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Paliperidone is a BCS-II drug. It means paliperidone is poorly water soluble and hence shows problem in absorption as well as permeation through GIT which together contributes for its lower oral bioavailability. Paliperidone as drug, oil oleic acid, surfactant labrasol and co surfactant labrafil m 1944 were taken and formulation were done. From the emulsification time study as the concentration of Smix increases emulsification time decreases. Further emulsification time study I found that F3 has the lowest emulsification time. From the dissolution study it was observed that Q30 is above 85% obtained for formulation F3 and F6 that is 93.75 & 91.25. This can be due to the higher concentration of Smix present in formulation F3 & F6 since mean cumulative % drug release at 30min (Q30) is highest for F3 formulation and it was selected for optimized formulation. As in the DSC study thecrystalline property of Paliperidone is lost and it becomes amorphous. In the FT-IR study there is no significance sifting of characteristic peak. Hence there is no incompatibility between drug and excipient.

The present work was hypothesized to synthesize Benzothiazole substituted diethyl amino Quinazolinone derivatives and evaluate their antimicrobial activity. Quinazolinones were synthesized from condensation of 2-amino benzothiazole, anthranilic acid and acetic anhydride further followed by condensation with formaldehyde and diethyl amine. Antimicrobial activity was evaluated by agar disc diffusion using organisms and anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activies were studied using albumin denaturation and hydrogen peroxide radical scavenging methods. The structures of the synthesized Quinazolinone derivatives were confirmed by spectral analysis, such as IR, H-NMR and among the derivatives screened, the compounds 4d, 4f 4g, 4h have appreciable antimicrobial activity compared to standards. The compounds (4a-4h) have least anti-inflammatory activity while compound 4g have significant antioxidant activity as that of positive control.

Seed size is not only a yield-related trait but also an important measure to determine the commercial value of groundnut in the international market. For instance, small size is preferred in oil production, whereas large-sized seeds are preferred in confectioneries. In order to identify the genomic regions associated with 100-seed weight (HSW) and shelling percentage (SHP), the recombinant inbred line (RIL) population (Chico × ICGV 02251) of 352 individuals was phenotyped for three seasons and genotyped with an Axiom_Arachis array containing 58K SNPs. A genetic map with 4199 SNP loci was constructed, spanning a map distance of 2708.36 cM. QTL analysis identified six QTLs for SHP, with three consistent QTLs on chromosomes A05, A08, and B10. Similarly, for HSW, seven QTLs located on chromosomes A01, A02, A04, A10, B05, B06, and B09 were identified. BIG SEED locus and spermidine synthase candidate genes associated with seed weight were identified in the QTL region on chromosome B09. Laccase, fibre protein, lipid transfer protein, senescence-associated protein, and disease-resistant NBS-LRR proteins were identified in the QTL regions associated with shelling percentage. The associated markers for major-effect QTLs for both traits successfully distinguished between the small- and large-seeded RILs. QTLs identified for HSW and SHP can be used for developing potential selectable markers to improve the cultivars with desired seed size and shelling percentage to meet the demands of confectionery industries.

A simple, rapid, and sensitive fluorimetric method was developed and validated to quantify quassia in polymeric nanocapsule suspensions and non polymeric suspensions, using acetonitrile as a solvent. The excitation and emission wavelengths were set at 397 nm and 465 nm, respectively. The calibration graph was linear from 0.05 to 0.25 µg/mL with a correlation coefficient of 0.9892. The detection and quantitation limits were 2.4 and 0.8 µg/mL, respectively. The validation results confirmed that the developed method is specific, linear, accurate, and precise for its intended use. The current method was successfully applied to the evaluation of curcumin content in lipid and polymeric nanocapsule suspensions during the early stage of formulation development.

Sweet corn fibres of about 15 gm were extracted with methanol for 5 hours in heating mantle at 40C and filtered and allowed to dry. The dried gel was further analyzed for estimation of Retinyl palmitate by spectrophotometrically by laboratory method and found to be 140 mg/kg. The dried extract gel was further estimated for ascorbic acid both by UV and HPTLC and found to be linear in the range of 1-5 ug/ml and 5-10ug/ml, correlation coefficient was found to be 0.997 and 0.998 and the amount of ascorbic acid was found to be 338 ng/ml and 9.9 ng/ml by UV and HPTLC respectively. The method was found to be linear.

Lip balm was prepared and its antioxidant activity was determined by PFRAP, CUPRAC, Flourimetry methods and results of emission spectra was examined and fournd to possess almost same concentration of 0.3 ug/ml. And the ascorbic acid was determined by HPTLC method and the Rvalue of the lip balm was found to be 0.98 and is near to the abscorbic acid sample. And hence proved that beetroot lip balm was found to possess antioxidant activityThe anti oxidant activity was determined and was found to be simple, novel and economical.

The present aim to formulate microspheres of diclofenac sodium loaded into micro emulsions, to attain sustained release of drugs in oral route of administration and minimize dosing frequency through site specific or pH Dependent drug delivery system. The method of proposed work performed in two steps. In first step, the production of microspheres by emulsification method using eudragit RS100 polymer as a coating material in presence of methanol as a solvent and then performed the evaluation studies like particle size and entrapment efficiency to select the Optimize microspheres. In the second step followed the phase titration method in which the optimized Microspheres loaded into aqueous phase in presence of emulsifying agent (tragacanth) to get micro emulsion then carried out in-vitro evaluation, viscosity and stability studies. The results found to be microspheres shows good entrapment efficiency and proper size distribution. On the basis of Invitro dissolution data found that, all formulations (F1-F6) were showed the drug release after defines the lag period made possible. The study revealed that entrapment efficiency and in-vitro release was best in F4 formulation was concluded. It will recommend as novel approach for future research.

Aim: The study's main objective was to assess patients' adherence towards treatment and daily practices among Hypertension (HT), Diabetes Mellitus (DM) Type II and hypothyroid participants in South India before and after providing counseling and education based on WHO standards. Study Design: The present study is a prospective open-labeled observational study. Place and Duration of the Study: The present study was conducted in Vijayawada, South India for six months. Methodology: A total of 490 participants with Hypertension, Diabetes Mellitus (Type II) and Hypothyroidism were assessed for adherence based on the Morisky medication adherence scale containing 8 points at the starting of the study and 6 months after providing counseling and education. Results: At the initial point of study, only 12% of the Hypertensive group, 17% of Diabetes Mellitus (Type II) and 15% Hypothyroid group have high adherence. Towards the completion of the study, around 41% in the Hypertensive group, 50% of Diabetes Mellitus (Type II) and 60% Hypothyroid group had high adherence. Conclusion: The adherence was low at the initial point of the study among all the three groups. After counseling and education provided through the World Health Organization (WHO) specified criteria, we have seen a good increase in the adherence, measured with the MMAS-8 scale. Greater efforts should be made in educating and counseling the patients suffering from such chronic illnesses to improve their quality of life.

The objective of this study was to determine drought tolerance, kernel (KY) and fodder yield and quality amongst diverse groundnut genotypes for direct production or breeding. Hundred genotypes were evaluated at ICRISAT, India during 2018–2019 and 2019–2020 under drought-stressed (DS) and non stressed (NS) conditions. Data were collected on KY; oil content (OC); oil yield (OY); protein content; palmitic, stearic, oleic, and linoleic acid contents; haulm yield (HY); and fodder quality parameters such as the contents of dry matter, ash, nitrogen (NC), neutral detergent fiber (NDFDM), acid detergent fiber (ADFDM), acid detergent lignin (ADLDM), in vitro digestibility, and metabolizable energy. Data were subjected to parametric and nonparametric statistical analyses. Combined analysis of variance revealed significant (P < .05) genotype differences for all assessed traits. Genotype × water regime interaction effects were significant for KY, OC, ash, NC, NDFDM, and ADLDM. Kernel yield positively and significantly (P < .05) correlated with OY (r = .99), LAC (r = .13), ash (r = .32), and NDFDM (r = .54) under DS condition. Haulm yield was positively and significantly (P < .05) correlated with OC (r = .24),NDFDM(r = .19), ADFDM (r = .18), and ADLDM (r = .17) under DS condition. The study identified four genotypes with high kernel and haulm yields, and six genotypes with high oleic acid content. Further, 10 genotypes were selected with relatively better drought tolerance. The selected genotypes are recommended for further breeding and variety release adapted to drought conditions.

Identifying the targets for improving antimicrobial prescription and development of antimicrobial stewardship interventions can better serve to combat the situation of antimicrobial resistance. The primary objective was to determine the prevalence of antimicrobial use at tertiary care teaching hospital with both acute and long-term care patients. A periodical point prevalence survey was done in a tertiary care hospital of South India during 2019 using manual and webbased GLOBAL-PPS tool. Of 945 patients eligible for the study, 645 (69.5 %) received at least one antibiotic, with highest rates in the adult surgical ward and pediatrics. Of 645 therapeutic antibiotic prescriptions, 58.6% prescriptions have an infectious indication of them, 62.6% are community-acquired infections. Third-generation cephalosporins were the most prescribed antibiotics. The prevalence of antibiotic use is very high, and our study evidence that the country needs a robust antimicrobial stewardship intervention program.

Now-a-days the demand for mouth dissolving tablets has been rapidly increasing, especially for gediatric and pediatric patients who have swallowing difficulties. Esomeprazole is a Proton Pump Inhibitor used in the treatment of certain stomach and esophagus problems such as acid reflux, ulcers. In the present work, the Oro-dispersible tablets of esomeprazole by Direct Compression method using Superdisintegrants approach and effervescent approach. Bulk density, Tapped density, Compressibility index and Hauser’s ratio are the powder flow properties evaluated for the final blend of drug and excipients. All the formulations were evaluated for thickness , weight variation , disintegration time , hardness , friability , drug content , water absorption ratio , and In-vitro dissolution studies. The lowest disintegration time and maximum in -vitro dissolution profile is performed by F6 formulation. Keywords: Proton pump inhibitor, Oro-dispersible, Esomeprazole, Super disintegrates.

Seed weight in groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) has direct impact on yield as well as market price because of preference for bold seeds by consumers and industry, thereby making seed-size improvement as one of the most important objectives of groundnut breeding programs globally. Marker-based early generation selection can accelerate the process of breeding for developing large-seeded varieties. In this context, we deployed the quantitative trait locus-sequencing (QTL-seq) approach on a biparental mapping population (Chico × ICGV 02251) to identify candidate genes and develop markers for seed weight in groundnut. A total of 289.4-389.4 million reads sequencing data were generated from three libraries (ICGV 02251 and two extreme bulks) achieving 93.9-95.1% genome coverage and 8.34-9.29× average read depth. The analysis of sequencing data using QTL-seq pipeline identified five genomic regions (three on chromosome B06 and one each on chromosomes B08 and B09) for seed weight. Detailed analysis of above associated genomic regions detected 182 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in genic and intergenic regions, and 11 of these SNPs were nonsynonymous in the genomic regions of 10 candidate genes including Ulp proteases and BIG SEED locus genes. Kompetitive allele specific polymerase chain reaction (KASP) markers for 14 SNPs were developed, and four of these markers (snpAH0031, snpAH0033, snpAH0037, and snpAH0038) were successfully validated for deployment in breeding for large-seeded groundnut varieties.

Land-use and land-cover changes are the main cause of soil degradation and associated human and environmental problems. The study was conducted in Mai Mahiu ecosystem, Kenya whose aim was to assess long-term (1985 to 2015) impacts of land-use and land-cover changes on soil health with disturbance-induced vegetation distribution. Landsat archive was utilized to detect land-use change for 30 years at an interval of 15 years and analysed based on supervised image classification. Four land-use practices (undisturbed forest, disturbed forest, cropland and grassland) were selected and soil sampled to 15 cm depth for soil analyses. In this period, cropland increased by 135% at the expense of natural forest while built-up areas increased by three times. Soil bulk density increased significantly (p

Neurological manifestations of blast-induced Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) extend long after the initial injury indicating lasting changes in brain function. In this study, we characterized brain injury, changes in neurogenesis and oligodendrogenesis in an adult murine blast model following a short (5 days) and long (21 days) post-blast recovery. Acoustic blasts led to an initial, activation of microglia and astrogliosis and a widespread cortical and subcortical apoptosis. The loss of myelinated cortical axons at 5 days was followed by the reappearance of abnormal misdirected fibers at 21 days. At 21 days post-blast, we observed increases in doublecortin-positive (DCX+ ) neuroblasts in the subventricular zone (SVZ) and hippocampal subgranular zone (SGZ) indicating increased neurogenesis. No changes in DCX+ cells were found in the brain cortex. In the cortex, the early disappearance of myelinated neuronal fibers was accompanied by a loss of O4+ oligodendrocytes and their Ki67-expreasing (Ki67+ ) oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPC). However, at 5 days we observed a robust appearance of cells expressing Olig2 (O2+ ), an early determinant of oligodendrocyte lineage. At 21 days post-blast, the population of OPC increased and the mature O4+ oligodendrocytes were restored to control levels. In contrast, in the SVZ and SGZ, O4+ cells were not affected by the blast suggesting a local cortical origin for cortical oligodendrogenesis. These results suggest that blast-induced activation of SVZ and SGZ neurogenesis and cortical oligodendrogenesis could have long-lasting impact on brain function including memory disorders observed in both animal models and human’s PTSD.

The Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) was identified in human for the first time in the history. This is a zoonotic pathogen which was appeared first in Saudi Arabia and Jordan. According to WHO report, 858 deaths out of 27 countries were reported Between April 2012 and December 2019.The substrate at position P1 in glutamine is important for the protease of corona virus which is similar to that of 3Cprotease in entero viruses. In the development of viral drugs, the best target is proteases having specificity and plays an important role in the processing of viral polyprotein. Based on the structure. Peptidomimetic ketoamides designed as potent, broad spectrum inhibitor of 3c proteases against corona viruses. The present review is focused on the symptoms, transmission, target and prevention of the virus.

Foliar fungal diseases (rust and late leaf spot) incur large yield losses, in addition to the deterioration of fodder quality in groundnut worldwide. High oleic acid has emerged as a key market trait in groundnut, as it increases the shelf life of the produce/products in addition to providing health benefits to consumers. Marker-assisted backcrossing (MABC) is the most successful approach to introgressing or pyramiding one or more traits using trait-linked markers. We used MABC to improve three popular Indian cultivars (GJG 9, GG 20, and GJGHPS 1) for foliar disease resistance (FDR) and high oleic acid content. A total of 22 BC3F4 and 30 BC2F4 introgression lines (ILs) for FDR and 46 BC3F4 and 41 BC2F4 ILs for high oleic acid were developed. Recurrent parent genome analysis using the 58 K Axiom_Arachis array identified several lines showing upto 94% of genome recovery among second and third backcross progenies. Phenotyping of these ILs revealed FDR scores comparable to the resistant parent, GPBD 4, and ILs with high (~80%) oleic acid in addition to high genome recovery. These ILs provide further opportunities for pyramiding FDR and high oleic acid in all three genetic backgrounds as well as for conducting multi-location yield trials for further evaluation and release for cultivation in target regions of India. Keywords: Foliar disease resistance, High oleic acid, Late leaf spot, Marker-assisted backcrossing, SNP array, Background genome recovery

In this study, the effect of Carica papayaagainst various microorganisms is evaluated using DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazyl-hydrate) assay for antioxidant activity. The focus is on employing the antimicrobial and antioxidant activities of papaya milk as a natural antimicrobial by preparing hand sanitizer.Papaya (Carica papaya Linn), a nutraceutical fruit well known for its nutritional values and potent medicinal properties such as antioxidant, anti-bacterial, anti-helminthic, anti-fungal, anti-hypertensive and anti-fertility, free radical scavenging activity [1-10]. The study includesextraction of C.papaya milk from C. papaya fruit and identification of phytochemical constituents by performing chemical tests. Preparation of sanitizer with 5ml and 7ml of C. Papaya Milk for 10 ml sanitizer.Evaluation of antimicrobial activity of prepared sanitizer on cultures from hand using spread plate method.Determination of sanitizing ability was done by calculating percent reduction in colony forming units (CFU) before and after sanitization. Evaluation of antioxidant activity by in vitro DPPH Scavenging method.The standard sanitizer had shown 75% effectiveness, isopropyl alcohol shows90% effectiveness, and finally sanitizer which is prepared from papaya milk was found to be 58% effective against micro-organisms. &nbsp

Genetic advancement and gains in yield and related traits are dependent on the selection of best combiner parents and progenies under the prevailing growing conditions. This study was conducted to determine the combining ability effects of eight selected drought-tolerant groundnut parental lines and their F2 progenies under drought-stressed (DS) and non-stressed (NS) conditions to determine the gene actions involved in the inheritance of the studied traits and identify the best parents and progenies for further improvement of the crop for moisture stress tolerance. Experiments were conducted at the International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT) in India during 2020 cropping season. Data on some of the important physiological, yield and yield component traits were collected. The general combining ability (GCA) effects of parents were significant (P

Parents and 318 F8 recombinant inbred lines (RILs) derived from the cross, TAG 24 × ICGV 86031 were evaluated for peanut bud necrosis disease (PBND) resistance and agronomic traits under natural infestation of thrips at a disease hotspot location for 2 years. Significant genotype, environment and genotype × environment interaction effects suggested role of environment in development and spread of the disease. Quantitative trait loci (QTL) analysis using QTL Cartographer identified a total of 14 QTL for six traits of which five QTL were for disease incidence. One quantitative trait locus q60DI located on LG_AhII was identified using both QTL Cartographer and QTL Network. Another QTL q90DI was detected with a high PVE of 12.57 using QTL Cartographer. A total of nine significant additive × additive (AA) interactions were detected for PBND disease incidence and yield traits with two and seven interactions displaying effects in favour of the parental and recombinant genotype combinations, respectively. This is the first attempt on QTL discovery associated with PBND resistance in peanut. Superior RILs identified in the study can be recycled or released as variety following further evaluations.

The two adjacent estuaries of the rivers Mandovi and Zuari, along the Goa coast in the central west coast of India, are a large complex aquatic system hosting diverse natural habitats. The water quality in these habitats is affected by various anthropogenic activities as they are extensively used for transportation, fisheries and various recreational activities. In the present study, changes in the water quality and levels of microbial pollution during the pre-monsoon, monsoon and post-monsoon seasons were determined. The water quality index was estimated based on the parameters: temperature, salinity, pH, dissolved oxygen, biochemical oxygen demand and nutrients. The seasonal changes in the microbial pollution load were also assessed based on the abundance of pollution indicator organisms and their resistivity towards multiple antibiotics. Results show that the water quality index status was 'poor' in the pre-monsoon and post-monsoon seasons and it was 'good' only in the monsoon period. Levels of pollution indicator organisms determined show that the counts were the highest in the pre-monsoon season, which reduced in the monsoon and further declined during the post-monsoon season. However, the estimated multiple antibiotic resistance (MAR) index suggests that bacterial isolates in monsoonal water and sediment samples have maximum resistance towards antibiotics. This shows that, though the basic water quality improved during the monsoon, possibly due to substantial dilution, the increased terrestrial inputs brought harmful pathogens into these estuarine waters, which may be of potential health risk. Understanding the ecological status of the estuarine habitats is important for successful environmental management and sustainable development.

Management of renal calculus in a patient of chronic kidney disease (CKD) is always challenging. Treatment options include extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy, retrograde intrarenal surgery, and percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL). With PCNL being gold standard for renal calculus ≥1.5 cm in normal kidneys, we aimed to analyze the safety and efficacy of PCNL in CKD patients with calculus ≥1.5 cm.Sixty patients of CKD with renal calculus were included in the study: Group A with glomerular filtration rate (GFR) ≤30 ml/min/mThe mean age of patients was 52 years. A mean of 1.14sittings per renal unit was required for PCNL. Complete clearance was 94% after all auxiliary procedures. The mean prePCNL eGFR was 26.5 ± 4.01 and 43.6 ± 9l. 14 ml/min/1.73 mPCNL is an effective management strategy for renal calculus in patients with CKD with an acceptable stone clearance rates and manageable complications. Peak eGFR30 ml/min/m2 and postprocedure complications predict deterioration and need for RRT.

CONTEXT: The acquisition of antibiotic without a prescription by the general population is a typical practice found in community pharmacies across India, which is a notable contributor of antimicrobial resistance. According to the present regulation in India, sale of certain antimicrobials included in schedule H1 without prescription is unlawful. In this contest, a program was organized by the Drug Control Administration, Government of Andhra Pradesh, to educate pharmacists regarding schedule H1. AIMS: The aim of our study is to assess the impact of the program on the rate of antibiotics dispensed at community pharmacies. SETTINGS AND DESIGN: A cross-sectional study was designed to investigate the nonprescription sale of antibiotics, from September to December 2018 through 200 community pharmacies located in and around Guntur city located in the state of Andhra Pradesh in India. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: A simulated client methodology was used in this study. A total of 3 female actors including an author of this present study are prior trained to present a standardized simulation of clinical conditions (sore throat, urinary tract infection, cold, and fever) to the pharmacist at the community pharmacies. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS USED: Microsoft excel sheet was used for data analysis. RESULTS: The simulated patients successfully obtained antibiotic from 78% pharmacies with the highest rate of urinary tract infection when compared to other conditions. Pharmacists who objected to dispense antibiotics (22%) are found in developed locations in the city and appeared well qualified. CONCLUSIONS: The present study revealed that the antibiotics are continued to be sold without prescription even after the education program on schedule H1. The deregulation of the act is definitely the problem to be addressed by the government.

The motive of this analysis is to compare the performance parameters of a single secondary fuel injector and performance of Dual Secondary fuel injector system for Thrust Vector Control (SITVC) in a supersonic nozzle for different distances between the two ports. With the help of Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) the performance characteristics of SITVC has been analyzed. Experimental and numerical investigations have been done with various circumstances to examine the performance augmentations of the 2-D nozzle.

To evaluate the impact of urodynamic study (UDS) in the management of young men presenting with lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTSs).This is a retrospective, observational study of urodynamic findings of 128 patients presented with LUTS at the Department of Urology, Institute of Nephrourology, Bangalore, over a period of 5 years (August 2014 to July 2019). Pre- and post-UDS diagnoses as well as treatment modalities were compared to evaluate the usefulness of UDS.A total of 110 patients (86%) had abnormal UDS findings. Before UDS, 55 (43%) patients were clinically diagnosed for overactive bladder; after UDS, bladder outlet obstruction (BOO) was seen in 32 (25%) patients and detrusor overactivity in 18 (14.1%). Clinically, BOO was diagnosed in 36 (28.1%) patients; however, urodynamic findings of BOO were seen only in 23 (18%) patients. Pre-UDS, bladder underactivity was suspected in 23 (18%); however, underactive detrusor was noted in 20 (15.6%) patients, and 3 (2.4%) patients were normal on UDS. Post-UDS, antibiotics were not prescribed to anyone. 18 (14%) patients underwent surgery after UDS confirmation of BOO. 67 patients (52.3%) had their clinical diagnosis changed following UDS. Concomitant changes in the management were required for 59 patients (46%).Etiologies of LUTSs in young men are more varied. Clinical diagnosis and treatment are often empirical and inaccurate. UDS is useful to achieve accurate diagnosis and to guide appropriate treatment. Video urodyanamics should be used to evaluate LUTS in young men.

Summary Background At present, the most frequent method for processing flexible gastrointestinal (GI) endoscopes is cleaning followed by high-level disinfection as terminal sterilization is often not practicable. Post-processing monitoring studies consistently show high levels of positive cultures remaining on endoscopes, which can lead to patient infection and even fatality. The processing deficiency is attributed to the complex design of endoscopes, incomplete cleaning, formation of biofilms and lack of margin of safety with high-level disinfection. Objective To demonstrate that flexible GI endoscopes can be practicably terminally sterilized. Methods An endoscope sterilization cycle was developed in a vaporized hydrogen peroxide sterilization system. The cycle was used to study the sterilization of flexible GI endoscopes which included colonoscopes and duodenoscope and material compatibility for both original flexible GI endoscopes and those experimentally modified endoscopes using compatible materials. Results Testing demonstrated that the vaporized hydrogen peroxide can sterilize flexible GI endoscopes (colonoscopes, duodenoscope) with a sterility assurance level of 10−6. Additionally, no recoverable survivors were detected when devices were artificially soiled with hard water and serum. Material compatibility test results demonstrated that replacing molybdenum disulphide lubricant with a graphite-based inert lubricant can make them compatible with vaporized hydrogen peroxide sterilizers. Conclusion Flexible GI endoscopes can be practicably terminally sterilized using vaporized hydrogen peroxide sterilization technologies if their materials are revised to become compatible.

High oleic trait, resistance to rust and late leaf spot (LLS) are important breeding objectives in groundnut. Rust and LLS cause significant economic loss, and high oleic trait is an industry preferred trait that enhances economic returns. This study reports marker-assisted selection to introgress high oleic content, resistance to LLS and rust into Kadiri 6 (K 6), a popular cultivar. The alleles for target traits were selected using linked allele-specific, simple sequence repeats and single nucleotide polymorphic markers. The F1s (384), intercrossed F1s (441), BC1F1s (380), BC1F2s (195), and BC1F3s (343) were genotyped to obtain desired allelic combination. Sixteen plants were identified with homozygous high oleic, LLS and rust resistance alleles in BC1F2, which were advanced to BC1F3 and evaluated for disease resistance, yield governing and nutritional quality traits. Phenotyping with Near-Infrared Reflectance Spectroscopy identified three lines (BC1F3-76, BC1F3-278, and BC1F3-296) with >80% oleic acid. The identified lines exhibit high levels of resistance to LLS and rust diseases (score of 3.0–4.0) with preferred pod and kernel features. The selected lines are under yield testing trials in multi-locations for release and commercialization. The lines reported here demonstrated combining high oleic trait with resistance to LLS and rust diseases.

Multi-environment testing at five locations for rust and late leaf spot (LLS) resistance with 41 introgressed lines (ILs) bred using marker-assisted backcross breeding in the genetic background Spanish-type groundnut varieties identified significant genotype, and genotype × environment interactions (GEI) for LLS disease resistance and yield parameters. Significant GEI effects suggest the need to identify location specific breeding lines to achieve gains in pod yield and LLS resistance. The observed variable LLS disease reaction among the ILs in part suggests influence of background genotype on the level of resistance. A breeding scheme with early generation selection using molecular markers followed by phenotyping for LLS, and multi-location testing of fixed breeding lines was optimized to enhance selection intensity and accuracy in groundnut breeding. The ILs, ICGVs 14431, 14436 and 14438 with pooled LLS score at 90 DAS of 3.5–3.7 were superior to respective recurrent parent for pod yield, with early maturing similar to recurrent parents. The pod yield advantage in ILs is attributed by more number of pods, besides resistance to LLS that contributes to better filling.

Spanish bunch groundnut varieties occupy most of the cultivated area in Asia and Africa, and these varieties lack required 2-3 weeks of fresh seed dormancy (FSD) hampering kernel quality. Genomic breeding can help to improve commercial groundnut cultivars for FSD in a shorter time with greater precision. In this regard, a recombinant inbred line (RIL) population from the cross ICGV 02266 (non-dormant) × ICGV 97045 (dormant) was developed and genotyped with a 5 K mid-density genotyping assay. A linkage map was constructed with 325 SNP loci spanning a total map length of 2335.3 cM and five major QTLs were identified on chromosomes Ah01, Ah11, Ah06, Ah16 and Ah17. Based on differential gene expression using transcriptomic information from dormant (Tifrunner) and non-dormant (ICGV 91114) genotypes, histone deacetylases, histone-lysine N-methyltransferase, cytochrome P450, protein kinases, and ethylene-responsive transcription factor were identified as key regulators involved in the hormonal regulation of dormancy. Six Kompetitive Allele Specific PCR (KASP) markers were successfully validated in the diverse panel including selected RILs of the same population and germplasm lines. These validated KASP markers could facilitate faster breeding of new varieties with desired dormancy using marker-assisted early generation selection.