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Uterus didelphus is a congenital abnormality arising from failure of fusion of Mullerian ducts, creating two separate uterine horns, two cervices and, in some cases, a vagina divided by a longitudinal septum. In this case, a 26-year-old woman with previously undiagnosed uterus didelphus spontaneously conceived dicavitary twins. Although initially wanting a vaginal birth, when both twins were in a breech presentation, a caesarean section was performed at 36 weeks, delivering two healthy babies. We will discuss the risk of obstetric complications in uterus didelphus and the challenges surrounding a vaginal delivery.

The objective of the study was to evaluate the effect of short (5 days) and long (9 days) SC protocols in ewes inseminated with frozen semen on the diameter of the uterine horn and pregnancy rate. The experiment was carried out at the Carolina Experimental Center, belonging to the National University of the Altiplano, and 40 ewes be-tween Corriedale and Criollas were used; in groups of 20 for each treatment, which were synchronized with in-travaginal sponges based on Medroxyprogesterone acetate, for 9 days (long protocol) and 5 days (short protocol) and at the time of sponge removal, 350 IU of eCG were applied. To measure the diameter of the uterine horn, ultrasonography was performed at 36 h post sponge removal and at 56 h after cervical insemination with thawed semen and a subsequent ultrasonography at 35 days to confirm gestation. Quantitative data were analyzed using the statistical t-test for uterine horn diameter and Chi-square for gestation rate. The results for uterine horn diameter were 11.11±1.52 and 12.12±2.12 mm for the short and long synchronization protocol, respectively. Regarding the pregnancy rate, 21.05 % and 25 % were obtained for the short and long synchronization protocol, respectively. Therefore, we can conclude that the long progesterone treatment had better results than the short treatment both in uterine diameter and pregnancy rate, but this difference was not significant (p>0.05).

Outward remodeling of the maternal uterine circulation during pregnancy is essential for normal uteroplacental perfusion and pregnancy outcome. The physiological mechanism by which this process is regulated is unknown; we hypothesized that it involved the normalization of wall shear stress (WSS). Pregnant Sprague–Dawley rats underwent unilateral ligation of the main uterine artery and vein at the cervical end of the uterus on gestational day 10, thus restricting inflow/outflow of blood into that uterine horn to a single point at the ovarian end; the contralateral sham‐operated side provided an internal control. This procedure alters uterine hemodynamics by increasing WSS, since the entire uterine horn is supplied by one rather than two vessels. Arterial diameter and blood flow velocity values were measured by intravital ultrasonographic pulse‐wave Doppler on gestational day 20 and used to calculate WSS. Although both ovarian artery lumen diameter and blood velocity increased, WSS was similar in both horns. These data support the concept that increased WSS secondary to hemochorial placentation is the primary physiological stimulus for uterine vascular remodeling and that its normalization may be the primary mechanism that regulates the extent of arterial circumferential growth required to maintain placental perfusion. We further hypothesize that shallow spiral artery invasion, such as occurs in preeclampsia, limits the increase in upstream shear stress and results in attenuated remodeling and placental under‐perfusion.

Objective: Red ginseng (RG) exerts anti-inflammatory, anti-proliferative, and immunomodulatory effects on endometriosis through the regulation of microRNA (miRNA) expression. It may also ameliorate endometriosis by affecting the expression of multiple miRNAs simultaneously, rather than acting on a single miRNA at a given time. Since studies on the overall effects of RG on endometriosis via the regulation of miRNA expression are lacking, the current study aimed to explore the global effect of RG on miRNA expression in a mouse model of endometriosis. Methods: To establish the mouse model, the uterine horn of donor mice was implanted into the lateral side of the recipients’ peritoneum, followed by vehicle or RG treatment for 8 weeks. Results: To confirm the effects of RG on the established mouse model, the size of the implanted uterus was measured; it was found to be lower in mice from the RG group than in mice from the control group. miRNA expression profiles in the implanted uterus of the mouse model of endometriosis after vehicle or RG administration were analyzed using microarray technology. Thereafter, seven candidate miRNAs and 125 candidate genes (miRNA targets) were identified through a bioinformatics analysis. Conclusion: The present findings suggest that RG regulates the expression of multiple miRNAs and mRNAs, thereby alleviating endometriosis in a mouse model of the disease.

The prevalence of congenital uterine anomalies has been reported as 6.7% in the general population. The unicornuate uterus accounts for 2.4-13% of all Mullerian anomalies and has a prevalence of 1:1000. A unicornuate uterus may be present alone or with a rudimentary horn and 75-90% of rudimentary horns are non-communicating. A pregnancy in the rudimentary horn may lead to uterine rupture, haemoperitoneum with a high risk of maternal mortality. The association of a unicornuate uterus with a non-communicating uterine horn to the VACTERL association of defects (vertebral anomalies, anorectal malformations, cardiovascular anomalies, tracheoesophageal fistula, esophageal atresia, renal anomalies and limb defects) has been described only twice in the literature. We report a patient who was born with an extra thumb and had a trachea-bronchial remnant with oesophageal stenosis that were both operated on earlier, and they were associated with a non-communicating rudimentary uterine horn. To the best of our knowledge, this is the third case reported in the literature of a VACTERL association to a unicornuate uterus with a non-communicating functional rudimentary horn. Given the high risk for the patient if pregnant an early diagnosis is paramount. This case highlights the importance of considering Mullerian defects in the young patient born with components of the VACTERL association.

The study describes the details of histological changes occurring during the postnatal development of the wall of the uterine horn in the European shorthair domestic cat. Light microscope observations and morphometric analysis were carried out to investigate the rate of development of the wall of the uterine horns in order to estimate the maturing time. Uterine horns of newborn and 1week-old cats are fetal-like and showing smooth, nonfolded endometrium lined with pseudostratified epithelium, deprived of uterine glands, and poorly developed two-layered myometrium. The lamina propria of the mucosa becomes folded in the first month of postnatal life. At the same time, the primordia of the uterine glands appear, elongating, doubling in number and reaching the basal layer by sixth month of age. In six-month-old cats, the lamina propria of the mucosa is formed into the functional and basal layer and its thickness increases rapidly. Until the sixth month of age, the inner circular muscle layer is the widest part of the myometrium, the outer longitudinal layer is the thinnest, while the width of the vascular layer is an intermediate value between the width of the inner and outer layer. From the seventh month of age, the proportion of the thickness of the inner and outer layer is reversed and the vascular layer becomes the thinnest part of the myometrium. Between seventh and twelfth month of age, the structure of the wall of the uterine horn does not change significantly, as the longitudinal mucosal folds limiting the narrow lumen of the uterine horns, and the arrangement of the layers in the wall is assigned to a pattern according to which the endometrium represents about 40% of the total width of the wall, while the myometrium is about 60%. In the studied time span of postnatal life, the average thickness of the wall of the uterine horn increases 9.4 -fold, the thickness of the lamina propria and mucosal folds increases 6.9-fold and 3.8-fold, respectively, while the thickness of the myometrium increases 17.3-fold. Summing up, the process of maturation of the wall of the uterine horns in the domestic cat lasts up to sixth month of postnatal life and includes the formation of the endometrial longitudinal folds, appearance and development of the uterine glands, division of the lamina propria of the mucosa into the functional and basal layers, and continued development of the circular, vascular and longitudinal muscle layers.

Background The incidence of dystocia in cats is relatively low compared to that in other pet and farm animals. However, when dystocia occurs in cats, manual, medicinal or surgical intervention is required. Objectives Here, we report a caesarean section (C‐section) in a Bangladeshi domestic cat that suffered from dystocia due to partial primary uterine inertia. Methods A Bangladeshi domestic queen cat was presented to the Veterinary Teaching Hospital (VTH) with signs of dystocia. The queen had given birth to one kitten 36 hr earlier; however, newborn died 30 min after birth. She was unable to deliver the remaining fetuses. The cat had gone off feed, appeared depressed, had a severely enlarged abdomen and showed no straining efforts. On palpation, bony‐like structures were felt in both sides of the abdomen. Ultrasonographic (USG) examination was carried out, which confirmed the presence of two fetuses, one fetus in each uterine horn. No fetal movements could be detected. The cat was diagnosed with dystocia due to partial primary uterine inertia. Results A C‐section was performed, and two emphysematous, putrefied and large dead kittens were removed. The uterus was found to be severely decomposed and foul smelling; therefore, an ovariohysterectomy was carried out to prevent development of maternal toxaemia and septicaemia. The queen recovered fully. Conclusion To the best of our knowledge, we report here, for the first time, a successful C‐section followed by an ovariohysterectomy in a Bangladeshi domestic cat, suffering from severe dystocia due to partial primary uterine inertia for >36 hr., The incidence of dystocia in cats is relatively low compared to that in other pet and farm animals. However, when dystocia occurs in cats, manual, medicinal, or surgical intervention is required. To the best of our knowledge, we report here, for the first time, a successful C‐section followed by an ovariohysterectomy in a Bangladeshi domestic cat, suffering from severe dystocia due to partial primary uterine inertia for >36 hr.

Pregnancy in rudimentary uterine horn has been reported to be very rare in literature, and is associated with adverse complications. Furthermore, it is also difficult to diagnose, and in most cases, is diagnosed after being ruptured. A case of ruptured rudimentary uterine horn pregnancy presented at Elsaudi Maternity Hospital (Sudan). Despite her recurrent presentation for persistent suprapubic pain and frequent ultrasound scans, the uterine horn pregnancy was not detected, and the diagnosis was made during laparotomy as her condition started to deteriorate progressively due to massive internal bleeding from the ruptured uterine horn. Keywords: rudimentary uterine horn pregnancy, ectopic pregnancy, Mullerian anomalies, early pregnancy complication

Mullerian development anomalies (MDAs) are most commonly diagnosed in the reproductive period. A bicornuate uterus is the result of a fusion defect of the Mullerian ducts, causing an abnormal fundal outline. Most of the cases are diagnosed early in life and present with obstetrical complications, such as recurrent pregnancy loss, preterm birth, intrauterine growth restriction, placental abruption, and cervical incompetence. Pelvic organ prolapse (POP) in women with MDAs has been reported; however, all reported cases were when MDAs are diagnosed before or simultaneously with the development of POP in premenopausal young women aged < 35. A 52-year-old menopausal woman, who successfully delivered vaginally at term, was presented with protruding mass through vaginal introitus. On POP-Q examination, the cervix was elongated and descended to 1 cm out of the hymen during bearing down; however, the uterine bodies were confined in the pelvic cavity, which is commonly encountered among POP patients with large uterus due to uterine fibroids or adenomyosis. She also diagnosed for complete bicornuate uterus and underwent robotic sacrocolpopexy for advanced stage POP. It is presumed to have been caused by the bicornuate uterus that prevented the total uterine prolapse with the effect of extending both uterine horns bilaterally inside the pelvic cavity and trapping the uterus within the pelvis. Herein, we report a rare case of complete bicornuate uterus with multiple successful vaginal deliveries at term without obstetric complications, which remained undiagnosed until she was managed for the POP in her postmenopausal period.

Introduction: Mullerian malformations are a group of malformations that result from an alteration of embryonic development. Most cases are asymptomatic, however, in pregnant patients it has been associated with recurrent abortion or premature delivery. Case presentation: 12 + 2 weeks pregnant woman consulted for abdominal pain, vomiting and fever. During the study, a transvaginal ultrasound was performed, where two endometric cavities and a pregnancy in the right horn were observed. The evolution of the patient was torpid, reaching hypovolemic shock, resolved by an emergency laparotomy where the rupture of the right horn was found. Discussion: The bicornuate uterus is the consequence of a partial fusion of the paramesonephric ducts during the fetal development, resulting in two functional uterine horns. Patients with bicornuate uterus may be asymptomatic, a uterine rupture is a rare but potentially severe complication of the bicornuate uterus and is usually presented during first and second trimester. Conclusions: Pregnancy with Mullerian anomalies often has preterm delivery, IUGR and malpresentation, and even more severe complication as uterine ruptura, so, requires proper counselling and close monitoring during antenatal period.

This clinical case reports prerupture diagnosis of a rudimentary horn pregnancy in a 27-year-old formerly healthy woman presented with moderate to severe suprapubic abdominal pain at the gestational age of 12 + 0 weeks. The suspected diagnosis of this pregnant rudimentary horn via transvaginal ultrasound was acknowledged during an emergency exploratory laparotomy. The simple transvaginal ultrasound criteria suggested by the present study would help clinicians avoid time-consuming inefficient investigative procedure and rule out this rare life-threatening condition by taking into account the rudimentary horn pregnancy as a differential diagnosis in patients presenting with abdominal pain.

The placenta of the Korean water deer was anatomically examined to accumulate basic information regarding its reproductive system. The convex placentomes with five to nine well-developed pedicles were observed in the whole uterine horns, and therefore, the placenta was classified as oligocotyledonary. The evidence indicating the migration of binucleate cells (BNCs) from trophectoderm to the uterine epithelium led to the histological classification of the placenta as synepitheliochorial. The number of fetuses was markedly higher than that in other ruminant species. However, the number of placentomes was found to be similar to the other Cervidae species. Therefore, these results suggest that the Korean water deer may possess special mechanisms or structures at the fetus attachment site to maintain this unusally high number of fetuses.

A 4-year-old intact female Standard Wirehaired Dachshund dog was referred with chief complaint of inguinal mass to the Small Animal Clinic at the University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy in Košice, Slovakia. On physical examination, the bitch was healthy with no abnormalities other than having a non-painful and non-reducible soft tissue mass in the left inguinal region also involving the mammary gland. Ultrasonographic examination of the abdomen revealed a pregnant uterus and ultrasonography of the inguinal mass showed an organ with a lumen filled with anaechoic fluid. The diagnosis of a herniation was made and the owners decided for complete ovariohysterectomy. The left uterine horn had an incarcerated part of the inguinal hernia together with the ovary. Inside there was one macerated conceptus. The remaining part of the left uterine horn was located in the abdomen and had 2 macerated conceptuses. The bitch made an uneventful recovery from the surgery and anaesthesia with no postoperative complications and was sent home after the surgical procedure.

The article presents the results of a study of the efficiency of transcervical embryo transplantation obtained from donor- cows in vivo. The aim of the experiment was to compare the effectiveness of ipsilateral transfers randomized laterally from the uterine horn of embryos of different stages of development (blastocysts and morulas). The embryos were located in the left or right horn of the uterus of recipient heifers (n = 283 cows). It was experimentally established that the functional asymmetry of the ovaries of the recipients affects the level of survival of preimplantation embryos. Thus, in case of transfer to the left horn of the uterus of the recipients blastocysts 60.91% of pregnant heifers were found; morulas - 45.45%. In case of similar procedures in the right horn of the uterus - were found respectively 58.78% and 14.29% pregnant. The obtained results indicate the need for further scientific research to study the structural and physiological features that affect the survival rate of pre-implantation embryos. Key words: donor cows, recipient heifers, embryo transfer, blastocysts, morulas, transferable embryos, ipsilateral localization. References Anderson, G. B. (1983). Embryo transfer in domestic animals. Adv.Vet. Sci, 27, 129-162. Bollman, M., Greenhawk, A., Shipley, A., & Gibbons, P. (2020). Ovarian profile and pregnancy rates following ovulation synchronization and timed-artificial insemination in dairy cows. College of Veterinary Medicine. Lincoln M.U., 1291-1300. Buhrov, O. D., & Tkachova, I. V. (2013). Znachennia metodu transplantatsii embrioniv u systemi selektsiinoi roboty z maloplodnymy vydamy tvaryn. Nauk.–tekhn. Biul, 113, 43-52 (in Ukrainian). Danchuk, O. V., Karposvkii, V. I., Tomchuk, V. A. et al. (2020). Temperament in Cattle: A Method of Evaluation and Main Characteristics. Neurophysiology, 52, 73–79. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11062-020-09853-6 Does, C., Stringfellow, D., & Shultz, P. D (1984). Incorporation of follicle stimulating hormone used for embryotransfer in cattle into maltilamellar lyposomes. Theriogenology, 21(4), 661-675. https://doi.org/10.1016/0093-691X(84)90450-3 Dovhopol, V. F., Duvanov, O. V., & Ivanchenko, M. I. (2010). Efektyvnist biotekhnolohii transplantatsii embrioniv velykoi rohatoi khudoby u Poltavskii oblasti. Veterynarna medytsyna, 13, 138-141 (in Ukrainian). Duvanov, O. V. (2011). Morfolohichna kharakterystyka zhovtykh til yaiechnykiv i efektyvnist stymuliatsii poliovuliatsii koriv-donoriv. Rozvedennia i henetyka tvaryn: mizh vid. temat.nauk.zb. – K.: Ahrarna nauka, 45, 63-67 (in Ukrainian). FAO. 2010a.

Introduction: Doxorubicin is an anthracycline antineoplastic drug. It has been widely used in the treatment of many malignancies including haematological malignancies, soft tissues sarcomas, breast cancer and neuro-blastoma etc. The doxorubicin rat model is an established model which encompasses spectrum of anomalies seen in VACTERAL associations and has similarities to human VACTER anomalies. The aim of present study is to support the anomalies produced by doxorubicin in albino mice embryos. Material and Methods: The present study was conducted in the department of anatomy, IMS, BHU Varanasi, U.P, on fifty female albino mice of an average age of 80 to 100 days, kept in plastic cage with male (3female:1male) in aseptic air condition. After confirming the pregnancy, the drug was administered intraperitoneally on the 8th day of gestation in a dose of 3mg/kg body weight. The foetuses were collected by exteriorization of uterine horn on 19th day of gestation and examined for congenital anomalies. Observations:Foetuses were divided into two groups, control and treated. Out of 239 treated foetuses, 25 foetuses were found dead, 106 foetuses showed congenital anomalies and the rest 108 foetuses were found normal. The brains of treated foetuses were smaller and reduced in weight (microcephaly) as compared to average weight and size of brain of control foetuses. On histological examination, cerebrum and cerebellum showed degeneration and aggregation of neuronal cells. Conclusions:The drug was found to be lethal as well as teratogenic in developing mice embryos. adriamycine rat model for VACTERL anomalies. Since, mice are the foremost mammal model for researchers; the present study also establishes doxorubicin mouse model support to the well established. Keywords:Doxorubicin (Adriamycine), VACTERL (Vertebral, anal, Cardiac, Tracheal, Oesophageal, Renal & limb) anomalies.

Major sensory innervation to the uterus is provided by spinal afferent nerves, whose cell bodies lie predominantly in thoracolumbar dorsal root ganglia (DRG). While the origin of the cell bodies of uterine spinal afferents is clear, the identity of their sensory endings has remained unknown. Hence, our major aim was to identify the location, morphology, and calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP)-immunoreactivity of uterine spinal afferent endings supplied by thoracolumbar DRG. We also sought to determine the degree of uterine afferent innervation provided by the vagus nerve. Using an anterograde tracing technique, nulliparous female C57BL/6 mice were injected unilaterally with biotinylated dextran into thoracolumbar DRG (T13-L3). After 7-9 days, uterine horns were stained to visualize traced nerve axons and endings immunoreactive to CGRP. Whole uteri from a separate cohort of animals were injected with retrograde neuronal tracer (DiI) and dye uptake in nodose ganglia was examined. Anterogradely labeled axons innervated each uterine horn, these projected rostrally or caudally from their site of entry, branching to form varicose endings in the myometrium and/or vascular plexus. Most spinal afferent endings were CGRP-immunoreactive and morphologically classified as "simple-type." Rarely, uterine nerve cell bodies were labeled in nodose ganglia. Here, we provide the first detailed description of spinal afferent nerve endings in the uterus of a vertebrate. Distinct morphological types of spinal afferent nerve endings were identified throughout multiple anatomical layers of the uterine wall. Compared to other visceral organs, uterine spinal afferent endings displayed noticeably less morphological diversity. Few neurons in nodose ganglia innervate the uterus.

Introduction The influence of inflammation on the patterns of muscarinic 2 and 3 receptor subtypes (M2R and M3R), and α-7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (α-7 nAChR) expression in the porcine uterus was investigated. Material and Methods On day three of the oestrous cycle of gilts aged 7–8 months with body weight 90–120 kg, either an E. coli suspension (E. coli group, n = 5) or saline (Sal group, n = 5) was administered into the uterine horns via laparotomy or only laparotomy was performed on control swine (Ctrl group, n = 5). After eight days, and the onset of severe acute endometritis in the E. coli group, the uterine mRNA and protein receptor expression levels were determined using real-time RT-PCR and Western blotting, respectively, with receptor localisation by immunofluorescence. Results The studied receptors were in the luminal epithelium, glands, blood vessels, and myometrial muscle cells of all gilts. The M2R mRNA level was lower in the inflamed endometrium compared to the Ctrl and Sal groups. Also in this tissue, the expression of M3R mRNA and protein was lower than in the Ctrl and Sal groups. The M3R protein level in the bacterially challenged myometrium was found to be increased compared to unadministered groups. In the endometrium of the E. coli group, the α-7 nAChR protein level was lower than in the Sal group, and in the myometrium it was reduced in relation to both the other groups. P values were ≤ 0.05 in all cases. Conclusion Inflammation causes alterations in the M2R, M3R, and α-7 nAChR expression in the pig uterus, suggesting their significance in the course and repercussions of uterine inflammation.

The complete absence of one of the uterine horns, named segmental uterine aplasia or unicorn uterus, occurs due to deficiency in the development of segments of the paramesonephric or Mullerian ducts. It is a congenital or hereditary anomaly of the female reproductive tract caused by recessive genes, which occurrence is unusual. In cows, this malformation was initially called “white heifer disease”, comprising an alteration in the Mullerian ducts in association with the white skin gene that causes aplasia of the uterus, cervix and vagina. Two pieces of sheep reproductive system from a slaughterhouse under federal inspection in the state of Bahia, Brazil, were received for pathological diagnosis. The collection, dissection and macroscopic analysis were carried out. In the macroscopic evaluation, uterine segmental aplasia was identified in both cases, with complete absence of the left uterine horns. Both had agenesis of the uterine tubes associated with the absence of internal bifurcation of the uterine horns. Animals that have a unicorn uterus often have reduced fertility which consequently leads to losses to sheep farming.

Les perspectives d’une remise en reproduction après vêlage, prennent en compte la durée de l’anoestrus postpartum. Cette durée dépendrait du délai d’involution utérine et du fonctionnement de l’axe gonado-hypothalamo-hypophysaire. L’objectif de cette étude a été d’apprécier les caractéristiques de l’anoestrus postpartum, notamment l’involution utérine complète et la reprise de l’activité ovarienne après la parturition chez la vache zébu Peuhl. Elle a concerné dix femelles (n = 10) d’âge et de poids moyens compris respectivement dans les intervalles [4 – 13] ans et [190 – 250] kg. Elles ont été examinées à partir deJ7 jusqu’à J100 postpartum, au moyen d’un échographe portable muni d’une sonde linéaire de 7,5 Mhz. Les clichés les plus représentatifs des cornes utérines, du cervix et des organites ovariens ont été enregistrés et analysés. La courbe de résorption utérine a montré une phase de régression rapide entre J7 et J16 suivi d’une phase lente entre J17 et J45.Ledélai moyen pour l’involution utérine a été 26,6 ± 2,11jours. La reprise de l’activité ovarienne a été observée dans un délai de 68,5 ± 6,11 jours. Ce délai varie en fonction de la parité (p = 0,04).Mots clés : Involution utérine, activité ovarienne, postpartum, zébu. English Title: Dynamics of uterine involution and follicular growth during anoestrus postpartum in African zebu Peulh The prospects for rebreeding after calving were strongly influenced by postpartum anestrus duration which depends on the time of complete uterine involution and ovarian activity resumption. The aim of this study was to assess the characteristics of postpartum anestrus, in particular complete uterine involution and resumption of ovarian activity in the Peuhl zebu. It carried out on ten females (n = 10) which mean age and weight were extended between [4 - 13] years and [190 - 250] kg respectively. They were examined from Day 7 to Day 100 after calving by using a portable ultrasound scanner equipped with a 7.5 Mhz linear probe. The most representative images of uterine horns, cervix and ovarian structures have been frozen, recorded and exported for analyzing. The uterine resorption curve showed a rapid regression phase between Day 7 to 16 followed by a slow phase between D17 and D45. The mean time for uterine involution was 26.6 ± 2.11 days. Resumption of ovarian activity was observed within 68.5 ± 6.11 days. This time varies with parity (p = 0.04). Keywords: Uterine involution, ovarian activity, postpartum, Zebu cows

OBJECTIVE To compare the bursting strength of the uterine horns (UHs) and cervical-vestibule junction (CVJs) of rabbits following sealing with a vessel-sealing device (VSD) or encircling ligatures. SAMPLE UHs and CVJs collected from 30 rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus) cadavers. PROCEDURES UHs and CVJs were randomly assigned to sealing with encircling Miller knot ligatures (LIG; n = 10 CVJs and 20 UHs) or a VSD (12 CVJs and 24 UHs). Lumens were infused with saline (0.9% NaCl) solution under pressure until seals burst or to a maximum pressure of 300 mm Hg. RESULTS For CVJs, median (range) bursting pressure of the LIG and VSD groups was > 300 mm Hg (224 to > 300 mm Hg) and 35 mm Hg (0 to 60 mm Hg), respectively. Five of 12 CVJs in the VSD group failed at pressures < 33 mm Hg. For UHs, median (range) bursting pressure of the LIG and VSD groups was 255 mm Hg (120 to > 300 mm Hg) and 154 mm Hg (range, 44 to 202 mm Hg), respectively. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE The evaluated VSD was effective in sealing UHs at bursting pressures well in excess of expected physiologic pressures, indicating that the VSD may be useful for ovariectomy procedures in rabbits. However, CVJ seals created with the VSD were ineffective and could potentially burst at low pressures, which could predispose to urine entering the abdomen. Given these results, we do not recommend sealing of the CVJ with a VSD for ovariohysterectomy in rabbits.

The National Toxicology Program (NTP) has recently introduced the practice of examining longitudinal histological sections of the female rodent uterus to improve the identification of non-neoplastic lesions, preneoplastic lesions, and uterine tumors. This practice has created a need for reference material that includes normal histology, spontaneous lesions, and inducible lesions in longitudinal as well as transverse sections of the body of the uterus, uterine horns, cervix and vagina. Using 3 archived NTP reproductive and developmental toxicity studies, the authors reviewed longitudinal and transverse sections of uteri from female Hsd:Sprague Dawley SD® (Hsd:SD) rats for cystic endometrial hyperplasia (CEH). The purposes of this review were to (1) evaluate if existing criteria for CEH in transverse uterine sections could be applied to longitudinal sections to develop diagnostic features of CEH in longitudinal uterine sections of rat uterus and (2) create an atlas of the normal estrous cycle phases in longitudinal sections of young and mature adult Hsd:SD rat uteri. The information provided in this original article should help facilitate the examination of longitudinal sections of the uterus in future commercial and governmental rodent studies.

The effectiveness of FSH (Folltropin-V) in two different doses (80 mg and 100 mg) with or without use of hCG was assessed on achieving superovulation and embryo production in sheep under sub-tropical climate of India. During the breeding season, 39 crossbred ewes were synchronized using progesterone impregnated intravaginal sponges kept in situ for 12 days. Superovulation treatment was given in two groups (80 mg FSH and 100 mg FSH) in six tapering dose schedule. Each group was subdivided in two groups, without hCG treatment or with hCG treatment 24hrs after removal of progesterone implant, thus making four treatment groups. The ewes were observed for estrus every 4h, on the 5th day following estrus ovarian response was evaluated using rigid laparoscope and ewes showing superovulation response were subjected to embryo collection using retrograde flushing of uterine horns after catheterization of the fimbriated end of the fallopian tube. No differences were found among the treatment groups in incidence of estrus and percentage of ewes showing superovulatory response. Treatment with hCG improved percent ovulation and fertilization percentage in superovulating ewes at higher dose of FSH (100 mg). Although additional treatment with hCG improved total ovarian response and percent ovulations, the mean number of viable embryos and number of unfertilized ova remained statistically unaffected. It is concluded that the FSH (folltropin-V) at 80 mg in six reducing dose schedule is suitable and economical for superovulation in ewes.

Chlamydia trachomatis infection is a primary cause of reproductive tract diseases including infertility. Previous studies showed that this infection alters physiological activities in mouse oviducts. Whether this occurs in the uterus and cervix has never been investigated. This study characterized the physiological activities of the uterine horn and the cervix in a Chlamydia muridarum ( Cmu)-infected mouse model at three infection time points of 7, 14, and 21 days postinfection (dpi). Cmu infection significantly decreased contractile force of spontaneous contraction in the cervix (7 and 14 dpi; P < 0.001 and P < 0.05, respectively), but this effect was not observed in the uterine horn. The responses of the uterine horn and cervix to oxytocin were significantly altered by Cmu infection at 7 dpi ( P < 0.0001), but such responses were attenuated at 14 and 21 dpi. Cmu infection increased contractile force to prostaglandin (PGF2α) by 53–83% in the uterine horn. This corresponded with the increased messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) expression of Ptgfr that encodes for its receptor. However, Cmu infection did not affect contractions of the uterine horn and cervix to PGE2 and histamine. The mRNA expression of Otr and Ptger4 was inversely correlated with the mRNA expression of Il1b, Il6 in the uterine horn of Cmu-inoculated mice ( P < 0.01 to P < 0.001), suggesting that the changes in the Otr and Ptger4 mRNA expression might be linked to the changes in inflammatory cytokines. Lastly, this study also showed a novel physiological finding of the differential response to PGE2 in mouse uterine horn and cervix.

The present study aimed to investigate the conceptus-related changes during early pregnancy in the Black Bengal breed of goat. A total of 22 gravid genitalia of the Black Bengal goats were collected from local slaughterhouses. The crown-rump lengths (CRL) of the conceptuses were determined to estimate the gestational age (GA). The length and diameter of uterine horn and amniotic sac were measured, and volume of amniotic and allantoic fluid formed by individual conceptus were recorded. The results reveal that the CRL is positively correlated with GA of the conceptus (R2 = 0.89, p < 0.05); however, CRL was not influenced by number of conceptus. Both the left and the right uterine horn gradually increased in size with the advancement of pregnancy irrespective of conceptus number present in the horn. The size of the amniotic sac of conceptus gradually increased with the conceptus age but maintained spherical shape from 5 to 7 weeks of pregnancy. The amniotic fluid formed by individual conceptus rapidly increased from 5 weeks (3.4 ± 0.3 mL) to 7 weeks (21.0 ± 2.0 mL) and 9 weeks (111.5 ± 4.0 mL). The volume of allantoic fluid formed by individual conceptus was steadily increased until 7 weeks (60.0 ± 5.0 mL) and began to decline slowly thereafter (50.0 ± 5.0 mL at 9 weeks). Notably, there was no effect of conceptus number per pregnancy on individual amniotic and allantoic fluid volume. The cotyledons have first appeared on the allanto-chorionic surface from 4 to 5 weeks of pregnancy. The closed eye, nostril and hooves of the conceptus became visible at 7 weeks of pregnancy. The present study has shown the basic information on conceptus-related developmental changes during early pregnancy up to 9 weeks in Black Bengal goat.

Preterm birth (PTB) affects nearly 15 million infants each year. Of these PTBs, >25% are a result of inflammation or infection. Animal models have improved our understanding of the mechanisms leading to PTB. Prior work has described induction of intrauterine inflammation in mice with a single injection of lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Herein, we have improved the reproducibility and potency of LPS in the model using two injections distal to the cervix. An in vivo imaging system revealed more uniform distribution of Evans Blue Dye using a double distal injection (DDI) approach compared with a single proximal injection (SPI). Endotoxin concentrations in vaginal lavage fluid from SPI dams were significantly higher than from DDI dams. At equivalent LPS doses, DDI consistently induced more PTB than SPI, and DDI showed a linear dose-response, whereas SPI did not. Gene expression in myometrial tissue revealed increased levels of inflammatory markers in dams that received LPS DDI compared with LPS SPI. The SPI group showed more significant overexpression in cervical remodeling genes, likely due to the leakage of LPS from the uterine horns through the cervix. The more reliable PTB induction and uniform uterine exposure provided by this new model will be useful for further studying fetal outcomes and potential therapeutics for the prevention of inflammation-induced PTB.

Dominant lethal mutation assay was carried out on rats after being treated with graded doses of ethanol extract of the seeds of Mucuna urens. Male albino rats (Wistar strain) were caged in three groups labeled, groups II, III and IV and treated with three different dosages of the ethanol extract of the seeds of M. urens; 70, 140 and 210 mg/kg body weight (BW), respectively, for 14 days. The positive control animals (group I), were treated with distilled water for the entire period. At the end of the feeding period of two weeks, they were co-habited with virgin female albino rats at a ratio of 1:1 for 3 days. 14 days after mating, the females were sacrificed for the dominant lethal mutation assay. The results of the dominant lethal mutation assay showed that only female rats in group II had implants on the uterine horn, of all the treated groups. The rats in groups III and IV did not have any implants at all. Biological evaluations (pre-implantation losses) carried out showed 0, 76, 100 and 100% lethal mutations in groups I, II, III and IV, respectively. The statistical evaluations obtained showed 8.6b ± 0.47, 6.6a ± 0.94, 0 ± 0.0 and 0 ± 0.0 in groups I, II, III and IV, respectively. Photographs of the corpora lutea were obtained using a digital camera (DCR-HC48E, KODAK). The results obtained can be attributed to the induction of dominant lethal mutations in spermatocytes and early spermatids in the male Albino rats, showing the mutagenic effect of the seeds of the plant M. urens and its potential as a male contraceptive. Key words: Mucuna urens seeds, dominant lethal mutations assay, mutagenesis, male Albino rats.

Introduction: The ovine model is the gold standard large animal model of myelomeningocele (MMC); however, it has a high rate of fetal loss. We reviewed our experience with the model to determine risk factors for fetal loss. Methods: We performed a retrospective review from 2009 to 2018 to identify operative factors associated with fetal loss (early fetal demise, abortion, or stillbirth). Operative risk factors included gestational age at operation, operative time, reduction of multiple gestations, amount of replaced amniotic fluid, ambient temperature, and method of delivery. Results: MMC defects were created in 232 lambs with an overall survival rate of 43%. Of the 128 fetuses that died, 53 (42%) had demise prior to repair, 61 (48%) aborted, and 14 (11%) were stillborn. Selective reduction of multiple gestations in the same uterine horn was associated with increased fetal demise (OR 3.03 [95% CI 1.29–7.05], p = 0.01). Later gestational age at MMC repair and Cesarean delivery were associated with decreased abortion/stillbirth (OR 0.90 [95% CI 0.83–0.90], p = 0.03, and OR 0.37 [95% CI 0.16–0.31], p = 0.02), respectively. Conclusion: Avoiding selective reduction, repairing MMC later in gestation, and performing Cesarean delivery decreases the rate of fetal loss in the ovine MMC model.

Although selenium is known to be essential for reproductive function, studies have indicated the adverse effect with its prolonged use. The present study investigated the duration-related effect of selenium administrations on reproductive hormones and estrous cycle indices in adult female Wistar rats exposed to a model of light pollution using altered photoperiod (AP). Ninety-six cyclic female Wistar rats displaying 4-5 days' estrous cycle length (ECL) and weighing 148-152 g were randomly divided into short and long experimental cohorts consisting of six groups each and spanning for 1 and 8 weeks, respectively. Each consisted of control, high selenium dose (HSE), low selenium dose (LSE), AP, AP + HSE, and AP + LSE. The rats were orally administered high dose (150 μg/kg) and low dose (100 μg/kg) of sodium selenite once per day. The estrous cycle indices were monitored. Plasma levels of follicle-stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone (LH), estradiol (E), progesterone (P), prolactin, E/P ratio, and histology of ovary and uterine horn were evaluated. The statistical analysis was performed using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences. In AP rats, HSE and LSE caused no significant effect on LH, E, P, and E/P ratio, ECL, estrus interval (EI), and estrous cycle ratio (ECR). The effect of HSE and LSE on LH, E, P, E/P ratio, and ECL showed no duration-dependent increase, but there was a duration-dependent increase in EI and ECR at low dose. The study indicated that administration of HSE of selenium improved reproductive function in photo-pollution-exposed rats irrespective of the duration of treatment.

Objective: To assess the estrogenic activity of hydroalcoholic extract of Clitoria ternatea leaves in female Wistar rats. Methods: Hydroalcoholic extract of C. ternatea leaves prepared by using cold maceration method was tested for estrogenic activity. An acute toxicity study was conducted to estimate the safe dose using OECD 423 guidelines. For estrogenic activity, ovariectomized female rats were divided into four groups, with 6 rats in each group. The control and standard groups were administered with 1% carboxymethyl cellulose orally and estradiol valerate at 1 μg/rat/day subcutaneously, respectively. The third group was administered with hydroalcoholic extract of C. ternatea at the dose 500 mg/kg body weight orally and the fourth group was administered with hydroalcoholic extract of C. ternatea at the dose 500 mg/kg body weight orally along with estradiol valerate at dose 1 μg/rat/day subcutaneously. All treatments lasted for 7 consecutive days and estrogenic activity was assessed by observing vaginal cornfication. On day 8, all animals were sacrificed and uterine horns were dissected out. Utrine weight was measured and blood serum was further processed for the estimation of biochemical parameters like cholesterol, total proteins, alkaline phosphatase and estrogen by autoanylser. Histological studies of uterus were also carried out. Results: Acute toxicity studies indicated the hydroalcoholic extract of C. ternatea leave was found to be safe up to the dose level of 2 000 mg/kg. Oral administration of C. ternatea extract at the dose 500 mg/kg body weight and and estradiol valerate (1 μg/rat/day) caused morphological changes i.e. increase in uterine weight, vaginal opening and cornification of cells; biochemical changes i.e. increase in cholesterol, total protein, alkaline phosphatase and estrogen contents; histological changes i.e. increase in uterine diameter, thickness and height of endometrium. Simultaneous administration of C. ternatea extract with estradiol valerate showed a synergistic effect. Histological investigations further confirmed the strong estrogenic nature of C. ternatea extract. Conclusions: C. ternatea extract (500 mg/kg) showed a significant estrogenic activity which is also supported by biochemical and histological studies. So, on the basis of these findings, it can be concluded that C. ternatea can be used as an alternative to synthetic oral contraceptives.

Intrauterine adhesions caused by damage to the basal layer of the endometrium have a serious impact on women's fertility. Currently, there is no effective treatment to promote the regeneration of the endometrium. Urinary bladder matrix (UBM) is a derivative extracellular matrix biomaterial that has a complete basement membrane and provides a basis for the body to achieve complete self-functional repair. In this study, UBM was transplanted into the uterine horns of intrauterine adhesions in Sprague-Dawley rats to test whether UBM could improve endometrial regeneration in rats with intrauterine adhesions. Thicker endometria, increased numbers of glands, fewer fibrotic areas and increased proliferation of cells and blood vessels were found in the UBM group compared to the injury group. Transplantation of UBM reduced the mRNA levels of proinflammatory cytokines (tumor necrosis factor α) and increased those of anti-inflammatory cytokines (basic fibroblast growth factor) compared to the injury group. In the UBM group, the mRNA expression of endometrial receptivity factors (leukemia inhibitory factor and integrin αVβ3) was higher than that in the injury group, but it was lower than that in the normal group and the sham-operated group. More embryos were seen in the UBM group than in the injury group, although the UBM group had fewer embryos than the normal and sham-operated groups. Therefore, UBM may contribute to endometrial regeneration and may improve endometrial receptivity and fertility.

Objectives: This study was carried out to identify the histomorphological and histochemical aspects of the uterus in the adult guinea pig (Cavica porcellus). To conduct such project, fourteen adult guinea pigs at their diestrous period were bought from the local breeders directly. Methods: Animals were euthanized, dissected, and subsequently uteruses specimens were collected and fixed by 10% neutral buffered formalin and some specimens were fixed in Bouin’s solution for subsequent histochemical staining. Then after specimens were subjected to routine processes such as dehydration, clearing, embedding, and block preparation. Sections of 6 µm were prepared and stained with haematoxylin–eosin, Masson’s Trichrome, Alcian blue (pH 2.5), and Periodic acid shiff stains. Findings: Gross findings of the uteruses revealed duplex uterus in the guinea pigs. It possessed two separate uterine horns united caudally to form the body, suspended by mesometrium in the abdominal cavity. Caudally, body formed the cervix, which was short and projected into the vaginal cavity forming portio vaginalis uteri with one cervical orifice.Microscopic findings revealed abrupt changes in the wall of the isthmus into the uterine horn at the utero-tubal junction. The wall of the uterus showed endometrium, vascular layer, myometrium, and adventitia or serosa. Lining epithelium was simple columnar which was similarly lined the endometrial glands. Myometrium was consisted of inner circular and outer longitudinal bundles of smooth muscle fibers. In the body, the lining epithelium was replaced gradually by simple mucous columnar epithelium. In addition to that the mucosa was thrown into long folds leaving small lumen at the cervix called os cervix. Such changes were associated with endometrial glands gradual diminishing till the cervix. Histochemically, the non-ciliated columnar cells present in the body and cervix were stained positively with AB (pH 2.5) and PAS stains. The reaction with AB (pH 2.5) was more intense compared with the staining with PAS so that it indicated that mucin was more acidic than neutral in nature.Keywords: Guinea Pig, Uterus, Diestrous, Histochemistry

Objective : The aim of this study is to determine the pharmacological effects and the estrogenic properties of Amaranthus viridis leaves on the reproductive function of animal model (female rat). Methods : Vaginal smears performed 9 days before treatment allowed to select female rats having alternated on two cycles a regularity. Thereafter, the selected rats were administered by gavage daily for 28 days taking care of smear every morning at 7am from the first day of treatment follow the evolution of the cycle. For this study 20 nulliparous rats, 2 months old, weighing between 120-150 g. The first group (control) was administered with olive oil and the other three batches received respectively the doses 200, 400 and 600 mg/kg of the methanolic extract of Amaranthus viridis. At the end of the 28-day treatment, ovary and uterine horn were removed, histological and hormonal parameters were studied for determine pharmacological effects of methanolic extract of Amaranthus viridis. Results : The extract caused a disturbances of the cycle according to the doses administered. Disturbances at doses 200 and 400 mg/kg PC are significant. The calculation of the total duration of the different phases of the cycle revealed very significant increases in the estrous phase (P

The demand for calves as oocyte donors for in vitro embryo production is growing. However, Bos indicus have a late puberty, and some aspects of the reproductive physiology during the prepubertal period remain unclear. We characterized endocrine and morpho-functional reproductive features in Nelore calves (n=8) at 2-5 (early prepubertal period, EPP) and from 8-11 months old (mo., intermediate prepubertal period, IPP). The calves’ ovaries and uterus were B-mode transrectal ultrasonography examined, and blood samples were collected every second week. The antral follicles number and size, and ovarian and uterine horn diameters, were recorded, and plasma FSH and LH concentrations were measured (RIA). Non-pregnant, non-lactating cyclic Nelore cows (n=8) were used as controls for endocrine endpoints. Somatic development was monitored by monthly weighing, and 3D scanning of the rump area. The somatic and endocrine endpoints were compared within and between EPP and IPP, and between each period and control cows. Associations were determined by the Spearman correlation method, and the developmental rates were determined by non-linear regression. All morphological endpoints, except antral follicle count, increased (P < 0.001) from the EPP to the IPP. However, within each period differences occurred only at EPP. During the EPP LH and FSH plasma concentrations were similar (P > 0.05), whereas during the IPP LH was lower (P < 0.05) and FSH was higher (P < 0.001) than control cows. The EPP calves showed moderate to high positive correlations among ovarian, uterine, and somatic endpoints. Conversely, the IPP such correlations were mostly weak. In summary, distinct ovarian activity and development patterns of primary and secondary sexual characteristics occurred in Nelore calves at 2-5 mo compared to 8-11 mo.

As an attempt to prevent transition-period-associated metabolic disorders and/or diseases, the potential benefits of Boswellia sacra (Bs) resin on hematology, immunity, metabolic status, udder and uterus health biomarkers, and milk production were examined in transitioning goats. From 2 weeks prepartum to 7 weeks postpartum, goats (n = 7/treatment) orally received 0 (control, nBS), 2 (BsL), or 4 (BsH) g of Bs resin/goat/day. The results showed that both Bs treatments significantly improved the activity of phagocytes. Both Bs treatments significantly decreased the concentrations of blood plasma urea, non-esterified fatty acids, hydroxybutyric acid, and interleukin-1β, whereas they increased the total antioxidant capacity compared with the nBS treatment. Both Bs treatments significantly decreased the uterine horn diameter and tended to decrease the intrauterine fluid content, indicating improved uterine involution compared with no treatment. Compared with the nBS treatment, both Bs treatments significantly decreased the milk somatic cell count. The lowest milk interleukin-1β content was observed in goats that received the BsL treatment, followed by those that received the BsH and nBS treatments. The BsL treatment significantly increased the concentration of immunoglobulin M (IgM) in the colostrum compared with the other treatments. Both Bs treatments significantly increased the daily milk yield compared with the nBS treatment but did not affect milk composition or the fat-to-protein ratio. In conclusion, supplementing lactating goats in the transition period with Bs resin at a dose of 2 g/goat/day positively affected the body lipid metabolism, udder and uterus health, colostrum IgM content, and milk yield due to its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects.

This study was conducted on 40 cows suffering from inactive ovaries brought to the Teaching Veterinary clinic of College of Veterinary, University of Mosul. The inactive ovary was diagnosed in 40 cows depending on the case's date and general examination by rectal palpation to determine the ovarian size and the existence of certain ovarian structures and check the uterine horns and body. The animals were divided following the identification of the affected animals with inactive ovaries, into two groups, each group composed of 20 cows. The animals in the first group were treated with GnRH hormone at a dose of 0.5 mg. In contrast, animals in the second group were treated by the ovaries' manual massage method via rectal palpation. The study findings clarified that the estrous response ratio amounts to 50% in the first group and 60% in the second group. Statistically, there were no differences in response ratio between the two groups in relation to the response.

Twin pregnancies are classified into bilateral (one fetus in each uterine horn: 44%) and unilateral (both fetuses in the same uterine horn, right or left: 56%). The incidence of abortion during mid- to late gestation is approximately 1% in cows carrying bilateral twins and more than 40% in cows carrying unilateral twins. In this period, abortion seems most commonly associated with infectious agents. However, although this imbalanced abortion rate may imply that unilateral twin pregnancy is a non-infectious abortion factor, few available data can describe the cause of abortions in twin pregnancies. The current findings suggest that unilateral twin pregnancy is a non-infectious factor required for the etiological diagnosis of abortion in dairy herds.

The uterus of an 18 month old Pit-bull removed during ovariohysterectomy formed the material of this study. Macroscopically, the uterus was whitish in color and elastic in consistency, the uterine horns were 15 cm long with a 1 cm of diameter. On cut section uterine mucosa showed variable sized cysts and was filled with a yellowish white mucus. Microscopical evaluation demonstrated a proliferation of the glandular component of the endometrium and a migration of these glands into the myometrium. Glands located in both the endometrium and the myometrium formed large cystic structures. The atypical glandular epithelium showed papillary projections into the cystic spaces. The tumor was diagnosed as uterine adenocarcinoma, an extremely rare canine tumor, especially in young dogs.

Hormonal contraceptives (HCs) are commonly used among reproductive aged women and alter the physiological state of the user by interfering with endogenous hormone concentrations and their actions on the reproductive tract. As hormones such as estradiol and progesterone modulate the incidence of substance abuse disorders in women, it is important to consider the influence HCs have on the female brain and behavior. This experiment explores how female sex steroid hormonal states associated with the rat estrous cycle, and modulating those states with HCs, influences measures of drug preference and responsivity. First, rats underwent food-light Pavlovian conditioning to measure conditioned orienting, a known predictor of amphetamine (AMP) place preference. Then, rats were conditioned and tested for AMP place preference with either an HC-implant or during estrous cycle stages associated with different ovarian hormone levels (i.e., proestrus (P) or metestrus/diestrus (M/D) while recording ultrasonic vocalizations (USVs) as an index of hedonic responsivity. Because of dopamine’s (DA) role in modulation of AMP actions, DA cell activity and availability were examined using tyrosine hydroxylase and FOS immunohistochemistry after final AMP challenge. Conditioned orienting did not differ between cycling and HC-implanted. P rats emitted more USVs during conditioning, showed higher AMP place preference throughout testing, and had higher DA cell activity in the substantia nigra compared to M/D and HC-implanted rats. Sex steroid hormone serum concentration and uterine horn thickness predicted some but not all of these measures. This experiment suggests ovarian hormones affect drug preference and responsivity, while providing novel insight into how hormone-altering contraceptives may reduce these measures.

Quercetin is a polyphenolic flavonoid occurring in leaves, stems, flowers and fruits of many plants. In traditional Chinese medicine, it is used as a natural therapeutic agent with a broad spectrum of activities (antioxidant, neuroprotective, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, antibacterial and antiviral). Moreover, quercetin affects function of the reproductive tract, however the knowledge of this activity is still fragmentary. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the influence of quercetin on the contractile activity of the porcine myometrium collected from immature (n = 6), cyclic (n = 6) and early pregnant (n = 6) gilts. Strips of the myometrium (comprising longitudinal and circular layer) were resected from the middle part of the uterine horns and the isometric contractions were recorded. After 60–90 min of preincubation, the strips were stimulated with quercetin in increasing (10−13–10−1 M) concentrations and the changes in the tension amplitude and frequency of contractions were measured. Quercetin decreased (P−11–10−1 M and 10−10–10−1 M in cyclic and early pregnant groups, respectively. The frequency of contractions decreased in all groups but was the highest (at concentrations 10−11–10−1 M; P−5–10−1 M; P−6–10−1 M; P

Different approaches have been used to improve conception rates at foal heat. Omega-3 fatty acids family and derivatives have improved reproductive efficiency in ruminants, but literature lacks studies evaluating these components on equines. The objective of this study was to evaluate effects of mare dietary supplementation with microalgae rich in docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) during peripartum on follicular dynamics and uterine involution in early post-partum. Eighteen pregnant mares, no particular breed, 410 ± 39.5 kg body weight (BW), and 7.83 ± 2.01 yr old were used. Mares were randomly assigned to control (CONT) or supplementation with microalgae rich in DHA at 0.06 g/kg BW (ALG). Treatments were supplied from 90 d prior to expected foaling date until 7 d after first ovulation. Reproductive evaluations were performed during early post-partum until 7 d after first ovulation through rectal palpation and ultrasonography of the following parameters: uterine and endometrium diameters, intrauterine fluid (IUF), uterine echogenicity, uterus tone, and follicular dynamics. Endometrial cells samples were collected to assess mRNA expression of CRP, IL-1β and AKR1C4, using RT-qPCR. Data were analyzed by mixed procedure of SAS. ALG mares had smaller uterine horns diameters and greater uterine echogenicity during post-partum in comparison with CONT. No treatment effects were detected for other characteristics evaluated, but a day effect was observed for uterine and endometrium diameter, IUF, uterine echogenicity, and transcript abundance of endometrial AKR1C4. Supplementation with DHA during peripartum may benefit uterine involution process and odds of early conception, but more studies should be performed regarding fertility.

Uterine inflammation is a very common and serious condition in domestic animals. To development and progression of this pathology often lead disturbances in myometrial contractility. Participation of β1-, β2- and β3-adrenergic receptors (ARs) in noradrenaline (NA)-influenced contractility of the pig inflamed uterus was studied. The gilts of SAL- and E.coli-treated groups were administered saline or E.coli suspension into the uterine horns, respectively. Laparotomy was only done in the CON group. Compared to the period before NA administration, this neurotransmitter reduced the tension, amplitude and frequency in uterine strips of the CON and SAL groups. In the E.coli group, NA decreased the amplitude and frequency, and these parameters were lower than in other groups. In the CON, SAL and E.coli groups, β1- and β3-ARs antagonists in more cases did not significantly change and partly eliminated NA inhibitory effect on amplitude and frequency, as compared to NA action alone. In turn, β2-ARs antagonist completely abolished NA relaxatory effect on these parameters in three groups. Summarizing, NA decreases the contractile amplitude and frequency of pig inflamed uterus via all β-ARs subtypes, however, β2-ARs have the greatest importance. Given this, pharmacological modulation of particular β-ARs subtypes can be used to increase inflamed uterus contractility.

Background Pregnancy in a rudimentary horn is an extremely rare type of ectopic pregnancy. A rudimentary uterine horn pregnancy is associated with a risk of spontaneous rupture and bleeding during surgery due to the increased uterine blood flow. Recent advances in imaging modalities have enabled laparoscopic surgery to be performed in cases without rupture in the early stages of pregnancy. However, there are few reports of successful pregnancies and deliveries after treatment of rudimentary horn pregnancies. We report the successful management of a case of non-communicating rudimentary horn pregnancy by local injection of methotrexate followed by complete laparoscopic excision along with a review of the literature. Case presentation The patient was a 29-year-old Japanese woman, gravida 2, nullipara. She was diagnosed with a left unicornuate uterus with a right non-communicating rudimentary horn on hysterosalpingography and magnetic resonance imaging. A gestational sac with a heartbeat was observed in the right rudimentary uterine horn at 6 weeks of gestation. A diagnosis of ectopic pregnancy in a non-communicating rudimentary horn was made. Color Doppler detected multiple blood flow signals around the gestational sac, which were clearly increased compared to the left unicornuate uterus. Her serum human chorionic gonadotropin level was 104,619 mIU/ml. A 100 mg methotrexate injection into the gestational sac was administered, and laparoscopic surgery was performed on day 48 after the methotrexate treatment. The right rudimentary horn and fallopian tube were successfully excised with minimal bleeding. A spontaneous normal pregnancy was established 6 months after the surgery. The pregnancy was uneventful, and a baby girl was born by elective cesarean section at 38w0d. Conclusion Combined local methotrexate injection and laparoscopic surgery are safe treatment options for patients with a unicornuate uterus with a non-communicating rudimentary horn pregnancy.

Uterine inflammation is a common reproductive disorder in domestic animals, leading to disturbances in many reproductive processes and economic losses. More information on inflammatory pathways, however, is needed to understand mechanisms of uterine inflammation. The aim of the study was to investigate transcriptomic profiles of the pig endometrium affected by inflammation. On day 3 of the estrous cycle (day 0 = initial day of study), saline or Escherichia coli suspension were injected into uterine horns. In endometrial tissues collected 8 days later, microarray analysis results indicated there were 189 differentially abundant mRNA transcripts (DEGs, 95 in relatively greater and 94 in lesser abundance) after saline injections compared with samples where there was severe acute inflammation. Relative abundance of mRNA transcripts for proteins assigned to inflammatory response, movement of phagocytes, quantity of phagocytes, leukocyte migration and adhesion of immune cells and many other functions related to inflammation were different in the Escherichia coli-treated endometrium than in samples from gilts treated with saline. Among others, S100A9, SLC11A1, CCL15, CCL3L3, CCR1, CD48, CD163, THBS1, KIT, ITGB3, JAK3 and NFKB2 mRNA transcripts were in relatively greater abundance and there were those in relatively lesser abundance including IL24, FGG, SST, CXCL16 and CREB. In this study, for the first time, there was detection of alterations in the transcriptome of the inflamed pig endometrium which may be an important finding for maintaining uterine homeostasis and functions. Results form the basis for future studies focusing on regulation of uterine inflammation in animals and women.