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Objective: This study aimed to provide theoretical support for the processing application of surimi products by comparing the gel characteristics of Chinese herring surimi and the common surimi. Methods: The surimi gels of Chinese herring, silver carp, white croaker and golden-thread fish were prepared, and the difference of gel strength, texture profile analysis (TPA), gelation index, gel deterioration index, water retention, whiteness and microstructure among the four kinds of surimi were investigated. Results: The hardness, chewiness, adhesiveness, gel strength and water retention of Chinese herring surimi were significantly higher than the those of silver carp surimi (P＜0.05). The above results were consistent with the microstructure properties of Chinese herring surimi gel which appeared a smooth, dense and porely unifrom surface. Moreover, the whiteness of Chinese herring surimi (71.23±0.09) was significantly higher than that of white croaker surimi (67.81±0.25) and white croaker surimi (67.16±0.55). Conclusion: The Chinese herring surimi has the advantages of both freshwater and seawater surimi in gel strength, whiteness, water retention and microstructure formation.

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Background. Serum bilirubin is an endogenous antioxidant that has protective effects against obesity-related metabolic diseases. Objectives. This study aimed to evaluate the characteristics of total bilirubin (TBIL), direct bilirubin (DBIL), and indirect bilirubin (IBIL) and their relationships with insulin sensitivity in obese patients with impaired glucose regulation and type 2 diabetes mellitus (IGR/T2DM) in China. Patients and Methods. Cohort 1 comprised obese patients (n = 71) was divided into the IGR/T2DM group (n = 38, obesity with IGR/T2DM) and control group (n = 33, obesity without IGR/T2DM). Insulin sensitivity was evaluated using the hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp technique (HEC) with glucose disposal rate (GDR, M value). Cohort 2 comprised obese patients with IGR/T2DM who underwent metabolic surgery (n = 109) as complementary to cohort 1. Insulin sensitivity was evaluated with the Matsuda Index and homeostatic model assessment of insulin sensitivity (HOMA-IS). Results. In cohort 1, TBIL, DBIL, and IBIL were higher within the physiological range in the IGR/T2DM group compared with the control group; IBIL was positively correlated with M value (r = 0.342, p = 0.044) in the IGR/T2DM group, and multivariate logistic regression showed that IBIL might be independent protective factors against insulin resistance (odds ratio (OR) = 0.602; 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.413–0.878; p = 0.008). In cohort 2, at 1 month after metabolic surgery, serum bilirubin levels (TBIL, DBIL, and IBIL) increased, and the percentage change in IBIL was positively correlated with the change of the Matsuda Index (r = 0.195, p = 0.045). Conclusions. The relationships between different types of bilirubin and insulin sensitivity varied. Serum indirect bilirubin might be a protective factor that enhances insulin sensitivity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]