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Polyplax cricetulis Chin, 1995 New collection: Ex Cricetulus longicaudatus (Milne-Edwards) (long-tailed dwarf hamster) (Cricetidae): Uvs Province, 6 km north of Olgii Soum, 25 July 2015 (NK270076). Notes: Polyplax cricetulis has only been recorded from China (Qinghai Province) (Chin, 1995) and now Mongolia (Uvs Province) as an ectoparasite of C. longicaudatus., Published as part of Durden, Lance A., Robinson, Chase, Cook, Joseph A., Bell, Kayce C., Nyamsuren, Batsaikhan & Greiman, Stephen E., 2022, Sucking Lice (Phthiraptera: Anoplura) Parasitizing Mongolian Rodents With The Description Of A New Species Of Hoplopleura From Mountain Voles (Alticola Spp.), pp. 353-365 in Journal of Parasitology 108 (4) on page 361, DOI: 10.1645/22-2, http://zenodo.org/record/7756349

Hoplopleura acanthopus (Burmeister, 1839) Ex Microtus arvalis (Pallas) (common vole) (Cricetidae); collection locality: Tuv Province, Ulaanbaatar (Kéler, 1967 [Nr. 37, Nr. 88, Nr. 89/90]). Ex Microtus sp. (undetermined vole) (Cricetidae) (Krištofıḱ, 1999); collection localities: Huvsgul Province, Ih-Horoo Gol; Selenge Province, Hyalganat (Krištofıḱ, 1999). Ex Clethrionomys (now Myodes) sp. (undetermined vole) (Cricetidae), collection locality: Uvs Province, Harhiraa Uul (Krištofıḱ, 1999). Ex Lasiopodomys brandtii (Radde) (Brandt’s vole) (Cricetidae); collection localities: Arhangai Province, Ugii Nuur; Tuv Province: Ulaanbaatar; Zavhan Province, Telmen Nuur (Kéler, 1967 [Nr. 185, Nr. 1243], Krištofıḱ, 1999). New collections: Ex Microtus gregalis (Pallas) (narrow-headed vole) (Cricetidae); Bayan Olgii Province, Songinot Gol, 1 August 2015 (NK270442); Uvs Province, Harhiraa Mountain, Tsunheg, 8 August 2015 (NK270660), Juveriin Gol, 9 August 2015 (NK270687). Ex Microtus oeconomus (Pallas) (tundra vole) (Cricetidae); Bayan Olgii Province, Songinot Gol, 31 July 2015 (NK270348); Huvsgul Province, Heegtsar River Valley, 19 August 2015 (NK272167, NK 272171); Uvs Province, Han Huhii Mountain, Baruun Turuun River Valley, 14 August 2015 (NK270946). Ex Microtus sp. (undetermined vole) (Cricetidae); Bayan Olgii Province, Songinot Gol, 1 August 2015 (NK270431, NK270440). Notes: Hoplopleura acanthopus parasitizes many species of voles across the Holarctic region (Durden and Musser, 1994). However, we report 2 new host associations for this louse in Mongolia —from M. gregalis and M. oeconomus. The collections of this louse from L. brandtii reported by Kéler (1967) were listed as ‘‘ Hoplopleura acanthopus ssp.’’ The following names are synonyms or former generic or subspecific assignments for this louse as documented by Durden and Musser (1994): Pediculus acanthopus Burmeister, 1839; Haematopinus acanthopus (Burmeister, 1839); Polyplax acanthopus (Burmeister, 1839); Hoplopleura acanthopus acanthopus (Burmeister, 1839); Polyplax villosa Galli-Valerio, 1905; Hoplopleura acanthopus var. americanus Kellogg and Ferris, 1915; Hoplopleura acanthopus var. aequidentis Fahrenholz, 1916; Hoplopleura acanthopus var. edentulus Fahrenholz, 1916 (partim); Hoplopleura fahrenholzi Eichler, 1952; Hoplopleura silesica Eichler, 1952., Published as part of Durden, Lance A., Robinson, Chase, Cook, Joseph A., Bell, Kayce C., Nyamsuren, Batsaikhan & Greiman, Stephen E., 2022, Sucking Lice (Phthiraptera: Anoplura) Parasitizing Mongolian Rodents With The Description Of A New Species Of Hoplopleura From Mountain Voles (Alticola Spp.), pp. 353-365 in Journal of Parasitology 108 (4) on page 358, DOI: 10.1645/22-2, http://zenodo.org/record/7756349, {"references":["KELER, S. 1967. Uber einige Mallophagen und Lause aus der Mongolei. Ergebnisse der Mongolisch-Deutschen Biologischen Expeditionen seit 1962, Nr. 29. Mitteilungen aus dem Zoologischen Museum in Berlin 43: 247 - 250."]}

Polyplax sp. Ex Ellobius tancrei Blasius (eastern mole vole) (Cricetidae)—listed as Ellobius talpinus (Pallas) (northern mole vole) (Cricetidae) (Kéler, 1967); collection locality: Bayan Olgii Province, Hovd Gol (Kéler, 1967 [Nr. 958/61]). Notes: This was almost certainly Polyplax ellobii (Sosnina), but we have not been able to locate the specimens. Kéler (1967) listed the host as E. talpinus which included E. tancrei as a synonym at that time. However, E. tancrei has since been recognized as a separate species (Durden and Musser, 1994; Musser and Carleton, 2005). The species occurring in Mongolia is E. tancrei as discussed by Musser and Carleton (2005)., Published as part of Durden, Lance A., Robinson, Chase, Cook, Joseph A., Bell, Kayce C., Nyamsuren, Batsaikhan & Greiman, Stephen E., 2022, Sucking Lice (Phthiraptera: Anoplura) Parasitizing Mongolian Rodents With The Description Of A New Species Of Hoplopleura From Mountain Voles (Alticola Spp.), pp. 353-365 in Journal of Parasitology 108 (4) on page 361, DOI: 10.1645/22-2, {"references":["KELER, S. 1967. Uber einige Mallophagen und Lause aus der Mongolei. Ergebnisse der Mongolisch-Deutschen Biologischen Expeditionen seit 1962, Nr. 29. Mitteilungen aus dem Zoologischen Museum in Berlin 43: 247 - 250."]}

Linognathoides urocitelli Durden, Robinson, Cook, McLean, Nyamsuren and Greiman, 2019 Ex Urocitellus undulatus (Pallas) (long-tailed ground squirrel) (Sciuridae). Collection locations: Arhangai Province, Zurh Mountain; Huvsgul Province, Heegtsar River Valley; Bayan Olgii Province, Huljaa River Valley (Durden et al., 2019). Notes: This louse is only known from Mongolia, but the host has a wider range in central Asia, encompassing parts of the Russian Federation (Siberia, Transbaikalia), Kazakhstan, Mongolia, China (Heilungjiang and Xinjiang) (Thorington and Hoffmann, 2005), so the louse is likely also more widespread., Published as part of Durden, Lance A., Robinson, Chase, Cook, Joseph A., Bell, Kayce C., Nyamsuren, Batsaikhan & Greiman, Stephen E., 2022, Sucking Lice (Phthiraptera: Anoplura) Parasitizing Mongolian Rodents With The Description Of A New Species Of Hoplopleura From Mountain Voles (Alticola Spp.), pp. 353-365 in Journal of Parasitology 108 (4) on page 360, DOI: 10.1645/22-2, http://zenodo.org/record/7756349, {"references":["DURDEN, L. A., C. ROBINSON, J. A. COOK, B. S. MCLEAN, B. NYAMSUREN, AND S. E. GREIMAN. 2019. A new species of sucking louse from the long-tailed ground squirrel, Urocitellus undulatus, from Mongolia, with a key to species, and a review of host associations and geographical distributions of members of the genus Linognathoides (Psocodea: Anoplura: Polyplacidae). Journal of Parasitology 105: 469 - 479."]}

Hoplopleura meridionidis Ferris, 1921 Ex Meriones unguiculatus (Milne-Edwards) (Mongolian jird) (Muridae), collection locality: Tuv Province: Ulaanbaatar (Krištofıḱ, 1999). Ex Meriones meridianus (Pallas) (midday jird) (Muridae); collection locality: Zavhan Province, Mongol Els (Krištofík, 1999). Notes: Hoplopleura meridionidis parasitizes several species of Meriones and has been recorded from China, Russia, Iran, and Pakistan, as well as Mongolia (Durden et al., 1990; Durden and Musser, 1994; Krištofıḱ, 1999)., Published as part of Durden, Lance A., Robinson, Chase, Cook, Joseph A., Bell, Kayce C., Nyamsuren, Batsaikhan & Greiman, Stephen E., 2022, Sucking Lice (Phthiraptera: Anoplura) Parasitizing Mongolian Rodents With The Description Of A New Species Of Hoplopleura From Mountain Voles (Alticola Spp.), pp. 353-365 in Journal of Parasitology 108 (4) on page 359, DOI: 10.1645/22-2, http://zenodo.org/record/7756349, {"references":["KRISTOFIK, J. 1999. Sucking lice (Phthiraptera) from Mongolian mammals. Biologia, Bratislava 54: 143 - 149.","DURDEN, L. A., R. TRAUB, AND K. C. EMERSON. 1990. Sucking lice (Anoplura) from Pakistan mammals, with notes on zoogeography. Entomological News 101: 225 - 235."]}

Eulinognathus dipodis Blagoveshchensky, 1965 Ex Allactaga sibirica, (Forster) (Mongolian 5-toed jerboa) (Dipodidae), unspecified collection locality (Durden and Musser, 1994). Notes: This louse has been recorded from Kazakhstan and Mongolia from A. sibirica or Dipus sagitta (Blagoveshtchensky, 1965, Chirov and Ozerova, 1990; Durden and Musser, 1994)., Published as part of Durden, Lance A., Robinson, Chase, Cook, Joseph A., Bell, Kayce C., Nyamsuren, Batsaikhan & Greiman, Stephen E., 2022, Sucking Lice (Phthiraptera: Anoplura) Parasitizing Mongolian Rodents With The Description Of A New Species Of Hoplopleura From Mountain Voles (Alticola Spp.), pp. 353-365 in Journal of Parasitology 108 (4) on page 360, DOI: 10.1645/22-2, http://zenodo.org/record/7756349, {"references":["BLAGOVESHTCHENSKY, D. I. 1965. New species of sucking lice (Siphunculata) that are parasites of rodents. Communication I. Entomological Review 44: 85 - 91."]}

Hoplopleura altaiensis n. sp. (Figs. 1–3) Male (Figs. 1A, B, 2A, C) (n ¼ 9): Total body length of holotype, 0.945 mm (mean, 0.916 mm; range, 0.878 –1.028 mm). Head, thorax, and abdomen moderately sclerotized. Head (Fig. 1A, B): Longer than wide with broadly curved lateral margins posterior to antennae and extended anteriorly; distinct dorsal lobe on each side posterior to head suture; maximum head width of holotype, 0.150 mm (mean, 0.151 mm, range, 0.150 –0.152 mm). Antennae 5-segmented with fairly broad basal segment and slightly elongated second segment; no antennal segments highly modified. One distinct ventral principal head seta, 2 ventral preantennal setae, 2 sutural head setae, 4 dorsal marginal head setae, 2 dorsal anterior head setae, 1 dorsal anterior central head seta, 1 dorsal posterior central head seta, 1 dorsal principal head seta, 1 small dorsal accessory head seta, 2 supra-antennal head setae, 1 small dorsal preantennal head seta, and 4–6 apical head setae on each side. Thorax (Fig. 1A, B): Broader than head; maximum thorax width of holotype, 0.205 mm (mean, 0.211 mm; range, 0.205 – 0.216 mm). Thoracic sternal plate (Fig. 1B) somewhat shieldshaped; long posterior extension with squarish posterior margin, small anterior projection, and small lateral indentation on each side. Thoracic fragma distinct. Mesothoracic spiracle diameter of holotype, 0.016 mm (mean, 0.016 mm; range, 0.015 –0.017 mm). Dorsal principal thoracic seta (DPTS) length of holotype, 0.103 mm (mean, 0.104 mm; range, 0.100 – 0.108 mm). Legs each terminating in tibio-tarsal acuminate claw; claw on hindlegs broader than claws on fore and midlegs; forelegs slightly smaller than midlegs; midlegs slightly smaller than hindlegs; leg coxae variously shaped (Fig. 1B). Abdomen (Fig. 1A, B): Broader than thorax with 13 tergites and 10 sternites. Tergites 1 and 3 fairly broad; tergite 1 partially separated medially; tergites 2 and 4 very broad each with diverging acuminate posterio-lateral margins; tergites 4–13 wider than previous tergites; tergite 13 distinctly curved. Sternites 1 and 2 broader than other sternites; sternites 2 and 3 each articulating laterally with corresponding paratergal plate (as characteristic of genus); sternites 3–10 each fairly narrow. Tergite 1 lacking tergal abdominal setae (TeAS); tergites 2 and 3 each with 1 long TeAS and 1 very long TeAS on each side; tergites 4–12 each with 7–12 long TeAS; tergite 13 with 4 small setae on each side. One dorsal marginal abdominal seta (DMAS) lateral to tergites 5–12 on each side. Sternites 1 and 2 each with 7 long sternal abdominal setae (StAS); 2 lateral StAS on each side of sternite 2 slightly diverging with medial of each of these pairs of StAS much more robust than lateral StAS. Sternites 3–10 each with 7–8 long StAS. One ventral marginal abdominal seta (VMAS) on each side lateral to each of sternites 5–13. Paratergal plates (Figs. 1A, B, 2A): Present on abdominal segments 1–8. Plate I small and lacking apical setae. Plates II–V subtriangular; plate VI subrectangular; plates VII and VIII subeliptical. Plates III–VII each with small spiracle. Plates II–VI each with 2 paratergal setae (PrS) of moderate length; plates VII and VIII each with 2 very long PrS; PrS setae on plates II and III slightly thickened. Genitalia (Fig. 2C): Basal apodeme slightly longer than parameres and with moderately sclerotized, postero-lateral extensions. Parameres fairly straight in anterior section and then broadly curved. Pseudopenis extending posteriorly well beyond posterior apices of parameres and with lateral extensions. Subgenital plate (Fig. 1B) surface distinctly spiculate and extending anteriorly to paratergal plate VI, with slightly concave anterior margin, sinuous lateral margins, tapering posteriorly, and differentially sclerotized as represented by 2 distinct horizontal bands; small central lacuna present anteriorly with 3 very long setae inserted along posterior margin; 2 very long setae inserted along posterior margin of middle sclerotized band. Female (Figs. 2B, D, 3A, B) (n ¼ 7): Total body length of allotype, 1.275 mm (mean, 1.264 mm; range, 1.198 –1.345 mm). Head, thorax, and abdomen as in male unless indicated otherwise. Head (Fig. 3A, B): Maximum head width of allotype, 0.161 mm (mean, 0.161 mm; range, 0.161 –0.162 mm). Thorax (Fig. 3A, B): Maximum thorax width of allotype, 0.230 mm (mean, 0.227 mm; range, 0.225 –0.230 mm). Mesothoracic spiracle diameter of Allotype, 0.017 mm (mean, 0.017; range, 0.016 –0.019). DPTS length of allotype, 0.104 mm (mean, 0.105 mm; range, 0.102 –0.108 mm). Thoracic sternal plate (Fig. 3B) with more rounded margin on posterior extension than male. Abdomen (Fig. 3A, B): Broader than thorax with 19 tergites and 15 sternites. Tergites 1–4 as in male; tergites 5–18 narrow, each with 5–8 long TeAS; last tergite distinctly curved and with 1 short and 2 long setae on each side. Sternites 1 and 2 as in male; sternites 2 and 3 each articulating laterally with corresponding paratergal plate (as characteristic of genus); sternites 3–15 each fairly narrow and with 8–12 StAS. One DMAS on each side lateral to each of tergites 6–18. One VMAS on each side lateral to each of sternites 6–15. Paratergal plates (Figs. 2B, 3A, B): As in male but shape of some individual plates slightly different. Genitalia (Figs. 2D, 3B): Subgenital plate subtriangular but with small indentation on each side that is more obvious in cleared, slide-mounted specimens (Fig. 2D) and posterior extension that tapers to truncate margin in SEM specimens (Fig. 3B); cleared specimens with 2 distinct posteriorly directed rounded projections; patches of spicules evident especially near anterior and medial lateral margins; 3 rows of small to minute setae in central to posterior region of plate, Row 1 with 4–5 setae, Rows 2 and 3 each with 2 setae. Gonopods VIII slightly elongate and medially situated, each with 3 posterior setae, antero-medial seta slightly shorter than other setae. Gonopods IX less distinct and slightly more lateral than gonopods VIII, each with 3 robust apical setae. Taxonomic summary Type host: Alticola barakshin Bannikov, 1947 (Gobi Altai mountain vole) (Museum of Southwestern Biology catalog No. MSB:Mamm: 289112 —symbiotype). Other host: Alticola strelzowi (Kastchenko) (Strelzow’s mountain vole) (MSB:Mamm:289797). Specimens deposited: 1 male holotype (MSB:Para:32437), 1 female allotype (MSB:Para:32438), 2 male paratypes (MSB:Para:32441 and 32442), 2 female paratypes MSB:Para:32439 and 32440), 1 additional male (MSB:Para:32447), 1 additional female (MSB:Para:32443) (all sample no. NK270167) ex A. barakshin symbiotype; 4 additional males (MSB:Para:32445, 32447, 32448, 32450), 3 additional females (MSB:Para:32444, 32445, 32446) ex 3 A. barakshin (sample nos. NK270107, NK270111, NK270120); 1 male ex A. strelzowi (MSB:Para:32449) (sample no. NK270545), Museum of Southwestern Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico. Type locality: (Ex A. barakshin) Mongolia: Bayan Olgii Province, Zoolon (49°54 ′ 17.496 ′′ N, 90°06 ′ 55.296 ′′ E) (holotype male, allotype female, 2 male paratypes, 2 female paratypes, 1 additional male, 1 additional female, 28 July 2015 (sample no. NK270167); collectors: B.-O. Ochirbat, S. E. Greiman, J. A. Cook, B. S. McLean, and N. Batsaikhan. Other localities: Mongolia: Bayan Olgii Province, Zoolon (48°54 ′ 29.448 ′′ N, 90°08 ′ 50.760 ′′ E) ex 3 Alticola barakshin (4 males, 3 females), 27 July 2015 (NK270107, NK270111, NK270120); Huljaa river valley (49°24 ′ 23.940 ′′ N, 89°05 ′ 07.908 ′′ E) ex Alticola strelzowi (1 male), 5 August 2015 (sample no. NK270545); collectors: H. Toman, S. E. Greiman, J. A. Cook, B. S. McLean, and N. Batsaikhan. Site of infestation: Skin surface and fur. ZooBank registration: urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:97DF00C9-EFA1-4305-838B-E4A96987F8BE. Etymology: The specific epithet is derived from the Altai mountains where the hosts and lice were collected. DNA sequences: See Appendix I., Published as part of Durden, Lance A., Robinson, Chase, Cook, Joseph A., Bell, Kayce C., Nyamsuren, Batsaikhan & Greiman, Stephen E., 2022, Sucking Lice (Phthiraptera: Anoplura) Parasitizing Mongolian Rodents With The Description Of A New Species Of Hoplopleura From Mountain Voles (Alticola Spp.), pp. 353-365 in Journal of Parasitology 108 (4) on pages 355-357, DOI: 10.1645/22-2, http://zenodo.org/record/7756349

Eulinognathus allactagae Johnson, 1957 Ex Allactaga sibirica (Forster) (Mongolian 5-toed jerboa) (Dipodidae); collection localities: Bayanhongor Province, Orog Nuur; Govi Altai Province, Uljastain Gol; Govi Altai Province, Hairhan; Hovd Province, Chono Haraih Gol; Tuv Province, Onjuul Soum (Kéler, 1967 [Nr. 660], Durden and Musser, 1994, Krištofıḱ, 1999). Ex Allactaga bullata Allen (Gobi jerboa) (Dipodidae), collection localities: unspecified and Bayanhongor Province, Orog Nuur (Durden and Musser, 1994; Krištofıḱ, 1999). Notes: This louse is known to parasitize Allactaga major (Kerr) (great jerboa), A. sibirica, and A. bullata and has been recorded from China, Kyrgyzstan, and Ukraine, in addition to Mongolia (Chin, 1984; Chirov and Ozerova, 1990; Durden and Musser, 1994; Krištofıḱ, 1999)., Published as part of Durden, Lance A., Robinson, Chase, Cook, Joseph A., Bell, Kayce C., Nyamsuren, Batsaikhan & Greiman, Stephen E., 2022, Sucking Lice (Phthiraptera: Anoplura) Parasitizing Mongolian Rodents With The Description Of A New Species Of Hoplopleura From Mountain Voles (Alticola Spp.), pp. 353-365 in Journal of Parasitology 108 (4) on page 359, DOI: 10.1645/22-2, http://zenodo.org/record/7756349, {"references":["KELER, S. 1967. Uber einige Mallophagen und Lause aus der Mongolei. Ergebnisse der Mongolisch-Deutschen Biologischen Expeditionen seit 1962, Nr. 29. Mitteilungen aus dem Zoologischen Museum in Berlin 43: 247 - 250.","CHIN, T. - H. 1984. Studies on Chinese Anoplura VII. The polyplacid genus Eulinognathus. Entomotaxonomia 6: 25 - 28 [in Chinese with English abstract]."]}

Enderleinellus nitzschi Fahrenholz, 1916 Ex Sciurus vulgaris Linnaeus (Eurasian red squirrel) (Sciuridae); collection locality: Bulgan Province, Egiyn Gol (Krištofıḱ, 1999). Notes: This louse parasitizes S. vulgaris across Eurasia (Durden and Musser, 1994). The following names are synonyms as documented by Durden and Musser (1994): Pediculus sphaerocephalus Nitzsch, 1818; Haematopinus sphaerocephalus (Nitzsch, 1818); Polyplax sphaerocephala (Nitzsch, 1818); Enderleinellus sphaerocephalus (Nitzsch, 1818); Enderleinellus sphaerocephalus (Nitzsch, 1818)., Published as part of Durden, Lance A., Robinson, Chase, Cook, Joseph A., Bell, Kayce C., Nyamsuren, Batsaikhan & Greiman, Stephen E., 2022, Sucking Lice (Phthiraptera: Anoplura) Parasitizing Mongolian Rodents With The Description Of A New Species Of Hoplopleura From Mountain Voles (Alticola Spp.), pp. 353-365 in Journal of Parasitology 108 (4) on page 358, DOI: 10.1645/22-2, http://zenodo.org/record/7756349

Polyplax spinulosa (Burmesier, 1839) Ex Clethrionomys (Myodes) sp. (undetermined vole); collection locality: Uvs Province, Harhiraa Uul (Krištofıḱ, 1999). Notes: The spined rat louse, P. spinulosa, typically parasitizes peridomestic Rattus spp. around the world (Durden and Musser, 1994) but it has also been reported from some other species of rodents. The following names are synonyms as documented by Durden and Musser (1994): Pediculus spinulosus Burmeister, 1839; Haematopinus spinulosus (Burmeister, 1839); Haematopinus (Polyplax) spinulosus (Burmeister, 1839); Pediculus denticulatus Nitzsch, 1864; Polyplax campylopteri Zavaleta, 1945., Published as part of Durden, Lance A., Robinson, Chase, Cook, Joseph A., Bell, Kayce C., Nyamsuren, Batsaikhan & Greiman, Stephen E., 2022, Sucking Lice (Phthiraptera: Anoplura) Parasitizing Mongolian Rodents With The Description Of A New Species Of Hoplopleura From Mountain Voles (Alticola Spp.), pp. 353-365 in Journal of Parasitology 108 (4) on page 361, DOI: 10.1645/22-2, http://zenodo.org/record/7756349

Polyplax borealis Ferris, 1933 Ex Alticola sp. (undetermined mountain vole), collection locality: Arhangai Province, Terhiin Tsagaan Nuur (Krištofıḱ, 1999). Ex Cricetulus sp. (undetermined hamster), collection locality: Bulgan Province, Inget Tolgoy (Selenge Soum) (Krištofıḱ, 1999). Notes: Polyplax borealis parasitizes several species of voles mainly in the northern Holarctic region (Durden and Musser, 1994). However, the collection from Alticola in Mongolia is a first and the collection from Cricetulus in Mongolia represents an atypical host association., Published as part of Durden, Lance A., Robinson, Chase, Cook, Joseph A., Bell, Kayce C., Nyamsuren, Batsaikhan & Greiman, Stephen E., 2022, Sucking Lice (Phthiraptera: Anoplura) Parasitizing Mongolian Rodents With The Description Of A New Species Of Hoplopleura From Mountain Voles (Alticola Spp.), pp. 353-365 in Journal of Parasitology 108 (4) on page 360, DOI: 10.1645/22-2, http://zenodo.org/record/7756349

Schizophthirus sicistae Blagoveshtchensky, 1965 Ex Sicista subtilis (Pallas) (southern birch mouse) (Dipodidae); unspecified collection locality (Sosnina et al., 1984; Durden and Musser, 1994). Notes: Schizophthirus sicistae is known to parasitize S. subtilis and Sicista betulina Pallas (northern birch mouse) in parts of Europe and Asia (Blagoveshtchensky, 1965; Sosnina et al., 1984; Durden and Musser, 1994)., Published as part of Durden, Lance A., Robinson, Chase, Cook, Joseph A., Bell, Kayce C., Nyamsuren, Batsaikhan & Greiman, Stephen E., 2022, Sucking Lice (Phthiraptera: Anoplura) Parasitizing Mongolian Rodents With The Description Of A New Species Of Hoplopleura From Mountain Voles (Alticola Spp.), pp. 353-365 in Journal of Parasitology 108 (4) on page 359, DOI: 10.1645/22-2, http://zenodo.org/record/7756349, {"references":["BLAGOVESHTCHENSKY, D. I. 1965. New species of sucking lice (Siphunculata) that are parasites of rodents. Communication I. Entomological Review 44: 85 - 91.","SOSNINA, E. F., E. V. DUBININA, AND E. N. NOVOZHILOVA. 1984. On lice (Hoplopleuridae), parasites of birch mice. Parazitologiia 18: 175 - 179 [in Russian with English abstract]."]}

Enderleinellus tamiasis Fahrenholz, 1916 Ex Tamias sibiricus (Laxmann) (Siberian chipmunk) (Sciuridae); collection locality: Bayan Olgii Province, Tsagaan Nuur (Krištofıḱ, 1999). New collection: Ex T. sibiricus, Huvsgul Province, Heegtsar River Valley, 20 August 2015 (NK272323). Notes: This louse is known from Mongolia and Korea as an ectoparasite of T. sibiricus (Durden and Musser, 1994); presumably it also parasitizes this host in other parts of its range. It has also been reported from introduced T. sibiricus in France (Beaucournu et al., 2008)., Published as part of Durden, Lance A., Robinson, Chase, Cook, Joseph A., Bell, Kayce C., Nyamsuren, Batsaikhan & Greiman, Stephen E., 2022, Sucking Lice (Phthiraptera: Anoplura) Parasitizing Mongolian Rodents With The Description Of A New Species Of Hoplopleura From Mountain Voles (Alticola Spp.), pp. 353-365 in Journal of Parasitology 108 (4) on page 358, DOI: 10.1645/22-2, http://zenodo.org/record/7756349, {"references":["BEAUCOURNU, J. - C., B. PISANU, AND J. - L. CHAPUIS. 2008. Enderleinellus tamiasis Fahrenholz, 1916 (Anoplura: Enderleinellidae), espece importee, implantee et nouvelle pour la faune de France. Parasite 15: 175 - 178."]}

Hoplopleura sp. Ex Microtus oeconomus (Pallas) (root vole) (Cricetidae); collection locality: Hovd Province, Har Us Nuur [ Kéler, 1967 (Nr. 537/39)]. Notes: We have not been able to locate these specimens They could have been H. acanthopus, which is the only species of Hoplopleura recorded to parasitize M. oeconomus by Durden and Musser (1994)., Published as part of Durden, Lance A., Robinson, Chase, Cook, Joseph A., Bell, Kayce C., Nyamsuren, Batsaikhan & Greiman, Stephen E., 2022, Sucking Lice (Phthiraptera: Anoplura) Parasitizing Mongolian Rodents With The Description Of A New Species Of Hoplopleura From Mountain Voles (Alticola Spp.), pp. 353-365 in Journal of Parasitology 108 (4) on page 359, DOI: 10.1645/22-2, http://zenodo.org/record/7756349, {"references":["KELER, S. 1967. Uber einige Mallophagen und Lause aus der Mongolei. Ergebnisse der Mongolisch-Deutschen Biologischen Expeditionen seit 1962, Nr. 29. Mitteilungen aus dem Zoologischen Museum in Berlin 43: 247 - 250."]}

Eulinognathus cruciformis Chin, Bai and Qiu, 1995 Ex Allactaga bullata Allen (Gobi jerboa) (Dipodidae), collection locality: Bayanhongor Province, Orog Nuur (Krištofıḱ, 1999). Ex Allactaga sibirica, (Forster) (Mongolian 5-toed jerboa) (Dipodidae), collection localities: Bayanhongor Province, Orog Nuur and Bayan Bulag (Shine Jinst Soum); Govi Altai Province, Bugat Soum (Krištofıḱ, 1999). Notes: This louse has only been recorded from China and Mongolia from Allactaga spp. jerboas (Chin et al., 1995; Krištofıḱ, 1999)., Published as part of Durden, Lance A., Robinson, Chase, Cook, Joseph A., Bell, Kayce C., Nyamsuren, Batsaikhan & Greiman, Stephen E., 2022, Sucking Lice (Phthiraptera: Anoplura) Parasitizing Mongolian Rodents With The Description Of A New Species Of Hoplopleura From Mountain Voles (Alticola Spp.), pp. 353-365 in Journal of Parasitology 108 (4) on page 360, DOI: 10.1645/22-2, http://zenodo.org/record/7756349, {"references":["CHIN, T. - H., X. - L. BAI, AND X. - L. QIU. 1995. A new species of sucking louse from Nongxia Hiu Autonomous Region (Phthiraptera: Polyplacidae). Acta Zootaxonomica Sinica 20: 336 - 338 [in Chinese with English abstract]."]}

Polyplax qiuae Chin, 1993 Ex Cricetulus barabensis (Pallas) (striped dwarf hamster) (Cricetidae), collection locality: Tuv Province, Onjuul Soum (Krištofıḱ, 1999). New collection: Ex Cricetulus barabensis, Huvsgul Province, Heegtsar River Valley, 19 August 2015 (NK272202). Notes: Polyplax qiuae has been recorded from China (Chin, 1993) and Mongolia (Krištofıḱ, 1999). In China, it has been recorded from Phodopus sungorus (Pallas) (winter white dwarf hamster) and Phodopus roborovskii (Satunin) (Roborovski dwarf hamster) (Chin, 1993), whereas, in Mongolia, it has been recorded from C. barabensis, the striped dwarf hamster (Krištofıḱ, 1999)., Published as part of Durden, Lance A., Robinson, Chase, Cook, Joseph A., Bell, Kayce C., Nyamsuren, Batsaikhan & Greiman, Stephen E., 2022, Sucking Lice (Phthiraptera: Anoplura) Parasitizing Mongolian Rodents With The Description Of A New Species Of Hoplopleura From Mountain Voles (Alticola Spp.), pp. 353-365 in Journal of Parasitology 108 (4) on page 361, DOI: 10.1645/22-2, http://zenodo.org/record/7756349

Hoplopleura edentula Fahrenholz, 1916 Ex Clethrionomys (now Myodes) sp. (undetermined vole) (Cricetidae); collection locality: Huvsgul Province, Hanh (Krištofıḱ, 1999). New collections: Ex Myodes rutilus (Pallas) (northern redbacked vole) (Cricetidae); Arhangai Province, Nariin Gol, north side of Terhiin Tsagaan lake, 22 July 2015 (NK270026), Zurh Mountain, 21 July 2015 (NK270012); Songinot Gol, 31 July 2015 (NK270356); Huvsgul Province; Heegtsar River Valley, 19 August 2015 (NK272186); Uvs Province, Juveriin gol, 9 August 2015 (NK270703), Han Huhii Mountain, Baruun Turuun River Valley, 13 August 2015 (NK270866), Harhiraa Mountain, Tsunheg, 8 August 2015 (NK270667). Notes: Hoplopleura edentula parasitizes several species of voles in the genus Myodes (formerly Clethrionomys) in Europe and northern/ central Asia (Durden and Musser, 1994). Hoplopleura acanthopus var. edentulus Fahrenholz, 1916 (partim) is a synonym for this louse., Published as part of Durden, Lance A., Robinson, Chase, Cook, Joseph A., Bell, Kayce C., Nyamsuren, Batsaikhan & Greiman, Stephen E., 2022, Sucking Lice (Phthiraptera: Anoplura) Parasitizing Mongolian Rodents With The Description Of A New Species Of Hoplopleura From Mountain Voles (Alticola Spp.), pp. 353-365 in Journal of Parasitology 108 (4) on page 359, DOI: 10.1645/22-2, http://zenodo.org/record/7756349

Linognathoides palaearctus (Olsoufjev, 1938) Ex Marmota sibirica (Radde) (Tarbagan marmot) (Sciuridae), collection locality: Tuv Province, Bayan Tsogt Soum (Krištofıḱ, 1999). Notes: This louse parasitizes marmots (Marmota spp.) across much of central Asia (Durden et al., 1990, 2019; Durden and Musser, 1994). Neohaematopinus palaearctus Olsoufjev, 1938 is a previous generic assignment and Neohaematopinus palaearcticus [sic.] tarbagani Dubinina, undetermined date, is a synonym (Durden et al., 2019)., Published as part of Durden, Lance A., Robinson, Chase, Cook, Joseph A., Bell, Kayce C., Nyamsuren, Batsaikhan & Greiman, Stephen E., 2022, Sucking Lice (Phthiraptera: Anoplura) Parasitizing Mongolian Rodents With The Description Of A New Species Of Hoplopleura From Mountain Voles (Alticola Spp.), pp. 353-365 in Journal of Parasitology 108 (4) on page 360, DOI: 10.1645/22-2, http://zenodo.org/record/7756349, {"references":["DURDEN, L. A., R. TRAUB, AND K. C. EMERSON. 1990. Sucking lice (Anoplura) from Pakistan mammals, with notes on zoogeography. Entomological News 101: 225 - 235.","DURDEN, L. A., C. ROBINSON, J. A. COOK, B. S. MCLEAN, B. NYAMSUREN, AND S. E. GREIMAN. 2019. A new species of sucking louse from the long-tailed ground squirrel, Urocitellus undulatus, from Mongolia, with a key to species, and a review of host associations and geographical distributions of members of the genus Linognathoides (Psocodea: Anoplura: Polyplacidae). Journal of Parasitology 105: 469 - 479."]}

Genus Hoplopleura Enderlein, 1904 With characters of the family. Abdominal segments 2 and 3 each with a narrow, transverse, continuous sternal plate that extends completely across the ventral surface to articulate with the corresponding paratergal plates. Sternal plate on abdominal segment 3 with 2 groups of 2 or 3 enlarged, stout setae (note, this is amended here to ‘‘2 groups of 1–3 enlarged, stout setae’’ to accommodate the new species). Antennae 5-segmented. Hoplopleura is the most speciose genus of sucking lice and it is distributed globally mainly as species that parasitize rodents, although a few Asian species parasitize lagomorphs (pikas) (Sosnina et al., 1988; Durden and Musser, 1994; Sosnina and Dubinina, 1996). Durden and Musser (1994) listed 136 valid species of Hoplopleura worldwide but, with additional new species described since 1994, the current number of valid species in this genus has increased to 164 (Durden et al., 2020)., Published as part of Durden, Lance A., Robinson, Chase, Cook, Joseph A., Bell, Kayce C., Nyamsuren, Batsaikhan & Greiman, Stephen E., 2022, Sucking Lice (Phthiraptera: Anoplura) Parasitizing Mongolian Rodents With The Description Of A New Species Of Hoplopleura From Mountain Voles (Alticola Spp.), pp. 353-365 in Journal of Parasitology 108 (4) on page 354, DOI: 10.1645/22-2, http://zenodo.org/record/7756349, {"references":["SOSNINA, E. F., R. A. OZEROVA, AND E. V. DUBININA. 1988. Lice (Anoplura) of lagomorphs of the fauna of Kirgizia. Entomologicheskie Issledovaniya Kirgizii 19: 125 - 129 [in Russian].","DURDEN, L. A., S. MATTHEE, J. C. BOTHMA, S. E. GREIMAN, AND C. A. MATTHEE. 2020. Two new species of sucking lice (Phthiraptera: Anoplura: Hoplopleuridae and Polylacidae) from Grant's rock mouse. Micaelamys granti, in South Africa. Journal of Parasitology 106: 478 - 489."]}

Neohaematopinus sciuri Jancke, 1932 Ex Sciurus vulgaris Linnaeus (Eurasian red squirrel) (Sciuridae); collection locality: Huvsgul Province, Hanh (Krištofıḱ, 1999). Notes: This is a widespread Holarctic species that parasitizes S. vulgaris in Eurasia and Sciurus carolinensis Gmelin (gray squirrel) (Sciuridae) in North America (Durden and Musser, 1994)., Published as part of Durden, Lance A., Robinson, Chase, Cook, Joseph A., Bell, Kayce C., Nyamsuren, Batsaikhan & Greiman, Stephen E., 2022, Sucking Lice (Phthiraptera: Anoplura) Parasitizing Mongolian Rodents With The Description Of A New Species Of Hoplopleura From Mountain Voles (Alticola Spp.), pp. 353-365 in Journal of Parasitology 108 (4) on page 360, DOI: 10.1645/22-2, http://zenodo.org/record/7756349

Linognathoides laeviusculus (Grube, 1851) Ex Spermophilus alashanicus Büchner (Alashan ground squirrel), collection locality: Bayanhongor Province: Bayan Bulag (Shine Jinst Soum) (Krištofıḱ, 1999). Ex Spermophilus erythrogenys Brandt (red-cheeked ground squirrel), collection locality: Govi Altai Province: Esun Bulag (Kéler, 1967 [Nr. 334/35]). Ex Urocitellus undulatus (Pallas) (long-tailed ground squirrel), collection localities: Bulgan Province, Inget Tolgoy (Selenge Soum) and Ulaan Had; Govi Altai Province, Bugat Soum (Mongol Altay); Huvsgul Province, Dood Tsagaan Nuur, Erhel Nuur, Ih Horoo Gol, and Hanh; Uvs Province, Tarialan Soum (Harhiraa Uul) (Krištofıḱ, 1999). Notes: This louse parasitizes several species of ground squirrels across the Holarctic region (Durden et al., 2019). The following names are synonyms, previous combinations, or subspecies for this taxon as documented by Durden and Musser (1994) and Durden et al. (2019): Pediculus laeviusculus Grube, 1851; Enderleinellus laeviusculus (Grube, 1851); Neohaematopinus laeviusculus (Grube, 1851); Haematopinus laeviusculus (Grube, 1851); Polyplax laeviuscula (Grube, 1851); Haematopinus montanus Osborn, 1896; Linognathoides montanus (Osborn, 1896); Haematopinus columbianus Osborn, 1900; Polyplax columbiana (Osborn, 1900); Neohaematopinus patiki Rubin, 1946; Neohaematopinus laeviusculus bulgaricus Touleshkov, 1957., Published as part of Durden, Lance A., Robinson, Chase, Cook, Joseph A., Bell, Kayce C., Nyamsuren, Batsaikhan & Greiman, Stephen E., 2022, Sucking Lice (Phthiraptera: Anoplura) Parasitizing Mongolian Rodents With The Description Of A New Species Of Hoplopleura From Mountain Voles (Alticola Spp.), pp. 353-365 in Journal of Parasitology 108 (4) on page 360, DOI: 10.1645/22-2, http://zenodo.org/record/7756349, {"references":["KELER, S. 1967. Uber einige Mallophagen und Lause aus der Mongolei. Ergebnisse der Mongolisch-Deutschen Biologischen Expeditionen seit 1962, Nr. 29. Mitteilungen aus dem Zoologischen Museum in Berlin 43: 247 - 250.","DURDEN, L. A., C. ROBINSON, J. A. COOK, B. S. MCLEAN, B. NYAMSUREN, AND S. E. GREIMAN. 2019. A new species of sucking louse from the long-tailed ground squirrel, Urocitellus undulatus, from Mongolia, with a key to species, and a review of host associations and geographical distributions of members of the genus Linognathoides (Psocodea: Anoplura: Polyplacidae). Journal of Parasitology 105: 469 - 479."]}

Eulinognathus biuncatus Ferris, 1932 Ex Dipus sagitta (Pallas) (northern 3-toed jerboa) (Dipodidae), collection localities: Bayanhongor Province, Orog Nuur and Zuun Mod Oasis; Govi Altai Province, Olon Bulag (Shargyn Govi) (Krištofıḱ, 1999). Ex Allactaga sibirica, (Forster) (Mongolian 5-toed jerboa) (Dipodidae), collection locality: Bayanhongor Province: Bayantsagaan Soum (Krištofıḱ, 1999). Notes: Eulinognathus biuncatus is also known to parasitize D. sagitta in northern China (Ferris, 1932; Chin, 1984; Durden and Musser, 1994)., Published as part of Durden, Lance A., Robinson, Chase, Cook, Joseph A., Bell, Kayce C., Nyamsuren, Batsaikhan & Greiman, Stephen E., 2022, Sucking Lice (Phthiraptera: Anoplura) Parasitizing Mongolian Rodents With The Description Of A New Species Of Hoplopleura From Mountain Voles (Alticola Spp.), pp. 353-365 in Journal of Parasitology 108 (4) on pages 359-360, DOI: 10.1645/22-2, http://zenodo.org/record/7756349, {"references":["FERRIS, G. F. 1932. Contributions toward a monograph of the sucking lice. Part V. Stanford University Publications University Series, Biological Sciences 2: 271 - 413.","CHIN, T. - H. 1984. Studies on Chinese Anoplura VII. The polyplacid genus Eulinognathus. Entomotaxonomia 6: 25 - 28 [in Chinese with English abstract]."]}

Polyplax ellobii (Sosnina, 1955) Ex Ellobius tancrei Blasius (eastern mole vole) (Cricetidae), collection localities: unspecified, Govi Altai Province, Altai; and Hovd Province, Bulgan Gol (Yarantay) (Durden and Musser, 1994; Krištofıḱ, 1999). New collection: Ex E. tancrei, Bayan Olgii Province, Zoolon, Hatuu River valley 27 July 2015 (NK270134). Notes: This louse has been recorded from E. tancrei from China, Kazakhstan, Mongolia, and Tajikistan (Sosnina, 1955; Chin et al., 1993; Durden and Musser, 1994). Eremophthirus ellobii Sosnina, 1955 was the original generic assignment for this louse., Published as part of Durden, Lance A., Robinson, Chase, Cook, Joseph A., Bell, Kayce C., Nyamsuren, Batsaikhan & Greiman, Stephen E., 2022, Sucking Lice (Phthiraptera: Anoplura) Parasitizing Mongolian Rodents With The Description Of A New Species Of Hoplopleura From Mountain Voles (Alticola Spp.), pp. 353-365 in Journal of Parasitology 108 (4) on page 361, DOI: 10.1645/22-2, http://zenodo.org/record/7756349, {"references":["SOSNINA, E. F. 1955. A new species of louse (Siphunculata) from a blind-mouse of Tajikistan. Trudy Zoologiceskogo Instituto Akademia Nauk SSSR 18: 308 - 313 [in Russian].","CHIN, T. - H., R. - W. ABLIZ, AND X. - L. QUI. 1993. New records of sucking lice from China. Endemic Diseases Bulletin 8: 82 - 85 [in Chinese with English summary]."]}

Hoplopleura inagakii Ono and Hasegawa, 1955 New collections: Ex Myodes rufocanus (Sundevall) (gray redbacked vole) (Cricetidae); Bayan Olgii Province, Songinot Gol, 30 July 2015 (NK270283); Huvsgul Province, Heegtsar River Valley, 19 August 2015 (NK272149); Uvs Province, Han Huhii Mountain, Baruun Turuun River Valley, 14 August 2015 (NK270974). Notes: Hoplopleura inagakii has previously been reported from M. rufocanus, M. rutilus, Myodes andersoni (Thomas) (Japanese red-backed vole), and Myodes smithii (Thomas) (Smith’s redbacked vole) in Japan (Kaneko, 1959; Durden and Musser, 1994)., Published as part of Durden, Lance A., Robinson, Chase, Cook, Joseph A., Bell, Kayce C., Nyamsuren, Batsaikhan & Greiman, Stephen E., 2022, Sucking Lice (Phthiraptera: Anoplura) Parasitizing Mongolian Rodents With The Description Of A New Species Of Hoplopleura From Mountain Voles (Alticola Spp.), pp. 353-365 in Journal of Parasitology 108 (4) on page 359, DOI: 10.1645/22-2, http://zenodo.org/record/7756349, {"references":["KANEKO, K. 1959. Studies on the sucking lice (Anoplura) in Japan. Part IV. Taxonomical and ecological studies on murine lice. Japanese Journal of Experimental Medicine 29: 251 - 267."]}

Polyplax chinensis Ferris, 1923 Ex Meriones meridianus (Pallas) (midday jird), collection localities: unspecified, and Bayanhongor Province: Orog Nuur (Sosnina, 1979; Chin, 1980; Durden and Musser, 1994; Krištofıḱ, 1999). New collection: Ex M. meridianus, Uvs Province, 6 km northeast of Olgii Soum, 25 July 2015 (NK 270079). Notes: This louse is known to parasitize Meriones crassus Sundevall (Sundevall’s jird) and M. meridianus and has been recorded from China, Pakistan, Tajikistan, and Turkmenistan, in addition to Mongolia (Sosnina, 1979; Durden et al., 1990; Durden and Musser, 1994; Krištofıḱ, 1999)., Published as part of Durden, Lance A., Robinson, Chase, Cook, Joseph A., Bell, Kayce C., Nyamsuren, Batsaikhan & Greiman, Stephen E., 2022, Sucking Lice (Phthiraptera: Anoplura) Parasitizing Mongolian Rodents With The Description Of A New Species Of Hoplopleura From Mountain Voles (Alticola Spp.), pp. 353-365 in Journal of Parasitology 108 (4) on pages 360-361, DOI: 10.1645/22-2, http://zenodo.org/record/7756349, {"references":["SOSNINA, E. F. 1979. Lice of gerbils from Tadzhik SSR. Parazitologiia 13: 29 - 35 [in Russian].","CHIN, T. - H. 1980. Studies on Chinese Anoplura V. The polyplacid genera Polyplax, Haemodipsus, and Sathrax. Acta Academiae Mediciniae Guiyang 5: 101 - 107 [in Chinese with English abstract].","DURDEN, L. A., R. TRAUB, AND K. C. EMERSON. 1990. Sucking lice (Anoplura) from Pakistan mammals, with notes on zoogeography. Entomological News 101: 225 - 235."]}

Hoplopleura altaiensis Durden, Robinson, Cook, Bell, Nyamsuren and Greiman, 2022 Ex Alticola barakshin (Gobi mountain vole) (Cricetidae); collection locality: Bayan Olgii Province, Zoolon. Ex Alticola strelzowi (Strelzow’s mountain vole) (Cricetidae); collection locality: Bayan Olgii Province, Huljaa river valley. Notes: Hoplopleura altaiensis is described in this paper., Published as part of Durden, Lance A., Robinson, Chase, Cook, Joseph A., Bell, Kayce C., Nyamsuren, Batsaikhan & Greiman, Stephen E., 2022, Sucking Lice (Phthiraptera: Anoplura) Parasitizing Mongolian Rodents With The Description Of A New Species Of Hoplopleura From Mountain Voles (Alticola Spp.), pp. 353-365 in Journal of Parasitology 108 (4) on page 359, DOI: 10.1645/22-2, http://zenodo.org/record/7756349

Eulinognathus euchoreutae Cais, 1977 Ex Euchoreutes naso Sclater (long-eared jerboa), collection localities: unspecified, and Bayanhongor Province: Ehiin Gol Oasis and Zuun Mod Oasis (Durden and Musser, 1994; Krištofıḱ, 1999). Notes: Eulinognathus euchoreutae has only been recorded from China and Mongolia from E. naso (Cais, 1977; Chin, 1984; Durden and Musser, 1994; Krištofıḱ, 1999). Eulinognathus euchoreutei Chin, 1984 is a synonym (Durden and Musser, 1994)., Published as part of Durden, Lance A., Robinson, Chase, Cook, Joseph A., Bell, Kayce C., Nyamsuren, Batsaikhan & Greiman, Stephen E., 2022, Sucking Lice (Phthiraptera: Anoplura) Parasitizing Mongolian Rodents With The Description Of A New Species Of Hoplopleura From Mountain Voles (Alticola Spp.), pp. 353-365 in Journal of Parasitology 108 (4) on page 360, DOI: 10.1645/22-2, http://zenodo.org/record/7756349, {"references":["CAIS, L. 1977. Lice Eulinognathus euchoreutae sp. n., Eulinognathus inermis sp. n. and Eulinognathus alactaguli Blagoveshchensky, 1965 (Polyplacinae, Anoplura) taken from Asiatic jerboas. Bulletin de l'Adademie Polonaise des Sciences, Serie des Sciences Biologiques 25: 463 - 469.","CHIN, T. - H. 1984. Studies on Chinese Anoplura VII. The polyplacid genus Eulinognathus. Entomotaxonomia 6: 25 - 28 [in Chinese with English abstract]."]}

Occidiofungin is a novel glycolipopeptide, synthesized and secreted by Burkholderia contaminans MS14, demonstrating broad-spectrum antifungal activity and potential for successful clinical applications. Its mechanism of action has not yet been determined but is known to exhibit fungicidal activity via the induction of apoptosis in a manner unique from that of currently approved antifungals. As an early investigation into occidiofungin's mechanism of action, we aimed to identify environmental and cellular factors that significantly alter the susceptibility of the model organism, Saccharomyces cerevisiae. To that end, we have demonstrated that occidiofungin's bioactivity requires active cellular growth, that new protein synthesis is necessary to adequately respond to occidiofungin exposure, and that alterations in transcriptional regulation in response to glucose and phosphate deprivation have synergistic and antagonist consequences, respectively, on occidiofungin's effectiveness. Together, this data provides a foundation on which occidiofungin's mechanism of action can be illuminated.

Computed tomography (CT) scans of the head without contrast are routinely obtained to evaluate neurologic deficits after cardiac surgery, but their utility is unknown. We evaluated our experience with this imaging modality to determine its value.We retrospectively identified cardiac surgery patients with postoperative neurologic deficits occurring during the first week after surgery between January 2000 and December 2012. Stroke was defined by neurologist's determination, whereas a nonfocal deficit (NFD) was defined by the presence of seizure, delirium, or cognitive impairment. We defined early noncontrast head CT as occurring within 7 days of surgery. Outcomes included positive findings on CT, in-hospital mortality, and length of stay. Multivariate logistic regression identified predictors of positive findings on head CT.Within the population of 11,070 postoperative patients, 451 had early noncontrast head CT scans (4%). Two hundred two (44.7%) were associated with stroke, and 249 (55.2%) were associated with NFD. Among stroke patients, 40 of 202 (20%) showed acute infarction, 17 of 202 (8%) showed subacute infarction, and 5 of 202 (2%) showed hemorrhage. Among NFD patients, 1 of 248 (0.4%) showed acute infarction, 4 of 248 (1.6%) showed subacute infarction, and 1 of 248 (0.4%) showed hemorrhage. There was no difference in in-hospital mortality (stroke, 42 of 201 [21%] versus NFD, 41 of 248 [16%]; p = 0.2) or length of stay (stroke, 24 d versus NFD, 22 d; p = 0.5). On multivariable logistic regression, only focal deficits and aortic procedures predicted a positive finding on CT scan.This study reviewed the utility of early postoperative noncontrast head CT in cardiac surgery patients. With focal neurologic deficits, this imaging modality was positive for approximately one third of patients, but rarely positive for NFD. Its use in this setting has limited utility.

Ubiquitin carboxyl-terminal esterase-L1 (UCHL1) is a protein highly selectively expressed in neurons and has been linked to neurodegenerative disease in humans. We hypothesize that UCHL1 would be an effective serum biomarker for brain injury as tested in canine models of hypothermic circulatory arrest (HCA) and cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB).Dogs were exposed to CPB (n = 14), 1 hour of HCA (1h-HCA; n = 11), or 2 hours of HCA (2h-HCA; n = 20). Cerebrospinal fluid and serum were collected at baseline, 8 hours, and 24 hours after treatment. UCHL1 levels were measured using a sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Neurologic function and histopathology were scored at 24 hours, and UCHL1 immunoreactivity was examined at 8 hours.Baseline UCHL1 protein levels in cerebrospinal fluid and serum were similar for all groups. In serum, UCHL1 levels were elevated at 8 hours after treatment for 2h-HCA subjects compared with baseline values (P.01) and also compared with CPB dogs at 8 hours (P.01). A serum UCHL1 level above 3.9 ng/(mg total protein) at 8 hours had the best discriminatory power for predicting functional disability. In cerebrospinal fluid, UCHL1 was elevated in all groups at 8 hours after treatment compared with baseline (P.01). However, UCHL1 levels in cerebrospinal fluid remained elevated at 24 hours only in 2h-HCA subjects (P.01). Functional and histopathologic scores were closely correlated (Pearson coefficient, 0.66; P.01) and were significantly worse in 2h-HCA animals.This is the first report associating elevated serum UCHL1 with brain injury. The novel neuronal biomarker UCHL1 is increased in serum 8 hours after severe neurologic insult in 2h-HCA animals compared with CPB animals. These results support the potential for use in cardiac surgery patients and form the basis for clinical correlation in humans.

The RIFLE criteria (risk, injury, failure, loss, end stage) are new consensus definitions for acute kidney injury (AKI) associated with increased mortality; however, they have not been applied in lung transplantation (LTx). Using the RIFLE criteria, we examined the effect of AKI on outcomes and cost in LTx.We retrospectively reviewed all LTx patients at our institution since the lung allocation score (LAS) system was initiated (May 2005-August 2010). Using the Modification of Diet in Renal Disease formula, we assigned appropriate RIFLE class (R, I, F) comparing baseline creatinine to peak levels in the first 7 days after LTx. Generalized linear models assessed the effect of AKI on in-hospital and 1-year mortality. Hospital charges were used to examine the financial effect of AKI.During the study, 106 LTx were performed. Excluding patients bridged to LTx with extracorporeal membrane oxygenation, 84 (86%) lived 1 year. Median LAS was 37.1 (interquartile range, 34.1-45.2). RIFLE status was I or F in 39 (36.7%), and 14 (13.2%) required renal replacement therapy (RRT). After adjusting for LAS, RIFLE-F had an increased relative rate (RR) of in-hospital mortality (RR, 4.76, 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.65-13.7, p = 0.004) and 1-year mortality (RR, 3.17, 95% CI 1.55-6.49, p = 0.002). RIFLE-R and I were not associated with higher in-hospital or 1-year mortality. Post-operative RRT was associated with increased in-hospital (RR, 28.2; 95% CI, 6.18-128.1; p0.001) and 1-year mortality (RR, 4.97; 95% CI, 1.54-16.0; p0.001). AKI patients had higher median hospital charges of $168,146 vs $143,551 for no AKI (p = 0.02).This study shows high rates of AKI using the new RIFLE criteria in LTx. RIFLE-F is associated with higher in-hospital and 1-year mortality. Less severe degrees of AKI are not associated with increased mortality. The financial burden associated with AKI is significant.