevention programs along with the expansion of tailored intervention programs based on sex, following a consideration of the characteristics of high schools as well as individuals.

Childhood-onset craniopharyngiomas, though rare, are intracranial malformations that can cause obesity by disrupting the hypothalamus, a condition that often persists even after tumor resection. This severe obesity increases the risk of diabetes and fatty liver disease in childhood. Concurrently, panhypopituitarism, including growth hormone (GH) deficiency, may develop. Notably, some individuals with GH deficiency may exhibit a normal growth rate, making GH therapy unnecessary for growth purposes. However, in these cases, GH therapy may still be beneficial in preventing the progression of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease or nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. Although weight management is traditionally considered the gold standard for preventing liver cirrhosis, its effectiveness can be limited by hypothalamic dysfunction and the difficulty of achieving successful weight control. Our case study highlights a patient with normal growth despite GH deficiency, who did not receive GH replacement therapy and continued to struggle with hypothalamic obesity. Despite effective body weight control, the patient developed hepatopulmonary syndrome, indicating that relying solely on weight management may not be sufficient to prevent liver complications. This case underscores the importance of addressing GH deficiency even when growth is normal. Our findings suggest that GH replacement therapy could be beneficial for preventing liver cirrhosis in such cases.

Mudi H Alharbi Clinical Nutrition Department, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Taibah University, Madinah, 42353, Saudi ArabiaCorrespondence: Mudi H Alharbi, Email mhjharbi@taibahu.edu.saBackground: There are a few studies on the association between macronutrients and mood, but none on weight control based on self-perception of specific macronutrients and mood.Objective: To assess the association between anxiety and depression levels and weight-control attempts among young females based on self-perception of diet that impacts weight by limiting or boosting a certain macronutrient.Methods: A cross-sectional survey conducted on young females (n=302) with an age range of 19 to 29. Dietary intake was measured using the Food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) and 24h-dietary recall. Anxiety and depression were measured using the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) questionnaire.Results: Analysis of the data showed a significant and inverse association of macronutrients – carbohydrates (OR 0.86; 95% CI 0.77– 0.95; p < 0.01), protein (OR 0.87; 95% CI 0.78– 0.97; p

This study aimed to estimate associations between weight control status (trying to lose, gain or maintain weight) and lifestyle behaviors (moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA), screen time, and the consumption of breakfast, fast food, fruits and vegetables, and sugar-sweetened beverages (SSB)) in adolescents.Data from 919 adolescents in the MATCH study, in New Brunswick, Canada, who self-reported their weight control status at least once within 24 data collection cycles over 8 years (from 2011 to 2019) and from 812 who provided data at least once over the 7 cycles on eating behaviors were used. Generalized estimating equations were used.At the first cycle, mean age was 11.3 (SD = 1.2) years old and 56% were girls. Trying to gain (β = 0.47, CI = [0.15, 0.79]) and maintain weight (β = 0.35, CI = [0.12, 0.57]) were positively associated with MVPA. Trying to lose weight was negatively associated with breakfast (IRR = 0.90, CI = [0.85, 0.94]) and positively associated with screen time (β = 0.62, CI = [0.15, 1.10]), fruit and vegetable (IRR = 1.12, CI = [1.01, 1.25]) and SSB (IRR = 1.42, CI = [1.10, 1.84]). Changes from one weight control status to trying to lose weight were associated with increases in fast food consumption (β = 0.49, CI = [0.15, 0.84]).Weight control status was associated with healthy and unhealthy behaviors in adolescents. Trying to gain or maintain weight was generally associated with more favorable health-related behaviors. Education on healthy weight management behaviors is needed to improve adolescents’ health.

Background: Adolescent girls are concerned about their weight, physical appearance, and how society perceives them. The identities they seek and create in this phase influence society and their peers. In this process, a lot of Emotional, Biological, and Social problems are faced by them. One such problem is Menstrual disorders. Keeping this rationale in mind, the above study was undertaken to Assess Body weight perception, Weight control practices, and their association with Menstruation among Adolescent girls. Objective: 1. To assess Body weight perception and Weight Control Practices, among Adolescent girls 2. To compare Body weight perception and Weight control practices among Adolescent girls with normal and abnormal Menstrual cycles Methodology: A Cross-sectional study was conducted among Adolescent girls residing in the rural field practice area of Bangalore Medical College and Research Institute, Bengaluru. A Sample size of 192 was determined based on a previous study done by Bhurtun DD et al, and Simple random sampling was used for participant recruitment. Data collection utilized a pre-tested structured questionnaire. Data analyzed using SPSS 21.0 Results: Among the 192 participants, based on Body mass index (BMI), 13(6.7%) were Overweight and the rest of the participants 135(70.3%) were of Normal weight. Out of 118(61.5%) respondents reported trying to lose weight, reducing fat intake 100(84.7%) was the most common method. The majority of the Adolescent girls had a positive perception of weight control but had problems accepting their body image as healthy. Body weight perception and Weight control practices affected normal menstrual cycles as well as girls with Menstrual disorders. Conclusion: The findings revealed Body weight perception affected the girls with Normal Menstruation as well as with Menstrual disorders. Therefore, Adolescent girls need to be educated on the need for a Healthy body image as well as a Healthy lifestyle.

Abstract Background Body image concerns are prevalent and are viewed as risk factors for engaging in unhealthy weight control behaviors (UWCBs), such as purging, fasting, and the misuse of laxatives and diet pills. Studies have also linked UWCBs to the development of eating disorders. In the United States (U.S.), sexual minority men (e.g., bisexual, gay, and men who have sex with men) are prone to UWCBs often as a result of societal pressures to achieve certain standards of appearance – of which are often perpetuated through various media platforms. A growing number of studies have explored the possible role mobile dating applications (“dating apps”) play in contributing to UWCBs. To our knowledge, such studies have not explored this possible relationship between dating apps and UWCBs in sexual minority men (SMM). To fill this gap in the scientific literature, the present study assessed the association between dating app use and UWCBs and muscle enhancing behaviors among a sample of adult SMM in the U.S. Method 549 SMM participated in an anonymous survey from Qualtrics Survey Panels. UWCBs and muscle enhancing behaviors were assessed through items adapted from national surveys. Body image dissatisfaction was assessed using the Male Body Attitudes Scales. Participants also reported their history of dating app use. We performed descriptive statistics, chi-square tests, and student’s t-tests. Multivariable logistic regression models assessed the relationship between dating app use and UWCBs and muscle enhancing behaviors. Results Dating app users had significantly higher body image dissatisfaction scores than non-users. Dating app users also demonstrated significantly elevated odds of engaging in four UWCBs and muscle enhancing behaviors: laxatives, diet pills, muscle-building supplements, and protein powders. Conclusions This is one of the first studies to assess dating app use and its association with UWCBs and muscle enhancing behaviors in SMM. Increased surveillance and detection for such behaviors among SMM, particularly those using dating apps, are needed.

Abstract Background The structural diversity of extracellular polymeric substances produced by microorganisms is attracting particular attention. Poly-gamma-glutamic acid (γ-PGA) is a widely studied extracellular polymeric substance from Bacillus species. The function of γ-PGA varies with its molecular weight (Mw). Results Herein, different endogenous promoters in Bacillus licheniformis were selected to regulate the expression levels of pgdS, resulting in the formation of γ-PGA with Mw values ranging from 1.61 × 103 to 2.03 × 104 kDa. The yields of γ-PGA and exopolysaccharides (EPS) both increased in the pgdS engineered strain with the lowest Mw and viscosity, in which the EPS content was almost tenfold higher than that of the wild-type strain. Subsequently, the compositions of EPS from the pgdS engineered strain also changed. Metabolomics and RT-qPCR further revealed that improving the transportation efficiency of EPS and the regulation of carbon flow of monosaccharide synthesis could affect the EPS yield. Conclusions Here, we present a novel insight that increased pgdS expression led to the degradation of γ-PGA Mw and changes in EPS composition, thereby stimulating EPS and γ-PGA production. The results indicated a close relationship between γ-PGA and EPS in B. licheniformis and provided an effective strategy for the controlled synthesis of extracellular polymeric substances.

Food cravings and weight control self-efficacy are psychological issues that can initially and steadily lead to the phenomenon of overweight. The aim of this study was to compare the effectiveness of body appreciation training and self-healing training for food cravings and weight control self-efficacy among overweight women. The method included pretest posttest quasi-experimental design with control group and quarterly follow-up period. Among overweight women referring to control and weight loss centers in Isfahan, 45 were purposed selected and randomly assigned to three groups. The first experimental group participated in 14 weekly 90-minute sessions of body appreciation training and the second experimental group received 14 sessions of 90 minutes and weekly self-healing training. Also, the control group did not receive any intervention during this period. The research instruments were food cravings and weight-bearing self-efficacy questionnaires. The results of repeated measures analysis of variance (ANOVA) showed that in the variables of food cravings and weight control self-efficacy, there was a significant difference between body appreciation training group and self-healing training group with control group. However, there was no significant difference between body appreciation training group and self-healing training group. According to the results, body appreciation training and self-healing training can be used to reduce food cravings and increase self-efficacy related to weight control in overweight women. IntroductionBeing overweight is one of the common disorders that not only creates physical problems but also leads to psychological challenges for the individual (Sasani et al., 2020). A review of the related literature indicates that making efforts to reduce food cravings and weight control self-efficacy can significantly enhance the effectiveness of nutrition and training programs. (Amirizadeh et al., 2016). Given that both of these approaches highlight the role of body appreciation and self-healing in changing the individuals’ attitudes about their self and coping strategies; the present study aimed to compare the effectiveness of body appreciation training and self-healing training for food cravings and weight control self-efficacy among overweight women. Specifically, the current study aimed to find whether there were any meaningful differences between the effect of body appreciation training and self-healing training on food cravings and weight control self-efficacy among overweight women. MethodThis study employed a pretest posttest quasi experimental design with a control group and a three-month follow-up. To this end, the researchers purposefully selected 45 women referring to the wight control centers in Isfahan, Iran in 2021. The participants were randomly assigned to three experimental and control groups. The research instruments included Mol et al.'s food cravings questionnaire (2014) and Clark et al.'s weight-bearing self-efficacy questionnaire (1991). After the participants received the pretest, the first experimental group received in 14 sessions 90-minute sessions of body appreciation training and the second experimental group received 14 sessions of 90 minutes and weekly self-healing training. It should be noted that the control group did not receive any intervention during this period. The participants in the three groups responded to the same questionnaires at the end of the interventions and three months later. To analyze the data, one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and chi square tests were used to check for homogeneity, and repeated measures ANOVA and Bonferroni post hoc tests were used to test the research hypotheses. The data were analyzed using SPSS version 24. ResultsTable 1 presents the descriptive statistics related to food cravings and weight control self-efficacy.Table 1. Mean and Standard Deviation of Research Variables in Three Research Groups in Three Time StagesBody appreciationSelf-healingControl MeanSDMeanSDMeanSDStageVariable46.204.4446.133.7946.73 PretestFood cravings43.402.5541.334.8247.402.32Posttest 42.202.9842.203.7046.932.05Follow-up 24.402.7423.532.2323.802.70PretestWight control self-efficacy32.03.0931.133.3124.862.09posttest31.463.2030.03.4422.62.41Follow-up Moreover, Table 2 presents the results of repeated measures ANOVA for within group, within group interaction, and between group factor for the research variables. 47 Table 2. Summary Of Results of Analysis of Variance with Repeated MeasurementsSum of squaresFDMean SquaresFSigetaPowerFactor Variable 179.511289.75612.237.0001.225.988Time Food cravings 365.7332182.8678.559.001.290.959Group 145.689436.4224.996.001.191.924Tame X Group 720.3112360.15662.226.0001.5971.00Time Weigh control self-efficacy 755.6002387.80030.577.0001.5931.00Group 362.489490.62215.677.0001.4271.00Tame X Group The results indicated that time (F= 21.33, p > .001), group (F= 8.55, p > .001), and time-group interaction (F= 4.96, p > .001), factors were significant for wight control self-efficacy. The meaningful effects for time and group membership that there were significant differences between the three groups in terms of wight control self-efficacy and food cravings. In addition, the results related to food cravings indicated that time (F = 62.26, p > .001), group (F = 30.57, p > .001), and time-group interaction (F = 15.66, p > .001) factors were significant for this variable. Table 3. Bonferroni Test Results for Two-By-Two Comparison of Research GroupsMean differencesigTreatment groupGroup Factor Variable .733.456Self-healingBody appreciation Group Food cravings 3.06.003ControlBody appreciation 3.80.0001ControlSelf-healing -2.84.004PretestPretest Time -2.980.01Follow-up -.131Follow-upPosttest 1.067.165Self-healingBody appreciation Group Wight loss self-efficacy 5.333.0001ControlBody appreciation 4.467.0001ControlSelf-healing -.62.05PosttestPretest Time -.67.005Follow-up -.24.08Follow-upPosttest As shown in Table 3, the results of Bonferroni post hoc test indicated that there were significant differences between self-healing and body appreciation groups with control group in terms of food cravings and weight control self-efficacy (p >.05), while there were no differences between self-healing and body appreciation groups. DiscussionThe purpose of the present study was to compare the effectiveness of body appreciation training and self-healing training for food cravings and weight control self-efficacy among overweight women. It seems that the results of the current study indicated that body appreciation and self-healing training have significant effects on food cravings among overweight women and both led to lower food cravings. The results of this study are in line with the study by Homan and Tilka (2018) who reported similar findings. One possible explanation for the effect of body appreciation might be that this type of training employs positive psychology and identifying weaknesses and strengths to help developing positive attitudes about body, higher body acceptance, and protecting body by preventing unreal expectations.In regards to the effectiveness of self-healing, the findings of the present study were in line with the results of Zarean and Latifi (2021), Irani et al. (2021), Soltani et al. (2020). Moreover, it can be argued that self-healing training, due to its focus on identifying and resolving negative memories and by controlling external and internal triggers, could prevent food cravings.Moreover, the findings indicated that self-healing, similar to body appreciation, positively influenced weight control self-efficacy and led to weight control. It can be mentioned that this training method aimed to teach women to re-evaluate the messages they received about themselves and empower them to reject the negative ones (Bailey et al., 2015). This way, the individuals build a different relationship with their body and enables them to create emotional and cognitive changes; therefore, they have higher self-efficacy in regards to their weight control.The results of the study should be generalized with caution because the sample was limited to women in Isfahan. It is also suggested that future studies use the same training methods in people who aim to have cosmetic surgeries or have negative attitudes about their shape and face in different contexts. Ethical ConsiderationCompliance with Ethical Guidelines: articipation was voluntary—the participants were informed that they could withdraw from the study at any time. All ethical issues like informed consent and confidentiality of participants’ identifications were compiled based on ethical committee of Islamic Azad University of Isfahan (Khomeinishahr).Authors’ Contributions: First author (Z. F) contributed to the conception and design of the study, as well as the acquisition, analysis and interpretation of data, drafting the article, and writing the entire manuscript. Second author (Z. L) contributed to developing the study design and to final approval of the version to be submitted. Both authors contributed to the article and approved the submitted version.Conflict of Interest: The authors declare no conflict of interest for this study.Funding: This study was conducted with no financial support.Acknowledgment: The authors thank all participants in the study. *. Corresponding author

Based on the clinical trials and cohort studies in the Chinese population, this paper systematically summarized the association between weight/ body mass index (BMI) and their changes in preventing non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and its adverse outcomes. The results showed that BMI was positively correlated with NAFLD risk, but for those with NAFLD, BMI was negatively related to the remission of NAFLD and there was a non-linear dose-response relationship between BMI and adverse outcomes. The lean NAFLD group had a higher risk of all-cause death, liver-related death, digestive system tumors, and obesity-related tumors than the overweight or obese NAFLD and lean non-NAFLD group. Additionally, the association between baseline BMI levels and adverse outcomes in NAFLD populations may be affected by other metabolic indicators. After controlling for baseline BMI, most studies suggested that weight loss could reduce the NAFLD risk. However, there is no consistent conclusion on how to control weight to prevent NAFLD because the methods and the time windows to assess BMI changes vary in different studies. Moreover, for those with NAFLD, limited evidence suggested the different relationship between weight loss and different outcomes. Therefore, we call for conducting multi-center cohort and experimental studies to verify the effect of weight control on NAFLD and its related adverse outcomes after considering the heterogeneity of NAFLD, so as to propose precision weight control recommendations.