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The potential dynamic risk of the mined underground space with hard overlying strata is one of the main concerns for coal operators. This paper presents a comprehensive study on treating the hard overlying strata upon the coal seam through the presplit blasting technique. The properties of the overlying strata were firstly investigated and evaluated via the laboratory tests and theoretical analysis. With the consideration of the geological and mining condition of the research area, the critical parameters of the presplit blasting technique (e.g., unsaturation coefficient, borehole spacing, and the slit width) were consequently determined via the numerical simulation with the application of LS-DYNA. Then, the field practice in accordance with the determined parameters was carried out in Yuwu coal mine. The effectiveness of the presplit blasting technique was well verified when the microstructures of the surrounding rock were investigated. The success presented in this paper does not only demonstrate the feasibility of using the presplit blasting technique in treating the hard strata of underground mines but also provide a guideline in determining the critical parameters by the numerical simulation and theoretical analysis from the design aspect.

Two specimens of nonductile reinforced concrete (RC) frame (ND-1) and nonductile RC frame retrofitted by corrugated steel plate shear walls slotted with columns (ND-2) are established by finite element. These specimens have same dimensions and steel skeletons. Finite element models had been verified by the existing experimental results. The hysteresis curves, skeleton curves, ductility, and stiffness curves of Specimen ND-1 and Specimen ND-2 are compared. The results show that the reinforcement effect is significant. Twenty-four models are built to study the seismic behavior on different influence parameters. The parameters are slit width, thickness of corrugated steel plate shear walls, concrete strength of nonductile RC frame, and boundary conditions of corrugated steel plate shear walls at slotted parts. The results indicate that the strength is declined with the increase of slit width. With the increase of thickness and concrete strength, the strength and stiffness are enhanced. The strength is larger with the boundary than without. Slit width and thickness have an important impact on the stiffness. Concrete strength and boundary conditions have little impact on stiffness. The strengthened nonductile RC frames have enough ductility.

We proposed a promising method for fabricating elliptical microlens and microlens array with controlling morphology by slit-based spatially shaped femtosecond laser-assisted chemical etching on fused silica (SiO2). The major axis length and the ratio of major and minor axis were controlled by changing the slit width. The minor axis length was controlled by changing the energy. This method had good flexibility and high efficiency. The convex elliptical microlens and microlens array were also realized by mold replication.

Relative Response Factors (RRFs) can be used for quantitation of one compound against another and it is widely used for Impurity analysis of pharmaceutical products; however, the application in potency assay is limited. Through an extensive study shown in this paper, it can be concluded that using the “RRF methodology” for potency assay is much more challenging compared to impurity analysis, due to the much tighter criteria required for potency analysis. The effects of instrument settings, which are rarely discussed or recognized in current HPLC analytical method development and quality release testing, are discussed. These factors impact the RRF just as much as other commonly recognized HPLC parameters. The effects of UV detector settings, i.e. Slit Width, Step Width, Band Width, and Data Collection Module, have been explored. This phenomenon has been demonstrated using three compounds to observe the impact of their quantitation due to the significant RRF variations. Finally, principles to reduce RRF variations have been discussed, and practical considerations of RRF application to method development and method transfer are provided.

We demonstrate that the interference pattern of the plasmonic and photonic modes can be controlled by changing the slit width of a square slit structure. Based on the analyses of the plasmonic and photonic modes of slits with different widths, we theoretically derived the expressions of wavefield generated by a square slit. A far-field scattered imaging system is utilized to collect the intensity distribution experimentally. Various interference patterns, including stripes, square-like lattice array, and diamond-like lattice array, have been observed by adjusting the slit widths. In addition, the results were validated by performing finite-difference time-domain simulations, which are consistent with the theoretical and experimental results.

The visual control of pecking by pigeons (Columba livia) has latterly been thought to be restricted to the fixation stops interrupting their downward head movements because these stops prevent interference by motion blur. Pigeons were also assumed to close their eyes during the final head thrust of the peck. Here we re-examine their pecking motions using high-speed video recordings and supplementary provisions that permitted a three-dimensional spatial analysis of the movement, including measurements of their pupil diameters and eyelid slit width. The results confirm that pigeons do not close their eyes completely during the presumed optically ballistic phase of pecking. Instead their eyelids are narrowed to a slit. The width of this slit is sensitive to both the ambient illumination levels and the visual backgrounds against which seed targets have to be detected and grasped. There is also evidence of some interaction between pupil diameter and eyelid slit width. We surmise that besides being an eye-protecting reflex, the partial covering of the pupil with the eyelids may increase the depth of focus, enabling pigeons to obtain sharp retinal images of peck target items at very close range and during the beak-gape ‘handling’ of food items and occasional grit particles.

The present work deals with the broadening of rotational lines of the carbon monoxide 2–0 band by both argon and hydrogen chloride. A high resolution grating spectrometer with a spectral slit width of 0.07 cm(−1) was used, necessitating only a small correction in observed half-width values. Sufficiently small contributions of CO self-broadening were obtained by using long pathlength cells of 12 meters for CO-argon mixture and 1 meter for CO-HCl mixture. Half-width results, which are considered accurate to within ±5 percent, are presented in the form of a table and by a graph.

Recently, Panuski and Mungan presented the results of their study of light diffraction from a variable-width single slit by observing and measuring the diffraction pattern on an observation screen placed at a fixed distance. In this way, the authors were able to demonstrate to students the important near-field effects for single-slit diffraction, which most often have been neglected in introductory courses. In this paper, we show that there exists very good agreement between observed data and theoretical calculations by plotting intensity from single slits using a method with Fresnel-Kirchhoff integrals (Fig. 1). In addition to these comparisons, and with the evaluation of the Fresnel numbers, we argue that Panuski and Mungan demonstrated not only the near-field Fresnel, but also the far-field Fraunhofer regimes as well as the transition between the two. Furthermore, with a greater increase in the slit width, the transition to the geometric regime can be demonstrated (Fig. 2).

The Beijing Faint Object Spectrograph and Camera (BFOSC) is one of the most important instruments of the 2.16-m telescope of the Xinglong Observatory. Every year there are ~ 20 SCI-papers published based on the observational data of this telescope. In this work, we have systemically measured the total efficiency of the BFOSC of the 2.16-m reflector, based on the observations of two ESO flux standard stars. We have obtained the total efficiencies of the BFOSC instrument of different grisms with various slit widths in almost all ranges, and analysed the factors which effect the efficiency of telescope and spectrograph. For the astronomical observers, the result will be useful for them to select a suitable slit width, depending on their scientific goals and weather conditions during the observation; For the technicians, the result will help them systemically find out the real efficiency of telescope and spectrograph, and further to improve the total efficiency and observing capacity of the telescope technically., 13 pages, 11 figures, 4 tables, accepted for publication in RAA

We study the conformational behavior of spherical polyelectrolyte brushes in the presence of monovalent and trivalent counterions in a confined environment. The confinement is exerted by two parallel walls on the brushes. The enhancement of the confinement induces the extension of grafted chains. For the monovalent case, the increase of the charge fraction leads to extended brush conformation for different slit width (distance between two walls) but collapsed brush in the presence of trivalent counterions is observed. The confinement does not affect electrostatic correlation between trivalent counterions and charged monomers. However, it was found that narrow slit width contributes to stronger electrostatic correlation for the monovalent case. This is because more monovalent counterions are inside the brush at strong confinement, but almost all trivalent counterions are trapped into the brush independently of the slit width. The diffusion of counterions under the confinement is related to the electrostatic correlation. Our simulations also reveal that the brush thickness depends on the slit width nonlinearly.

In order to solve problems that traditional mechanical wheat seed-metering device has defects such as poor seeding uniformity and consistency, instability and high seed-injuring rate, a kind of pneumatic wheat precision seed-metering device is designed. The seed-metering device with internal and external circular tube grip seeds in vertical slit of the external circular tube by the negative pressure of the internal circular tube. We optimized slit width, rotating speed and negative pressure of the seed-metering device by the orthogonal experiment. In the field, we did contrast experiment through contrasting the existing mechanical seeder for wheat and measured and analyzed seeding uniformity, seedling emergence rate, consistency of each line seeding quantity, stability of total seeding quantity and rate of damaged seeds of the seed-metering device. The experiment data shows its each seed distance variation coefficient increases more 20% than current domestic mechanical wheat seed-metering device and its seeding uniformity gains obvious improvement.

Understanding the translocation of soft, conformable single-chain polymer nanoparticles (SCNPs) with intricate topology through nanopores and nanoslits is of great interest for several potential applications, including modern single-molecule analytical characterization methods. This work focus on the ultrafiltration of an elastic SCNP of size R through a cylindrical pore of diameter D « R or a rectangular slit of width H « R under an elongational flow field. Concerning SCNP ultrafiltration through nanopores of different diameter, we find a scaling law in qualitative agreement with recent results concerning the ability of soft conformable nanoparticles to translocate through pores at least tenfold smaller in size. Moreover, SCNP ultrafiltration through rectangular nanoslits provides a simple way to determine the elasticity parameter of a real SCNP based on its experimentally determined minimum slit width for effective ultrafiltration., Financial support by the Spanish Ministry “Ministerio de Economia y Competitividad”, MAT2015-63704-P (MINECO/FEDER, UE), the Basque Government, IT-654-13, and the Gipuzkoako Foru Aldundia, Programa Red Gipuzkoana de Ciencia, Tecnología e Innovación 2017 (RED 101/17), is acknowledged. J.R.-C. is grateful to the Materials Physics Center MPC for his predoctoral grant. E. G. received funding from the “Fellows Gipuzkoa” fellowship of the Gipuzkoako Foru Aldundia.

An experimental study on the thermal performance of slit-glazed collectors was conducted. Here, glass panes were used as slit glazing cover, and the air was blown continuously through the gaps between them by fan (slit glazing is an uncomplicated and economical process compared to glass perforation). In this study, the effect of the width of glass panes, the distance between the slits, and mass flow rates were studied on three slit-glazed collectors. A glass pane with the length of 131 cm and thickness 0.4 cm was studied for three different slit widths: 6, 5, and 4 cm. The experiments are conducted with four different gap distances between the glass panes (0.5, 1, 2, and 3 mm) and three air mass flow rates (0.014, 0.022, and 0.029 kg/s). The experimental results indicated that the maximum thermal efficiency of 75% was obtained when the gap distance was 0.5 mm, slit width was 4 cm, and the mass flow rate was 0.029 kg/s. The maximum rise in air temperature was noted as 28°C when the gap distance and slit widths were 0.5 mm and 5 cm, respectively. Hence, the best thermal performance was achieved with the smallest slit width and gap distance parameter values.

We investigate the demixing and the surface-induced population inversion of a binary Gaussian mixture, which exhibits the fluid-fluid demixing transition of the bulk system, in a nanopore. The result shows that the population inversion is the typical shift of the first-order fluid-fluid demixing transition due to the confinement effect. The population inversion line is affected by the crossinteraction between unlike species σ12, the mole fraction of species x2, and the slit width H. At a low cross-interaction between unlike species, the population inversion line for x2 xc. At a high cross-interaction, for x2 xc, it is shifted toward a lower density.

The results of investigations of the absorption of thermal radiation from a combustion site by a radial water shield are presented. The dependence of the screening coefficient on the scattering slit width has been established. It is confirmed experimentally that the screening properties of water depend on the composition of the combustion site products.

An approach has been developed to calculation of the Irving-Kirkwood pressure tensor inside a circular plane-parallel empty slit between bodies with dispersion forces. The disjoining pressure is determined as the normal component of the pressure tensor on a slit wall and is found as a function of both the width and radius of the slit. It has been shown that, at a preset slit width, the disjoining pressure acquires a value almost equal to that inherent in an infinitely long slit already at a circular slit radius five times larger than the slit width.

Aims: A simple RP-TLC Spectrodensitometric method was developed for determination of Hyoscine N-Butyl Bromide (HBB) and Paracetamol (PAR) either in bulk powder or in their pharmaceutical preparation. Study Design: Validation study. Methodology: In this method, HBB and PAR were separated on RP-18 W/ UV254 TLC plates using developing mobile phase consisting of methanol: citrate buffer (pH=1.5): triflouroacetic acid (70:30:0.1, by volume) at room temperature. Experimental conditions such as band size, slit width, different developing systems and scanning wavelength were carefully studied and the optimum conditions were selected. The obtained bands were then scanned at 210 nm. The two drugs were satisfactorily resolved with RF 0.60 ± 0.02 for HBB and 0.81 ± 0.02 for PAR. The validation of spectrodensitometric method was done regarding linearity, accuracy, precision, and specificity. Results: Linearity of the proposed methods was evaluated and it was found to lie within the concentration range of 2.0-12.0 µg.band-1 for HBB and 2.0-14.0 µg.band-1 for PAR. Conclusion: The proposed method was successfully applied for determination of HBB and PAR in pure form and in their different pharmaceutical formulations. The method proved to be specific, accurate and selective.

Corresponding states vapour–liquid phase equilibria of confined square-well fluid are studied by means of grand-canonical transition-matrix Monte Carlo simulation and histogram reweighting method. In this study, square-well fluid is considered under hard and attractive slit pore confinements ranging from 1.5 to 40 molecular diameters. Corresponding states vapour–liquid phase coexistence envelopes display insignificant effect of wall−fluid interaction for slit pore confinements ranging from 1.5 to 3 molecular diameters. On the other hand, significant effect of wall−fluid interaction on the corresponding state coexistence envelope is observed for slit pore confinements ranging from 4 to 40 molecular diameters. Moreover, at a given slit width, shrinking in corresponding state coexistence envelope is observed with increase in the wall−fluid interaction. However, in the larger slit pore width of 30 to 40 molecular diameters, shrinking in the corresponding state vapour–liquid coexistence envelopes become indifferent with the stronger wall−fluid interactions studied in this work. Structural behaviour of coexisting phases in slit pores are also investigated through local density profiles, to understand the overall behaviour of corresponding states coexistence envelopes. Fluctuating positive and negative deviations in the corresponding state spreading pressure with respect to corresponding bulk value is observed for studied wall−fluid interactions and slit pore confinements.

Double-slit imaging is widely used for verifying the resolution of high-resolution and super-resolution microscopies. However, due to the fabrication limits, the slit width is generally non-negligible, which can affect the claimed resolution. In this paper we theoretically calculate the electromagnetic field distribution inside and near the metallic double slit using waveguide mode expansion method, and acquire the far-field image by vectorial Fourier optics. We find that the slit width has minimal influence when the illuminating light is polarized parallel to the slits. In this case, the claimed resolution should be based on the center-to-center distance of the double-slit. MOE (Min. of Education, S’pore) Published version

Microarray technology has emerged as a major player in the parallel detection of biomolecules, but it still suffers from fundamental technical problems. Theoretical analysis of the printing process is crucial to achieve high quality microarrays. In this paper, modelling and hydrostatic analysis of contact printing microarrays by quill pins are presented. First, a complete contact printing process was modelled and divided into four stages: sample dipping, sample transferring, contact printing and spot spreading. Then, the hydrostatics mathematical model of each stage was developed. Based on the model analysis, the printing stability and continuity criteria and key parameters were described quantitatively. The results show that the slit width in the pin tip, the slit inclination and contact angle of quill pins have dominant effects on the stable and continual printing process. Finally, the quill pins were optimally designed and manufactured. A robotic microarray fabrication system using the quill pins was successfully developed and used to produce protein microarrays for biological applications.

Grand-canonical transition-matrix Monte Carlo (GC-TMMC) simulation, is used to investigate the effect of pore shape and surface-fluid strength on the vapor–liquid phase transition and crossover behavior of critical properties from 3D to 2D of a square well (SW) fluid. We present the vapor–liquid coexistence phase diagram in hard and attractive cylindrical pores of varying slit width from 4 to 50 molecular diameters. This investigation indicates that having same pore shape but different surface nature can significantly alter the coexistence envelopes and hence the critical point. Critical temperature is found to approach the 3D bulk value monotonically irrespective of the pore shape and surface nature. However, the rate of approach of critical point towards the 3D bulk value decreases as the effective confinement increases. On the other hand, approach of pore critical density towards the bulk 3D value follows a non-monotonic path, irrespective of pore shape and surface strength. Interestingly, with the same pore shape, attractive wall surface follows an opposite trend to approach the bulk critical density as compared to that of hard wall surface. Crossover from 3D to 2D behavior in the hard cylindrical pores is observed around 28 molecular diameters, which is significantly larger than that observed by earlier workers for hard and attractive slit pores.

Purpose To evaluate a custom-made ocular fluorometer for detection of intensity of light scatter (ILS) from the anterior chamber (A/C) as an objective measure of aqueous flare. Methods The fluorometer, equipped with a lock-in amplifier, was employed in the scatter mode to detect ILS from A/C. Measurements were performed with two illumination slit widths of 0.5 and 0.25 mm. The axial resolution at these slit widths were 80 and 200 μm, respectively. Healthy and pseudophakic eyes, with grade 0 Standardization of Uveitis Nomenclature (SUN) score, were employed as control subjects. ILS was also recorded in a cohort of patients who had undergone phacoemulsification and showed grades 1+ or 2+ on postoperative days 1 and 4. Results The inter- and intraobserver variabilities in the measurement of ILS were not significant. In cataract patients, ILS was significantly higher on postoperative day 1 relative to healthy eyes. By day 4, ILS decreased significantly and was only marginally different from ILS in quiet pseudophakic eyes or healthy eyes. Eyes with higher SUN scores showed proportionately increased ILS. The receiver-operator characteristic analysis indicated no advantage in using the smaller slit width in discriminating ILS at different SUN scores although it provided higher axial resolution. Conclusions The lock-in-based spot fluorometer is reliable for measurement of ILS with high precision and accuracy.The measured ILS correlates linearly with SUN scores and can be used to provide a higher granularity for recording aqueous flare. Translational relevance The instrument can be used in the clinical management of uveitis and drug development toward uveitis.

We provide measurements of Young’s double-slit experiment using a partially-coherent light source consisting of a helium-neon laser incident on a rotating piece of white paper. The data allow a quantitative comparison with both the standard theory that does not account for the width of the slits, and a full, analytic model that does. The data agree much more favorably with the full calculation.

In order to design the optimal escape vent for the coon strip shrimp pot, the tank experiments were conducted with the model pot of five different slit height and slit width, respectively. The optimal height and width of escape vent were determined to 20mm and 40mm by tank experiments, respectively. These were determined by the 50% selection carapace length which was denoted to 25mm in selectivity curve. The escape experiments were conducted to determine a number of escape vent with the original shrimp pot to be set the designed escape vent from 2 vents to 10 vents increasing at intervals of 2 vents in tank. The optimal number of escape vents denoted 8 vents. Therefore, to apply the escape vent in commercial shrimp pot will be efficient to reduce small size shrimps to catch.

This study investigates the influence of slit positions on the microclimate temperature/humidity of garments. To design the slits, a market survey was performed to indicate the method to apply the slits, in addition to a literature survey about muscles and body surface variation through body movements. Based on the survey, three positions of slits were selected, shoulder slit, lowback slit, and midback slit, a slit width of 1cm and length to 30cm was used. The results showed that microclimate temperatures/humidity on the back according to the slit positions were in the order of, lowback, midback, and the shoulder. The lowback slit showed the highest effect on the temperature/humidity of a front trunk. Lowback slits affected on localized areas of the glutaeus maximus, erector spinae, and latissimus dorsi. Midback slits affected the back muscle and deltoid. Shoulder slits showed a more significant effect on the localized area of the deltoid versus other localized areas. In the subjective sensations, the lowback slit was cooler, dryer, and more comfortable than the other slits. For the subjective sensations by fabric characteristics, the slit positions correlated at |r| and were significant at p

The optical measurement of corneal thickness based on oblique viewing of the optical section of the cornea is complicated by the finite width of the incident slit beam. In this report the theoretical and practical aspects of the effect of the slit width on the thickness reading are analysed. In practice, it was not possible to make slit-width independent thickness readings which were reproducible from one observer to another. In addition, the observed slit-width error was found to vary from one patient to another. The lack of a reproducible estimate of the corneal thickness is attributed to difficulties associated with an exact definition of the edges of the visible bands of the optical section, which are determined by biological properties of the cornea as well as perceptive properties of the observer. Although inter-observer errors up to 0.02 mm were found, the intra-observer error amounted to only 0.005–0.006 mm (sd) between consecutive readings. Presumably this high intra-observer reproducibility is the result of the auxiliary pin-lights used. Changes in corneal thickness, measured by the same observer, can therefore be determined with great accuracy.

International audience; The isosteric heat of the carbon dioxide adsorption on activated carbon is determined by grand canonical Monte Carlo simulations. The results, obtained at room temperature and low pressures for an adorbent model with a slit type porosity, show that the isosteric heat depends strongly on the slit width. The maximun of the isosteric heat is reached for a pore with a width such as cooperative effects between the adsorbed molecules enhance the adsorption. The possibility to estimate the isosteric heat of a macroscopic sample, from adsorption isotherms computed for a distribution of slit pores with given sizes, is discussed.

We present the first large-scale effort of creating composite spectra of high-redshift type Ia supernovae (SNe Ia) and comparing them to low-redshift counterparts. Through the ESSENCE project, we have obtained 107 spectra of 88 high-redshift SNe Ia with excellent light-curve information. In addition, we have obtained 397 spectra of low-redshift SNe through a multiple-decade effort at Lick and Keck Observatories, and we have used 45 UV spectra obtained by HST/IUE. The low-redshift spectra act as a control sample when comparing to the ESSENCE spectra. In all instances, the ESSENCE and Lick composite spectra appear very similar. The addition of galaxy light to the Lick composite spectra allows a nearly perfect match of the overall spectral-energy distribution with the ESSENCE composite spectra, indicating that the high-redshift SNe are more contaminated with host-galaxy light than their low-redshift counterparts. This is caused by observing objects at all redshifts with the same slit width, which corresponds to different projected distances. After correcting for the galaxy-light contamination, subtle differences in the spectra remain. We have estimated the systematic errors when using current spectral templates for K-corrections to be ~0.02 mag. The variance in the composite spectra give an estimate of the intrinsic variance in low-redshift maximum-light SN spectra of ~3% in the optical and growing toward the UV. The difference between the maximum light low and high-redshift spectra constrain SN evolution between our samples to be < 10% in the rest-frame optical., 22 pages, 22 figures, submitted to ApJ. Composite spectra can be downloaded from http://astro.berkeley.edu/~rfoley/composite/

We theoretically demonstrate the formation of different kinds of two-dimensional split-ring arrays in both triangular and square lattices by one-step holographic interference. The slit width of the split-ring can be adjusted by proper polarization configurations. The dimension of the rings can be adjusted easily by using different wavelengths for interference, so the resonant frequency of the split-rings can be obtained in a wide range. Our theory is also proved in experiment. Our work would extend the application of holographic lithography to the fabrication of magnetic metamaterials., It will be very interesting to the nanofabrication, optical interference lithography and metamaterial communities

Duloxetine hydrochloride is a potent dual reuptake inhibitor of serotonin and norepinephrine used to treat major depressive disorders. The present work describes a simple, precise and accurate HPTLC method for its estimation as bulk and in tablet dosage form. The chromatographic separation was carried out on precoated silica gel 60 F254 aluminium plates using mixture of chloroform:methanol (8:1 v/v) as mobile phase and densitometric evaluation of spots was carried out at 235 nm using Camag TLC Scanner-3 with win CAT 1.3.4 version software. The experimental parameters like band size of the spot applied, chamber saturation time, solvent front migration, slit width etc. were critically studied and optimum conditions were evolved. The drug was satisfactorily resolved with Rf value 0.11+/-0.01. The accuracy and reliability of the proposed method was ascertained by evaluating various validation parameters like linearity (40-200 ng/spot), precision (intra-day RSD 0.46-0.75%, inter-day RSD 0.46-1.59%), accuracy (98.72+/-0.20) and specificity according to ICH guidelines. The proposed method can analyse ten or more formulation units simultaneously on a single plate and provides a faster and cost-effective quality control tool for routine analysis of duloxetine hydrochloride as bulk drug and in tablet formulation.

The phenomena of electron, neutron, atomic and molecular diffraction have been studied by many experiments, and these experiments are explained by some theoretical works. In this paper, we study electronic double-slit diffraction with quantum mechanical approach. We can obtain the results: (1) When the slit width $a$ is in the range of $3\lambda\sim 50\lambda$ we can obtain the obvious diffraction patterns. (2) when the ratio of $\frac{d+a}{a}=n (n=1, 2, 3,\cdot\cdot\cdot)$, order $2n, 3n, 4n,\cdot\cdot\cdot$ are missing in diffraction pattern. (3)When the ratio of $\frac{d+a}{a}\neq n (n=1, 2, 3,\cdot\cdot\cdot)$, there isn't missing order in diffraction pattern. (4) We also find a new quantum mechanics effect that the slit thickness $c$ has a large affect to the electronic diffraction patterns. We think all the predictions in our work can be tested by the electronic double-slit diffraction experiment., Comment: 9pages, 14figures

We present a compilation of spectra of 101 Seyfert galaxies obtained with the Space Telescope Imaging Spectrograph (HST-STIS), covering the UV and/or optical spectral range. Information on all the available spectra have been collected in a Mastertable, which is a very useful tool for anyone interested in a quick glance at the existent STIS spectra for Seyfert galaxies in the HST archive, and it can be recovered electronically at the URL address www.if.ufrgs.br/~pat/atlas.htm. Nuclear spectra of the galaxies have been extracted in windows of 0.2 arcsec for an optimized sampling (as this is the slit width in most cases), and combined in order to improve the signal-to-noise ratio and provide the widest possible wavelength coverage. These combined spectra are also available electronically.

This paper presents a CCD camera-based system for slit width measurement of long precision slot dies. The slit width is calculated from the binary image of the slit after positions of the two edges of the slit are determined through a least square linear fitting of the edge data. The resolution of the CCD camera is on the order of sub-microns, which satisfies the requirement of quality control of the slit width. Local slit width can also be obtained because of the small field of view of the CCD camera. The slit width over the entire slot die can be measured enough scanning the CCD camera. The influence of the Z-directional straightness of the scanning stage can be reduced by choosing a proper threshold for binarization of the CCD image. Experimental results have shown that the slit width over the entire length of a 1.4 m long slot die can be measured in 33 seconds.

This paper describes experimental result of drag characteristics of the object with the slit. The test pieces are the column that the slit of straight, Y-type slit and clearance tapes were installed for the spiral rolls at 45. Slit width, Y-type opening angles, pitch of the spiral roll were changed. The Reynolds number is 60000. Using the smoke wind-tunnel facility, the flow visualization experiment processes image by the digital camera by the computer after the photographing.

本研究は, オープン型鋼製砂防ダムの鋼管間隔によって土石流中の礫をどのように捕捉するかについて, 個別要素法による数値シミュレーション解析を行うとともに, 確率的推定法の適用を試みたものである. すなわち, まず個別要素法によって土石流中の巨礫群の流れとオープン型砂防ダムによる閉塞シミュレーション法を提案した. 続いて, 待ち行列理論を応用して土石流中の巨礫群の礫径分布と砂防ダムの鋼管間隔比によって通過量期待値を求める方法を提案し, シミュレーション結果との整合性を調べた. その結果, 2個要素による閉塞モデルにおける通過確率期待値がシミュレーションとよく一致することを示した.

Confined systems exhibit interesting properties that are applied to the fields of lubrication, adhesion and nanotechnology. The replica exchange molecular simulation method was applied to calculate the phase equilibrium points of Lennard–Jones particles in a two-dimensional confined system. The liquid–solid phase equilibrium points and the solid structure with a dependency of the slit width were determined and the order parameter of the solid structure was analyzed. Such confined systems are shown to be favorable for manipulation of the phase equilibrium points.

Raman analyses of the lifetimes of phonons in GaN and AlN crystallites of wurtzite structure are presented. In order to ensure the accuracy of the measurement of the phonon lifetimes, an experimental procedure to eliminate the broadening due to the finite slit width was performed. The lifetime analyses indicate that the phonon lifetimes in AlN as well as in GaN fall into two main time regimes: a relatively long time of the ${E}_{2}^{1}$ mode and much shorter times of the ${E}_{2}^{2},$ $E1(\mathrm{TO}),$ and $A1(\mathrm{TO})$ modes. The lifetimes of the ${E}_{2}^{1},$ ${E}_{2}^{2},$ $E1(\mathrm{TO}),$ $A1(\mathrm{TO}),$ and $A1(\mathrm{LO})$ modes of an high-quality AlN crystallite are 4.4, 0.83, 0.91, 0.76, and 0.45 ps, respectively. Moreover, the lifetime of the $A1(\mathrm{LO})$ mode found in this study is consistent with the current phonon-decay model of that mode in wurtzite structure materials. The lifetimes of ${E}_{2}^{1},$ ${E}_{2}^{2},$ $E1(\mathrm{TO}),$ and $A1(\mathrm{TO})$ of a GaN crystallite were found to be 10.1, 1.4, 0.95, and 0.46 ps, respectively. The $A1(\mathrm{LO})$ mode in the GaN was not observed and its absence is attributed to plasmon damping. The lifetime shortening due to impurities was also studied: the lifetimes of the Raman modes of an AlN crystallite, which contains about two orders of magnitude more Si and C impurities relative to the concentration of the high-quality crystallite were found to be 50% shorter.

Root hairs substantially extend root surface for ion uptake. Although many reports suggest a relationship between root hairs and phosphorus (P) uptake of plants, the role of root hairs in phosphorus uptake from soils is still debated. We measured uptake of phosphorus from soil directly via root hairs. Root hairs only were allowed to penetrate through a tightly stretched nylon screen (53 µm) glued to the bottom of a PVC tube. The penetrating root hairs grew for 2 and 4 days in soil labelled with radioisotope phosphorus (P) tracer 32P (185 kBq g-1 dry soil) filled in another PVC tube. Transparent plastic rings of thickness ranging from 0.25 mm to 2.0 mm were inserted between the two PVC tubes. This provided slit width for microscopic observations in situ, which confirmed that only root hairs were growing into the 32P labelled soil. In some cases no rings were inserted (slit width = 0) where both root hairs and root surface were in contact with the labelled soil (total 32P uptake). The uptake of32 P from soil via the root hairs only was quantified by measuring activity of 32P in the plant shoot (32P uptake only via root hairs). The results showed that when 70 percent of the root hairs grew into the labelled soil, they contributed to 63 percent of the total P uptake. With decreasing number of root hairs growing into the 32P labelled soil, the quantity of 32P in the plant shoot decreased. In this study, P uptake via root hairs was measured in a soil-based system, where root hairs were the only pathway of 32P from soil to the plant shoot. Therefore, this study provides a strong evidence on the substantial participation of root hairs in uptake of phosphorus from soil.

Quasi-two-dimensional fluids can be generated by confining a fluid between two parallel walls with narrow separation. Such fluids exhibit an inhomogeneous structure perpendicular to the walls due to the loss of translational symmetry. Taking the transversal degrees of freedom as a perturbation to an appropriate 2D reference fluid we provide a systematic expansion of the $m$-particle density for arbitrary $m$. To leading order in the slit width this density factorizes into the densities of the transversal and lateral degrees of freedom. Explicit expressions for the next-to-leading order terms are elaborated analytically quantifying the onset of inhomogeneity. The case $m=1$ yields the density profile with a curvature given by an integral over the pair-distribution function of the corresponding 2D reference fluid, which reduces to its 2D contact value in the case of pure excluded-volume interactions. Interestingly, we find that the 2D limit is subtle and requires stringent conditions on the fluid-wall interactions. We quantify the rapidity of convergence for various structural quantities to their 2D counterparts., Comment: 12 pages

Spectrally resolved UV measurements are important for the study of biologically relevant UV in relation to changes in atmospheric parameters. The inter-comparison of spectral instruments is essential as measurement techniques and calibrations are not standardized. The differences in slit functions cause large spectral variations when comparing the spectral readings directly. The method described, which compares spectral readings using different instruments, corrects for differences of wavelength calibrations and slit functions, and does not require knowledge of additional atmospheric parameters and UV-transfer model calculations. The wavelength alignment has an accuracy of 0.02 nm over the wavelength interval from 300–400 nm, and a reproducibility of 0.01 nm. The robustness of the methods and reproducibility of results are shown in the evaluation of a seven day intercomparison campaign with three different scanning spectroradiometers.

Smart Textiles integrated with communicating components have been used in military for many applications. Wearable antenna can be attached or embedded into smart textiles which could be used for communication between combat soldiers in the battlefield. This paper presents the design of three different polygon shaped patch antenna operating on 3G Mobile Band frequency 2100 MHz embedded on three different dielectric constant materials for Military applications. The proposed polygon shaped patch antenna introduces horizontal slit in its patch to improve the antenna performance. The effect of slit length and slit width on the antenna performance is analyzed.