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The Matsu archipelago between China and Taiwan, for long an isolated outpost off southeast China, was suddenly transformed into a military frontline in 1949 by the Cold War and the Communist-Nationalist conflict. The army occupied the islands, commencing more than 40 long years of military rule. With the lifting of martial law in 1992, the people were confronted with the question of how to move forward. This in-depth ethnography and social history of the islands focuses on how individual citizens redefined themselves and reimagined their society. Drawing on long-term fieldwork, Wei-Ping Lin shows how islanders used both traditional and new media to cope with the conflicts and trauma of harsh military rule. She discusses the formation of new social imaginaries through the appearance of 'imagining subjects', interrogating their subjectification processes and varied uses of mediating technologies as they seek to answer existential questions. This title is Open Access.

The neutral particle analyzer (NPA) is one of the crucial diagnostic devices in a Tokamak facility. The stripping unit is one of the main parts of the NPA. A windowless gas-stripping room with two differential pipes has been constructed in a parallel electric and magnetic fields (E//B) NPA. The pressure distributions in the stripping chamber are simulated by ANSYS Fluent together with MolFlow+. Based on the pressure distributions obtained from the simulation, the stripping efficiency of the E//B NPA is studied using GEANT4. Hadron reaction physics is modified to track the charge state of each particle in a cross-section-based method in GEANT4. The transmission rates (R) and stripping efficiencies $$f_{+1}$$ are examined for particle energies ranging from 20 to 200 keV with the input pressure ( $$P_0$$ ), ranging from 20 to 400 Pa. According to the combined global efficiency, $$R \times f_{+1}$$ , $$P_0$$ = 240 Pa is obtained as the optimum pressure for the maximum global efficiency in the incident energy range investigated.

Nuclear liquid-gas phase transitions are investigated in the framework of static antisymmetrized molecular dynamics (static AMD) model under either a constant volume or a constant pressure. A deuteron quadrupole momentum fluctuation thermometer is applied to extract the temperature of fragmenting systems of $^{36}$Ar and $^{100}$Sn. A plateau structure of caloric curves is observed under a constant volume for those system with a density $\rho \leq$ 0.03 fm$^{-3}$. A clear backbending in the caloric curves, which indicates a first order phase transition, is observed under a constant pressure with all pressures studied. The similar behavior of caloric curves of $^{36}$Ar and $^{100}$Sn systems indicates that there is no strong system size effect under a constant volume or a constant pressure. Both the mass distributions and the light particle multiplicities show a strong $\alpha$ clusterization at low excitation energies in the static AMD simulations. The liquid-gas phase transition measures of the multiplicity derivative (dM/dT) and the normalized variance of $Z_{max}$ (NVZ) are applied. The experimental caloric curves are also compared with those of $^{100}$Sn of the static AMD simulations under both the constant volume and the constant pressure conditions. Discussions are presented with the available experimental results and those from the static AMD simulations. Large errors in the experimental temperature measurements and those in the reconstruction technique for the primary fragmenting source hinder to draw a conclusion whether the phase transition occurs under either a constant volume or a constant pressure. This study suggests that different measures for the liquid-gas phase transitions should be examined besides the caloric curves in order to draw a conclusion., Comment: 10 figures

Albergo thermometers with double isotope, isotone, and isobar yield ratio pairs with one proton and/or neutron difference are investigated. Without any extra sequential decay correction, a real temperature value of $4.9\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.5$ MeV is deduced from the yields of the experimentally reconstructed primary hot intermediate mass fragments (IMFs) from $^{64}\mathrm{Zn}+^{112}\mathrm{Sn}$ collisions at 40 MeV/nucleon using the Albergo thermometer for the first time. An experimental sequential decay correction from the apparent temperatures to the real ones for 12 other reaction systems with different neutron-proton ($N/Z$) asymmetries in the same experiment, $^{70}\mathrm{Zn}$, $^{64}\mathrm{Ni}$ on $^{112,124}\mathrm{Sn}$, $^{58,64}\mathrm{Ni}$, $^{197}\mathrm{Au}$, and $^{232}\mathrm{Th}$ at 40 MeV/nucleon, is performed using an empirical correction factor approach of Tsang et al. [Phys. Rev. Lett. 78, 3836 (1997)] with the deduced 4.9-MeV temperature value. The dependence of nuclear temperature on the source $N/Z$ asymmetry is further investigated using these deduced real source temperature values from the present 13 systems. It is found that the deduced real source temperatures at the present source $N/Z$ range show a rather weak dependence on the source $N/Z$ asymmetry. By comparison between our previous results and those from other independent experiments, a consistent description for the $N/Z$ asymmetry dependence of nuclear temperature is addressed.

Laser streaming is a phenomenon in which liquid streaming is driven directly from the laser through an in situ fabricated nanostructure. In this study, liquid streaming of a gold nanoparticle suspension driven by a pulsed laser was studied using a high-speed camera. The laser streaming formation time, streaming velocity, and relative energy conversion efficiency of laser streaming was measured for different nanoparticle concentrations, focal lens position, laser powers, and laser repetition rates. In addition to the laser intensity, which played a significant role in the formation process of laser streaming, the optical gradient force was found to be an important approach involved in the transport and provision of nanoparticles during the formation of laser streaming. This finding facilitated a better understanding of the formation mechanism of laser streaming and demonstrated the possibilities of a new potential laser etching technique based on nanosecond lasers and nanoparticle suspensions. This result can also expand the application of laser streaming in microfluids and other fields that require lasers to move macroscopic objects at relatively high speeds.

We use an underground counting lab with an extremely low background to perform an activity measurement for the C 12 + 13 C system with energies down to E c . m . = 2.323 MeV, at which the 12C(13C,p)24Na cross section is found to be 0.22(7) nb. The C 12 + 13 C fusion cross section is derived with a statistical model calibrated using experimental data. Our new result of the C 12 + 13 C fusion cross section is the first decisive evidence in the carbon isotope systems which rules out the existence of the astrophysical S-factor maximum predicted by the phenomenological hindrance model, while confirming the rising trend of the S-factor towards lower energies predicted by other models, such as CC-M3Y+Rep, DC-TDHF, KNS, SPP and ESW. After normalizing the model predictions with our data, a more reliable upper limit is established for the C 12 + 12 C fusion cross sections at stellar energies.

The 74Ge( p , γ )75As reaction is believed to have a strong effect on the production of the lightest p-nucleus 74Se. The 74Ge( p , γ )75As reaction cross sections were measured in the range of E p = 2.5-4.3 MeV with an in-beam γ spectroscopy method at the 3 MV tandem accelerator of the Institute of Nuclear Science and Technology, Sichuan University. The experimental results show good agreement with previous works, and extend the measurements to the widest energies to date combined with our latest work at the 1.7 MV tandem accelerator of China Institute of Atomic Energy. Our new cross sections are compared with theoretical predictions using the TALYS and EMPIRE nuclear reaction codes. The EMPIRE-EGSM calculation presents the best description of all the experimental data, and was used to derive the reaction rates. The present rates are significantly higher than the REACLIB compilation by a factor of up to 47% within the p-process relevant temperatures.

The dependence of the nuclear temperature on the source neutron-proton ($N/Z$) asymmetry is experimentally investigated with the intermediate mass fragments (IMFs) generated from thirteen reaction systems with different $N/Z$ asymmetries, $^{64}\mathrm{Zn}$ on $^{112}\mathrm{Sn}$ and $^{70}\mathrm{Zn}, ^{64}\mathrm{Ni}$ on $^{112,124}\mathrm{Sn}, ^{58,64}\mathrm{Ni}, ^{197}\mathrm{Au}, ^{232}\mathrm{Th}$ at 40 MeV/nucleon. The apparent source temperatures for these systems are determined from the measured IMF yields from the intermediate velocity sources using eight carbon-related double isotope ratio thermometers. A rather weak $N/Z$ asymmetry dependence of the source temperature is qualitatively inferred from the extracted $N/Z$ asymmetry dependence of the apparent temperature and that of the relative temperature change by the sequential decay effects with the help of the theoretical simulations. The present result is compared with those from other available experiments.

In order to validate the evaluated nuclear data for 238U, leakage neutron spectra from pure 238U slab samples of different thicknesses bombarded with 14.8 MeV D-T neutrons were measured at 60 ° (for 10 cm × 10 cm × 2 cm, 10 cm × 10 cm × 5 cm, 10 cm × 10 cm × 11 cm samples) and 120 ° (for 10 cm × 10 cm × 5 cm, 10 cm × 10 cm × 11 cm samples) respectively. The measurement was performed at China Institute of Atomic Energy using time-of-flight method. Monte Carlo simulations were carried out by MCNP-4C code combined with various evaluated nuclear data libraries, namely, ENDF/B-VII.1, JENDL-4.0, CENDL-3.1, JEFF-3.2 and TENDL-2015. The experimental results were compared with the corresponding calculated ones, and the calculation-to-experiment ratio (C/E) which indicates the agreement between them was obtained. The results show that the JENDL4.0 fitted the experimental data best.

The tritium analysis in tritium/deuterium-containing zirconium thin films was performed using elastic backscattering spectrometry (EBS) and β-ray induced X-ray spectrometry (BIXS). The EBS energy spectra were simulated with the SIMNRA program to obtain the tritium depth profiles and the total tritium contents in the samples. Two stopping powers used in the SIMNRA program were compared and it was shown that the SRIM stopping power in the simulations was better than the Ziegler/Biersack stopping power. In the BIXS that incorporated Monte Carlo simulation data, the β-ray stopping layers between the X-ray detector and the sample were Al thin film (BIXS-Al) and Ar gas (BIXS-Ar), respectively. The pile-up effects for BIXS X-ray spectra were corrected using Monte Carlo method for the first time. The tritium depth profiles and the total tritium contents in zirconium thin films obtained by the BIXS-Ar, BIXS-Al, EBS and the pressure, volume and temperature (PVT) method were compared. The possible reasons for the difference between the BIXS-Ar and BIXS-Al were discussed and the generality of Al thin film as the β-ray stopping layer was tested and a standard procedure of BIXS method for analyzing tritium-containing solid materials was proposed, in which the BIXS-Al method was recommended.

A systematic study of system size, $N/Z$ asymmetry, and fragmenting volume effects as well as the Coulomb effect on experimental measures for the nuclear liquid-gas phase transition and the mechanism of phase transition are carried out in the framework of the statistical multifragmentation model (SMM). The measures examined here are the caloric curve, the specific heat capacity (${C}_{v}$), the multiplicity derivative ($dM/dT$), the moment parameters (${M}_{2}$ and ${\ensuremath{\gamma}}_{2}$), the fluctuation of maximum fragment charge number (NVZ), the Fisher exponent ($\ensuremath{\tau}$), and the Zipf's law parameter ($\ensuremath{\xi}$). A signal for the first-order phase transition for all the measures is observed. A stronger signal is observed in the system with smaller sizes or with more neutron rich or in smaller fragmenting volumes for the caloric curve, ${C}_{v}$, and $dM/dT$. The phase-transition temperatures are independent of the system size, $N/Z$ asymmetry, fragmenting volume, and Coulomb force, which indicates these measures give a solid signal for the liquid-gas phase transition in SMM. On the other hand, the phase transition temperature and its behavior of the others slightly depend on the size, the $N/Z$ asymmetry and the volume of the system. A negative heat capacity is observed for systems with ${A}_{s}\ensuremath{\ge}$ 100 without the Coulomb force but disappears with the Coulomb. An instructive picture is given in the charge distributions for the observed first-order phase transition.

Benchmarking of evaluated nuclear data libraries was performed for 14 MeV neutrons on silicon carbide samples. The experiments were carried out by using the benchmark experimental facility at China Institute of Atomic Energy (CIAE). The leakage neutron spectra from SiC (Φ13 cm × 20 cm) at 60° and 120° and SiC (Φ13 cm × 2 cm) at 60° were measured by the TOF method. The measured spectra are well reproduced by MCNP-4C calculations with the CENDL-3.1, ENDF/B-VII.1 and JENDL-4.0 evaluated nuclear data libraries, except 5–8 MeV range for 20 cm thickness. The discrepancies are mostly considered as caused by the improper evaluation of the angular distribution and secondary neutron energy distribution of the elastic scattering and inelastic scattering in evaluated nuclear data libraries.

The experimental measures of the multiplicity derivatives---the moment parameters, the bimodal parameter, the fluctuation of maximum fragment charge number (normalized variance of ${Z}_{\mathrm{max}}$, or NVZ), the Fisher exponent ($\ensuremath{\tau}$), and the Zipf law parameter ($\ensuremath{\xi}$)---are examined to search for the liquid-gas phase transition in nuclear multifragmention processes within the framework of the statistical multifragmentation model (SMM). The sensitivities of these measures are studied. All these measures predict a critical signature at or near to the critical point both for the primary and secondary fragments. Among these measures, the total multiplicity derivative and the NVZ provide accurate measures for the critical point from the final cold fragments as well as the primary fragments. The present study will provide a guide for future experiments and analyses in the study of the nuclear liquid-gas phase transition.

In this article, a mistake in the formulation of the modified Fisher model (MFM) derived in the pioneering works of the Purdue group is addressed and corrected by reversing the sign of the mixing entropy term in the original formulation. The errors in the results of the previous MFM-related studies, such as isotopic yield distribution, isobaric yield ratios, isoscaling, $m$ scaling, self-consistent determination of density, symmetry energy, and temperature, and density and temperature determination related to the intermediate mass fragment (IMF) freezeout, are quantitatively analyzed. It is found that the errors originating from the mistake in sign of the mixing entropy term are generally small and even have no effect in some cases.

The nuclear shell structure, which originates in the nearly independent motion of nucleons in an average potential, provides an important guide for our understanding of nuclear structure and the underlying nuclear forces. Its most remarkable fingerprint is the existence of the so-called magic numbers of protons and neutrons associated with extra stability. Although the introduction of a phenomenological spin–orbit (SO) coupling force in 1949 helped in explaining the magic numbers, its origins are still open questions. Here, we present experimental evidence for the smallest SO-originated magic number (subshell closure) at the proton number six in 13–20C obtained from systematic analysis of point-proton distribution radii, electromagnetic transition rates and atomic masses of light nuclei. Performing ab initio calculations on 14,15C, we show that the observed proton distribution radii and subshell closure can be explained by the state-of-the-art nuclear theory with chiral nucleon–nucleon and three-nucleon forces, which are rooted in the quantum chromodynamics., Magic numbers are associated with the stability of atomic nuclei. Here, the authors analyse the proton radii, binding energies and electric quadrupole transition rates of neutron-rich carbon isotopes at proton number six and use nuclear structure models to support the magic number Z = 6.

Benchmarking of evaluated nuclear data libraries was performed for $\sim 14.8$ MeV neutrons on Gallium targets. The experiments were performed at China Institute of Atomic Energy(CIAE). Solid samples of natural Gallium (3.2 cm and 6.4 cm thick) were bombarded by $\sim 14.8$ MeV neutrons and leakage neutron energy spectra were measured at 60$^{\circ}$ and 120$^{\circ}$. The measured spectra are rather well reproduced by MCNP-4C simulations with the CENDL-3.1, ENDF/B-VII and JENDL-4.0 evaluated nuclear data libraries, except for the inelastic contributions around $E_{n} = 10-13$ MeV. All three libraries significantly underestimate the inelastic contributions. The inelastic contributions are further studied, using the Talys simulation code and the experimental spectra are reproduced reasonably well in the whole energy range by the Talys calculation, including the inelastic contributions., Comment: 12 pages, 7 figures

Symmetry energy, temperature and density at the time of the intermediate mass fragment formation are determined in a self-consistent manner, using the experimentally reconstructed primary hot isotope yields and anti-symmetrized molecular dynamics (AMD) simulations. The yields of primary hot fragments are experimentally reconstructed for multifragmentation events in the reaction system Zn 64 + Sn 112 at 40 MeV / nucleon . Using the reconstructed hot isotope yields and an improved method, based on the modified Fisher model, symmetry energy values relative to the apparent temperature, a sym / T , are extracted. The extracted values are compared with those of the AMD simulations, extracted in the same way as those for the experiment, with the Gogny interaction with three different density-dependent symmetry energy terms. The a sym / T values change according to the density-dependent symmetry energy terms used. Using this relation, the density of the fragmenting system is extracted first. Then symmetry energy and apparent temperature are determined in a self consistent manner in the AMD model simulations. Comparing the calculated a sym / T values and those of the experimental values from the reconstructed yields, ρ / ρ 0 = 0.65 ± 0.02 , a sym = 23.1 ± 0.6 MeV and T = 5.0 ± 0.4 MeV are evaluated for the fragmenting system experimentally observed in the reaction studied.

Ratios of differential chemical potential values relative to the temperature, $({\ensuremath{\mu}}_{n}\ensuremath{-}{\ensuremath{\mu}}_{p})/T$, extracted from isotope yields of 13 reaction systems at 40 MeV/nucleon are compared to those of a quantum statistical model to determine the temperature and symmetry energy values of the fragmenting system. The experimental $({\ensuremath{\mu}}_{n}\ensuremath{-}{\ensuremath{\mu}}_{p})/T$ values are extracted based on the modified Fisher model. Using the density value of $\ensuremath{\rho}/{\ensuremath{\rho}}_{0}=0.56$ from the previous analysis, the temperature and symmetry energy values of $T=4.6\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.4$ MeV and ${a}_{\mathrm{sym}}=23.6\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}2.1$ MeV are extracted in a framework of a quantum statistical model. These values agree well with those of the previous work, in which a self-consistent method was utilized with antisymmetrized molecular dynamics simulations. The extracted temperature and symmetry energies are discussed together with other experimental values published in literature.

The RIBLL2 in-flight separator at IMP, the secondary beam line between two storage rings at the \blue{\uwave{Heavy Ion Research Facility in Lanzhou (HIRFL-CSR)}}, has been commissioned to study the rare-isotope beam (RIB) physics at around 300 MeV/nucleon for the first time, in combination of the external target facility (ETF). The unambiguous particle identification in mass and charge states for $^{18}$O and $^{40}$Ar fragments has been achieved in recent experiments. A full realization of RIBLL2 will open many potentials to address important RIB physics problems at around 300 MeV/nucleon., Comment: 3 pages, 2 figures

The ITER correction coils (CC) system features shaking hands lap-type joints to interface the terminations of the conductors. The feasibility of operating plasma scenarios depends on the ability of the magnets to retain sufficient temperature and current margins. In this respect, the joints represent a possible critical region due to the combination of steady-state Joule heating from the resistance of the joint and coupling currents and connected losses in magnetic field ramped operation. Since manufacturing and testing of different joint concepts is demanding from cost and time point of view, a dedicated model has been developed based on the numerical cable model JackPot-ACDC to reproduce the performance of lap-type joints and assess the effect of possible optimization solutions. In this work, the prediction capability of the model is verified through AC loss measurements on a prototype ITER CC joint manufactured at ASIPP. The results of the experiment and model are reported and discussed.

An antisymmetrized molecular dynamics model (AMD-FM), modified to take into account the Fermi motion explicitly in its nucleon-nucleon collision process, is presented. Calculated high-energy proton spectra are compared with those of $^{40}\mathrm{Ar}+^{51}\mathrm{V}$ at 44 MeV/nucleon from Coniglione et al. [Phys. Lett. B 471, 339 (2000)] and those of $^{36}\mathrm{Ar}+^{181}\mathrm{Ta}$ at 94 MeV/nucleon from Germain et al. [Nucl. Phys. A 620, 81 (1997)]. Both of the experimental data are reasonably well reproduced by the newly added Fermi boost in the nucleon-nucleon collision process without additional processes, such as a three-body collision or a short-range correlation. The production mechanism of high-energy protons in intermediate-energy heavy-ion collisions is discussed.

We have measured for the first time the charge-changing cross sections $({\ensuremath{\sigma}}_{\text{CC}})$ of $^{12\text{--}16}\mathrm{C}$ on a $^{12}\mathrm{C}$ target at energies below $100A$ MeV. To analyze these low-energy data, we have developed a finite-range Glauber model with a global parameter set within the optical-limit approximation which is applicable to reaction cross section $({\ensuremath{\sigma}}_{\text{R}})$ and ${\ensuremath{\sigma}}_{\text{CC}}$ measurements at incident energies from $10A$ to $2100A$ MeV. Adopting the proton-density distribution of $^{12}\mathrm{C}$ known from the electron-scattering data, as well as the bare total nucleon-nucleon cross sections and the real-to-imaginary-part ratios of the forward proton-proton elastic scattering amplitude available in the literatures, we determine the energy-dependent slope parameter ${\ensuremath{\beta}}_{pn}$ of the proton-neutron elastic differential cross section so as to reproduce the existing ${\ensuremath{\sigma}}_{\text{R}}$ and interaction cross-section data for $^{12}\mathrm{C}+\phantom{\rule{4pt}{0ex}}^{12}\mathrm{C}$ over a wide range of incident energies. The Glauber model thus formulated is applied to calculate the ${\ensuremath{\sigma}}_{\text{R}}$'s of $^{12}\mathrm{C}$ on a $^{9}\mathrm{Be}$ and $^{27}\mathrm{Al}$ targets at various incident energies. Our calculations show excellent agreement with the experimental data. Applying our model to the ${\ensuremath{\sigma}}_{\text{R}}$ and ${\ensuremath{\sigma}}_{\text{CC}}$ for the so-called neutron-skin $^{16}\mathrm{C}$ nucleus, we reconfirm the importance of measurements at incident energies below $100A$ MeV. The proton root-mean-square radii of $^{12\text{--}16}\mathrm{C}$ are extracted using the measured ${\ensuremath{\sigma}}_{\text{CC}}$'s and the existing ${\ensuremath{\sigma}}_{\text{R}}$ data. The results for $^{12\text{--}14}\mathrm{C}$ are consistent with the values from the electron scatterings, demonstrating the feasibility, usefulness of the ${\ensuremath{\sigma}}_{\text{CC}}$ measurement, and the present Glauber model.

A new method is proposed to perform shape analyses and to evaluate their validity in heavy ion collisions near the Fermi energy. In order to avoid erroneous values of shape parameters in the calculation, a test particle method is utilized in which each nucleon is represented by n test particles, similar to that used in the Boltzmann–Uehling–Uhlenbeck (BUU) calculations. The method is applied to the events simulated by an antisymmetrized molecular dynamics model. The geometrical shape of fragments is reasonably extracted when n = 100 is used. A significant deformation is observed for all fragments created in the multifragmentation process. The method is also applied to the shape of the momentum distribution for event classification. In the momentum case, the errors in the eigenvalue calculation become much smaller than those of the geometrical shape analysis and the results become similar between those with and without the test particle method, indicating that in intermediate heavy ion collisions the shape analysis of momentum distribution can be used for the event classification without the test particle method.

The characteristic properties of the hot nuclear matter existing at the time of fragment formation in the multifragmentation events produced in the reaction $^{64}$Zn + $^{112}$Sn at 40 MeV/nucleon are studied. A kinematical focusing method is employed to determine the multiplicities of evaporated light particles, associated with isotopically identified detected fragments. From these data the primary isotopic yield distributions are reconstructed using a Monte Carlo method. The reconstructed yield distributions are in good agreement with the primary isotope distributions obtained from AMD transport model simulations. Utilizing the reconstructed yields, power distribution, Landau free energy, characteristic properties of the emitting source are examined. The primary mass distributions exhibit a power law distribution with the critical exponent, $A^{-2.3}$, for $A \geq 15$ isotopes, but significantly deviates from that for the lighter isotopes. Landau free energy plots show no strong signature of the first order phase transition. Based on the Modified Fisher Model, the ratios of the Coulomb and symmetry energy coefficients relative to the temperature, $a_{c}/T$ and $a_{sym}/T$, are extracted as a function of A. The extracted $a_{sym}/T$ values are compared with results of the AMD simulations using Gogny interactions with different density dependencies of the symmetry energy term. The calculated $a_{sym}/T$ values show a close relation to the symmetry energy at the density at the time of the fragment formation. From this relation the density of the fragmenting source is determined to be $\rho /\rho_{0} = (0.63 \pm 0.03 )$. Using this density, the symmetry energy coefficient and the temperature of fragmenting source are determined in a self-consistent manner as $a_{sym} = (24.7 \pm 3.4) MeV$ and $T=(4.9 \pm 0.2)$ MeV.

For central collisions of $^{40}$Ca $+ ^{40}$Ca at 35 MeV/nucleon, the density and temperature of a fragmenting source have been evaluated in a self-consistent manner using the ratio of the symmetry energy coefficient relative to the temperature, $a_{sym}/T$, extracted from the yields of primary isotopes produced in antisymmetrized molecular dynamics (AMD) simulations. The $a_{sym}/T$ values are extracted from all isotope yields using an improved method based on the Modified Fisher Model (MFM). The values of $a_{sym}/T$ obtained, using different interactions with different density dependencies of the symmetry energy term, are correlated with the values of the symmetry energies at the density of fragment formation. Using this correlation, the fragment formation density is found to be $\rho/\rho_0 = 0.67 \pm 0.02$. Using the input symmetry energy value for each interaction temperature values are extracted as a function of isotope mass $A$. The extracted temperature values are compared with those evaluated from the fluctuation thermometer with a radial flow correction., Comment: 10 pages, 8 figures

Integral neutronics experiments have been investigated at Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences (IMP, CAS) in order to validate evaluated nuclear data related to the design of Chinese Initiative Accelerator Driven Systems (CIADS). In present paper, the accuracy of evaluated nuclear data for Tungsten has been examined by comparing measured leakage neutron spectra with calculated ones. Leakage neutron spectra from the irradiation of D-T neutrons on Tungsten slab sample were experimentally measured at 60$^{\circ}$ and 120$^{\circ}$ by using a time-of-flight method. Theoretical calculations are carried out by Monte Carlo neutron transport code MCNP-4C with evaluated nuclear data of the ADS-2.0, ENDF/B-VII.0, ENDF/B-VII.1, JENDL-4.0 and CENDL-3.1 libraries. From the comparisons, it is found that the calculations with ADS-2.0 and ENDF/B-VII.1 give good agreements with the experiments in the whole energy regions at 60$^{\circ}$, while a large discrepancy is observed at 120$^{\circ}$ in the elastic scattering peak, caused by a slight difference in the oscillation pattern of the elastic angular distribution at angles larger than 20$^{\circ}$. However, the calculated spectra using data from ENDF/B-VII.0, JENDL-4.0 and CENDL-3.1 libraries showed larger discrepancies with the measured ones, especially around 8.5-13.5 MeV. Further studies are presented for these disagreements., Comment: 10pages, 7figures

We demonstrate a GaN-based phosphor-free near-white-light light-emitting-diode (LED) structure that operates in the visible wavelengths and offers broadening and flattening optical bandwidth performance. The incorporation of GaN-based dual wavelengths (blue and green) multiple-quantum-wells with a transverse p-n junction produces a device which can directly generate stable and near visible white-light emissions. The shape of the optical spectra (440-560 nm) are invariable from low to very high levels of bias currents. The problems of nonuniform carrier distribution and bias dependent electroluminescence spectra that occur in traditional phosphor-free white-light or near-white-light LEDs (with vertical p-n junctions) are eliminated by the demonstrated structure

The excitation energies of the primary hot isotopes in multifragmentation events are experimentally reconstructed in the reaction system 64Zn + 112Sn at 40 MeV/nucleon. A kinematical focusing method is employed to evaluate the multiplicities of the evaporated light particles associated with isotopically identified fragments with 3≤Z≤14. Angular distributions of the velocity spectra of light charged particles and neutrons associated with trigger isotopes are examined. A moving source fit is used to separate the kinematically correlated particles, evaporated from the parents of the detected isotopes, from the uncorrelated particles originating from other sources. The latter are evaluated experimentally relative to those in coincidence with the Li isotopes. A parameter, k, is used to adjust the yield of the uncorrelated particles for different trigger isotopes. For each experimentally detected isotope, the multiplicities, apparent temperatures, and k values for n, p, d, t, and α particles are extracted. Using the extracted values, the excitation energies of the primary hot isotopes are reconstructed employing a Monte Carlo method. The extracted excitation energies are in the range of 1 to 4 MeV/nucleon but show a significant decreasing trend as a function of A for a given Z of the isotopes. The results are compared with those of antisymmetrized molecular dynamics (AMD) and statistical multifragmentation model (SMM) simulations. While some of the experimental characteristics are predicted partially by each model, neither simulation reproduces the overall characteristics of the experimental results. © 2013 American Physical Society.

Background: As natural medicines in Asia, curcumin and triptolide extracted from different drug plants have proven to possess anticancer potential and widely used for anti-cancer research. The present study attempted to clarify that curcumin and triptolide synergistically suppress ovarian cancer cell growth in vitro. Methods: To test synergic effects, cell viability and apoptosis were analyzed after curcumin and triptolide combination treatment on ovarian cancer cell lines. Synergistic effects on apoptosis induction were determined by lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) leakage assay, intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) assay, mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) loss assay and flow cytometry analysis. Critical regulators of cell proliferation and apoptosis related were analyzed by qRT-PCR and Western blotting. Results: We showed that the combination of curcumin and triptolide could synergistically inhibit ovarian cancer cell growth, and induce apoptosis, which is accompanied by HSP27 and HSP70, indicating that HSP27 and HSP70 play the important role in the synergic effect. Conclusions: From the result present here, curcumin and triptolide combination with lower concentration have a synergistic anti-tumor effect on ovarian cancer and which will have a good potential in clinical applications.

Charge Changing Cross Sections (CCCS or σ CC ) of neutron-rich carbon isotopes on carbon target were measured at low energy (50A MeV) for the first time. The consistency between Glauber calculation and experimental σ CC of 12 C isotope at low energy region shows that proton distribution radii can be derived from CCCS at low energy.

This paper explores how popular religion can offer a different interpretation of history than the macro politico-economic perspective. It draws on ethnography from rural Taiwan to discuss how the local people have their own ways of understanding history. The author examines religious narratives, the revelations of spirit mediums, and changes in the governance of temples to show how the social histories of the region and the wider society are reconstituted locally. These religious narrations and practices, grounded in ideas of place and in the social relations between deities and their adherents, are important means of constructing local identity and conveying people's agency.