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Osteological data, such as biological sex, constitute a base for research in paleodemography and palaeopathology, as well as for understanding past socio-cultural practices. Despite extensive research efforts concerning cremated human remains over the past decades, an internationally acknowledged, standardized osteological protocol is not fully agreed upon. Furthermore, assessing cremation research practices from the literature is challenging because analysis reports are often written in the national languages of practitioners, which makes them difficult to access by an international audience. This study addresses this gap by directly reaching out to experts working with cremated human remains through an online questionnaire in Lime Survey. The aim is to identify and characterize patterns in cremation analysis practices. A particular emphasis was put on the methods of biological sex estimation. While the significance of these data is widely acknowledged, the ways in which they are obtained in practice are seldom examined. The results of this survey reveal an absence of standardization in protocols of analysis, and data collection, as well as in reporting on the cremated remains in publications and reports. Notably, the findings reveal regional preferences in methodological choices and inconsistent institutional training. A majority of respondents expressed a preference for traditional morphological methods over recently published metric and alternative methods for sex estimation. These variations underscore the complexity of establishing standardized cremation analysis protocols and highlight the importance of considering regional contexts and training in shaping future research practices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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This paper offers a critical evaluation of the arguments that Kleingeld and Bernasconi used to support their claims regarding the idea that Immanuel Kant held racist beliefs. Firstly, we will criticize the views on which they agree, aiming to emphasize our understanding of Kant’s thoughts on race. Secondly, we will assess the significance of Kant’s draft for Towards Perpetual Peace when considering the debate over Kant’s racism, and show that Bernasconi’s interpretation - according to which Kant presented racist views in the third Critique and in his writings on history - is problematic. Although we will not systematically present our understanding of Kant’s thoughts on race, our critique of Kleingeld’s and Bernasconi’s claims will reflect our basic views: Kant was not a racist, and he never advocated for slavery and colonization. Kleingeld is right to insist that we must interpret Kant’s thoughts on race diachronically, as it is clear that his views evolved over the course of his life, but did not fundamentally change. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The editorial discusses the controversial history of how skeletons and sacred objects from Indigenous cultures ended up in museum collections, focusing on specific incidents involving the Quai Branly Museum in Paris and European scholars like Charles Rabot and János Jankó. The text highlights the ethical concerns and criticisms surrounding the colonial acquisition of these objects, shedding light on the complex dynamics of power, cultural appropriation, and exploitation in ethnographic practices. It emphasizes the importance of respecting Indigenous perspectives and engaging in collaborative research practices to rectify past wrongs and avoid perpetuating harm in the field of ethnology and folkloristics. [Extracted from the article]

Organ–skeleton relationships are understudied in biological anthropology. The torso skeleton is often used to infer the organ size and evolution in hominins; ribcage "types", in particular, are used to infer the abdominal organ size in hominins. This study is a quantitative examination of the relationship between the lower ribcage and two organs: the liver and the intestines ("gut") in humans. Specifically, we test whether the ribcage breadth, shape, and "flare", at the level of rib 10, covaries with the liver volume and gut volume in Homo sapiens. Liver size, gut size, and ribcage measurements are taken from CT scans (N = 61). The results show sex differences in the gut–ribcage relationship. The gut volume is associated with ribcage breadth and flare in both sexes. The liver volume is not associated with any ribcage measurements. We conclude that sex differences in the organ–skeleton relationship complicate the previous simplistic view that the size of the liver or the gut could be inferred through a fossil's ribcage type. Biological anthropologists should continue to explore sex differences in organ–skeleton relationships, when attempting to understand the evolution of visceral organs and the torso. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

В статье представлены результаты исследования мужского черепа со следами трепанации. Погребение, где обнаружен краниум, относится к Ходжалы-Кедабекской археологической культуре эпохи поздней бронзы-раннего железа и было выявлено в ходе археологических раскопок Я.И. Гуммеля в Гёйгёльском районе. Трепанационное отверстие, общими размерами 2,4 × 2 см, округлой формы, расположено на венечном шве, на соединении лобной и левой теменной кости. Краниотомия была совершена методом скобления и прорезывания. На черепе присутствуют следы воспалительной реакции и заживления кости. Пациент прожил определённое время после операции. Манипуляция была осуществлена, вероятно, в медицинских целях. На черепе отмечены также дискретные признаки и маркеры физиологического стресса. В настоящее время известно 8 случаев трепанации, датируемых концом II — началом I тыс. до н.э. с территории Азербайджана: из них два (мужчины) совершены прижизненно в медицинских целях методом скобления и прорезывания (один успешно, второй — окончился смертью пациента); шесть в ритуально-символических целях, из них четыре — прижизненно выполнены методом прижигания (мужчина, женщина, два взрослых индивидуума) и два — посмертно (женщина и мужчина), методом прорезывания.

Craniofacial development is a critical aspect of pediatric growth, influencing fields such as physical anthropology, pediatrics, forensic sciences, and clinical practice. Objectives: This study aimed to assess the trends in craniofacial measurements and indices in Latvian children aged 1–15. Methods: The anthropometrical measurements (head circumference, length, width, facial length, and width) were conducted on 375 children according to the guidelines by R. Martin, K. Saller, and J. Prīmanis at the Anthropology laboratory at the Institute of Anatomy and Anthropology, Rīga Stradiņš University. The cephalic index (CI) and the facial or prosopic index (PI) were calculated, allowing for a detailed examination of cranial and facial proportions. The data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics, including the Pearson Chi-square test and the Spearman correlation coefficient. Results: The findings revealed a consistent increase in head circumference with age, with boys generally having slightly larger heads than girls. The boys and girls exhibited growth in head length and width, particularly noticeable between 1 and 2 years of age. Facial length and width increased with age, with boys typically having longer facial lengths and broader faces than girls. The most common cephalic index category is mesocephaly, which accounts for 52.85% of the population, followed by dolichocephaly at 32.94%. Brachycephaly and hyperbrachycephaly are less prevalent, representing 11.36% and 2.86% of the population. Regarding the facial index categories, hypereuryprosopic is the most prevalent, representing 45.54% of the population, closely followed by euryprosopic at 43.74%. Mesoprosopic is significantly less common, representing only 9.95%. The least common categories are leptoprosopic and hyperleptoprosopic, with prevalences of 0.64% and 0.12%, respectively. The indices analysis showed variations across age groups, with dolichocephaly being more common at younger ages and decreasing over time. Brachycephaly and hyperbrachycephaly remained relatively stable or decreased slightly with age, while mesocephaly displayed less variation. The relationship between the FI and CI in younger age groups was typically weak to moderate and inverse, with a significance level of p < 0.001 or p < 0.01. However, no meaningful correlation was observed in older children aged 14–15. Conclusions: This study provides valuable insights into the craniofacial development of Latvian children, highlighting the measurements, cranial and facial types, and their variations across age groups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article reflects on the scientific production of the German anthropologist and physician Robert Lehmann-Nitsche in the light of his own historical and intellectual context as well as his personal beliefs and/or conceptions. An approach to his work is proposed from the thematic interests addressed by him, including physical anthropology, folklore, native languages, and mythology. The central question of this article is whether it is possible to find a common element or a common thread among the diversity of interests and topics addressed by Lehmann-Nitsche. The analysis draws on approaches from the anthropology of science and technology, which view science as a contextualized enterprise, while favoring the analysis of the distinctive practices of subjects and the interpretation of different native discourses and categories of analysis. This is fundamental to the study of scientific-academic communities in the process of being constituted such as those of the period analyzed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Modern physical anthropology increasingly employs non-invasive methods that use 3D models representing the human body. Frequently, these are 3D models of a person's physical appearance, i.e., face or body. A traditional approach to analyse these records is to process discrete points (landmarks, feature points) collected manually on the model surface. The digitization of landmarks and associated errors have been sufficiently studied in the context of the human face, due to its functional and aesthetic importance. However, other parts of the human body have not received the same level of attention. The aim of the present study was to quantify the error of body landmarks when collected in 3D fullbody models and to explore how it relates to other model properties, such as a demographic and somatic indicators. The study tested two datasets of 10 body landmarks acquired in 60 models (32 males and 28 females). The data acquisition was carried out during the time span of 14 days. The magnitude of the digitization error for each point was acquired and tested between groups defined according to their anatomical location (shoulders, arms, legs; torso and limbs or body side), sex, age, height and body type. The results of this study showed that the error of digitising landmarks in a 3D model was greater compared to the error reported in the literature when acquiring landmarks on the human body. The digitization error was independent of participants' age, sex, height, and body type but was correlated with the anatomical location, where the upper chest, neck, and back on the knee yielded the highest digitization errors. In addition, this study showed that landmarks located on the shoulders and arms exhibited an error which was correlated negatively with the volume of the lower and upper half of the body and positively with the body depth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Arkeoloji Dergisi is the property of Ege University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

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In the mid 1930’s, Dr. Luis Sandoval Smart joined the “Dirección de Investigaciones, Identificación y Pasaportes” of Chile as a biochemist physician, and from this position he started several lines of research about blood types and their properties, which put him on the cutting edge of these studies on a Latin American level, which derived in a career on university physical anthropology. It is notable that through Sandoval Smart’s figure the police laboratory created in 1935 went ahead of the curve on the areas of forensic hematology and seroanthropology. On the other hand, Sandoval Smart’s scientific writings reintroduce a layer of racism to criminalistics and anthropology. Finally, it is worthy of notice that Sandoval Smart is a relatively ignored figure on the disciplinary memory of chilean anthropology, situation about which this work shares some thoughts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study presents the results of a classic physical anthropological and paleopathological study of the early medieval human bone material from the Himod-Káposztáskertek site. A smaller part of the graves can be dated to the ninth century but the majority of graves dates to the tenth–eleventh century. Since the possibility of population continuity was raised, the archaeological data related to the question were also reviewed (with special emphasis on the typology of a knife found in Grave 68), with the intent of seeing whether the anthropological data supported this hypothesis. Both samples represent only a small number of cases and the remains are poorly preserved. The ninth century series especially provided very little data, ultimately making comparison impossible. The remains of 25 individuals were found in the Carolingian cemetery section: childburials number 15, the juvenile age group is not represented by any skeletons, there are ten adult burials (4 males, 5 females, 1 of undeterminable sex). The skeletons from 87 individuals were excavated from the tenth–eleventh century section of the cemetery, of which 25 were children, 5 were juveniles, and 57 were adults (29 males, 28 females). For both men and women, people of tall stature form the majority; male skulls are characterized by large absolute dimensions, mainly a broad forehead and a broad face. Fractures, degenerative changes of the spine and extravertebral joints (especially the elbow joint) were common. Tuberculosis infection was suspected in the case of one individual. Legg-Calvé-Perthes disease with bilateral involvement and a rare developmental disorder, congenital scoliosis, occurred in the material as well. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, the number of people who have been disappeared in Mexico has increased, so this article (of a theoretical nature) was carried out with the aim of measuring the impact of this violent practice in the different social circles where it daily transited the missing person. As specific objectives, we propose: 1) return to the category of “absent body” from physical anthropology to validate the experience lived by the close relatives of the disappeared person; 2) to recover the testimonies of the relatives of the disappeared to measure the psychological effects, social, economic and health of these violent events; 3) make visible and reconsider about these practices and their implications for the health of the population. We consider that with the category of “absent body” we give a new meaning to the fact suffered by the family members, to help them process this painful experience in different ways. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During 1910s–1940s, Indian intellectuals developed physical anthropology as a modern nationalist discipline for the subcontinent. Through their contributions, they sought to construct themselves as disciplinary experts. To legitimize their expertise, even while they remained colonized subjects, Indian anthropologists foregrounded their research as more scientific than that of the colonial administrators. This claim of being better equipped to study the subcontinent's anthropological diversity was based on the Indian anthropologists' purported familiarity with the region's culture and history. This essay shows how their sociohistorical position helped them claim scientific expertise and yet also obscured other imaginations of community identities. Indian researchers insisted on keeping ethnicity and race separate. However, their choice of which communities to study and who to analyze racially reveals how ethnicity and race came to be co-constituted. Identities based on caste, regions, languages, and religion came to be ascribed with racial-biological meaning, often reinforcing existing social hierarchies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigates the immediate effects of acute postural exercises on the stature of seniors, focusing on changes in both upright and supine stature measurements. A within-subject design with repeated measures was applied, involving seniors participating in continuous exercises aimed at enhancing core musculature strength and promoting muscle relaxation. Stature measurements were recorded pre- and post-exercise in both upright and supine positions, alongside assessments of body mass index (BMI) category classifications. The results revealed a post-exercise increase in stature ranging from 0.9 to 6.0 cm and from 0.2 to 7.2 cm in upright and supine positions, respectively, with an average increase of approximately 3.5 cm in both upright and supine positions. Statistically significant and clinically relevant changes were observed (p < 0.05), including a modification of BMI by approximately two units, reclassifying 55% of participants from overweight or obese to normal weight or overweight. Furthermore, the similarity between post-exercise upright stature and pre-exercise supine stature suggested that the supine position might provide a more accurate measure of stature in seniors. Conclusively, acute postural exercises have an immediate positive impact on the stature of seniors, suggesting their potential utility in clinical settings for accurate stature measurement. However, BMI results should be interpreted with caution because they are only related to the acute change in stature and therefore may lead to the misinterpretation of the study findings, so future studies focused on evaluating the chronic effect of postural exercises integration on the health outcomes of older adults are needed to demonstrate their potential utility in clinical settings to improve postural health and general well-being. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article the authors present preliminary data of the skeletal remains from the 11th burial of the CXLIX excavation in Bolgar fortified settlement. Unusual for medieval Bolgar burial rite attracted attention to this burial during the excavations in 2010. The authors provide the characteristics of the individual features of human remains according to the results of cranial- and osteoscopy, their description in accordance with the lifetime changes and postmotem preservation. In the course of research, it was found that the individual was male, age from 35 to 45 years old, the reconstructed body length was 158–163 cm in various methods. Paleopathological research and medical and forensic reconstruction revealed signs of ankylosing spondylitis and the fracture of the sub-language bone. Graphic and plastic reconstructions of the appearance by the M.M. Gerasimov’s method were performed, the non-metric traits of the skull of the studied individual were recorded.

This article introduces two interconnected approaches to provenance research on anthropological facial plaster-casts taken from living individuals. It focuses on three series of facial casts taken by Dutch anthropologist Johannes Pieter Kleiweg de Zwaan (1875-1971) in the Netherlands East Indies in 1907 and 1910. It suggests that “reading” the facial casts as an archive of faces and an archive of plaster has the potential to reveal information systematically left out in their object biographies. Through this reading process, the colonial networks of control and power asymmetries which made the plaster-casting possible are examined. It seeks out additional information to bring the object closer to the person whose face was appropriated for various colonial ends. This epistemological experiment explores the first steps which can be taken to create a decolonial view of the large anthropological plaster-cast collections in European museums which have been left anonymous for decades.

To estimate the age at death of archaeological individuals through a radiographic analysis of the pulp/tooth area ratio in canines, according to Cameriere et al.'s method (2007) and its corresponding version adapted and validated for the contemporary Brazilian population. Sixty canines recovered from 30 individuals in five pre-colonial archaeological sites (Buracão, Piaçaguera, Tenório, Moraes, and Capelinha) in the state of São Paulo, Brazil, were examined. The specimens are under the custody of the Museum of Archeology and Ethnology at the University of São Paulo (MAE-USP). Pulp and tooth radiographic areas were measured by two examiners in the free software ImageJ®. The data were applied to formulas to obtain age estimates. The intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC, p=0.05) was calculated to analyze intra- and inter-examiner agreement. The estimates were compared against those previously cataloged by the MAE-USP using other anthropological methods. There was a significant intra-examiner (ICC = 0.888 to 0.99) and inter-examiner (ICC = 0.842 to 0.908) reproducibility regarding the estimated ages. Our data indicated that the accuracy of age estimates obtained through the analysis of pulp/tooth area ratio were similar to, or greater than, those previously determined by techniques commonly used in bioarchaeology. The method described herein can be accurately applied to individuals from a Brazilian archaeological collection, with the possibility of estimating their age based on the examination of a single tooth. However, this method should be ideally combined with other techniques and further studies should be performed using sample populations from different archaeological sites. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Osteotechnics is one of the different anatomical preservation techniques and can be defined as the technique designed to prepare, clean, obtain and preserve bone structures that can be used in the teaching, museographic or research field. The osteotechnical technique procedure consists of the following phases: debulk and disjoint, maceration, cooking, cleaning, degreasing, bleaching, and labeling to obtain bone material. Seven phases will be explained in detail, as well as the materials, instruments, quantities of the substances used, and the time required to obtain human bone material. We consider that this article can serve as a guide, given that all the experimentation was carried out with human biological material. This methodological proposal could be consolidated and established based on the experience acquired during the creation of the contemporary skeletal collection of the department of innovation in human biological material (DIMBIH). Therefore, the purpose of our proposal is to provide tools that facilitate the work of those who carry out this work and fundamentally to avoid irreversible or irreparable damage to the osteological material, since it is of great value and difficult to acquire for disciplines as anatomy, veterinary, physical and forensic anthropology, medicine, dentistry and biology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article, which deals with the history of anthropology and the development of the anthropology department in the Faculty of Language and History - Geography, discusses the development of anthropology from a global perspective; the prominent research in the phase ranging from physical anthropology to social anthropology with the establishment of the anthropology department at Ankara University Faculty of Language and History - Geography and in addition to all these, it includes a brief history of anthropology and social anthropology based on the work of our professors. Social anthropology, together with other social sciences, tried to interpret the communities defined as “wild”, “distant” and “the other” at the end of the nineteenth century. Therefore, it is seen that the roots of social anthropology were laid in England, the United States of America, and France and were shaped in line with the interests and needs of the modern world. Academic anthropological research in Turkey started with the establishment of the Turkish Anthropology Institute in the Faculty of Medicine of Istanbul University in 1925 with the instruction of Mustafa Kemal Atatürk. Although researchers focused on physical anthropology studies when academic anthropological studies first emerged in Turkey, this situation changed over time. The systematic study of social anthropological research began around the 1940s, and the majority of these studies consist of fieldwork conducted in rural areas of Turkey. This article discusses the recognition of social anthropology in the historical process, the process of coming to the present day, the prominent research which points out the various stages of development of the anthropology department of Ankara University Faculty of Language and History - Geography, and professors who carried out this research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Dental phenotype shows variation in the form of various metric and non-metric traits, primarily due to gene-environment interplay. It gives an insight into the evolutionary trends, ancestry, and food habits. Recently, it has been explored for genetic affinity with several growth anomalies and development of craniofacial skeleton which is also responsible for dental and skeletal malocclusions. Objectives: The current study aims to investigate the non-metric dental crown traits (NDCTs) using Arizona State University Dental Anthropology system (ASUDAS) in different types of malocclusions in Delhi, National Capital Region (NCR) population. Materials and methods: The study design was observational and retrospective. The total sample comprised of 240 pairs of dental casts divided into four equal groups of 60 subjects each (30 male and 30 female), based on malocclusion. The four groups of malocclusions were: Angle’s Class I, Class II division 1, Class II division 2, Class III. The investigator was blinded for patient ID and sex before recording the data. The data for cast were recorded by three observers independently in a modified malocclusion- non-metric dental crown traits (M-NDCT) anthropological variants chart and statistically analyzed for association with different malocclusions and sex. Results: Significant differences were found in the expression of several NDCTs (both in presence and scoring) in different malocclusions. Class I malocclusion showed predominantly winging, shoveling –upper central and lateral incisor, protostylid, hypoconulid absence in lower second molar, and cusp number. Class II malocclusion showed double shoveling, interrupted groove, tuberculum dentale, canine mesial ridge, premolar accessory cusp, Carabelli’s trait, lingual cusp vari-ation, and seventh cusp in the lower left first molar. Class III malocclusion showed the absence of hypocone in upper second molar, deflecting wrinkle, distal trigonid crest, and Y groove in left lower second molar. Besides, sexual dimorphism was seen in shoveling –upper central and lateral incisor, canine mesial ridge, Carabelli’s trait, 3-cusp in upper second molar, and cusp number. Conclusions: Significant association was found between non-metric dental traits and malocclusions (Class I, Class division 1, Class II division 2, and Class III). Significant sex-linked differences were also found. Further studies can be performed at multicenter pan-India level or across ethnicities with a standard robust protocol and a large sample.

Background: Forensic anthropology is one of the most important sub-fields of physical anthropology in which anthropometric indicators are used to examine the biological characteristics of corpses. In the meantime, the mandible bone is regarded as a significant bone following the pelvic bone due to its high resistance and dimorphism characteristics. Thus, this study aims to investigate the two parameters of the body's horizontal length and the mandible's gonial angle using radiographic images. Materials and Methods: In this study, 120 orthopantomography images were used to examine the parameters of the horizontal length of the body and the gonial angle. The parameters were quantitatively checked using EASYDENT software. Then, the statistical data were analyzed using Prism software version 9.0 and T-test. Results: In this study, the mean horizontal length of the mandible body in women and men was 97.16 and 83.97 mm, respectively, and the data analysis showed a significant difference between the two sexes. Also, the gonial angle in men was measured as 173.1 and 166.9 degrees on average on the right and left sides, respectively, and on average as 144.6 and 142.1 degrees on the right and left sides in women. The data analysis indicated a significant difference between the two sexes, while the gonial angle was greater in men than women. Conclusion: According to the findings of this study, the two parameters of the horizontal length of the body and the gonial angle of the mandible can be significant indicators in forensic anthropology and other related studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Anthropology is the study of humans in a holistic approach. Physical anthropology studies the past & present evolution of human species and is primarily concerned with understanding the causes of present human diversity. In an evolutionary context, adaptation is tied closely with the concepts of natural selection and Darwinian fitness. The transmittance of the adaptation to offspring is said to be adapted, resulting in a new family of species known as variants. The phenomenon of the generation of a new variant of a species is known as variation. Variation leads to several bodily changes in the organisms. Anthropometry is the science of obtaining systematic measurements of the human body. The present study is about Tibetan settlers in the Mundgod region. The aim of present study is to understand the adjustment patterns of Tibetans in Mundgod to the socio-cultural & physical conditions prevalent in the local area and their level of participation in socio-cultural life. The study looks at the mechanisms that the Tibetans in Mundgod are employing to preserve their identity, and it also examines the areas of change. The Tibetan villages were visited, and tentative enquiries were made regarding the sensitive aspects of daily life. It is clear from the pattern and the settlement process that the Tibetans are using the available resources to conserve their Tibetan institutions and are relatively successful in this direction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article is a review of the book "Nation Building in Indian Anthropology: Beyond the Colonial Encounter" by Abhijit Guha. The reviewer, Dr. Ravinder Singh, praises the book as a valuable contribution to the history of Indian anthropology. Guha explores the work of Indian anthropologists before and after British colonialism, focusing on topics such as famine, refugee resettlement, and forced displacement. The book also discusses the development of anthropology in Indian universities and the influence of colonial and Western scholars on Indian anthropology. Overall, the book provides a comprehensive overview of Indian anthropology and its role in nation-building. [Extracted from the article]

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Practical-based laboratory instruction represents a substantial component of education in biological anthropology, a multidisciplinary field concerned with investigating human evolution, biology, and behaviour from an evolutionary perspective. The efficacy of online practical laboratory classes using 3D models as part of the mode of delivery, as compared to traditional face-to-face learning, is poorly understood in the field of biological anthropology despite an increased uptake of online learning and the potential benefits of embracing this delivery modality. We present the preliminary findings of an ongoing study exploring the effectiveness of online practical training using 3D resources in biological anthropology. Through a participant survey of undergraduate and postgraduate osteology and palaeoanthropology students (n = 27) from an Australian university, we assess (1) whether differences in teaching modality impact student comprehension of practical concepts and (2) whether student perceptions of learning vary between in-person and online teaching modalities. Our results show that there are no significant differences in test of knowledge scores between online and in-person in either biological anthropology sub-discipline. However, in-person students experienced an increased feeling of learning relative to the online students in our combined discipline and osteology-only cohorts. Feeling of learning scores were statistically significantly lower among the online osteology cohort relative to palaeoanthropology students. Our preliminary results suggest that online labs using 3D models may be an effective means of teaching practical skills in biological anthropology, although student perceptions of learning may be negatively impacted. Feelings of learning are also variable across sub-disciplines, suggesting a need for more nuanced investigations into the efficacy of online learning. Larger sample sizes are required to confirm these findings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Copyright of Zephyrus is the property of Ediciones Universidad de Salamanca and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Gyula László's theory, published in 1970, was virtually ignored and received with tacit dismissal by the Hungarian archaeological scholarship and international archaeological community was largely unaware of it. This paper aims to provide clarity for the latter research. Not a single element of the theory was accepted or was acceptable even at the time of its birth: distribution of the late Avar and the Conquest-era sites do not complement each other; István Kniezsa's map is highly discussed and is not suitable for proving that the eighth century Avars were Hungarians; Byzantine sources record the immigration of a military group and not of a people, who later moved on; the "Ugri Bjelii" mentioned in the Russian Primary Chronicle cannot be applicable to this immigration; the so-called of "griffin-tendril" population is about 30 years later as the supposed immigration; there was not a migration from the Káma region in the seventh century) connecting the "Uuangariorum marcha" with the "Onogurs" is highly uncertain; there is no trace of any immigration in the anthropological material of the Avar period. Errare humanum est. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite a growing focus on diversity initiatives in the field of anthropology, accessibility to advancement is growing further out of reach for many students and early career professionals. There has been a noticeable uptick in the cost of organization membership fees, the culmination of conference costs, and the cost of certifications. This stands in contrast to an increase in the number of lower-paid adjunct positions taking the place of associate and assistant professorships and the lack of permanent applied positions. For graduating and early career anthropologists, the prospect of thriving in a field that is becoming increasingly costly seems daunting. This paper will examine growing economic exclusivity within biological anthropology and suggest possible solutions to make the field more widely accessible. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We describe a process of restitution of nine unethically acquired human skeletons to their families, together with attempts at redress. Between 1925–1927 C.E., the skeletonised remains of nine San or Khoekhoe people, eight of them known-in-life, were removed from their graves on the farm Kruisrivier, near Sutherland in the Northern Cape Province of South Africa. They were donated to the Anatomy Department at the University of Cape Town. This was done without the knowledge or permission of their families. The donor was a medical student who removed the remains from the labourers' cemetery on his family farm. Nearly 100 years later, the remains are being returned to their community, accompanied by a range of community-driven interdisciplinary historical, archaeological and analytical (osteobiographic, craniofacial, ancient DNA, stable isotope) studies to document, as far as possible, their lives and deaths. The restitution process began by contacting families living in the same area with the same surnames as the deceased. The restitution and redress process prioritises the descendant families' memories, wishes and desire to understand the situation, and learn more about their ancestors. The descendant families have described the process as helping them to reconnect with their ancestors. A richer appreciation of their ancestors' lives, gained in part from scientific analyses, culminating with reburial, is hoped to aid the descendant families and wider community in [re-]connecting with their heritage and culture, and contribute to restorative justice, reconciliation and healing while confronting a traumatic historical moment. While these nine individuals were exhumed as specimens, they will be reburied as people. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista del Museo de Antropología is the property of Museo de Antropologia - IDACOR and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista de Arqueologia is the property of Revista de Arqueologia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

ObjectivesThis study analyzed the physical growth of small for gestational age (SGA) and appropriate for gestational age (AGA) twins up to one year after birth.MethodsWeight, length, and head circumference data of 0–1 year-old twins were collected from the Child Health Care System from 2010 to 2019. Physical data were presented as Z-scores. Five parameters – growth level of weight, body length, head circumference, growth velocity, and body proportion (weight for length) were compared in twins.ResultsA total of 3,909 cases were collected (22.61% SGA, 77.39% AGA). 1. In both groups, WAZ (Weight for age z-score), HCZ (Head circumference for age z-score), and LAZ (Length for age z-score) increased more rapidly in the first 6 months. By one year of age, WAZ, HCZ, and LAZ had reached the normal range, but none had reached the average level of normal singleton children. 2. The mean values of WAZ, HCZ, and LAZ in the AGA group were between −1 and 0, and between −2 and − 1 in the SGA group, in the first year after birth. The SGA group lagged significantly behind the AGA group. The LAZ score of SGA and AGA was lower than the WAZ and HCZ scores. 3. The proportion of preterm AGA was the largest in twins, and the growth rate of preterm AGA was the fastest. Preterm twins had greater growth potential than term twins. However, the growth level of preterm SGA was always low. 4. The WFLZ (Weight for length z-score) in each group was approximately close to 0. The WFLZ of SGA was smaller than that of AGA twins at most time points. After 4 months of age, the WFLZ of twins had a downward trend. The WFLZ of preterm SGA approached −1 at approximately 1 year old.ConclusionThe physical growth of SGA and AGA in twins in the first year can reach the normal range but cannot reach the average level of normal singleton children. More attention should be paid to SGA in twins, especially preterm SGA. We should give proper nutritional guidance after 4 months of age to ensure the appropriate body proportion (weight for length) of SGA in twins.Clinical trial registrationwww.chictr.org.cn, CTR2000034761.

This study investigates the immediate effects of acute postural exercises on the stature of seniors, focusing on changes in both upright and supine stature measurements. A within-subject design with repeated measures was applied, involving seniors participating in continuous exercises aimed at enhancing core musculature strength and promoting muscle relaxation. Stature measurements were recorded pre- and post-exercise in both upright and supine positions, alongside assessments of body mass index (BMI) category classifications. The results revealed a post-exercise increase in stature ranging from 0.9 to 6.0 cm and from 0.2 to 7.2 cm in upright and supine positions, respectively, with an average increase of approximately 3.5 cm in both upright and supine positions. Statistically significant and clinically relevant changes were observed (p < 0.05), including a modification of BMI by approximately two units, reclassifying 55% of participants from overweight or obese to normal weight or overweight. Furthermore, the similarity between post-exercise upright stature and pre-exercise supine stature suggested that the supine position might provide a more accurate measure of stature in seniors. Conclusively, acute postural exercises have an immediate positive impact on the stature of seniors, suggesting their potential utility in clinical settings for accurate stature measurement. However, BMI results should be interpreted with caution because they are only related to the acute change in stature and therefore may lead to the misinterpretation of the study findings, so future studies focused on evaluating the chronic effect of postural exercises integration on the health outcomes of older adults are needed to demonstrate their potential utility in clinical settings to improve postural health and general well-being.

This editorial provides an overview of bioarchaeological research in East Asia, focusing on the progress made in the field. The research topic includes 12 articles contributed by Japanese and Chinese scholars, divided into review articles and original research. The review articles cover topics such as radiocarbon dating, ancient DNA, rice domestication, and bioavailable Sr isoscapes in China, while the original research articles present analytical results from animal assemblages, human skeletons, and red substances. The research provides valuable insights into the biocultural evolution of human ancestors in East Asia and offers a platform for scholars interested in the region to communicate and exchange knowledge. [Extracted from the article]