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BackgroundPaediatric community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) is a leading cause of paediatric morbidity. However, particularly for outpatients with paediatric CAP, data on aetiology and management are scarce.MethodsThe prospective pedCAPNETZ study multicentrically enrols children and adolescents with outpatient-treated or hospitalised paediatric CAP in Germany. Blood and respiratory specimens were collected systematically, and comprehensive analyses of pathogen spectra were conducted. Follow-up evaluations were performed until day 90 after enrolment.ResultsBetween December 2014 and August 2020, we enrolled 486 children with paediatric CAP at eight study sites, 437 (89.9%) of whom had radiographic evidence of paediatric CAP. Median (interquartile range) age was 4.5 (1.6–6.6) years, and 345 (78.9%) children were hospitalised. The most prevalent symptoms at enrolment were cough (91.8%), fever (89.2%) and tachypnoea (62.0%). Outpatients were significantly older, displayed significantly lower C-reactive protein levels and were significantly more likely to be symptom-free at follow-up days 14 and 90. Pathogens were detected in 90.3% of all patients (one or more viral pathogens in 68.1%; one or more bacterial strains in 18.7%; combined bacterial/viral pathogens in 4.1%). Parainfluenza virus andMycoplasma pneumoniaewere significantly more frequent in outpatients. The proportion of patients with antibiotic therapy was comparably high in both groups (92.4% of outpatientsversus86.2% of hospitalised patients).ConclusionWe present first data on paediatric CAP with comprehensive analyses in outpatients and hospitalised cases and demonstrate high detection rates of viral pathogens in both groups. Particularly in young paediatric CAP patients with outpatient care, antibiotic therapy needs to be critically debated.

The connection between Pediatric Inflammatory Multisystem Syndrome (PIMS) and Kawasaki Disease (KD) is not yet fully understood. Using the same national registry, clinical features and outcome of children hospitalized in Germany, and Innsbruck (Austria) were compared. Reported to the registry were 395 PIMS and 69 KD hospitalized patients. Patient age in PIMS cases was higher than in KD cases (median 7 [IQR 4–11] vs. 3 [IQR 1–4] years). A majority of both PIMS and KD patients were male and without comorbidities. PIMS patients more frequently presented with organ dysfunction, with the gastrointestinal (80%), cardiovascular (74%), and respiratory (52%) systems being most commonly affected. By contrast, KD patients more often displayed dermatological (99% vs. 68%) and mucosal changes (94% vs. 64%), plus cervical lymph node swelling (51% vs. 34%). Intensive care admission (48% vs. 19%), pulmonary support (32% vs. 10%), and use of inotropes/vasodilators (28% vs. 3%) were higher among PIMS cases. No patients died. Upon patient discharge, potentially irreversible sequelae—mainly cardiovascular—were reported (7% PIMS vs. 12% KD). Despite differences in age distribution and disease severity, PIMS and KD cases shared many common clinical and prognostic characteristics. This supports the hypothesis that the two entities represent a syndrome continuum.

Die vorliegende Bachelorarbeit beschäftigt sich mit den Aufgaben und Herausforderungen, die der Sozialen Arbeit in der Nachbetreuung nach einem Aufenthalt im Maßnahmenvollzug zukommen. In erster Linie wird die Institution des österreichischen Maßnahmenvollzugs beleuchtet, die prävalentesten Krankheitsbilder diskutiert sowie auf die verschiedenen Möglichkeiten, den Maßnahmenvollzug wieder verlassen zu können, eingegangen. Im nächsten Schritt werden die Besonderheiten der Sozialen Arbeit mit Personen mit einer psychischen Erkrankung – insbesondere bezogen auf die für den Maßnahmenvollzug relevantesten Krankheitsbilder – genauer betrachtet. In weiterer Folge wird die Soziale Arbeit, mit straffällig gewordenen Personen in verschiedenen Bereichen diskutiert, sowie im letzten Schritt die Betreuung und Begleitung von psychisch erkrankten Straffälligen ausführlicher erörtert. Ein besonderes Augenmerk wird hierbei auf die kriminal- und sozialpolitische Verantwortung der Sozialen Arbeit in diesem Bereich gelegt. Schlussendlich setzt sich die Arbeit noch mit Kritikpunkten sowie Reformüberlegungen des Maßnahmenvollzugs auseinander. This bachelor thesis deals with the areas of responsibility of social work in working with offenders with a mental illness after preventive custody. Firstly, the Austrian institution of preventive custody will be discussed and the most prevalent mental illnesses as well as the options to leave preventive custody will be examined closely. Following that, this thesis will take a closer look at the distinctive nature of social work with people who are mentally ill, with offenders, and lastly, with offenders dealing with mental health issues. Special attention will be paid to the role of social work in crime prevention as well as the socio-politic responsibilities that this field brings with it. Lastly, this work will give room to points of criticism of the Austrian system of preventive custody and will explore different aspects of current deliberations on reform.

Diese Arbeit stellt Forderungen queerer Jugendlichen an die sexuelle Bildung an Schulen in den Vordergrund. Gleichzeitig soll die derzeitige Situation an österreichischen Schulen dargestellt werden und die Differenzen zwischen aktueller Situation und Forderungen aufgezeigt werden. Insbesondere wird die Ausbildung der Lehrer_innen thematisiert und das Fehlen von LGBTIQA+ im Lehramtstudium aufgezeigt. Zudem sollen externe Angebote an Schulen und außerschulisch, sowie schulinterne Angebote sowie Ressourcen aus dem Internet benannt und mit Erfahrungsberichten beispielhaft dargestellt werden. Weiters wird auf die politischen Einflüsse Bezug genommen. Ein weiterer Fokus liegt auf den Diskriminierungserfahrungen der interviewten Jugendlichen an Schulen und einer daraus begründeten Relevanz einer vielfältigen sexuellen Bildung. Im Anschluss an die theoretische und empirische Forschung wurde eine Projektskizze erstellt. The main focus of this bachelor thesis are the demands LGBTIQA+ youth have regarding sex education in schools, as well as contrasting and comparing those demands with the current status quo in the Austrian education system. In this regard, further education of teachers and inclusion of LGBTIQA+ issues in the teacher training curriculum are of utmost importance. Additionally, there will be a brief overview of available resources and programs. Examples and reviews of such include external programs and internet resources in addition to programs schools implement themselves. A particular concern to be addressed with all of these is the question of potential political influences. Furthermore, the anecdotal evidence collected in interviews with LGBTIQA+ youth will show the importance of a diverse and inclusive approach to sexual education. Following from the theoretical foundation and empirical results of our research, we have outlined the way such a project could be successfully structured and implemented.

Additional file 1. Semi-structured interview concerning the migration routes, diagnosis of TB and contact tracing.

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Additional file 2. Expanded license agreement and copy-right for Figure 3, modified from VectorStock® and licensed to the corresponding author.

Studies of chest computed tomography (CT) in patients with primary antibody deficiency syndromes (ADS) suggest a broad range of bronchial pathology. However, there are as yet no multicentre studies to assess the variety of bronchial pathology in this patient group. One of the underlying reasons is the lack of a consensus methodology, a prerequisite to jointly document chest CT findings. We aimed to establish an international platform for the evaluation of bronchial pathology as assessed by chest CT and to describe the range of bronchial pathologies in patients with antibody deficiency. Ffteen immunodeficiency centres from 9 countries evaluated chest CT scans of patients with ADS using a predefined list of potential findings including an extent score for bronchiectasis. Data of 282 patients with ADS were collected. Patients with common variable immunodeficiency disorders (CVID) comprised the largest subgroup (232 patients, 82.3%). Eighty percent of CVID patients had radiological evidence of bronchial pathology including bronchiectasis in 61%, bronchial wall thickening in 44% and mucus plugging in 29%. Bronchiectasis was detected in 44% of CVID patients aged less than 20 years. Cough was a better predictor for bronchiectasis than spirometry values. Delay of diagnosis as well as duration of disease correlated positively with presence of bronchiectasis. The use of consensus diagnostic criteria and a pre-defined list of bronchial pathologies allows for comparison of chest CT data in multicentre studies. Our data suggest a high prevalence of bronchial pathology in CVID due to late diagnosis or duration of disease.

In the original version of this article unfortunately two authors were missing: Dr. Jurgen Weidemann and Dr. Daniel Berthold. The correct list of authors is presented above.