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Studiranje podrazumijeva razne izazove koji mogu narušiti homeostazu, a neki su od tih izazova opterećenost učenjem, želja za akademskim postignućem i studiranje uz rad. S obzirom na navedeno, kod studentske je populacije općenito važno promicati osobne zdrave navike, a kod studenata sestrinstva i medicine uz to i navike promoviranja zdravog načina života. Cilj je ovog preglednog rada utvrditi kojim se mjerama procjenjuje i kojim se metodama istražuje životni stil studenata sestrinstva i medicine. Pregled opsega proveden je i dovršen 28. prosinca 2020. godine pretraživanjem baze podataka Medline/WoS. Uključeni su članci koji opisuju primarna opažajna istraživanja o zdravom životnom stilu studenata sestrinstva i medicine. Od 68 identificiranih članaka, 12 ih je prihvaćeno (17,7 %) za konačnu analizu. Izrađene su kvantitativna i kvalitativna analiza podataka. Za procjenu životnog stila koriste se upitnici i antropometrijski instrumenti, a fokus je na kriterijima zdravog načina života, kao što su učestalost tjelesne aktivnosti, indeks tjelesne mase, kvaliteta spavanja, balansiranost prehrane, mentalno zdravlje i drugi. Mjere tjelesnog zdravlja u većoj su mjeri zastupljene od mjera mentalnog zdravlja. Sva su istraživanja bila presječnog tipa. Istraživanja pokazuju da studenti sestrinstva i medicine nemaju optimalan životni stil. Potrebna su daljnja istraživanja povezanosti mentalnog zdravlja i životnog stila s ciljem osmišljavanja strategija za unapređenje zdravog načina života u ovoj populaciji, kao i ispitivanja učinkovitosti takvih strategija., Studying involves a host of challenges that can disrupt homeostasis. Some of these include the burden of learning, the desire for academic achievement, and studying while working. Therefore, it is important to promote personal healthy habits in the student population, and for nursing and medical students, additional habits to promote healthy lifestyles. This scoping review aims to determine which measures are used to assess the lifestyle of nursing and medical students and which methods are used to research them. The scoping review was conducted and completed on December 28, 2020, by searching the Medline / WoS database. Articles describing primary non-experimental research on the healthy lifestyles of nursing and medical students were included. Of the 68 articles identified, 12 (17.7%) were accepted for final analysis. Quantitative and qualitative data analyses were conducted. Questionnaires and anthropometric tools are used for the assessment, and the focus is on healthy lifestyle criteria such as frequency of physical activity, body mass index, sleep quality, balanced diet, mental health, and others. Physical health is represented more frequently than mental health. All studies were cross-sectional studies. Research shows that nursing and medical students do not have an optimal lifestyle. The relationship between mental health and lifestyle needs further research to develop strategies to promote healthy lifestyles in this population and also to study the effectiveness of these strategies.

Uvod: Međusobna suradnja liječnika i ljekarnika prepoznata je kao jedan od potencijalnih rješenja za rano otkrivanje kroničnih bolesti, smanjenje pogrešaka u farmakoterapiji te povećanju adherentnosti pacijenata. Preduvjet za takvu suradnju je pozitivan stav prema istoj. Cilj: Ciljevi ovog istraživanja bili su utvrditi razlikuju li se stavovi liječnika i ljekarnika zaposlenih u primarnoj zdravstvenoj zaštiti te studenata medicine i farmacije u Hrvatskoj prema međusobnoj suradnji tih struka te može li sudjelovanje na interprofesionalnoj farmakoterapijskoj radionici kao obliku interprofesionalne izobrazbe pozitivno utjecati na rečene stavove. Materijali i metode: Provedene su presječne studije među liječnicima (N=81) i ljekarnicima (N=432) u 9 hrvatskih gradova (Zagreb, Split, Zadar, Dubrovnik, Rijeka, Osijek, Slavonski Brod, Varaždin i Čakovec) te među studentima medicine (N=258) i farmacije (N=107) Medicinskog fakulteta Sveučilišta u Splitu. Također, organizirane su dvije interprofesionalne farmakoterapijske radionice za studente završnih godina studija medicine (N=42) i farmacije (N=38) te liječnike (N=18) i ljekarnike (N=23). Stavovi o suradnji liječnika i ljekarnika ispitani su prije početka i nakon završetka obiju radionica. Rezultati: Studenti medicine iskazali su najmanje pozitivan stav prema suradnji liječnika i ljekarnika, čak 24 % negativniji od studenata farmacije. Liječnici imaju manje pozitivan stav od ljekarnika prema međusobnoj suradnji, no upitan je njezin značaj u kliničkoj praksi. Sudjelovanje na interprofesionalnoj farmakoterapijskoj radionici značajno je povećalo stavove liječnika, studenata medicine i studenata farmacije prema međusobnoj suradnji liječnika i ljekarnika. Stavovi liječnika i ljekarnika nakon radionice nisu se više značajno razlikovali. Zaključak: Značajna razlika između studenata medicine i farmacije u stavovima prema međusobnoj suradnji liječnika i ljekarnika mogla bi negativno utjecati na njihovu buduću suradnju. Interprofesionalne farmakoterapijske radionice pokazale su se kao potencijalno uspješan model interprofesionalne izobrazbe u smanjivanju te razlike i približavanju njihovih stavova, kao i stavova liječnika i ljekarnika., Introduction: Interprofessional collaboration between physicians and pharmacists has been recognized as a one of the potential solutions for early detection of chronic diseases, reduction of medication errors and increase in patients’ adherence. The requirements for such collaboration are positive attitudes in both professions. Objective: The first aim of this study was to determine the attitudes towards interprofessional collaboration between physicians and pharmacists in primary health care, as well as between medical and pharmacy students in Croatia. The second aim was to determine whether the participation in the interprofessional pharmacotherapy workshop could positively affect their attitudes. Materials and Methods: Cross-sectional studies were conducted among physicians (N=81) and pharmacists (N=432) in 9 Croatian cities (Zagreb, Split, Zadar, Dubrovnik, Rijeka, Osijek, Slavonski Brod, Varaždin i Čakovec) and among medical (N=258) and pharmacy (N=107) students at the University of Split School of Medicine. Furthermore, two interprofessional pharmacotherapy workshops were organized - the first one for medical (N=42) and pharmacy students (N=38) and the second one for physicians (N=18) and pharmacists (N=23). Attitudes towards interprofessional collaboration between pharmacists and physicians were accessed before and after each workshop. Results: The medical students have shown 24 % less positive attitudes than pharmacy students and were the group with the least positive attitudes towards physicians and pharmacist collaboration. Physicians have shown less positive attitudes than pharmacist towards their collaboration, but the difference in their attitudes was only 6 %. Participation in the interprofessional pharmacotherapy workshop significantly increased the attitudes of physicians, medical and pharmacy students, while the pharmacists’ attitudes have not been changed. Conclusion: The moderately large difference between medical and pharmacy students’ attitudes towards interprofessional collaboration, could have a negative impact on their future collaboration. Interprofessional pharmacotherapy workshops have proved to be a successful model of interprofessional education in reducing these differences and approaching their attitudes, as well as attitudes of physicians and pharmacists.

Cilj: Procijeniti razinu digitalne pismenosti (DP) studenata prije i tijekom pandemije te ispitati promjenu razine DP-a kod studenata uslijed pandemije. Nadalje, ispitati postoji li razlika u DP-u između studenata koji su volontirali u bolničkom COVID centru i studenata koji nisu volontirali. Ispitanici i metode: U istraživanju je sudjelovalo 150 studenata kliničkih godina Integriranog preddiplomskog i diplomskog sveučilišnog studija medicine u Rijeci. Istraživanje je obuhvatilo 114 ženskih i 35 muških ispitanika, u dobi od 22 do 28 godina (medijan 24 godine). Ukupno 56 ispitanika volontiralo je tijekom izvedbe hibridne nastave u COVID infocentru i/ili bolničkom COVID centru. Studenti su anonimno i dobrovoljno ispunjavali online upitnik. Rezultati: Ispitanici su DP prije pandemije ocijenili prosječnom ocjenom 3,81 (SD = 0,89), a tijekom pandemije 4,07 (SD = 0,84). Većina ispitanika smatra da novi modeli nastave nisu pridonijeli njihovoj pismenosti (P < 0,001). T-testom utvrđeno je da su studenti tijekom pandemije bilježili napredak svojih digitalnih vještina, u odnosu na pretpandemijsko razdoblje (P > 0,05). Kod studenata koji nisu volontirali razlika u DP-u nije statistički značajna P = 0,06, dok je kod studenata koji su volontirali došlo do poboljšanja DP-a tijekom pandemije (P = 0,038). Zaključak: Rezultati istraživanja pokazuju porast razine samoprocjene DP-a u skupini studenata, međutim studenti ne povezuju poboljšanje DP-a s online nastavom. S druge strane, vidljiv je značajan porast razine DP-a u studenata koji su volontirali za vrijeme pandemije COVID-19 u odnosu na one koji nisu volontirali., Aim: To determine the level of digital literacy (DL) before and during the pandemic and determine whether volunteering at the COVID Hospital Center affected DL. Subjects and methods: The study was conducted on 150 clinical year students of the Integrated undergraduate and graduate University Study of Medicine in the academic year 2020/2021 at the University of Rijeka. The study included 114 female and 35 male participants, 22 to 28 years old (a median of 24). Fifty-six students volunteered during online/hybrid teaching in the COVID hospital or/and COVID Call Center. Students anonymously and voluntarily completed an online questionnaire. Results: The respondents reported the level of their DL before the pandemic as 3.81 (SD=0.89) and during the pandemics 4.07 (SD=0.84). Respondents predominantly considered that new teaching methods did not affect their DL level. T-test confirmed that in comparison to the pre-pandemic period, during the pandemics, students observed an improvement in their DL levels (P>0.05). When divided into groups of volunteer and non-volunteer students, there is statistical significance in the improvement of DL in students who volunteered during the pandemics (P=0.038), while in the group of non-volunteer students, there wasn’t significant change (P=0.06). Conclusion: The results of the conducted study revealed a rise in the levels of self-evaluated DL, but students don’t connect it with new online teaching methods. On the other hand, there’s a significant rise in DL levels in the student group that volunteered during the pandemics instead of those who didn’t volunteer.

Cilj je ovoga istraživanja ispitati odnos između atribucija pretilosti i stavova prema pretilim osobama kod studenata medicine te ispitati moderira li učestalost i kvaliteta kontakta s pretilim osobama ranije navedeni odnos. U istraživanju je sudjelovalo 360 studenata medicine, od toga 261 studentica i 96 studenata prosječne dobi od 21,88 (SD = 2,12) godina. Istraživanje je bilo online, a sudionici su ispunjavali pitanja vezana uz demografske podatke, skalu atribucija uzroka pretilosti, skalu stavova prema pretilim osobama, kao i pitanja o učestalosti i kvaliteti kontakta s pretilim osobama. Dobiveni rezultati pokazuju da je atribucija uzroka pretilosti unutarnjim faktorima povezana s negativnijim stavovima prema pretilim osobama. Učestaliji i kvalitetniji kontakti povezani su s pozitivnijim stavovima prema pretilim osobama. Nisu dobivene značajne interakcije između atribucija uzroka pretilosti i kontakta na stavove prema pretilim osobama. Dobiveni rezultati komentirani su u kontekstu efekata koje negativni stavovi studenata imaju na pretile osobe te važnosti kontakta kao sredstva za smanjenje tih negativnih stavova., The aim of this study is to examine the relationship between the attributions of obesity and attitudes towards obese people in medical students and to examine whether the frequency and quality of contact with obese people moderates this relationship. The study involved 360 medical students, 261 female students and 96 male students, with an average age of 21.88 (SD = 2.12) years. The survey was online, and the participants filled out questions related to demographics, the causes of obesity scale, anti-fat attitudes scale, as well as questions about the frequency and quality of contact with obese people. The obtained results show that the attribution of the cause of obesity by internal factors is associated with more negative attitudes towards obese people. More frequent and high-quality contacts are associated with more positive attitudes towards obese people. No significant interactions were obtained between attributions of causes of obesity and contact on the attitudes towards obese people. The obtained results are commented in the context of the effects that students' negative attitudes have on obese people and the importance of contact in reducing these negative attitudes.

Cilj: Procijeniti znanje studenata dvaju studijskih programa Medicinskog fakulteta Sveučilišta u Splitu, studija medicine i dentalne medicine, o anatomiji, fiziologiji i patologiji usne šupljine te utvrditi postoje li razlike u znanju između studenata od četvrte do šeste godine unutar svakog studija te između studija. Materijali i metode: Provedeno je presječno istraživanje, metodom internetskog upitnika s 28 pitanja. U istraživanju je sudjelovao ukupno 201 student s četvrte, pete i šeste godine studija medicine i dentalne medicine Medicinskog fakulteta Sveučilišta u Splitu. Podaci su obrađeni u programskom paketu STATISTICA 11.0. Rezultati: Studenti dentalne medicine pokazali su statistički značajno veće znanje o anatomiji, fiziologiji i patologiji usne šupljine s 78,4 % točnih odgovora od studenata medicine s 53,4 % točnih odgovora (P=0,0000). Studenti medicine u nižem postotku navode veći rizik od stomatoloških problema tijekom trudnoće od studenata dentalne medicine te uz to nisu sasvim dobro upoznati s odnosom produljenog dojenja i pojave ranog karijesa djetinjstva. Da redoviti dentalni pregledi u djece trebaju početi u dobi od oko 6 godina smatra polovica ispitanih studenata s medicine (49 %). Pokazano je relativno dobro znanje (65,5 % i 78,7 %) o povezanosti oralnog i sistemskog zdravlja. Devetnaest (17 %) studenata medicine smatra da sve prekancerozne lezije oralne šupljine neizbježno dovode do karcinoma usne šupljine čak i ako se uklone predisponirajući faktori, a pogrešnom specijalistu bi većina (66; 58,9 %) studenata studija medicine poslala pacijenta s ulkusom oralne sluznice koji ne cijeli preko dva tjedna. Zaključak: Postoji statistički značajna razlika u znanju studenata medicine i dentalne medicine o anatomiji, fiziologiji i patologiji usne šupljine, a znanje raste s godinama studija, od četvrte do šeste godine., Objective: To evaluate the knowledge of students of two study programs of the University of Split School of Medicine, medicine and dental medicine, about anatomy, physiology and pathology of the oral cavity, and to determine whether there are differences in knowledge between students from the fourth to sixth year within each study and between studies. Materials and methods: A cross-sectional survey was conducted using an online questionnaire with 28 questions. A total of 201 students from the fourth, fifth and sixth year of medicine and dental medicine of the University of Split School of Medicine participated in the research. The data were processed in the STATISTICA 11.0 software package. Results: Dental medicine students showed a statistically significant higher knowledge of anatomy, physiology and pathology of the oral cavity with 78.4 % correct answers, whilst medical students had 53.4 % of correct answers (P=0.0000). A lower percentage of medical students report a higher risk of dental problems during pregnancy than students of dental medicine, and in addition, they are not quite familiar with the relationship between prolonged breastfeeding and the occurrence of early childhood caries. Half of the examined medical students (49 %) believe that regular dental examinations in children should begin at the age of 6. Relatively good knowledge was shown (65.5 % and 78.7 %) on questions about the connection between oral and systemic health. 19 (17 %) medical students believe that all precancerous lesions of the oral cavity inevitably lead to cancer of the oral cavity even if predisposing factors are removed, and the majority (66; 58.9 %) of medical students would send a patient with an ulcer of the oral mucosa which does not last more than two weeks to the wrong specialist. Conclusion: There is a statistically significant difference in the knowledge of medical and dental students about anatomy, physiology and pathology of the oral cavity, and knowledge increases with the years of study, from the fourth to the sixth year.

Ciljevi: Cilj ovog istraživanja bio je odrediti vrijednosti KEP indeksa studenata četvrte godine medicine i studenata četvrte i pete godine dentalne medicine, te dobivene vrijednosti usporediti. Materijali i metode: Istraživanje se provodilo kliničkim pregledom studenata na Odjelu dentalne medicine KBC-a Split. U istraživanju je sudjelovalo 69 studenata čiji su podatci unešeni u Microsoft Excel i obrađeni statističkim alatima u sklopu istog. Rezultati: Statističkom obradom podataka dobivene vrijednosti KEP indeksa za 4. godinu medicine iznose 9,50, za 4. godinu dentalne medicine 7,55, a za 5. godinu dentalne medicine 9,11. Zaključci: Istraživanjem su potvrđene na početku postavljene hipoteze – studenti dentalne medicine imaju niže vrijednosti KEP indeksa od studenata na istoj godini studija medicine; također, studenti 4. godine dentalne medicine imaju niže vrijednosti KEP indeksa od kolega sa 5. godine studija., Objectives: The main objective of this research was to determine the value of the DMFT index in a group of students at the School of Medicine in Split that consisted of 4th year medical students, as well as 4th and 5th year dental medicine students, in order to compare the obtained results. Materials and methods: The research was carried out by means of a clinical examination of the participants at the Dental Clinic of the University Hospital in Split. A total of 69 students took part in the research and the data collected during the examination were statistically analysed using Microsoft Excel software. Results: Based on the statistical analysis of the collected data, the obtained DMFT index values were the following: 9.50 for 4th year medical students, 7.55 for 4th year dental medicine students, and 9.11 for 5th year dental medicine students. Conclusions: The research carried out and described here confirmed the hypotheses set at the beginning – dental medicine students have lower DMFT index values than students in the same year of medical studies; and furthermore, 4th year dental medicine students have lower DMFT index values than their 5th year colleagues.

INTRODUCTION: To analyze the importance of conveying the knowledge of comprehensive sexual education to Croatian high school students (14-19 years) through the peer-to-peer approach. Educators were medical students who were adequately trained to be able to perform that role. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The data was collected from October 2021 to October 2022, through the Google form. It was presented to the students at the end of each education, which they then filled out with complete anonymity. The study was comprised of close-end and scoring questions using the Likert scale, and the answers were statistically analyzed by the Google Excel tools. RESULTS: We have gathered 301 responses to our study. Many of the students ; 236 (78, 6%), were vastly pleased with the education and topics that were covered, and most of them ; 269 (89, 6%), were completely satisfied with the expertise of the educators. A great number of the students ; 229 (76, 3%), affirmed that they have learned new skills and facts, claiming the education was helpful and that 207 (69%) of them will use the gathered knowledge in the future. The most interesting fact in the study was the answer to the question “In your opinion, who should educate youth about this topic at school?”. The results were captivating, 237 (78, 7%) of high school students claimed that medical students, the peer educators, are the best option for this type of education. CONCLUSION: The peer-to-peer approach, such as trained medical students, turns out to prove effective in stimulating youth into deliberating about the importance of sexuality education and its use.

Cilj: Utvrditi razinu zadovoljstva studijem te percepciju profesionalnih perspektiva nakon završenog studija kod studenata medicine, dentalne medicine i farmacije. Ispitanici i metode: U istraživanju su sudjelovali studenti medicine, dentalne medicine i farmacije s Medicinskog fakulteta u Splitu u akademskoj godini 2020./2021. Stavovi i zadovoljstvo studenata su ispitani anketom koja je sadržavala 33 pitanja podjeljenih u 5 dijelova za čiju su pripremu korišteni prethodno objavljeni upitnici. Nakon prikupljanja podataka anketom provedena je statistička analiza. Rezultati: U istraživanju je sudjelovalo 177 studenata Medicinskog fakulteta u Splitu od čega 72 studenta medicine, 36 dentalne medicine i 69 studenata farmacije pretežno pete godine studija. Studenti svih studija najmanje su zadovoljni kliničkom stručnom praksom dok su zadovoljni ukupnom edukacijom. Studenti su uglavnom izjavili da ih zanima rad sa pacijentima, s tim da su studenti farmacije najrjeđe izrazili zainteresiranost za rad s pacijentima (78,4% studenta farmacije u usporedbi s 84,5% studenata medicine i 85,7% studenata dentalne medicine, P=0,693). Može se izdvojiti da većina studenata farmacije odabire studij radi visoke plaće (70,6% studenata farmacije u usporedbi s 57,1% studenata dentalne medicine i 31,0% studenata medicine, P, Objectives: To determine the level of satisfaction with the study and the perception of professional perspectives after graduation from students of medicine, dental medicine and pharmacy. Material and methods: Students of medicine, dental medicine and pharmacy from the University of Split, School of Medicine in the academic year 2020/2021 participated in the research. Attitudes and satisfaction of students were examined by a survey that contained 33 questions divided into 5 parts for the preparation of which previously published questionnaires were used. After collecting the data from the survey, a statistical analysis was performed. Results: The study involved 177 students of University of Split, School of Medicine, of which 72 medicine students, 36 dental medicine and 69 pharmacy students, mostly in the fifth year of study. Students of all studies are the least satisfied with the clinical professional practice while they are satisfied with the overall education. Students generally stated that they were interested in working with patients, with pharmacy students rarely expressing interest in working with patients (78.4% of pharmacy students compared to 84.5% of medicine students and 85.7% of dental medicine students, P = 0.693). It can be noted that the majority of pharmacy students choose to study for a high salary (70.6% of pharmacy students compared to 57.1% of dental medicine students and 31.0% of medicine students, P

Cilj istraživanja: Glavni cilj ovog istraživanja bio je procijeniti stavove studenata medicine i dentalne medicine o cijepljenju protiv COVID-19 bolesti, utvrditi razlikuju li se stavovi studenata pretkliničkih i kliničkih godina studija, te studenta koji su preboljeli bolest COVID-19. Ispitanici i postupci: Provedeno je presječno istraživanje u svrhu ispitivanja stavova studenata medicine i dentalne medicine Medicinskog fakulteta Sveučilišta u Splitu o cijepljenju protiv COVID-19 bolesti. Podaci su prikupljeni rješavanjem anketnog upitnika putem Google forms internetske aplikacije tijekom lipnja 2021. Upitnik se sastojao od ukupno 34. pitanja, uključujući peterostupanjsku Likertovu skalu koja je sadržavala 27 tvrdnji. Za analizu podataka korišten je statistički software MedCalc® Rezultati: Nije pronađena statistički značajna razlika između studenata pretkliničhih i kliničkih godina studija na osnovu općih stavova o cjepivima (P=0,113) ili stavova o COVID-19 cjepivima (P=0,236). Većina studenata (50,8%) smatra da su na fakultetu stekli dovoljno informacija o COVID-19 bolesti, te da se osjećaju sposobnim informirati populaciju o njoj. Procijepljenost studenata koji su preboljeli COVID-19 bolest je drastično niža od onih koji je nisu preboljeli (P, Objective: The main objective of this study was to assess the differences in attitudes concerning vaccination against COVID-19 disease in medical and dental students, as well as to compare those attitudes between preclinical and clinical students. Materials and methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted to examine the attitudes of medical and dental students toward vaccination against COVID-19 disease. The data was collected using a survey questionnaire via the Google forms online application during June of 2021. The questionnaire consisted of 34 questions total, including a five-point Likert scale that contained 27 statements. MedCalc® statistical software was used for data analysis. Results: No statistically significant difference was found between general attitudes of preclinical and clinical students towards vaccines (P = 0.113), nor attitudes towards COVID-19 vaccines (P = 0.236). The majority of students (50.8%) believe that they have gained enough information about COVID-19 during their education, and that they feel able to inform the larger population about it. Vaccination of students who had COVID-19 was drastically lower than those who did not (P

Cilj istraživanja: Cilj istraživanja bio je ispitati stupnjeve izraženosti trenutačnih psihičkih simptoma u studenata medicine s obzirom na spol, godinu studija, obiteljske odnose i doživljena traumatska iskustva. Ispitanici i postupci: Ispitanici su bili studenti 1., 3. i 6. godine studija medicine Medicinskog fakulteta Sveučilišta u Splitu. Ukupno je sudjelovalo 166 studenata. Etičko povjerenstvo Medicinskog fakulteta u Splitu je odobrilo anonimni upitnik koji je bio temelj ovog istraživanja i sastojao se od dva dijela. Prvi dio obuhvaćao je pitanja koja su se odnosila na sociodemografska obilježja: dob, spol, godina studija, kvalitetu odnosa u obitelji, prijašnju psihološku pomoć i traumatska iskustva. Drugi dio upitnika bio je validirani upitnik BSI koji omogućuje kvantitativnu procjenu psihičkih tegoba. Rezultati: Rezultati ovog istraživanja pokazali su da je stupanj izraženosti trenutačnih psihičkih simptoma somatizacije, osjetljivosti u međuljudskim odnosima, anksioznosti i fobičnosti, značajno izraženiji u studentica u odnosu na studente. Studenti na 3. godini studija imali su značajno viši stupanj izraženosti trenutačnih simptoma somatizacije, osjetljivosti u međuljudskim odnosima, depresije, anksioznosti, fobičnosti, paranoidnih ideja i psihoticizma u odnosu na studente 6.godine. Utvrđeno je da je stupanj izraženosti depresije i psihoticizma viši u studenata 1. godine u odnosu na studente 6. godine studija. Studenti medicine koji su imali dobre obiteljske odnose imali su značajno niži stupanj izraženosti psihičkih simptoma. Studenti koji su doživjeli traumatsko iskustvo imali su značajno viši stupanj izraženosti svih psihičkih simptoma, osim hostilnosti. Zaključci: Studentice su imale viši stupanj izraženosti trenutačnih psihičkih simptoma somatizacije, anksioznosti, osjetljivosti u međuljudskim odnosima i fobije. Studenti 3. godine studija imali su izraženiju većinu trenutačnih psihičkih simptoma u odnosu na studente 6. godine. U studenata na 1.godini studija bili su izraženiji samo simptomi depresije i psihoticizma. U studenata koji su imali dobre obiteljske odnose, pronađene su niže vrijednosti izraženosti svih psihičkih simptoma, dok su u studenata koji su bili izloženi nekom traumatskim iskustvom pronađeni viši stupnjevi izraženosti svih psihičkih simptoma, osim hostilnosti., Objectives: The aim of this study was to examine the actual severity level of current psychological symptoms in medical students depending on gender, year of study, quality of family relationships and traumatic experiences. Subjects and methods: Participants were 1st, 3rd and 6th year medical students at the Medical Faculty of the University of Split. A total number of 166 students participated in particular research. The Ethics Committee of the Medical Faculty in Split approved an anonymous questionnaire which formed the basis of this research that consisted of two parts. The first part covered questions related to socio-demographic characteristics: age, gender, year of study, quality of family relationships, previously asked psychological help and traumatic experiences. The second part of the questionnaire was a validated „BSI” questionnaire that allowed a quantitative assessment of mental disorders. Results: The results of this study showed that degree of expression of current psychological symptoms of somatization, sensitivity in interpersonal relationships, anxiety and phobia, is significantly higher in female students compared to their male counterparts. Students in the 3rd year of study had a significantly higher degree of current expression of symptoms of somatization, sensitivity in interpersonal relationships, depression, anxiety, phobia, paranoid ideas and psychoticism compared to 6th year students. It was found that degree of expression of depression and psychoticism is higher in 1st year students compared to 6th year students. Medical students with healthy family relationships had less severe psychological symptoms. Students with a traumatic experience had a significantly higher expression of all psychological symptoms except hostility. Conclusion: Female students had higher levels of current psychological symptoms of somatization, anxiety, sensitivity in interpersonal relationships and phobias. Students of the 3rd year expressed majority of current mental symptoms compared to 6th year students. Only symptoms of depression and psychoticism were more expressed in the 1st year students. In students with healthy family relationships had lower expression of all psychological symptoms. Meanwhile, students who were exposed to some sort of traumatic experience, higher degrees of expression of all psychological symptoms were found, except for hostility.

Cilj istraživanja: Glavni cilj ovog istraživanja bilo je ispitati razlikuju li se stavovi o cijepljenju protiv COVID-19 bolesti između studenata medicine i liječnika obiteljske medicine u Splitsko-dalmatinskoj županiji. Ispitanici i postupci: Provedeno je presječno istraživanje u kojem je sudjelovalo 176 studenata medicine i 100 liječnika obiteljske medicine. Stavovi i ostale informacije od interesa prikupljeni su rješavanjem anketnog upitnika putem Google forms internetske aplikacije tijekom lipnja 2021. Korištena je peterostupanjska Likertova skala koja je sadržavala 27 tvrdnji. Prikupljeni podaci obrađeni su u programima STATISTICA 14 i Python. Rezultati: Statistički značajno više studenata misli da su na fakultetu dovoljno informirani o COVID-19 bolesti, u odnosu na liječnike (P=0,040), dok statistički značajno više liječnika misli da su na radnom mjestu dovoljno informirani o cjepivima protiv COVID-19 bolesti (P, Objectives: The main aim of research was to find out are there any differences in attitudes towards vaccination against COVID-19. Subjects and Methods: Cross-sectional research was conducted in which participated 176 medical students and 100 family medicine doctors. Attitudes and other data of interest was obtained through a survey questionnaire using Google Forms application. The research was conducted through July of year 2021. Data analysis was performed in STATISTICA 14 and Python. Results: Significantly more students thought that they gained enough information about COVID-19, through school programs (P=0.040), while significantly more doctors thought that they gained enough information about COVID-19 vaccine in their work place (P

Objectives: The aim of this study was to compare cognitive and psychomotor performance between men and women and to compare daytime sleepiness assessed with the Epworth sleepiness scale (ESS) and Stanford sleepiness scale (SSS), subjective sleep quality assessed with Pittsburgh sleep quality index (PSQI) and sleep habits between men and women. Furthermore, we investigated the association between cognitive and psychomotor performance on three tests of the computer based system Complex Reactionmeter Drenovac (CRD-series), and daytime sleepiness assessed and subjective sleep. Patients and methods: A total of 168 medical students from the University of Split School of Medicine were included in the research: 49 men with a median age of 20, ranging from 19 to 25, and 119 women with a median age of 21, ranging from 19 to 23. All students filled in the SSS, ESS, PSQI and sleep habits questionnaire. Afterwards the students performed three tests on the CRD-series battery (CRD11, CRD311, CRD411). Results: In the PSQI there was a statistically significant higher score in women (5.68±2.53) compared to men (4.80±2.14, P=0.023). The SSS score was also significantly higher in women in contrast to men (2.82±1.22 vs. 2.23±0.98, respectively, P=0.002). Women also stated to sleep shorter (6h35min ± 1h 8min) than men (6h 58min ± 58 min, P=0.024). Chronic tiredness was significantly more frequent among women than men (P=0.007). On the CRD11 test men had statistically significant shorter MinT and TTST (TTST 94.46±14.84 s and MinT 1.61±0.23 s) than women (TTST 105.82±17.78 s and MinT 1.78±0.28 s, P, Ciljevi: Cilj ovog istraživanja bio je usporediti kognitivne i psihomotoričke učinke muškaraca i žena te usporediti dnevnu pospanost procijenjenu s Epworthovom ljestvicom pospanosti (ESS) i Stanfordskom ljestvicom pospanosti (SSS), subjektivnu kvalitetu spavanja procijenjenu Pittsburgh upitnikom kvalitete spavanja (PSQI) i navike spavanja između muškaraca i žena. Nadalje, istražit ćemo povezanost kognitivnih i psihomotoričkih učinaka na tri testa sustava Complex Reactionmeter Drenovac (CRD-serija), te dnevne pospanosti i subjektivne kvalitete spavanja. Pacijenti i metode: U istraživanje je bilo uključeno ukupno 168 studenata medicine iz Medicinskog fakulteta Sveučilišta u Splitu i to 49 muškaraca sa srednjom dobi od 20 (raspon 19-25) i 119 žena srednje dobi od 21 (raspon 19-23) godina. Svi su studenti popunili SSS, ESS, PSQI i upitnik o navikama spavanja. Nakon toga studenti su riješili tri testa na CRD seriji (CRD11, CRD311, CRD411). Rezultati: U PSQI zabilježen je viši rezultat u žena (5,68±2,53) nego u muškaraca (4,80±2,14, P=0,023). SSS rezultat je također bio značajno viši u žena za razliku od muškaraca (2,82±1,22 naspram 2,23±0,98, odnosno P=0,002). Žene su također izjavile da spavaju kraće (6h35min ± 1h 8min) od muškaraca (6h 58min ± 58 min, P=0,024). Kronični umor bio je značajno češći u žena nego u muškaraca (P=0,007). Na CRD11 testu muškarci su imali značajno kraće MinT i TTST (TTST 94,46±14,84 s i MinT 1,61±0,23 s) od žena (TTST 105,82±17,78 s i MinT 1,78±0,28 s, P

Ciljevi: Ovo istraživanje procjenjivalo je stavove i znanje studenata Medicinskog fakulteta u Splitu o COVID-19 infekciji. Materijali i metode: Presječno istraživanje je provedeno tijekom svibnja 2020. godine putem internetskog upitnika. Upitnik se sastojao od 50 pitanja podijeljenih u pet dijelova, kojim se ispitivalo znanje i stavovi 344 ispitanika (189 studenata medicine, 155 dentalne medicine) o COVID-19. Statistička analiza je provedena pomoću Mann-Whitney-evog ili Kruskal Wallis 1-way ANOVA testa. Rezultati: Znanje studenata se procijenilo brojem točnih odgovora, a najviši broj bodova je 17. Od ukupnog broja ispitanika, njih 49 (14,2 %) točno je odgovorilo na sva postavljena pitanja. Nadalje, 85,5 % ima dobro znanje o COVID-19 infekciji. Ispitanici nisu pokazali razliku u znanju ovisno o spolu (P = 0,169) i dobi (P = 0,260), ali su pokazali ovisno o vrsti studija kojeg pohađaju (P ≤ 0,001). Medijan odgovora na pitanja iz znanja o COVID-19 je za sve studente medicine bio 16 (14,50-16), a dentalne medicine 15 (14-16). Studenti prvih godina studija pokazali su lošije znanje u odnosu na ostale godine (P = 0,006). Tijekom prvog ograničenja kretanja studenti su izbjegavali nepotrebno napuštati dom (92,2 %) i koristiti javni prijevoz (99,1 %). Prali su ruke toplom vodom i sapunom u trajanju od 20 sekundi (96,2 %), izbjegavali su bliske kontakte (91,9 %), te su nosili masku (70,1 %) ili rukavice (52,9 %). Nema razlike u znanju ispitanika ovisno o njihovom ponašanju tijekom ograničenja kretanja. Svega se 11,0 % ispitanika bojalo za svoje zdravlje, dok se njih 58,1 % bojalo za zdravlje članova svoje obitelji. Zaključak: Istraživanje je pokazalo kako ispitanici imaju dobro znanje i pozitivne stavove o COVID-19 bolesti. Budući da je većina ispitanika navela da na studiju nije prošla edukaciju o mjerama zaštite i prevencije vezano uz COVID-19 infekciju, preporučuje se pokrenuti edukaciju., Objectives: This questioner – based online study has assessed attitudes and knowledge among students of the University of Split School of Medicine. Materials and methods: This cross – sectional study has been conducted during May 2020 via Internet questionnaire. The knowledge and attitudes about COVID-19 of 344 examinee (189 students of the School of Medicine, 155 students of Dental Medicine) have been assessed through 50 questions divided into five sections. Statistical analysis has been conducted by Mann – Whitney or Kruskal Wallis 1 – way ANOVA test. Results: The level of students’ knowledge has been assessed by the number of correct answers, while the highest score was 17. Forty-nine students (14.2%) have given all the correct answers. Furthermore, 85.5% have good knowledge about COVID–19 infection. There is no significant difference among students regarding gender (P = 0.169) and age (P = 0.260), but the kind of school they attend had an important role (P ≤ 0.001). Median value of answers to questions about COVID–19 was for all students of the School of Medicine 16 (14.50-16), while for the students of Dental Medicine it was 15 (14 – 16). The results of the first-year students have been worse compared to others (P = 0.006). During the first lockdown students avoided leaving their homes unnecessarily (92.2%) and using public transport (99.1%). They washed hands using warm water and soap for 20 seconds (96.2%) and wore masks (70.1%) or gloves (52.9%). There is no difference in the examinees’ knowledge regarding their behavior during the lockdown. Only 11.0% examinees were concerned about their health, while 58.1% was concerned about the health of their family members. Conclusion: This study has shown that examinees have good knowledge and positive attitudes towards COVID–19 disease. Since the majority of examinees mentioned that they hadn’t been educated about the protection and prevention regarding COVID–19 infection, educational campaign is recommended.

Objectives: The aim of this study is to investigate the correlations between IQ test scores performed through the Raven’s Advanced Progressive Matrices (APM) and cognitive testing through the Complex Reactionmeter Drenovac (CRD) test battery. Subjects and methods: From 2017-2019, 224 medical students at the University of Split School of Medicine (USSM) studying in the English and Croatian programme were recruited for this study. The IQ scores of the students were assessed using Raven’s APM where students had 30 minutes to complete 36 items of the abstract reasoning test. The computerised test of CRD-series was used for testing reaction times of light stimulus perception (CRD311), complex psychomotor limb coordination (CRD411) and solving simple arithmetic operations (CRD11). The total test solving time (TTST) and the minimum single task solving time (MinT), were analyzed. Results: On test of convergent thinking (CRD11), task solving times were shorter in students with a higher APM score (r = -0.48 for TTST and r = -0.44 for MinT; P < 0.001 for both tests. The light signal position discrimination test (CRD311) had shorter task solving times in correlation with a greater APM score (r = -0.30 for TTST and r = -0.33 for MinT, P < 0.001 for both variables). The test of operative thinking (CRD411) also demonstrated a negative correlation between task solving times and APM scores and with a higher APM score, task solving times were shorter (r = -0.40 for TTST and r = -0.30 for MinT, P < 0.001 for both). Men displayed a significantly shorter TTST than women on these tests; CRD11 (97.52 ± 18.82s vs. 107.69 ± 20.57s, P < 0.001), CRD311(27.13±2.17s vs. 28.13±2.46s, P = 0.002) and on CRD411 (26.93 ± 5.13s vs. 30.77±7.26s, P < 0.001). Conclusion: This study concludes that achieving a higher APM score is associated with a greater performance on the CRD-series tests, and therefore greater cognitive abilities for convergent thinking, operative thinking and speed of perception. Men overall also were slightly better than women on these tests., Ciljevi: Cilj ove studije je istražiti povezanost između inteligencije ispitane pomoću Ravenovih naprednih progresivnih matrica (APM) i kognitivnih sposobnosti ispitanih testovima Complex Reactionmeter Drenovac (CRD) serije. Materijali i metode: Od 2017. do 2019. godine u ovom istraživanju sudjelovalo je 224 studenta medicine Medicinskog fakulteta Sveučilišta u Splitu koji studiraju na engleskom ili hrvatskom programu. Inteligencija studenata izmjerena je pomoću Ravenovih APM-a gdje su studenti tijekom 30 minuta rješavali 36 zadataka testa apstraktnog rasuđivanja. Kompjuterizirani test CRD serije korišten je za ispitivanje vremena reakcije prilikom percepcije svjetlosnih podražaja (CRD311), složene psihomotoričke koordinacije udova (CRD411) i rješavanja jednostavnih aritmetičkih operacija (CRD11). Od rezultata postignutim na testovima analizirani su ukupno vrijeme rješavanja testa (TTST) i najkraće vrijeme rješavanja jednog zadatka (MinT). Rezultati: Na testu konvergentnog mišljenja (CRD11) vrijeme rješavanja zadataka bilo je kraće u studenata s višim APM rezultatom (r = -0,48 za TTST i r = -0,44 za MinT; P

Objectives: The aim of this study was to examine the attitudes and beliefs of medical students in English and in Croatian, Dental medicine, and Pharmacy students at the University of s split school of medicine (USSM) in Split, Croatia and the extent to which the back pain myths were accepted. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study was carried out amongst the student population enrolled at USSM. An online questionnaire was administered to 1,100 students in all academic years and was made accessible online between May-October 2020. Data were collected with consent, and participation was voluntary, anonymous, and without compensation. Results: A total of 311 students, out of 1,100 enrolled at the USSM participated in this study. The median age of the participants was 21.0 (18-32) years and student participants were between the age of 18 and 32 years. A minority of student respondents (26%) self-reported a personal experience with acute or chronic low back pain (LBP), and only 18% reported having sought the help of a healthcare professional for their symptoms. Overall, a higher proportion of medical students in Croatian and Pharmacy students (44% and 42% respectively) correctly rejected the back pain myths than did the medical students in English (40%) or Dental medicine students (37%). The majority of students across all study programs (54%) believed that backpain is disabling. The myth with the greatest difference in correct responses across study programs was that ‘there is no real treatment for back trouble’. Forty seven percent of medical students in English agreed with this statement, compared to 18% of medical students in Croatian, Dental medicine, and Pharmacy. A greater proportion of students endorsed alternative treatment regimen for back pain (26%) than they did a surgical approach (19%) or pharmacological approach (14%). Although we did observe differences between year of study, we did not find a correlation between years of training with the number of correct responses. Female respondents were more likely to reject bedrest as a treatment then males (50% female vs 39% male). Male respondents were more likely to reject alternative medicine (42% male vs 26% female) and a surgical approach (43% vs 31%) as the only way to treat back pain. Conclusion: This study confirmed that students at USSM do believe some of the back pain myths, though to a lesser degree than the general population based on data reported in the literature. Additional training regarding chronic pain and the introduction of the back pain myths into medical school curricula should be explored in order to foster the education of clinicians in order for students to endorse an evidence-based approach in their future clinical practice., Ciljevi: Cilj ovog istraživanja bio je ispitati stavove i uvjerenja studenata medicine na engleskom i hrvatskom jeziku, dentalne medicine i farmacije na Medicinskom fakultetu Sveučilišta u Splitu (MEFST) o križobolji i u kojoj mjeri vjeruju mitovima o križobolji. Materijali i metode: Provedeno je presječno istraživanje među studentskom populacijom MEFST-a. Online upitnik bio je dostupan između svibnja i listopada 2020. godine za 1100 studenata svih akademskih godina. Podaci su prikupljeni uz pristanak, a sudjelovanje je bilo dobrovoljno, anonimno i bez naknade. Rezultati: Ukupno 311 studenta sudjelovalo je u ovom istraživanju. Prosječna dob bila je 21 godinu (18-32), a studenti su bili u dobi između 18 i 32 godine. Manjina ispitanika (26%) prijavila je osobno iskustvo s akutnom ili kroničnom križoboljom, a samo 18% izjavilo je da je zatražilo liječničku pomoć. Veći udio studenata medicine u na hrvatskom jeziku i studenata farmacije (44% odnosno 42%) ispravno je odbacilo mitove o križobolji, u odnosu na studente medicine na engleskom (40%) ili dentalne medicine (37%). Većina studenata (54%) vjerovala je da križobolja onesposobljava pacijente. Mit s najvećom razlikom u točnim odgovorima na studijskim programima bio je da 'ne postoji pravi način liječenja križobolje. Četrdeset sedam posto studenata medicine na engleskom jeziku složilo se s ovom tvrdnjom, u usporedbi s 18% studenata medicine na hrvatskom jeziku, dentalne medicine i farmacije. Veći dio studenata prihvaća kao opciju alternativne načine liječenja križobolje (26%) nego kirurški pristup (19%) ili farmakološki pristup (14%). Iako smo uočili razlike između odgovora studenata različitih godina studija, nismo pronašli korelaciju između godina studiranja i broja točnih odgovora. Studentice u većem postotku odbacuju ležanje u krevetu kao tretman liječenja križobolje od studenata (50% u odnosu na 39%). Studenti su u većem postotku nego studentice odbacili alternativnu medicinu (42% i 26%) te kirurški pristup (43% i 31%) kao jedini način liječenja križobolje. Zaključak: Ovo istraživanje je potvrdilo da studenti MEFST-a vjeruju u neke od mitova o križobolji, iako u manjoj mjeri od opće populacije na temelju podataka iz literature. Potrebna je bolja edukacija o križobolji u nastavnim programima kako bi se potaknulo i usmjerilo studente na pristup križobolji i općenito medicini zasnovan na dokazima u svojoj budućoj kliničkoj praksi.

Cilj Cilj istraživanja je ispitati osobine ličnosti studenata studija sestrinstva potrebne za kvalitetno obavljanje profesionalnih zadataka u timskom radu. Utvrditi razlikuju li se medicinske sestre (Ž) od tehničara (M) u naglašenosti osobina te razlikuju li se studentice medicine (Ž) od studenata (M) u naglašenosti osobina. Utvrditi na temelju koje osobine svi ispitanici kreiraju lažnu sliku o sebi. Metode U istraživanju je korišten Big Five upitnik (12). Upitnik se koristi kako bi se napravila procjena pet velikih dimenzija ličnosti u okviru Peto faktorskog modela. Upitnik se koristi isključivo za testiranje osobe starijih od 16 godina. Big five upitnik se sastoji od pet velikih dimenzija: Energija (E), Ugodnost (U), Savjesnost (S), Emocionalna stabilnost (ES), Mentalna otvorenost (MO) ). Upitnik se sastoji od 132 čestice. Ispitanici su dužni izraziti stupanj slaganja na ljestvici od 1 do 5, gdje 1 označava u potpunosti netočno za mene a 5 označava u potpunosti točno za mene. Rezultati Studenti sestrinstva pokazuju vrlo nisku razinu energije, ugodnosti, savjesnosti, emocionalne stabilnosti, mentalne otvorenosti te time ne iskazuju osobine ličnosti potrebne za kvalitetno obavljanje profesionalnih zadataka u timskom radu. Postoji značajna razlika između studenata sestrinstva i studenata medicine u osobinama emocionalne stabilnosti i savjesnosti, dok u ostalim osobinama se ne nalazi značajne statističke razlike. Razina laganja odnosno kreiranja lažne slike o sebi nije se razlikovala među promatranim skupinama. U ispitivanju s obzirom na spol promatranih skupina razlike u energiji, savjesnosti, emocionalnoj stabilnosti, mentalnoj otvorenosti te laganju nije utvrđeno postojanje razlike. Veća razina ugodnosti je utvrđena među studenticama promatranih studija u odnosu na studente. Promatrajući studente sestrinstva nije utvrđena statistički značajna razlika u energiji, ugodnosti, savjesnosti, emocionalnoj stabilnosti, mentalnoj otvorenosti te laganju između studenata i studentica. Promatrajući studente medicine utvrđena je veća razina ugodnosti, emocionalne stabilnosti i savjesnosti kod studentica medicine u odnosu na studente medicine, dok u energiji, mentalnoj otvorenosti i laganju postojanje razlike nije uočeno. Zaključci Studenti sestrinstva nemaju posebno izražene potrebne osobine ličnosti za kvalitetno obavljanje profesionalnih zadataka u timskom radu. Postoje značajne razlike u osobinama ličnosti između studenata sestrinstva i medicine. Značajna razlika između studentica i studenata oba studija nalazi se u samo jednoj dimenziji – ugodnosti. Postoje značajne razlike u naglašenosti osobina između studenata i studentica medicine, dok među studenticama sestrinstva nisu utvrđene razlike. Goal The aim of the research is to examine the characteristics of student nursing students needed for quality performance of professional tasks in teamwork. To determine nurses (F) differ from technicians (M) in accentuated traits that differ from student medicine (F) from students (M) in accentuated traits. Determine on the basis of which traits all respondents create a false image of themselves. Methods The Big Five questionnaire was used in the study (12). The questionnaire is used to make an assessment of the five major dimensions of personality within the Fifth Factor Model. The questionnaire is used exclusively for testing a person over 16 years of age. The Big Five questionnaire consists of five major dimensions: Energy (E), Comfort (U), Conscientiousness (S), Emotional Stability (ES), Mental Openness (MO)). The questionnaire consists of 132 items. Respondents are required to express a degree of agreement on a scale of 1 to 5, where 1 indicates completely incorrect for me and 5 indicates completely incorrect for me. The results Nursing students show a very low level of energy, comfort, conscientiousness, emotional stability, mental openness and thus do not show the personality traits necessary for quality performance of professional tasks in teamwork. There is a significant difference between nursing students and medical students in the traits of emotional stability and conscientiousness, while there are no significant statistical differences in other traits. The level of lying, in creating a false image of oneself, did not differ between the observed groups. In the study with regard to the gender of the observed groups, differences in energy, conscientiousness, emotional stability, mental openness and lying were not found to exist. A higher level of comfort was found among female students of the observed studies compared to male students. Observing nursing students, no statistically significant difference was found in energy, comfort, conscientiousness, emotional stability, mental openness, and lying between male and female students. Observing medical students, a higher level of comfort, emotional stability and conscientiousness was found in medical students compared to medical students, while in energy, mental openness and lying, the difference was not observed. Findings Nursing students do not possess the necessary personality traits for quality performance of professional tasks in teamwork. There are significant differences in personality traits between nursing and medical students. A significant difference between the students of both studies is in only one dimension - comfort. There are significant differences in the emphasis of traits between male and female medical students, while no differences were found among nursing students.

Cilj istraživanja: Glavni cilj ovoga istraživanja je bio procijeniti stavove o utjecaju pandemije COVID-19 na nastavne aktivnosti i razine percipiranog stresa studenata završnih godina medicine, dentalne medicine i farmacije na Medicinskom fakultetu Sveučilišta u Splitu. Ispitanici i postupci: Istraživanje je provedeno na ukupno 140 studenata. Podaci su dobiveni putem anketnog upitnika uporabom aplikacije Google forms. Stavovi o utjecaju pandemije na nastavu ocijenjeni su putem 10 tvrdnji. Određivanje razina percipiranog stresa temeljilo se na PSS (engl. Percived Stress Scale) upitniku, a težina simptoma povezanih sa stresom po pitanju COVID-19 ocijenila se na temelju IES-COVID-19 (engl. Impact on Event Scale-COVID19) upitniku. Rezultati: Većina ispitanika je imala strah od manjka znanja uslijed nastave na daljinu i pandemije COVID-19 (68,6%). Također, većina ispitanika je bila slabije motivirana za učenje prilikom obavljanja nastave na daljinu (70,7%). Većina studenata je bila pod umjerenim razinama stresa ispitanim PSS upitnikom (61%), a među njima su studentice, u odnosu na studente imale statistički značajno viši PSS zbroj (P=0,016). Glavnina ispitanika je imala slabe traumtske simptome stresa ispitane IES-COVID-19 upitnikom (62%.), dok je manji dio imao umjerene traumatske simptome (28%), najmanji dio teške simptome (10%). Značajno viši IES-COVID-19 zbroj su imali studenti dentalne medicine i framacije nasuprot studenata medicine (P=0,006). Studenti koji su pokazali strah od manje količine znanja imali su statistički značajno više razine stresa (P

Pozadina: Sustavni pregledi smatraju se najvišom razinom dokaza u medicini. No, konsenzus o definiciji sustavnih pregleda ne postoji, nepoznato je mijenjaju li se stavovi urednika o sustavnim pregledima i nepoznato je postoje li učinkovite intervencije za unaprjeđenje znanja o sustavnim pregledima. Cilj: Ova disertacija imala je tri osnovna cilja: 1) analizirati definicije sustavnih pregleda u zdravstvenoj literaturi, analizirati navedene elemente definicija i predložiti temelj za eksplicitnu, nedvosmislenu definiciju sustavnog pregleda; 2) provesti novu analizu stavova urednika o sustavnim pregledima kao originalnim istraživanjima te; 3) analizirati učinkovitost kratke edukacijske intervencije na unaprjeđenje znanja o sustavnim pregledima. Metode: U prvo istraživanje uključeni su pregledi sustavnih pregleda, meta-epidemiološka istraživanja i udžbenici iz epidemiologije. Prikupljene su definicije sustavnih pregleda kao i kriteriji uključivanja i isključivanja koji su upućivali na definiciju koji su autori koristili. Pojedinačni elementi definicija sustavnog pregleda su izdvojeni, kategorizirani i kvantificirani. U drugom su istraživanju, putem e-pošte, urednici biomedicinskih časopisa upitani smatraju li sustavne preglede originalnim istraživanjima, objavljuju li sustavne preglede u svojim časopisima te u kojim odjeljcima časopisa. Pretražen je PubMed u potrazi za sustavnim pregledima (ili metaanalizama) objavljenim u uključenim časopisima u 2017. godini. Ukoliko nisu pronađeni sustavni pregledi ili metaanalize, časopisi su ručno pretraženi. Urednici su pozvani na sudjelovanje u popratnom kvalitativnom istraživanju provedenom putem intervjua. U trećem istraživanju osmišljena je kratka edukacijska intervencija o sustavnim pregledima te je provedeno kvalitativno istraživanje putem intervjua među zdravstvenim radnicima o njihovom mišljenju o navedenoj edukaciji. Potom se proveo randomizirani kontrolirani pokus u kojem je uspoređena kratka edukacijska intervencija s kontrolnom intervencijom koja se sastojala od PRISMA popisa za provjeru. Ispitanici u pokusu bili su studenti zdravstvenih studija. Rezultati: U prvom istraživanju među 535 analiziranih izvora informacija, u 188 (35%) izvora pronađena je definicija sustavno pregleda. U definicijama sustavnih pregleda najčešće su pronađene reference na Cochrane i PRISMA izjavu. Pronađeno je 188 različitih elemenata sustavnih pregleda koji su kategorizirani u 14 kategorija. Najveći broj elemenata definicija sustavnih pregleda bilo je iz kategorija pretrage (N = 51), analize/sinteze (N = 23), općenito metoda (N = 22), kvalitete/pristranosti/procjene/valjanosti (N = 22) i cilja/istraživačkog pitanja (N = 13). Spomenutih pet kategorija bile su i najčešće korištena kombinacija kategorija pronađenih u definicijama sustavnih pregleda. U drugom istraživanju sudjelovala su 73 urednika, koji su predstavljali 72 (62%) uključenih časopisa. Pedeset i dva (80%) urednika smatralo je sustavne preglede originalnim istraživanjima ili same po sebi (65%) ili ukoliko sadrže metaanalizu (15%) te su gotovo svi urednici (91%) izjavili kako objavljuju sustavne preglede. U usporedbi s rezultatima istraživanja provedenog na ključnim kliničkim časopisima 2009. godine, sličan udio urednika smatralo je sustavne preglede originalnim istraživanjima (71%), prihvaćalo sustavne preglede kao originalna istraživanja pod određenim uvjetima poput sadržavanja metaanalize (14%) te je sličan udio objavljivao sustavne preglede (94%). Provedeni intervjui pokazali su kako su urednici koristili različite kriterije prilikom odlučivanja jesu li sustavni pregledi originalna istraživanja, uključujući korištenu metodologiju, ponovljivost, originalnost ideje i stupanj noviteta. U trećem istraživanju provedeno je 12 kvalitativnih intervjua o edukacijskoj intervenciji o sustavnim pregledima. Temeljem odgovora ispitanika, edukacija je prilagođena i pripremljena za randomizirani kontrolirani pokus. Randomizirano je 589 ispitanika koji su primili ili novu edukacijsku intervenciju ili PRISMA popis za provjeru. Intervencijska je skupina imala 23% više točnih odgovora nakon provedene intervencije u usporedbi s kontrolnom skupinom. Zaključak: Trenutno korištene definicije sustavnih pregleda su nejasne i dvosmislene, često koristeći izraze poput jasno, eksplicitno i sustavno, bez daljnjeg pojašnjavanja. Predlaže se specifičnija definicija sustavnog pregleda s konačnim ciljem motiviranja istraživačke zajednice na uspostavljanje jasne i nedvosmislene definicije ove vrste istraživanja. Većina urednika ključnih kliničkih časopisa smatralo je sustavne preglede originalnim istraživanjima. Nije postojao jedinstven pristup definiranju što čini sustavni pregled, ili bilo koje drugo istraživanje, originalnim. Novo osmišljena kratka edukacijska intervencija učinkovita je za kratkotrajno unaprjeđenje znanja o sustavnim pregledima te su potrebna daljnja istraživanja na tu temu., Background: Systematic reviews (SRs) are considered the highest level of evidence in medicine. However, there is no consensus definition of SRs, it is unclear whether the attitudes of editors towards SRs are changing, and whether there are effective interventions for improving knowledge about SRs. Aim: This thesis had three aims: 1) to analyze the definition of a SR in health care literature, elements of the definitions that are used and to propose a starting point for an explicit and nonambiguous SR definition; 2) to conduct a new analysis about editors' opinion regarding SRs as original research; and 3) to analyze the effectiveness of a short educational intervention for improving knowledge about SRs. Methods: In the first study, we included overviews of systematic reviews (OSRs), metaepidemiological studies and epidemiology textbooks. We extracted the definitions of SRs, as well as the inclusion and exclusion criteria that could indicate which definition of a SR the authors used. We extracted individual elements of SR definitions, categorized and quantified them. In the second study, we contacted editors via email and asked them whether they considered SRs original research, whether they published SRs in the journal and, if yes, in which section. We searched PubMed for any SRs (or meta-analyses) published in the included journals in 2017; if we did not find any, we hand-searched these journals. Editors were invited to participate in a follow-up qualitative interview study. In the third study, we first created a short educational intervention about SRs and conducted qualitative interviews with health care workers to obtain their insights. Then, we conducted a randomized controlled trial (RCT) in which we compared the short educational intervention with the control intervention that consisted of a PRISMA checklist. The eligible participants were health sciences students. Results: In the first study, among the 535 analyzed sources of information, 188 (35%) provided a definition of a SR. The most commonly used reference points for the definitions of SRs were Cochrane and the PRISMA statement. We found 188 different elements of SR definitions and divided them into 14 categories. The highest number of SR definition elements was found in categories related to searching (N = 51), analysis/synthesis (N = 23), overall methods (N = 22), quality/bias/appraisal/validity (N = 22) and aim/question (N = 13). The same five categories were also the most commonly used combination of categories in the SR definitions. In the second study, 73 editors representing 72 (62%) journals were included. Fifty-two (80%) editors considered SRs original research, either for any type of SR (65%) or only for SRs with a meta-analysis (15%) and almost all (91%) of editors published SRs. Compared with the results of the 2009 study of Core Clinical Journals, a similar proportion of editors considered SRs to be original studies (71%), accepted SRs as original on certain condition such as presence of meta-analysis (14%) or published SRs (94%). Interviews with editors showed that they used various criteria to decide whether a SR is original research, including methodology, reproducibility, originality of idea and level of novelty. In the third study, 12 qualitative interviews were conducted regarding the educational intervention about SRs. Based on their feedback, the education was modified and prepared for the RCT. We randomized 589 participants, who received either our new educational intervention or a PRISMA checklist. The intervention group had 23% more correct answers after the intervention compared to the control group. Conclusion: Currently used definitions of SRs are vague and ambiguous, often using terms such as clear, explicit and systematic, without further elaboration. We proposed a more specific definition of a systematic review, with the ultimate aim of motivating the research community to establish a clear and unambiguous definition of this type of research. The majority of editors of core clinical journals considered that SRs are original research. There was no uniform approach to defining what makes a SR, or any study, original. Our newly designed short educational intervention is effective for improving short-term knowledge about SRs and should be further tested.

Uvod: Farmakovigilancija je skup aktivnosti vezanih uz prevenciju, otkrivanje, procjenu, razumijevanje i postupanje na nuspojave lijekova, kao i nova saznanja o škodljivosti primjene lijekova. Cilj istraživanja je bio ustvrditi postoje li razlike u stavovima i znanju o važnosti prijavljivanja nuspojava lijekova studenata Medicinskog fakulteta u Splitu. Materijali i metode: U istraživanju je sudjelovalo 524 studenta tri integrirana studija medicine, dentalne medicine i farmacije Medicinskog fakultetu u Splitu koji su ispunili Google form upitnik. Dobiveni podaci su obrađeni uz pomoć hi-kvadrat, Kruskal-Wallis testa i Mann-Whitney U testa. Rezultati: Studenti farmacije su u najvećem, a studenti dentalne medicine u najmanjem postotku upoznati sa pojmovima farmakovilancije (χ2= 54,242, df = 2, P˂ 0.001) i HALMED-a (χ2= 29,541, df = 2, P ˂ 0.001). Postoji razlika u brojim stavovima o farmakovigilanciji između studenata koji su odslušali kolegij „Farmakologija“ i onih koji nisu. Zaključak: Studenti koji su odslušali neki od kolegija na Katedri za farmakologiju bolje su upoznati sa pojmom farmakovigilancije i HALMED-a. Većina studenata smatra da tema farmakovigilancije nije dovoljno pokrivena nastavnim programom studija te da nisu dovoljno dobro pripremljeni za prijavljivanje sumnji na nuspojave u svojoj budućoj praksi., Objectives: Pharmacovigilance is a set of activities related to preventing, detecting, assessing, understanding and treating drug side effects (ADR) and new knowledge about the harmful effects of drug use. The study aimed to determine whether there are differences in attitudes and knowledge about the importance of reporting drug side effects among students at the School of Medicine in Split. Materials and methods: The research involved 524 students from three integrated study programs (medicine, dental medicine and pharmacy) at the Faculty of Medicine in Split who filled out the Google form. Data were analysed using the Kruskal-Wallis test and the Mann-Whitney U test. Results: Pharmacy students are in the higher, and dental students in the smallest percentage familiar with the concepts of pharmacovigilance (χ2 = 54,242, df = 2, P ˂ 0.001) and HALMED (χ2 = 29,541, df = 2, P ˂ 0.001). There is a difference in attitudes on pharmacovigilance between students who have attended Pharmacology course and those who have not. Conclusion: Students who attended courses at the Department of Pharmacology are better acquainted with the concept of pharmacovigilance and HALMED. Most students think that the study curriculum does not sufficiently cover pharmacovigilance and that they are not well enough prepared to report suspected side effects in their future practice.

Uvod i cilj istraživanja: Eradikacija Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infekcije postaje sve teža. Visoka prevalencija H. pylori infekcije, složenost njenog liječenja, slaba usklađenost registriranih pakiranja lijekova ili nedostatna adherencija bolesnika s terapijskim protokolom pridonose antibiotskoj rezistenciji i porastu troškova u zdravstvenom sustavu. Cilj našeg presječnog istraživanja bio je odrediti znanje i stavove liječnika obiteljske medicine i studenata medicine u Republici Hrvatskoj s važećim smjernicama za liječenje H. pylori infekcije, Maastricht V/Florence konsenzus izvješćem. Cilj našeg sekundarnog istraživanja bio je utvrditi usklađenost pakiranja registriranih lijekova koji su sastavni dio eradikacijskog protokola za liječenje H. pylori infekcije s europskim i nacionalnim terapijskim smjernicama. Ispitanici i postupci: Istraživanje je provedeno s liječnicima obiteljske medicine i studentima medicine s ciljem utvrđivanja adherencije s europskim smjernicama za liječenje H. pylori infekcije, Maastricht V/Florence konsenzus izvješćem. Anketni upitnik je podijeljen putem elektroničke pošte u 2338 ordinacija obiteljske medicine u Republici Hrvatskoj te studentima medicine četvrte, pete i šeste godine studija Medicine Sveučilišta u Splitu. Odgovori su se skupljali elektronskim putem tijekom razdoblja od 23. lipnja do 26. kolovoza 2020. godine. U sekundarnom istraživanju ispitali smo usklađenosti pakiranja registriranih lijekova za eradikaciju H. pylori infekcije s europskim i nacionalnim smjernicama o H. pylori infekciji za odrasle bolesnike za Republiku Hrvatsku, Republiku Sloveniju, Italiju i Ujedinjeno Kraljevstvo. Pri tome smo istražili usklađenost pakiranja lijekova sa svim dostupnim terapijskim protokolima, a lijekove smo identificirali u nacionalnim bazama lijekova u srpnju 2019. godine. Rezultati: U istraživanje je uključeno 249 liječnika obiteljske medicine i 169 studenata medicine. Bizmut četverostruka terapija ili ne-bizmut četverostruka terapija (konkomitantna), koje su prva linija terapije za eradikaciju H. pylori infekcije, u Republici Hrvatskoj bile su izbor 4,8% liječnika obiteljske medicine i 13% studenata medicine, dok bi 66,3% liječnika obiteljske medicine i 79,9% studenata medicine izabralo trojnu terapiju s klaritromicinom, što nije u skladu s važećim smjernicama. Bizmut četverostruka terapija bila je najčešći izbor kao druga linija terapije (što je u skladu sa smjernicama), kod 45,4% liječnika obiteljske medicine i 34,9% studenata medicine. Međutim, samo 2,8% liječnika obiteljske medicine i 7,1% studenata medicine bi točno preporučilo prvu i drugu liniju terapije za eradikaciju H. pylori infekcije. Značajno veći postotak studenata preferira C13-urea izdisajni test od liječnika obiteljske medicine (50,3% vs. 6,4%). Samo 59,0% liječnika obiteljske medicine bi liječilo H. pylori kod svih bolesnika uključujući i asimptomatske. Studenti medicine značajno češće prepoznaju povezanost između H. pylori infekcije i karcinoma želuca u odnosu na liječnike (92,9% vs. 73,5%). U drugom dijelu istraživanja gdje smo ispitivali usklađenost pakiranja registriranih lijekova sa smjernicama za liječenje, rezultati za Republiku Hrvatsku su pokazali usklađenost lijekova s 10-dnevnim terapijskim protokolom za sve terapijske protokole osim sekvencijske terapije. Usklađenost lijekova nije registrirana sa svim predloženim 14-dnevnim terapijskim protokolima u Republici Hrvatskoj. Neusklađenost pakiranja registriranih lijekova u Republici Hrvatskoj posljedica je ograničene dostupnosti i pakiranja lijekova. U Ujedinjenom Kraljevstvu pakiranja lijekova su češće usklađena sa 14-dnevnim terapijskim protokolima i nacionalnim smjernicama. U Italiji je bolja usklađenost pakiranja lijekova s 10-dnevnim terapijskim protokolima prema europskim smjernicama, dok u Republici Sloveniji postoji neusklađenost pakiranja lijekova sa svim predloženim terapijskim protokolima. Ovim istraživanjem smo dokazali značajno manju raznolikost u pakiranju lijekova registriranih u Republici Hrvatskoj i Republici Sloveniji, u usporedbi s pakiranjima lijekova u Italiji i Ujedinjenom Kraljevstvu. Zaključci: Znanje liječnika obiteljske medicine i studenata medicine o smjernicama za liječenje H. pylori infekcije je nedostatno u Republici Hrvatskoj. Potrebne su daljnje kontinuirane ciljane edukacijske intervencije s ciljem mijenjanja stavova i znanja o dijagnostici i terapiji H. pylori infekcije. S obzirom na lošu usklađenost pakiranja registriranih lijekova sa smjernicama za liječenje H. pylori infekcije, u kliničku praksu kao uobičajeni dio liječenja bolesnika trebalo bi uvesti edukaciju bolesnika, jer je adherencija sa smjernicama od izuzetne važnosti., Background and Objectives: Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) eradication is becoming increasingly difficult. High prevalence of H. pylori infection, the complexity for its treatment, poor accordance of registered drug packs or poor patient adherence to the treatment may contribute to antibiotic resistance and healthcare costs. The aim of our cross-sectional study was to determine the knowledge of current guidelines (Maastricht V/Florence consensus report) and attitude in the diagnosis and treatment of H. pylori infection in primary care physicians (PCPs) and medical students in Croatia. The aim of our secondary study was to investigate whether registered drug packs are in accordance with European and national guidelines for H. pylori eradication with reference to the number of drug units. Subjects and Methods: A study was conducted among PCPs and medical students to evaluate adherence to Maastricht V consensus guidelines. Questionnaire was distributed by e-mail to 2338 PCPs offices in Croatia and to the medical students from the University of Split School of Medicine. Responses were collected electronically from June 23 to August 26 of 2020. In secondary study we considered treatment options for management of H. pylori infection recommended by the Maastricht V/Florence Consensus Report and by national guidelines in United Kingdom (UK), Croatia, Italy and Slovenia for adults. Drugs proposed by the guidelines were identified in national drug databases in July of 2019. Results: 249 PCPs and 169 medical students were included in the study. Bismuth or nonbismuth based quadruple therapy as first-line treatment for H. pylori was the choice of 4,8% of PCPs and 13% of students, while 66,3% PCPs and 79,9% students would choose clarithromycin-based triple therapy. Bismuth-based quadruple therapy was the most preferred second-line of treatment for 45,4% of PCPs and 34,9% of students. Only 2,8% PCPs and 7,1% of students would correctly recommend first and second line of treatment for H. pylori infection. A larger proportion of students than PCPs would prefer C13-urea breath test (50,3% vs. 6,4%). Only 59,0% PCPs would treat for H. pylori in all patients including the asymptomatic ones. Students more frequently recognized the link between H. pylori and gastric cancer compared to PCPs (92,9% vs. 73,5%). In our secondary study when considering accordance for 10-day treatment regimens, drug packs registered in Croatia could not be matched with sequential therapies, only. A number of proposed treatments could not be matched due to limited availability of drugs in Croatia. None of the 14-day treatment regimens could be matched. Drug packs registered in UK more often matched 14-day treatment regimens and national guidelines. Considering European guidelines, 10-day treatments could more frequently be matched in Italy and in Slovenia none of the proposed treatments could be matched. Furthermore, in this study, we identified a sensibly smaller variety in drug pack size registered in Croatia and Slovenia when compared to UK and Italy. Conclusions: PCPs and medical students’ knowledge of H. pylori guidelines are insufficient in Croatia and ask for additional training. Considering poor accordance of drug packs with treatment guidelines for H. pylori, discussing adherence to antimicrobial treatment with patients should be introduced as a standard of patient care and education.

Cilj istraživanja: Nepravodobno liječenje i nepravilno praćenje dječaka s nespuštenim testisima pridonosi većoj učestalosti muške neplodnosti i pojave malignih bolesti testisa. Važnu ulogu u postizanju zadovoljavajućih rezultata liječenja ima primarna zdravstvena skrb djece s redovitim probirom i upućivanjem djece s nespuštenim testisima prema dječjem kirurgu. Ovim istraživanjem željeli smo utvrditi informiranost liječnika primarne zdravstvene zaštite djece na području Splitsko-dalmatinske županije i studenata završne godine medicine Medicinskog fakulteta u Splitu o suvremenim smjernicama u liječenju nespuštenih testisa s obzirom na primjećen visoki prosjek dobi dječaka operiranih zbog problema nespuštenih testisa u KBC-u Split. Materijali i metode: Sastavljen je anketni upitnik i podijeljen liječnicima primarne zaštite djece po ambulantama domova zdravlja na području Splitsko-dalmatinske županije. Liječnici s lokalnih otoka i studenti anketni upitnik su rješavali online preko Google obrasca. U ovom presječnom anketnom istraživanju sudjelovalo je 99 ispitanika: 23 obiteljska liječnika, 18 pedijatara, 13 liječnika obiteljske medicine i 45 studenata. Rezultati: Suvremene smjernice poznaje 74% svih ispitanih liječnika i 37,8% studenata. Nije dokazana statistički značajna razlika u znanju i stavovima među liječnicima različitih specijalnosti. Dijete s nespuštenim testisima 42,6% ispitanih liječnika uputilo bi dječjem kirurgu u dobi od 6 mjeseci. Liječenje u prvoj godini života preporučuje 46,3% ispitanih liječnika. Retraktilne testise 55,6% ispitanih pedijatara prestalo bi pregledavati nakon 10. godine, a 44,4% njih smatra da orhidopeksija prevenira nastanak maligne bolesti testisa. Zaključak: Poznavanje smjernica u liječenju nespuštenih testisa liječnika primarne zdravstvene zaštite djece nije na zadovoljavajućoj razini. Potrebno je uložiti dodatne napore u podizanju svijesti o novim preporukama kako bi se informirali liječnici i roditelji s ciljem pružanja pravovaljane zdravstvene zaštite dječacima s problemom nespuštenih testisa., Objectives: Untimely treatment and improper monitoring of boys with undescended testicles contributes to a higher incidence of male infertility and the occurrence of malignant testicular diseases. The primary health care of children with regular screening and referral of children with undescended testicles to a pediatric surgeon plays an important role in achieving satisfying treatment results. With this research we want to determine the level of knowledge about modern guidelines in the treatment of undescended testicles among primary care physicians in the Split-Dalmatia County and final year medical students of the University of Split School of Medicine. This study is made due to a high average age of boys operated on for undescended testicles in University Hospital of Split. Materials and methods: A questionnaire was compiled and distributed to primary care physicians in outpatient clinics in the Split-Dalmatia County. Doctors from local islands and students completed the survey questionnaire online via a Google form. Total 99 respondents participated in this cross-sectional survey: 23 family physicians, 18 pediatricians, 13 family physicians, and 45 medical students. Results: In total 74% of all testes doctors and 37,8% of students are informed about new guidelines. There was no statistically significant difference in knowledge and attitudes among physicians of different specialties. A child with undescended testicles 42.6% of the surveyed doctors would refer to a pediatric surgeon at the age of 6 months. Treatment in the first year of life is recommended by 46.3% of surveyed physicians. Retractile testicles 55.6% of surveyed pediatricians would stop examining after the age of 10, and 44.4% of them believe that orchidopexy prevents development of malignant testicular disease. Conclusion: Knowledge of guidelines in the treatment of undescended testicles by primary care physicians of children is not at a satisfactory level. Further efforts are needed to raise awareness of the new recommendations to inform physicians and parents with a common goal-to provide valid health care to boys with undescended testicles.

Uvod/Cilj: Shizofrenija je kompleksni sindrom nepoznate etiologije, no smatra se da interakcija između gena i okolišnih čimbenika može uzrokovati razvoj shizofrenije. Stigma prema pacijentima kojima je dijagnosticirana shizofrenija predstavlja veliki društveni problem te su uočeni negativni stavovi studenata medicine o oboljelima. Glavni potencijalni razlozi za to su što studenti smatraju da nemaju dovoljno znanja o shizofreniji i nedostatak kontakta s pacijentima oboljelima od shizofrenije. Cilj je ovog rada procijeniti dostupne podatke o negativnim stavovima studenata medicine o oboljelima od shizofrenije i saznati kako možemo smanjiti stigmu. Materijali i metode: Pretraživana je bibliografska baza podataka PubMed koristeći sljedeće pojmove: ''stigmatization'', ''schizophrenia'', ''medical students''. Rezultati: Prema dostupnim istraživanjima, na pojavnost manje stigme prema oboljelima značajno utječe prisutnost mentalne bolesti u osobnoj anamnezi, kao i poznavanje osobe koja je oboljela. Povezivanje etiologije shizofrenije isključivo s genetskim čimbenicima češće je uključivalo stigmatizirajuće stavove. Studenti medicine koji su sudjelovali u kliničkim programima, koji se sastoje od edukacije i više kontakta s oboljelima od shizofrenije, imali su u konačnici pozitivnije stavove. Pronađene su i određene razlike među državama u kojima su se provodila ovakva istraživanja. Psihijatri su, uspoređujući sa studentima medicine, imali manje stigmatizirajuće stavove. Međutim, još je uvijek nedovoljno istraživanja koja bi utvrdila dugoročni učinak ovakvih antistigma programa na stavove studenata medicine. Zaključak: Uvođenje antistigma programa u kurikulume medicinskih fakulteta, ne samo na jednoj godini studija, već tijekom cijelog školovanja, može imati pozitivan učinak na smanjenje stigme prema oboljelima od shizofrenije među studentima medicine. Psihijatri trebaju imati važnu ulogu u provođenju antistigma programa.

Cilj istraživanja: Utvrditi znanje, stavove i navike studenata medicine, dentalne medicine i farmacije o sportskim dodacima prehrani te istražiti njihovu povezanost s razinom tjelesne aktivnosti i studijskim programom. Materijali i metode: Provedeno je presječno istraživanje metodom anketnog upitnika na studentima medicine, dentalne medicine i farmacije koji su pohađali Medicinski fakultet Sveučilišta u Splitu u akademskoj godini 2020./2021. Anketni obrazac se sastojao od dva upitnika – IPAQ-SF (engl. International Physical Activity Questionnaire – Short Form) i upitnika o stavovima i navikama o korištenju dodataka prehrani. Studenti su uspoređeni po parametrima s obzirom na stupanj tjelesne aktivnosti te studijski program. Rezultati: U istraživanje je bilo uključeno 200 studenata Medicinskog fakulteta Sveučilišta u Splitu. Fizički aktivniji studenti su statistički značajno više koristili dodatke prehrani u odnosu na manje aktivne (60,6 % vs 43,6 %, P=0,023) te su ostvarili statistički značajno veći broj bodova na upitniku znanja (7(6-8) vs 9(8-10), P, Objectives: The aim of this study was to asses knowledge, attitudes and habits of medical, dental and pharmacy students about sports supplements and to investigate their relationship with the level of physical activity and the study program. Materials and methods: A cross-sectional survey was conducted using a questionnaire method on students of medicine, dental medicine and pharmacy who attended the University of Split School of Medicine in the academic year 2020/2021. The survey form consisted of two questionnaires - the IPAQ-SF (International Physical Activity Questionnaire - Short Form) and a questionnaire on attitudes and habits about the use of dietary supplements. Students were compared by parameters with regard to the degree of physical activity and the study program. Results: The study included 200 students attending University of Split School of Medicine. Physically more active students used dietary supplements statistically significantly more often compared to less active ones (60.6% vs 43.6%, P=0.023) and achieved a statistically significantly higher number of points on the knowledge questionnaire (7 (6-8) vs 9 (8-10), P

Cilj istraživanja: Cilj ovog istraživanja je utvrditi znanje i stavove studenata medicine, dentalne medicine i farmacije o farmakovigilanciji i prijavljivanju nuspojava, ispitati njihovu spremnost za prijavljivanje sumnje na nuspojavu lijeka u svojoj budućoj praksi. Materijal i metode: Ispitanici uključeni u ovo istraživanje bili su studenti medicine, dentalne medicine i farmacije svih godina studija Medicinskog fakulteta Sveučilišta u Splitu u akademskoj godini 2020./2021. U istraživanju je korišten prevedeni anketni upitnik autora Alkayyal i suradnika. Anketni upitnik sastoji se od 34 pitanja podijeljenih u četiri dijela koja uključuju: demografske karakteristike, ispitivanje znanja i stavova o farmakovigilanciji i prijavljivanju nuspojava, pokrivenost teme farmakovigilancije nastavnim planom i programom te spremnost studenata za prijavljivanje nuspojava. Nakon prikupljanja podataka napravljena je statistička analiza gdje je razina statističke značajnosti postavljena na p, Objectives: The aim of this research is to establish the knowledge, attitude and readiness towards pharmacovigilance and adverse drug reaction reporting among students of Medicine, Dental Medicine and Pharmacy. Materials and methods: The participants of this research were students of all years from the University of Split's programmes of Medicine, Dental Medicine and Pharmacy in the 2020/2021 academic year. A translated version of a poll questionnaire written and formed by Alkayyal et al. was used in this research. The poll questionnaire is consisted of 34 questions divided into 4 categories: demographical characteristics, examination of knowledge and attitudes towards pharmacovigilance and adverse drug reaction reporting, opinions about coverage of the topic of pharmacovigilance in their curriculum and the willingness of students for ADR reporting. After the collection of data, a statistical analysis was performed in which the range of statistical significance was set as p

Cilj: Cilj istraživanja bio je ispitati kliničko znanje studenata Farmacije i Medicine u određivanju problema vezanih za lijekove. Materijal i metode: Istraživanje je provedeno među studentima Farmacije i Medicine Medicinskoga fakulteta Sveučilišta u Splitu. Za ispitivanje je korištena Anketa o problemima vezanim za lijekove bazirana na 9 kliničkih slučajeva s ponuđenim višestrukim izborom (40 tvrdnji ukupno). Istraživanje je provedeno internetskim putem koristeći alat Google forms, zbog epidemiološke situacije uzrokovane epidemijom COVID-19. Ispitanici su procjenjivali relevantnost ili prikladnost svake pojedine izjave koristeći Likertovu skalu sa sedam mogućih odgovora. U usporedbi s originalnom verzijom anketnog upitnika dodana su pitanja o kroničnoj bolesti, korištenju lijekova, nuspojavi lijeka i drugih problemima vezanim za lijekove. Predložene izjave imale su za cilj procjenu sposobnosti prepoznavanja, prikupljanja relevantnih informacija o DRP-ovima i davanja odgovarajućih preporuka za njihovo rješavanje. Svaka izjava je prikladno vrednovana te je maksimalni mogući rezultat bio 80, a minimalni 0. Rezultati istraživanja prikazani su kao cijeli brojevi i postotci, odnosno medijan i interkvartilni raspon, u ovisnosti o tome gdje je bilo prikladno. Ukupan broj bodova između studenata pojedinih studija i između studenata pojedinih godina studija uspoređen je Kruskal-Wallis testom, a razina statističke značajnosti postavljena je na p, Objectives: The aim of the study is to investigate the clinical knowledge of pharmacy and medical students in determining drug-related problems. Material and methods: The research was conducted among students of pharmacy and medicine at the University of Split School of Medicine. A Survey on Drug-Related Problems based on 9 clinical cases with multiple choice offered (40 claims in total) was used for the study. The research was conducted online via the Google Forms tool due to epidemiological situations caused by the COVID-19 epidemic. Respondents assessed the relevance or appropriateness of each statement using the seven-point Likert scale. Compared to the original version of the survey, questions about chronic illness, drug use, drug side effects, and other drug-related issues were added. The proposed statements aimed to assess the ability to identify, gather relevant information on DRPs and make appropriate recommendations to address them. Each statement was appropriately evaluated and the maximum score was 80 and the minimum was 0. The survey results are presented as integers and percentages, i.e., media and interquartile ranges, depending on where they were appropriate. The total number of points between students of individual studies and between students of individual years of study was compared by Kruskal-Wallis test while the level of statistical significance was set at p

Cilj: Cilj istraživanja je ispitati stavove studenata medicine, dentalne medicine i farmacije o farmakogenomici i personaliziranoj medicini. Materijal i metode: Istraživanje je provedeno među studentima medicine, dentalne medicine i farmacije Medicinskoga fakulteta Sveučilišta u Splitu. Anketno ispitivanje provedeno je internetskim putem koristeći alat Google forms, zbog epidemiološke situacije uzrokovane epidemijom COVID-19. Rezultati: U istraživanju je sudjelovalo ukupno 415 studenata. Najveći udio uključenih studenata činili su studenti farmacije te studenti pete godine svih studija. Većina je studenata smatrala da geni imaju umjeren utjecaj na zdravlje. Oko 60% studenata smatra da bi farmakogenomika trebala biti važan dio nastavnog programa, dok samo 12,1% studenata smatra da je plan i program za razumijevanje farmakogenomike dobro osmišljen. Gotovo 85% svih studenata smatra da personalizirana medicina predstavlja novi i obećavajući način zdravstvene njege. Zaključak: Ovo istraživanje je pokazalo kako je edukacija vrlo važna za razvoj novih znanja o farmakogenomici. Također, farmakogenomika trebala bi biti više obuhvaćena u nastavnom planu i programu kako bi studenti stekli samopouzdanje i bili spremni primjeniti je u kliničkoj praksi. To bi trebalo olakšati da farmakogenomika i personalizirana medicina postanu novi način zdrastvene njege., Objectives: The aim of the study was to investigate medical, dental and pharmacy students attitudes of pharmacogenomics and personalized medicine. Material and methods: The research was conducted among students of medicine, dental medicine and pharmacy at the School of Medicine, University of Split. The survey was conducted online using the Google forms tool, due to the epidemiological situation caused by the COVID-19 epidemic. The questionnaire consisted of 35 questions. Results: A total of 415 students participated in the study. The largest share of students involved are pharmacy students and fifth-year students of all studies. Most of the students thought that the genes had moderate impact on health. About 60% of students believe that pharmacogenomics should be an important part of the curriculum, while only 12.1% of students believe that the curriculum for understanding pharmacogenomics is well designed. Almost 85% of all students believe that personalized medicine is a new and promising way of health care. Conclusion: This research has shown that education is very important for the development of new knowledge about pharmacogenomics. Also, pharmacogenomics should be more included in the curriculum in order for students to gain self-confidence and be ready to apply it in clinical practice. This should make it easier for pharmacogenomics and personalized medicine to become a new way of health care.

Cilj: Cilj ovog istraživanja bio je usporediti kognitivne i psihomotoričke sposobnosti između studenata dentalne medicine i medicine Medicinskog fakulteta Sveučilišta u Splitu. Materijali i metode: Istraživanje je provedeno među studentima dentalne medicine i medicine Medicinskog fakulteta Sveučilišta u Splitu tijekom druge i šeste godine studija. Za sudjelovanje u istraživanju pozvan je 81 student, od čega je sudjelovalo 79 studenata. Ukupno je bilo 39 studenata medicine i 40 studenata dentalne medicine. Ispitanici su rješavali tri testa na kompleksnom reakciometru Drenovac (CRD), test CRD 311 (test diskriminacije položaja svjetlosnog signala), test CRD 411 (test operativnog mišljenja) i test CRD 11 (test konvergentnog mišljenja). Dobiveni rezultati analizirani su pomoću parametra: ukupno vrijeme rješavanja testa (UKT), najkraće vrijeme rješavanja jednog zadatka (MinT) te broj pogrešaka na testu (BrPog). Rezultati: Od ukupno 79 studenata koji su sudjelovali u istraživanju bilo je 21 muškarac i 58 žena. Prosječna dob studenata bila je 24 godina (od 23 do 26 godina). Nije pronađena statistički značajna razlika u UKT, MinT i BrPog između studenata druge godine dentalne medicine i medicine na testovima CRD 11, CRD 311 i CRD 411 kao ni između studenata šeste godine dentalne medicine i medicine na testovima CRD 11, CRD 311 i CRD 411. Studenti dentalne medicine za vrijeme svoga fakultetskog obrazovanja postigli su značajno veći napredak u odnosu na studente medicine na testovima CRD 311 i CRD 411 u varijablama MinT i UKT. Promjena u MinT na testu CRD 311 u studenata dentalne medicine bila je 0,04  0,03 s, dok je u studenata medicine iznosila 0,01  0,0 s (P = 0,037). Također, studenti dentalne medicine imali su veću promjenu UKT u odnosu na studente medicine (1,6  0,34 s vs. 0,82  0,18 s, P = 0,005). Na testu CRD 411 studenti medicine na šeste godini studija nisu pokazali napredak u MinT u odnosu na rezultate mjerene na drugu godinu studija (-0,01  0,08 s), za razliku od studenta dentalne medicine u kojih je taj napredak bio statistički značajan (0,03  0,01 s, P = 0,034). Studenti dentalne medicine postigli su veću promjenu u UKT na testu CRD 411 u odnosu na studente medicine (5,03  1,88 s vs. 1,6  2,37 s, P = 0,016). Zaključak: Temeljem rezultata ovog istraživanja zaključeno je da studenti dentalne medicine i medicine imaju podjednake kognitivne i psihomotoričke sposobnosti na početku i na kraju studiranja. Studenti dentalne medicine na kraju svog studiranja imaju veći napredak u odnosu na studente medicine u ukupnom vremenu rješavanja testa i minimalnom vremenu rješavanja pojedinog zadatka na testovima diskriminacije položaja svjetlosnih signala i operativnog mišljenja., Objective: The objective of this study was to compare cognitive and psychomotor skills between dental and medical students at the University of Split School of Medicine. Matherials and Methods: The study was conducted among students of dental medicine and medicine at the University of Split School of Medicine, during the second and sixth year of study. There were 81 students invited to participate in this study, but only 79 were included. There were a total of 39 medical students and 40 dental students. Subjects completed three Complex Reactionmeter Drenovac (CRD) series tests, the CRD 311 test (light signal position discrimination test), the CRD 411 test (operational thinking test), and the CRD 11 test (convergent thinking test). The results obtained were analyzed using threee parameters: total test solving time (UKT), minimum single task solving time (MinT) and number of test errors (BrPog). Results: A total of 79 students participated in the study, of which 21 were men and 58 were women. The average age of the students was 24 years (from 23 to 26 years). There were no statistically significant differences in UKT, MinT, and BrPog between the second year dental and medical students on CRD 11, CRD 311 and CRD 411 tests, nor between the sixth year dental and medical students on CRD 11, CRD 311 and CRD 411 tests. Dental students have made significantly greater progress during their college education than medical students on CRD 311 and CRD 411 tests in the MinT and UKT variables. The change in MinT on the CRD 311 test in dental students was 0.04  0.03 s, while in medical students it was 0.01  0.0 s (P = 0.037). Also, dental students had a greater change in UKT compared to medical students (1.6  0.34 s vs. 0.82  0.18 s, P = 0.005). In the CRD 411 test, medical students at sixth year did not show an improvement in MinT compared to second year students (−0.01  0.08 s), unlike dental students whose progress was statistically significant (0.03  0.01 s, P = 0.034). Dental students achieved a greater change in UKT on the CRD 411 test compared to medical students as well (5.03  1.88 s vs. 1.6  2.37 s, P = 0.016). Conclusion: Based on the results of this research, it was concluded that dental students showed better progress in cognitive and psychomotor skills compared to medical students assessed with CRD series tests. They showed better progress in total test solving time and minimum single task solving time on light signal position discrimination test and operational thinking tests, which can be crucial in their professional clinical achievements.

Život u modernom društvu je prožet situacijama evaluacije, koje kod većine ljudi uzrokuju stres. Visoka ispitna anksioznost, specifičan oblik anksioznosti, obilježena je smanjenom mogućnošću organizacije znanja i prisjećanja tijekom ispita, te otežanim održavanjem koncentracije, što utječe na učinkovitost i uspjeh na ispitima. Cilj ovog istraživanja bio je utvrditi postoje li razlike u ispitnoj anksioznosti s obzirom na spol, godinu studija i dosadašnji uspjeh, te postoji li povezanost između ispitne anksioznosti i preferencije u odabiru stresnijih odnosno manje stresnih specijalizacija. Uzorak ispitanika sačinjen je od 331 studenta Medicinskog fakulteta Sveučilišta u Rijeci raspoređenih kroz sve godine studija. Ispitna anksioznost procijenjena je Upitnikom ispitne anksioznosti izmijenjenim u cilju prilagodbe za primjenu na studentima. Podatak o stresnosti pojedinih specijalizacija dobiven je izračunom medijana rezultata upitnika o stresnosti pojedinih specijalizacija te se od ispitanika tražilo da upišu svoj trenutni prvi i drugi izbor specijalizacije. Rezultati istraživanja su pokazali da žene doživljavaju višu razinu ispitne anksioznosti od muškaraca, najviša razina ispitne anksioznosti prisutna je kod studenata druge i treće godine studija, razina ispitne anksioznosti viša je kod studenata s nižim dosadašnjim uspjehom tijekom studija. Studenti s višom razinom ispitne anksioznosti skloniji su birati specijalizacije manje razine stresnosti, dok su studenti s nižom razinom ispitne anksioznosti skloniji birati specijalizacije s visokom razinom stresnosti., Evaluation is a common occurrence in the modern lifestyle and most people experience stress when being evaluated. Test anxiety, a specific form of anxiety, is characterized by a reduced ability to organize and recall previously acquired knowledge during an exam and difficulties in maintaining concentration, which can diminish effectiveness and success in exams. The aim of this study was to determine whether there are differences in test anxiety with respect to gender, year of study and past success, and whether there is a correlation between test anxiety and the preference to choose more or less stressful medical specialties. The sample included 331 medical students of all years of study at the Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka. Examination anxiety was evaluated by the Test Anxiety Inventory, which was modified and adapted for application on a college population. Data regarding the perceived stressfulness of various specialties was obtained by calculating the median results of the questionnaire on the stressfulness of medical specialties. The respondents were asked to enter their current first and second choice of specialty. The results have shown that women experience a higher level of test anxiety than men, that the highest level of test anxiety is present in the second and third year of study, that the level of test anxiety is higher in students with lower success rates during college education. Students with higher levels of test anxiety are more inclined to choose less stressful specialties, while students with lower levels of anxiety are more inclined to choose specialties with a high level of stress.

Cilj istraživanja: Jedan od izazova današnjeg globalnog zdravlja je predstavljen u sve većem broju multi-rezistentnih patogena. Predložene su brojne intervencije za suzbijanje antimikrobne rezistencije, uključujući nacionalne programe za kontrolu rezistencije bakterija na antibiotike, razvoj nacionalnih smjernica i edukaciju propisivača. Cilj ovog istraživanja bio je ispitati stavove i znanja o antimikrobnoj terapiji i rezistenciji budućih zdravstvenih radnika, studenata medicine i farmacije i liječnika i ljekarnika. Nadalje, ovim istraživanjem je ispitana i usklađenost registriranih pakiranja lijekova u Hrvatskoj s nacionalnim i međunarodnim smjernicama za njihovu primjenu. Ispitanici i postupci: Istraživanje stavova i znanja studenata i liječnika i ljekarnika je ustrojeno kao presječno anketno istraživanje, a istraživanje podudarnosti registriranih antimikrobnih lijekova sa smjernicama za njihovu primjenu je pregledno. Anketno istraživanje je bilo anonimno, a sudjelovanje u istraživanju dragovoljno. Pakiranja lijekova registrirana u Hrvatskoj su uspoređena sa smjernicama Interdisciplinarne sekcija za kontrolu rezistencije na antibiotike (ISKRA) Nacionalnog instituta za zdravlje i kliničku izvrsnost (NICE) i Američkog infektološkog društva (IDSA). Rezultati: U istraživanju je sudjelovalo 99 studenata studija Farmacija, 141 student studija Medicina i 72 studenta studija Medicina na engleskom jeziku (MSE), 175 ljekarnika i 162 liječnika. Studenti čiji članovi obitelji rade u zdravstvenom sektoru su skloniji čuvati preostale antibiotike kod kuće (54,5% naprema 24,2%, P, Objectives: One of the challenges of today's global health is represented in the rising number of multidrug-resistant pathogens. Several interventions have been suggested to combat antimicrobial resistance, including antimicrobial stewardship programmes, development of national guidelines and prescriber education. The aim of this research was to examine the attitudes and knowledge of antimicrobial therapy and resistance of future healthcare professionals, medical and pharmacy students, and physicians and pharmacists. Furthermore, this research explored accordance of registered drug packs in Croatia with national and international treatment guidelines. Subjects and Methods: A survey of the attitudes and knowledge of students and physicians and pharmacists was organized as a cross-sectional survey, and the research of accordance of registered antimicrobials with treatment guidelines was observational. The survey was anonymous, and participation in the survey was voluntary. Packs of drugs registered in Croatia have been compared to the guidelines of the Interdisciplinary Section for Antibiotic Resistance Control (ISKRA) of the National Institutes of Health and Clinical Excellence (NICE) and the American Infectious Society (IDSA). Results: Overall, 99 Pharmacy students, 141 Medical students and 72 Medical students of Medical Studies in English (MSE), 175 pharmacists and 162 physicians participated in the study. Students who have family members in healthcare more often kept residual antibiotics at home (54.5% vs. 24.2%, P

Cilj: Ispitati razlike u izloženosti životnom stresu te utvrditi postoji li povezanost između uspjeha na studiju i izloženosti životnom stresu, kao i postoji li povezanost između uspjeha na studiju s tjelesnim i mentalnim zdravstvenim tegobama/simptomima, stresorima koji su djelovali na ispitanike u posljednjih šest mjeseci, financijskim poteškoćama i promjenama u životima ispitanika nastalih prilikom odlaska na studij za studente 3. i 6. godine studija Medicine na Medicinskom fakultetu Sveučilišta u Splitu, u akademskoj godini 2019./2020. Ispitanici i metode: U istraživanje je uključeno 110 studenata, od toga 56 studenata 3. godine i 54 studenta 6. godine studija Medicine. Podatci su prikupljeni online putem STRAIN upitnika, odnosno upitnika za samoprocjenu stresa i životnih poteškoća. Rezultati: Između studenata 3. i 6. godine studija Medicine ne postoji statistički značajna razlika u izloženosti životnom stresu. Ipak, studenti 6. godine studija Medicine imaju veći broj akutnih stresnih životnih događaja. Uspjeh na studiju nije povezan s izloženosti životnom stresu. Uspjeh na studiju nije povezan s fizičkim zdravstvenim tegobama/simptomima. Studenti s većim brojem mentalnih zdravstvenih tegoba/simptoma postižu slabiji uspjeh na studiju. Broj i težina stresora kojima su studenti bili izloženi u posljednjih šest mjeseci nisu povezani s uspjehom na studiju. Financijske poteškoće nisu povezane s uspjehom na studiju. Studenti koji su prilikom odlaska na studij bili izloženi većem broju stresora imaju lošiji uspjeh na studiju. Studenti koji su prilikom odlaska na studij iskusili više akutnih stresnih životnih događaja imaju lošiji uspjeh na studiju. Zaključak: Dokazali smo da ne postoji razlika u izloženosti životnom stresu između studenata 3. i 6. godine studija Medicine, osim u broju akutnih stresnih životnih događaja. Dokazali smo da ne postoji povezanost između uspjeha na studiju i izloženosti životnom stresu, kao i da ne postoji povezanost između uspjeha na studiju i tjelesnih zdravstvenih tegoba/simptoma, stresora koji su na studente djelovali posljednjih šest mjeseci i financija. Pronašli smo statistički značajnu povezanost između mentalnih zdravstvenih tegoba/simptoma i uspjeha na studiju, te povezanost uspjeha na studiju s ukupnim brojem stresora i brojem akutnih stresnih životnih događaja prilikom odlaska na studij., Objectives: To assess differences in exposure to life stress and to establish if there is connection between academic success and exposure to life stress, as well as if there is connection between academic success and physical and psychical health difficulties/symptoms, stressors that had an impact on the examined group over the last six months, financial difficulties and changes in lives occured on the occasion of starting universiy for 3rd and 6th year Medical students at Split School of Medicine, University of Split, academic year 2019/2020. Patients and methods: 110 students were included in the study, out of which 56 are 3rd year and 54 6th year Medical students. Data were collected online via STRAIN questionnaire, that is a questionnaire for selfassessment of stress and life difficulties. Results: There is no statistically significant difference between 3rd and 6th year Medical students in exposure to life stress. However, 6th year Medical students have more acute stressfull life events. Academic success is not connected with exposure to life stress. Academic success is not connceted with physical health difficulties/symptoms. Students with more psychical health difficulties/symptoms have lower academic success. Number and weight of stressors that had an impact on the examined group over the last six months are not connected with academic success. Financial difficulties are not connected with academic success. Students who had been exposed to more stressors, while starting university, have lower academic success. Students who had been exposed to more acute stressfull life events, while starting university, have lower academic success. Conclusion: We have proved that there is no difference in exposure to life stress between 3rd and 6th year Medical students, except in number of acute stressfull life events. We have proven that there is no connectin between academic success and exposure to life stress, as well as there is no connection between academic success and physical health difficulties/symptoms, stressors that had an impact on the examined group over the last six months and financial difficulties. We have found statistically significant connection between psychical health difficulties/symptoms and academic success, and connection between academic success total number of stressors and number of acute stressfull life events that occured on the occasion of starting universiy.