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Background: The assessment of lung function, particularly lung volumes and gas transfer, recorded initially upon patient presentation and subsequent follow-up evaluations, along with high-resolution computed tomography (HRCT) of the chest, can facilitate the evaluation of the natural history of the disease or provide insights to guide therapy in interstitial lung disease (ILD). The utilization of available data related to connective tissue-related ILD (CTD-ILD), gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), smoke exposure, as well as any potential correlation of treatment with changes in lung functions, can offer valuable insights. Objectives: The main aim of this study was to study the changes in lung functions of ILD patients over one year apart, and whatever observations could be noticed based on case record form. Methodology: The study was conducted in a Tertiary Care Centre to evaluate changes in lung functions in patients with Interstitial Lung Disease (ILD) over one-year period, specifically assessing increases or decreases in lung function values. The data was collected on ILD patients over 18 years of age who had undergone two Pulmonary Function Tests (PFTs) one year apart, between 2013 and 2015, from the PFT register available in the Centre's PFT lab. Results: This study revealed that 81.25% of patients fell within the age range of 40-70 years. Furthermore, it was found that 77.5% of the patients experienced lung function restrictions. In fact, 95% of the patients exhibited HRCT chest images consistent with Nonspecific Interstitial Pnuemonia (NSIP), while 5% displayed Usual Interstitial Pnuemonia (UIP) patterns. Additionally, within the study group, 47.75% were diagnosed with connective tissue related ILDs. Notably, patients with a history of GERD experienced a median fall in FVC of 130ml/year, compared to 170ml/year in 15 patients without GERD. Conclusion: Thus the findings of the study hold the potential to improve the clinical care and outcomes of interstitial lung disease patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) is characterized by increased and unregulated proliferation of granulocytic lineage in the bone marrow and presence of these immature myeloid cells in the peripheral blood with presence of Philadelphia (Ph) chromosome. Tyrosine kinase inhibitors are the most important drugs in the CML therapy and provide long disease-free survival. Due to the increased survival of CML patients with continual administration of these drugs, the chance of development of secondary malignancies may increase. The most common secondary malignancies are prostate, colorectal and lung cancer, non-Hodgkin lymphoma, malignant melanoma, non-melanoma skin tumors and breast cancer. Herein, we are describing a rare case of Hodgkin lymphoma in a patient of CML after ten year of primary disease presentation. Hodgkin lymphoma in a known case of CML is very rare and further studies are also needed to know the pathogenic relationship between the two entities and to assess the risk of secondary Hodgkin lymphoma in CML patients treated with tyrosine kinase inhibitors. CML itself is a risk factor for development of solid cancers and hematologic malignancies. In addition, patients on chemotherapy are immune-compromised and may be at greater risk of neoplasm driven by infectious agents such as Epstein-Barr virus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Haematogones are benign B lymphoid precursors which may mimic neoplastic lymphoblasts and pose diagnostic difficulty especially when the percentage of haematogones exceeds 10% in the bone marrow. Flow cytometric analysis with combination of CD19/CD10/CD20/CD34/CD38/CD58 can be used to differentiate the two depending upon the difference in the fluorescence intensity between blasts and haematogones. We hereby present a case of CALLA positive ALL, in which patient presented with haematogone proliferation in bone marrow after 6 months of chemotherapy mimicking relapse. The distinction was made on flow cytometric immunophenotyping by using optimal antibody combination. Distinction of benign haematogones from neoplastic lymphoblasts is essential for disease management in cases of post chemotherapy or post marrow transplant, especially in patients of ALL. Flow cytometric immunophenotyping is reliable to distinguish haematogones from residual lymphoblasts in almost all cases when optimal antibody combinations are used. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A series of 0-(4-nitrophenyl)hydroxylamines were synthesized from their respective oximes using a pulsed addition of excess NaBH3CN at pH 3 in 65--75% yield. Steric hindrance near the oxime functional group played a key role in both the ease by which the oxime could be reduced and the subsequent reactivity of the respective hydroxylamine. Reaction of the respective hydroxyiamines with pyruvic add derivatives generated the desired amides in good yields. A comparison of phenethylamine systems bearing different leaving groups revealed significant differences in the rates of these systems and suggested that the leaving group ability of the N--OR substituent plays an important role in determining their reactivity with pyruvic add. Competition experiments (in 68% DMSO/phosphate buffered saline) using 1 equiv of N-phenethyl-0-(4-nitrophenyl)hydroxylamine and 2 equiv of pyruvic acid in the presence of other nucleophiles such as glycine, cysteine, phenol, hexanoic add, and lysine demonstrated that significant chemoselectivity is present in this reaction. The results suggest that this chemoselective reaction can occur in the presence of excess α-amino acids, phenols, acids, thiols, and amines. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) is characterized by increased and unregulated proliferation of granulocytic lineage in the bone marrow and presence of these immature myeloid cells in the peripheral blood with presence of Philadelphia (Ph) chromosome. Tyrosine kinase inhibitors are the most important drugs in the CML therapy and provide long disease-free survival. Due to the increased survival of CML patients with continual administration of these drugs, the chance of development of secondary malignancies may increase. The most common secondary malignancies are prostate, colorectal and lung cancer, non-Hodgkin lymphoma, malignant melanoma, non-melanoma skin tumors and breast cancer. Herein, we are describing a rare case of Hodgkin lymphoma in a patient of CML after ten year of primary disease presentation. Hodgkin lymphoma in a known case of CML is very rare and further studies are also needed to know the pathogenic relationship between the two entities and to assess the risk of secondary Hodgkin lymphoma in CML patients treated with tyrosine kinase inhibitors. CML itself is a risk factor for development of solid cancers and hematologic malignancies. In addition, patients on chemotherapy are immune-compromised and may be at greater risk of neoplasm driven by infectious agents such as Epstein-Barr virus.

Introduction: Extramedullary disease, as a whole, is rare in Acute Promyelocytic Leukaemia (APML). If at all relapse occurs, following sites are involved: Central Nervous System (CNS), skin, testes, mediastinum, gingiva, and ear. Isolated CNS relapses after complete morphological and molecular remission is rarer particularly in children., Aim: To review the literature systematically to find out the incidence of isolated CNS relapse in paediatric APML cases., Materials and Methods: A systematic search of major databases (Medline, Pubmed and Google Scholar) was conducted. We included all types of studies that reported about incidence or prevalence of isolated CNS relapse in children upto 18 years of age with APML., Results: A total of nine studies (with 10 cases of isolated CNS relapse) were included. Majority (70%) was high risk patients, and 60% were ≤six-year-old. Nearly, 50% were having the mean time to relapse <12 months and most (60%) of them were male. The children who died were having shorter time to CNS relapse (around 12 months), and were older (>6 to 18 years)., Conclusion: In the present review, disease in the high-risk group, male sex, younger age (≤six-years-old), and Promyelocytic Leukaemia/Retinoic Acid Receptor Alpha (PML-RARA) detection was found to be associated with isolated CNS relapse in children with APML. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) examination along with immunophenotyping and Reverse Transcription polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR) for PML-RARA is required for a definite diagnosis and early treatment of patients to improve overall survival.