53 results on '"Olivier LESAINT"'
Search Results
2. Dielectric relaxation and ionic conduction in 66%Silica/CW229-3/HW229-1 microcomposite polymer
- Author
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Abdelkader, Kahouli, Pascal, Rain, Olivier, Lesaint, and Céline, Rigaud
- Published
- 2015
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
3. Prebreakdown and Breakdown Phenomena in HFO Gas Under Impulse Voltage. Part 2: Quasi-Uniform Field
- Author
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Simon Soulié, Nelly Bonifaci, Olivier Lesaint, and François Gentils
- Subjects
Electrical and Electronic Engineering - Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
4. Prebreakdown and Breakdown Phenomena in HFO Gas Under Impulse Voltage. Part 1: Divergent Field
- Author
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Simon Soulié, Olivier Lesaint, Nelly Bonifaci, and François Gentils
- Subjects
Electrical and Electronic Engineering - Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
5. Discharges and Streamers Properties in Dielectric Liquids under Various Temperature
- Author
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Joko Muslim, Ngapuli I. Sinisuka, Olivier Lesaint, Rachelle Hanna, and G2Elab, HAL
- Subjects
Materials science ,synthetic ester ,Perfluoropolyether ,Dibenzyltoluene ,divergent field ,Dielectric ,Impulse (physics) ,Atmospheric temperature range ,Amplitude ,Chemical physics ,Electric field ,dibenzyltoluene ,perfluoropolyether ,partial discharges ,streamers ,Voltage ,[SPI.NRJ] Engineering Sciences [physics]/Electric power - Abstract
This paper presents partial discharges and streamers characterizations on 3 dielectric liquids under variation of wide temperature range, i.e.: aromatic hydrocarbon dibenzyltoluene, synthetic ester and halogenic perfluoropolyether liquids. Results indicate distinct behaviors among these liquids under highly divergent AC sinusoidal and impulse electric field. Dibenzyltoluene demonstrates excellent feature in suppressing discharges even at elevated temperature. In synthetic ester, positive discharges appeared to be less numerous but extremely high up to several nC in amplitude are strongly related to the further breakdown. Streamers inception voltage which denotes the initial discharges properties and streamer propagation velocity varies from several m/s up to order of km/s, show less dependency to temperature instead of the intrinsic characteristic of liquid itself. These prebreakdowns phenomena constitute interesting information in planning and selecting insulation liquids and analyzing fundamental mechanism during the operation and maintenance for HV utility applications.
- Published
- 2020
6. Modelling of current and temperature rise during discharge initiation in water
- Author
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P. Adda, Nadia Boussetta, R. Hanna, Eugène Vorobiev, Olivier Lesaint, Laboratoire de Génie Electrique de Grenoble (G2ELab), and Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes [2016-2019] (UGA [2016-2019])
- Subjects
010302 applied physics ,Maximum bubble pressure method ,Materials science ,[SPI.NRJ]Engineering Sciences [physics]/Electric power ,04 agricultural and veterinary sciences ,Mechanics ,Impulse (physics) ,040401 food science ,01 natural sciences ,Temperature measurement ,law.invention ,Physics::Fluid Dynamics ,Ignition system ,0404 agricultural biotechnology ,Electrical resistivity and conductivity ,law ,Boiling ,Electric field ,0103 physical sciences ,Electrical and Electronic Engineering ,ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS ,Voltage - Abstract
The conduction current recorded when a high voltage impulse is applied to a rod-plane gap containing water is modelled. The electro/thermal model considers the coupling between electric field, Joule dissipation, temperature rise, and variation of liquid resistivity with temperature. A fairly good agreement between current measurements and calculations are obtained. The model also shows the evolution of temperature and field distributions in the gap versus time. The calculated average temperatures appear insufficient to explain liquid boiling. Boiling can be explained by considering the influence of local surface defects. Values of the bubble pressure at discharge ignition are evaluated, with the hypothesis that discharges occur in vapor following Paschen's law.
- Published
- 2018
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
7. Vapor bubble and streamer initiation in water under long duration impulses
- Author
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Nadia Boussetta, Eugène Vorobiev, P. Adda, Olivier Lesaint, Garcia, Sylvie, Laboratoire de Génie Electrique de Grenoble (G2ELab), and Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes [2016-2019] (UGA [2016-2019])
- Subjects
Materials science ,Drop (liquid) ,Bubble ,[SPI.NRJ]Engineering Sciences [physics]/Electric power ,High voltage ,04 agricultural and veterinary sciences ,Mechanics ,Conductivity ,Dissipation ,040401 food science ,Physics::Fluid Dynamics ,0404 agricultural biotechnology ,Schlieren ,Electrical measurements ,Electrical and Electronic Engineering ,ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS ,Physics::Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics ,[SPI.NRJ] Engineering Sciences [physics]/Electric power ,Voltage - Abstract
The generation of vapor bubbles in water under high voltage impulses of long duration (500 μs) is investigated experimentally. In most cases, the appearance of bubbles is followed by the inception of discharges occurring within the vapor, eventually transforming the bubble into a propagating streamer. Time delays to bubble and discharge inception are measured versus conductivity and voltage, using fast visualization and optical detection of bubbles. Before bubble inception, the liquid heating and the onset of an electro-hydro-dynamic (EHD) motion can be observed by Schlieren visualization. Electrical measurements show a decrease of the gap resistance versus time, attributable to the heating of water. When conductivity and voltage are changed, the onset of bubble inception is correlated to a nearly constant resistance drop, suggesting that a constant temperature is present when bubbles appear. At short times, the energy dissipation required to observing bubbles is independent of conductivity and applied voltage. Experiments show that vapor bubble generation results from a competition between liquid heating by Joule dissipation, and forced cooling induced by the EHD motion.
- Published
- 2018
- Full Text
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8. Positive Streamer Inception in Cyclohexane: Experimental Characterization and Cavitation Mechanisms
- Author
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L. Costeanu, Olivier Lesaint, Laboratoire de Génie Electrique de Grenoble (G2ELab), Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes [2016-2019] (UGA [2016-2019]), and Garcia, Sylvie
- Subjects
010302 applied physics ,Materials science ,Polarity symbols ,[SPI.NRJ]Engineering Sciences [physics]/Electric power ,Slew rate ,Mechanics ,Impulse (physics) ,01 natural sciences ,Threshold voltage ,Temporal resolution ,Cavitation ,Boiling ,0103 physical sciences ,Electrical and Electronic Engineering ,010306 general physics ,ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS ,Voltage ,[SPI.NRJ] Engineering Sciences [physics]/Electric power - Abstract
This paper deals with physical processes involved during inception of positive streamers in liquid cyclohexane. The inception of streamers is detected with a high temporal resolution by measurements of charge, visualization, and detection of phase change by scattered laser light. These techniques allow us to obtain measurements of inception voltages and inception delay time in various conditions of impulse voltage with different slew rates, and pressure. In positive polarity, a minimum "formative time" close to 40 ns is observed, as well as a large influence of both pressure and slew rate. The hypothesis of cavitation induced by the EHD motion, and liquid boiling due to heat dissipation are considered to explain positive streamer inception.
- Published
- 2018
9. Breakdown of liquids in long gaps: influence of distance, impulse shape, liquid nature, and interpretation of measurements
- Author
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Olivier Lesaint, F. Mc Cluskey, André Denat, Laboratoire de Génie Electrique de Grenoble (G2ELab), Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Institut Polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire des Écoulements Géophysiques et Industriels [Grenoble] (LEGI), and Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)
- Subjects
010302 applied physics ,Chemistry ,020209 energy ,[SPI.NRJ]Engineering Sciences [physics]/Electric power ,Electric breakdown ,Analytical chemistry ,Electrical breakdown ,High voltage ,02 engineering and technology ,Mechanics ,Large range ,Impulse (physics) ,01 natural sciences ,13. Climate action ,0103 physical sciences ,Electrode ,0202 electrical engineering, electronic engineering, information engineering ,Breakdown voltage ,Electrical and Electronic Engineering ,Voltage - Abstract
International audience; Breakdown measurements are carried out in liquids under point-sphere and pointplane electrode geometries, over a large range of gap distances up to 35 cm. Non-polar hydrocarbon liquids with different chemical structures are studied: saturated, aromatic, polyaromatic, mineral oils, and ester. Two high voltage impulse shapes are used: the standard lightning impulse (LI), and a specific “step” impulse (ST). Step impulses are favorable to interpret breakdown measurements since the applied voltage remains constant while prebreakdown streamers propagate. Conversely, with lightning impulse and long gaps the propagation of streamers with a low propagation velocity (a few km/s) is quenched due to the rapidly decaying voltage. In this case, breakdown can result only from the propagation of faster streamers, which appear in very different conditions according to the liquid nature. The results obtained allow us to interpret the large variations of breakdown voltage observed in large gaps, when either the high voltage impulse shape or the liquid nature is changed. These results also help to define proper conditions for testing and comparing liquids. Testing with lightning impulse in short gaps, such as in standard tests, does not provides data relevant for very high voltage applications.
- Published
- 2015
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
10. Prebreakdown phenomena at high voltage in liquid nitrogen and comparison with mineral oil
- Author
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S. Lelaidier, Nelly Bonifaci, P.E. Frayssines, F. Devaux, Olivier Lesaint, and André Denat
- Subjects
Cryostat ,Materials science ,Streak camera ,Hydrostatic pressure ,Analytical chemistry ,Breakdown voltage ,High voltage ,Dielectric ,Electrical and Electronic Engineering ,Liquid nitrogen ,Atomic physics ,Threshold voltage - Abstract
This paper presents a study of prebreakdown phenomena (usually called streamers) occurring at high voltage in liquid nitrogen. A special cryostat has been constructed to allow dielectric measurements in liquid nitrogen up to 200 kV, and 0.5 MPa hydrostatic pressure. Streamers are detected and studied with various techniques: high speed visualization, streak camera, and recording of transient currents and emitted light. The propagation of positive and negative streamers is investigated at gap distances up to 80 mm. Streamers are then compared to similar phenomena observed in mineral oil. In liquid nitrogen, streamers are different compared to mineral oil. A transition from slow to fast positive streamers (velocity about 10 km/s) is observed at a threshold voltage below the breakdown voltage. The hydrostatic pressure has almost no influence on this phenomenon. Some experiments carried out with a solid barrier perpendicular to the gap axis are also presented. The practical consequences for the design of HV insulation in superconducting systems are then discussed.
- Published
- 2002
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
11. Streamer propagation in mineral oil in semi-uniform geometry
- Author
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T.V. Top, G. Massala, and Olivier Lesaint
- Subjects
Physics ,Field (physics) ,Physics::Instrumentation and Detectors ,Transformer oil ,Plane (geometry) ,Geometry ,Parallel plane ,Physics::Plasma Physics ,Electrode ,medicine ,Point (geometry) ,Uniform field ,Electrical and Electronic Engineering ,Mineral oil ,medicine.drug - Abstract
Presents a study of streamer propagation in transformer oil, with point-plane and semi-uniform geometry. The latter is made of parallel plane electrodes, with a thin triggering point of calibrated size. By reducing the length of the point, it is possible to move progressively from a point-plane geometry to a quasi uniform geometry. The propagation of streamers is impeded by the presence of a metallic plane behind the triggering point, that reduces the field on propagating streamers. The effect varies widely according to the streamer type considered. The propagation of negative and fast positive streamers is nearly quenched, whereas slower filamentary positive streamers (usually responsible for breakdown in oil) are less affected. This shows that many results obtained in point-plane geometry can not be simply extrapolated to the more realistic case of uniform field.
- Published
- 2002
- Full Text
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12. Streamer initiation in mineral oil. Part I: electrode surface effect under impulse voltage
- Author
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T.V. Top and Olivier Lesaint
- Subjects
Materials science ,Transformer oil ,Analytical chemistry ,Radius ,Impulse (physics) ,Rod ,Electrode ,medicine ,Breakdown voltage ,Electrical and Electronic Engineering ,Atomic physics ,Mineral oil ,Voltage ,medicine.drug - Abstract
Presents a study of streamer inception in mineral transformer oil, in point-plane and rod-plane geometry under impulse voltage. The measurements performed with points and rods over a wide range of tip radii show a marked decrease of initiation fields when the electrode radius is increased. The initiation field is divided by 30 over the investigated range (from 1 /spl mu/m points up to 2 cm rods). This effect compares fairly well with the "surface effect" known for breakdown voltages under uniform field with large electrodes. Plotting these results together shows the decrease of streamer initiation fields over a very wide electrode surface range (12 decades), proportional to S/sup -0.17/ (S: electrode surface area, cm/sup 2/). These results suggest the influence of electrode surface defects on streamer initiation under impulse voltage.
- Published
- 2002
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
13. Streamer and Breakdown Phenomena Under Step and Lightning Impulses in Various Hydrocarbon Liquids
- Author
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F. Mc Cluskey, Olivier Lesaint, André Denat, Laboratoire des Écoulements Géophysiques et Industriels [Grenoble] (LEGI), Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire de Génie Electrique de Grenoble (G2ELab), and Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Institut Polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
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chemistry.chemical_classification ,Hydrocarbon ,business.industry ,Chemistry ,[SPI.NRJ]Engineering Sciences [physics]/Electric power ,Electrical engineering ,Electrical breakdown ,business ,Lightning ,Engineering physics ,ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS - Abstract
International audience
- Published
- 2014
14. Positive streamers in short and large gaps in hydrocarbons of various chemical natures
- Author
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F. Mc Cluskey, Olivier Lesaint, André Denat, Laboratoire de Génie Electrique de Grenoble (G2ELab), Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Institut Polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire des Écoulements Géophysiques et Industriels [Grenoble] (LEGI), and Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)
- Subjects
business.industry ,Chemistry ,[SPI.NRJ]Engineering Sciences [physics]/Electric power ,Optoelectronics ,business ,Engineering physics ,ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS - Abstract
International audience
- Published
- 2014
15. Streamer propagation and breakdown under ac voltage in very large oil gaps
- Author
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R. Tobazeon, P. Gournay, Olivier Lesaint, J. Aubin, A. Saker, and M. Mailhot
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Materials science ,Condensed matter physics ,Half cycle ,business.industry ,Electric breakdown ,Electrical engineering ,law.invention ,Stress (mechanics) ,law ,Electrode ,Breakdown voltage ,Electrical and Electronic Engineering ,Alternating current ,business ,Voltage - Abstract
This paper presents a study of prebreakdown and breakdown phenomena under ac voltage in mineral oil in very large gaps (/spl les/80 cm). The investigations presented concern the measurement of breakdown voltages together with the recording of streamers in rod-plane and sphere-plane electrode systems, at different gap sizes. A breakdown mode specific to ac voltage is found, in which 'bursts' composed of streamers initiated at each half cycle appear. This mode leads to the lowest breakdown fields recorded under ac. Values of the average stress required for burst or direct breakdown modes are deduced from the experiments. Positive streamers are responsible for breakdown in large gaps: their propagation is easy and does not depend on the gap geometry and on the presence of particles. On the other hand, the propagation of negative streamers is quenched when not very divergent fields are used.
- Published
- 1998
- Full Text
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16. Positive streamer propagation in large oil gaps: experimental characterization of propagation modes
- Author
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Olivier Lesaint and G. Massala
- Subjects
business.industry ,Chemistry ,Electric breakdown ,Streak ,Impulse (physics) ,Transient current ,Computational physics ,Optics ,Breakdown voltage ,Light emission ,Electrical measurements ,Electrical and Electronic Engineering ,business ,Voltage - Abstract
This paper presents an experimental study of positive streamer propagation in mineral oil, in large point-plane gaps under impulse voltage. A systematic investigation was done concerning the influence of gap distance (/spl les/35 cm), and voltage from streamer inception up to large overvoltages. The measurements presented concern breakdown voltage measurements, time to breakdown, visualization of streamers (streak and still photographs), electrical measurements (transient current, charge), light emission intensity. Streamers are characterized and then classified into different modes (2nd, 3rd and 4th modes) according to their propagation velocities up to more than 100 km/s. According to the applied voltage, transitions between modes are observed, and correlations are established between charge, shape, and streamer velocity. The physical mechanisms as well as practical consequences are then discussed.
- Published
- 1998
- Full Text
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17. Positive streamer propagation in large oil gaps: electrical properties of streamers
- Author
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G. Massala and Olivier Lesaint
- Subjects
Physics ,Physics::Instrumentation and Detectors ,Physics::Plasma Physics ,Electric field ,Electrode ,Analytical chemistry ,Voltage range ,High voltage ,SPHERES ,Mechanics ,Electrical and Electronic Engineering ,Voltage drop - Abstract
This paper presents experimental data and calculations concerning the electrical properties of positive streamers in mineral oil at large gaps and HV. The experiments concern the measurement of charge, electric field, and the determination of the potential drop along streamers, either in the liquid alone, or for streamers guided within insulating tubes. Calculations of charge and field distribution around streamers are carried out by charge simulation. To do this, streamers are represented by objects with simple shapes (spheres or cylinders) equivalent to their macroscopic aspect. These models lead to a correct agreement with measured streamer charge and field on the plane electrode. Qualitative correlations are established between calculated field distributions and streamer behavior such as velocity, transitions between propagation modes. It is also concluded that the potential drop in streamers and branching both act as regulating mechanisms that help to keep the streamer tip field, and hence the velocity, constant over a wide voltage range.
- Published
- 1998
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
18. Partial discharges in ceramic substrates embedded in liquids and gels
- Author
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J.-L. Auge, A.T. Vu Thi, Olivier Lesaint, Garcia, Sylvie, Laboratoire de Génie Electrique de Grenoble (G2ELab), and Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Institut Polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
- Subjects
Materials science ,Composite number ,chemistry.chemical_element ,02 engineering and technology ,Substrate (electronics) ,Nitride ,01 natural sciences ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Silicone ,Aluminium ,0103 physical sciences ,Ceramic ,Electrical and Electronic Engineering ,Composite material ,ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS ,010302 applied physics ,business.industry ,[SPI.NRJ]Engineering Sciences [physics]/Electric power ,Epoxy ,021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology ,Semiconductor ,chemistry ,visual_art ,visual_art.visual_art_medium ,0210 nano-technology ,business ,[SPI.NRJ] Engineering Sciences [physics]/Electric power - Abstract
In Insulated gate Bipolar Transistor (IGBT) modules, ceramic substrates are used as insulation between semiconductor chips and the ground potential. The substrate, semiconductor chips and connections are covered with silicone gel to prevent partial discharges (PDs) from occurring. In this work, partial discharges are investigated on laboratory samples made of metalized substrates embedded in silicone gel and various liquids. Substrates are made of aluminum nitride (AlN), alumina (Al2O3), or glass/epoxy composite. The objective is to determine the actual origin of PDs, by changing the nature of encapsulating material and substrate. The various liquids used are first characterized using a point-plane geometry. Experiments show that a rather large discrepancy on the PD behavior can be due to the ceramic substrate itself. "Good" and "bad" substrates can be identified on the basis of PD measurements. The influence of the sample preparation (degassing procedure) is also evidenced. The main conclusion obtained in this paper shows that partial discharges do not occur within the encapsulating material, contrary to most previous hypotheses, but within pores existing in sintered ceramic materials. Changing the substrate nature has a large influence on PD behavior, whereas a modification of the encapsulating material has almost no effect.
- Published
- 2013
19. Breakdown and prebreakdown phenomena in liquids under positive impulse voltages
- Author
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André Denat, F.M.J. McCluskey, and Olivier Lesaint
- Subjects
Chemistry ,Electric field ,Liquid dielectric ,Analytical chemistry ,Breakdown voltage ,Electric discharge ,Light emission ,Mechanics ,Electrical and Electronic Engineering ,Impulse (physics) ,Dielectric withstand test ,Voltage - Abstract
We examine the breakdown and prebreakdown behavior of two insulating liquids: benzyl-toluene and mineral oil in a nonuniform electric field at large distances (up to 20 cm) under a positive impulse voltage. We evaluate and compare the breakdown strengths of both liquids in these conditions as a function of interelectrode distance via Weibull type plots, a method commonly used when dealing with insulating gases and solids. The comparative behaviors of the liquids change greatly when the cumulative probability of breakdown is decreased from 100%. The second part of this study concerns streamer stopping lengths and the corresponding current and light emission signals. >
- Published
- 1994
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
20. Initiation and propagation thresholds of positive prebreakdown phenomena in hydrocarbon liquids
- Author
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P. Gournay and Olivier Lesaint
- Subjects
Chemistry ,business.industry ,Liquid dielectric ,Radius ,Pulse (physics) ,Optics ,Physics::Plasma Physics ,Ionization ,Charge carrier ,Transient (oscillation) ,Transient response ,Electrical and Electronic Engineering ,Electric current ,Atomic physics ,business - Abstract
This paper presents an experimental study of the initiation of positive streamers under step voltage in point-plane geometry, in a number of hydrocarbon liquids. The experimental conditions (point tip radius, pulse risetime, gap length) were strictly controlled in order to take valid measurements of the initiation fields and threshold propagation voltages of streamers. Transient currents associated with the initiation of positive streamers were recorded down to the /spl mu/A range with a sensitive differential measurement technique. The different current shapes obtained in the liquids studied are presented. The measured inception fields of positive streamers and propagation thresholds of filamentary streamers are discussed according to the properties of the liquids (ionization potentials and mobility of charge carriers). >
- Published
- 1994
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
21. Prebreakdown phenomena in mineral oil under step and ac voltage in large-gap divergent fields
- Author
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Olivier Lesaint and P. Rain
- Subjects
Transformer oil ,business.industry ,Polarity (physics) ,Chemistry ,Polarity symbols ,Liquid dielectric ,Optics ,Electrode ,Breakdown voltage ,Transient (oscillation) ,Electrical and Electronic Engineering ,Atomic physics ,business ,Voltage - Abstract
This paper presents an experimental study of the propagation of prebreakdown phenomena in transformer oil, in large point-plane gaps (5 to 20 cm), in positive polarity under step and ac voltages. The prebreakdown phenomena are characterized via the simultaneous recordings of transient currents, charges, photocurrents, and high-speed photographs of the emitted light. In these experimental conditions, prebreakdown phenomena in oil are basically composed of weakly luminous branched filaments, most of the time not connected to the point electrode, and propagating continuously. Bright luminous fast discharges reilluminate periodically the main branch of the propagating discharge from the point electrode to the extremity of these weakly luminous filaments. Below the breakdown voltage, streamers stop at an average length which increases linearly with the voltage. Above a critical length, they cannot stop any more and lead to breakdown. The main propagation velocity remains constant throughout the propagation. These observations, which present a number of similarities with leader phenomena in gases, are then discussed. >
- Published
- 1994
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
22. Integrated Low Power and High Bandwidth Optical Isolator for Monolithic Power MOSFETs Driver
- Author
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Olivier Lesaint, Jean-Christophe Crebier, Nicolas Rouger, Laboratoire de Génie Electrique de Grenoble (G2ELab), and Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Institut Polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
- Subjects
010302 applied physics ,Materials science ,Optical isolator ,business.industry ,020208 electrical & electronic engineering ,[SPI.NRJ]Engineering Sciences [physics]/Electric power ,Electrical engineering ,Photodetector ,02 engineering and technology ,01 natural sciences ,7. Clean energy ,Optical switch ,law.invention ,Responsivity ,law ,Logic gate ,0103 physical sciences ,0202 electrical engineering, electronic engineering, information engineering ,Optoelectronics ,Power semiconductor device ,Power MOSFET ,business ,Galvanic isolation - Abstract
International audience; An integrated solution for the galvanic isolation between power transistors and their control unit is presented in this paper. This solution is based on a monolithic integration of a photodetector within a power MOSFET without any modification of its fabrication process. This photoreceiver can be associated with a monolithic driver to drive high side switches. Exhaustive characteristics for several integrated photodetectors are presented and discussed: quantum efficiency, step response, small signal analysis and sensitivity to the High Voltage MOSFET's Drain. The results of this analysis are photoreceivers with a Full Width at Half Maximum above 300MHz and a responsivity above 0.15A/W at a wavelength of 500nm. This leads to an integrated low power and high bandwidth optical isolation.
- Published
- 2011
23. Study of partial discharges and gassing phenomena within gaseous cavities in insulating liquids
- Author
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R. Tobazeon, Olivier Lesaint, and P. Bezborodko
- Subjects
Amplitude ,Physics::Plasma Physics ,Chemistry ,General Engineering ,Analytical chemistry ,Equivalent circuit ,Molecule ,Uniform field ,Mechanics ,Dielectric ,Electrical and Electronic Engineering ,Astrophysics::Galaxy Astrophysics ,Voltage - Abstract
Gassing phenomena under an AC voltage in various dielectrics liquids subjected to partial discharges produced in different gases are discussed. The roles of the numerous experimental parameters which affect the results have been studied using a uniform field test cell. It is shown first that from the classical PD equivalent circuit, a more refined analysis permits a good description of the influence of parameters such as gas and solid thickness as well as the amplitude and frequency of the applied voltage on gas volume variations, and discharge characteristics. This allows one to get suitable measurement of the charge and energies involved in the gaseous discharges, from which one can deduce the energy required to absorb (or to create) a gas molecule. This gassing energy, which is independent of the experimental parameters, is characteristic of each gas/liquid pair and constitutes a valuable quantitative evaluation of the gassing properties. >
- Published
- 1992
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24. Streamer Propagation and Breakdown in Natural Ester at High Voltage
- Author
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C.T. Duy, Olivier Lesaint, Nelly Bonifaci, André Denat, Laboratoire de Génie Electrique de Grenoble (G2ELab), Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Institut Polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and Garcia, Sylvie
- Subjects
010302 applied physics ,Materials science ,Transformer oil ,020208 electrical & electronic engineering ,[SPI.NRJ]Engineering Sciences [physics]/Electric power ,Streak ,Analytical chemistry ,High voltage ,02 engineering and technology ,Large range ,01 natural sciences ,Computational physics ,0103 physical sciences ,0202 electrical engineering, electronic engineering, information engineering ,medicine ,Breakdown voltage ,Transient (oscillation) ,Electrical and Electronic Engineering ,Mineral oil ,ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS ,Voltage ,medicine.drug ,[SPI.NRJ] Engineering Sciences [physics]/Electric power - Abstract
This paper reports an experimental investigation about streamer propagation and breakdown in natural esters (rape-seed oils). Experiments are carried out over a large range of gap distances (from 2 to 20 cm) and voltage (up to 460 kV), in order to determine the properties of natural esters for high voltage insulation. A detailed description of positive and negative streamers is obtained by the measurement of propagation velocity, stopping length, transient currents, charge, streak photographs of the emitted light. As in previous studies carried out in mineral transformer oil, several propagation "modes" can be observed in rape-seed oil. They show the transition from "slow" streamers (velocity about 1 km/s), to fast streamers (velocity up to 200 km/s). Fast positive streamers propagate at much lower voltage in rape-seed oil compared to mineral oil. In turn, this induces lower breakdown voltages and shorter time to breakdown in this liquid. Measurements of currents and streak photographs bring the evidence of the stepped character of fast positive streamers and show the constancy of their velocity under very high voltage.
- Published
- 2009
25. Pulsed electrical discharges in water for removal of organic pollutants: a comparative study
- Author
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T. H. Dang, Olivier Lesaint, G. Teissedre, André Denat, Laboratoire de Génie Electrique de Grenoble (G2ELab), and Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Institut Polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
- Subjects
Hydrogen ,Analytical chemistry ,chemistry.chemical_element ,02 engineering and technology ,01 natural sciences ,Ion ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,0103 physical sciences ,Hydrogen peroxide ,Instrumentation ,Corona discharge ,ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS ,010302 applied physics ,Pollutant ,Aqueous solution ,[SPI.NRJ]Engineering Sciences [physics]/Electric power ,021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology ,Condensed Matter Physics ,6. Clean water ,Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials ,Wastewater ,chemistry ,13. Climate action ,Environmental chemistry ,Physical Sciences ,Degradation (geology) ,0210 nano-technology - Abstract
International audience; In this study, the efficiency of different types of pulsed electrical discharges for the removal of organic pollutants from wastewater has been determined. Three discharge types, either in the water volume or in close proximity to the water surface are studied. The production of hydrogen peroxide in pure water, and the degradation of two typical pollutants (4-chlorophenol and 4-nitrophenol) is measured together with the amount of electrical energy dissipated in discharges. It is shown that the energy yield for the degradation of organic pollutants, expressed in terms of degraded moles per Joule, strongly depends on the discharge type. The highest efficiency is obtained with pulsed corona discharges in humid air above the water surface. A lower efficiency is found with spark discharges in water, and the less efficient process is constituted by streamer discharges in water. The influence of ferrous ions added to solutions is also very different according to the discharge type. This helps to get a better understanding of the degradation processes involved with the different discharge types.
- Published
- 2009
- Full Text
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26. Water absorption in a glass/mica/epoxy composite. I: Influence on electrical properties
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T.P. Hong, Olivier Lesaint, Patrice Gonon, Laboratoire des technologies de la microélectronique (LTM), Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire de Génie Electrique de Grenoble (G2ELab), Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Institut Polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
- Subjects
010302 applied physics ,Permittivity ,Materials science ,Absorption of water ,020502 materials ,[SPI.NRJ]Engineering Sciences [physics]/Electric power ,02 engineering and technology ,Epoxy ,Dielectric ,01 natural sciences ,Dielectric spectroscopy ,0205 materials engineering ,Electrical resistivity and conductivity ,visual_art ,0103 physical sciences ,visual_art.visual_art_medium ,Dielectric loss ,Electrical and Electronic Engineering ,Composite material ,Absorption (electromagnetic radiation) ,ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS - Abstract
Water absorption in an epoxy composite used for insulation of stator bars in large generators is investigated in order to study both diffusion kinetics and effects on dielectric properties. Water absorption can be described by the superposition of two Fickian mechanisms, the first occurring within epoxy and the other at interfaces between epoxy and fillers. A large decrease of breakdown strength versus water uptake is observed. It points to the large deleterious effect of water on insulation reliability. Dielectric spectroscopy is performed under various conditions of water impregnation, electric field and temperature. A very large increase of permittivity and losses is recorded in the presence of water, especially at low frequency. At power frequency, dielectric properties do not show a non-linearity when the field is increased up to service values. At very low frequency, a decrease of losses when the field is increased is observed. It is due to the Garton effect. Most of results show that the wet material behaves as a low frequency dispersion system (LFD).
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- 2009
27. Water absorption in a glass/mica/epoxy composite. II: Field distribution and diagnostic in a stator bar geometry
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T.P. Hong, Olivier Lesaint, Patrice Gonon, Laboratoire des technologies de la microélectronique (LTM), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire de Génie Electrique de Grenoble (G2ELab), Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Institut Polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
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010302 applied physics ,Permittivity ,Absorption of water ,Materials science ,Stator ,Diffusion ,[SPI.NRJ]Engineering Sciences [physics]/Electric power ,02 engineering and technology ,Dielectric ,Conductivity ,021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology ,01 natural sciences ,law.invention ,law ,0103 physical sciences ,Electrical and Electronic Engineering ,Composite material ,0210 nano-technology ,Water content ,ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS ,Bar (unit) - Abstract
In this paper, the water concentration profile within the insulation of a stator bar in the presence of a water leak is calculated by resolving the Fick's equation. The temperature strongly activates diffusion processes, but the shapes of concentration profiles remain similar. From the measured dielectric properties versus water content, an electrical model is developed in order to calculate the field and potential distribution within the insulation. The field is reduced in wet zones due to the high local permittivity and conductivity compared to dry zones. This effect is favorable since the breakdown field is lowered in wet zones. On the other hand, the field in dry zones is reinforced, but the value attained remains lower than the short-term breakdown strength. This explains why stator bars in the presence of waters leaks may survive for long times, in spite of high local water concentrations in excess of 1%. The high sensitivity of dielectric properties at low frequency to the presence of water suggests non-destructive methods to detect wet bars in a real power generator.
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- 2009
28. A Study of Parameters Influencing Streamer Inception in Silicone Gel
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T. M. Do, J.-L. Auge, Olivier Lesaint, Garcia, Sylvie, Laboratoire de Génie Electrique de Grenoble (G2ELab), and Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Institut Polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
- Subjects
010302 applied physics ,Materials science ,020208 electrical & electronic engineering ,[SPI.NRJ]Engineering Sciences [physics]/Electric power ,Analytical chemistry ,02 engineering and technology ,Mechanics ,Impulse (physics) ,01 natural sciences ,Temperature measurement ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Silicone ,chemistry ,0103 physical sciences ,Electrode ,0202 electrical engineering, electronic engineering, information engineering ,Breakdown voltage ,Electrode geometry ,Wave shape ,Electrical and Electronic Engineering ,ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS ,Voltage ,[SPI.NRJ] Engineering Sciences [physics]/Electric power - Abstract
This paper presents an experimental study of streamer inception in a silicone gel. Many parameters are able to influence the inception of discharges in a gel: voltage wave shape, electrode geometry, temperature, etc. In this work, streamer inception is studied in various conditions of electrode shapes (from sharp points up to quasi-uniform field), voltage (ac, dc, impulse voltage) and temperature. Streamer inception is detected by the measurement of breakdown voltages in selected conditions. The results obtained show that streamer inception field varies when the electrode shape is changed, in a similar way as in liquids: the inception field decreases when the electrode surface increases. On the other hand, temperature and voltage wave shape have almost no influence on the inception field. Results are discussed in comparison with data already obtained in liquids in similar conditions.
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- 2009
29. Investigations on transient currents associated with streamer propagation in dielectric liquids
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P. Gournay, R. Tobazeon, and Olivier Lesaint
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Electron mobility ,Chemistry ,Analytical chemistry ,General Engineering ,macromolecular substances ,Dielectric ,Electron ,Conductivity ,Capacitance ,Molecular physics ,Protein filament ,Phase (matter) ,Transient (oscillation) ,Electrical and Electronic Engineering - Abstract
A study of transient currents associated with the propagation of filamentary positive streamers in liquids is presented. Experimental measurements of currents in several selected liquids were analyzed with a simple model in which the channel is compared to a cylindrical conducting filament. Good agreement was found between theory and experiment, which indicates a rather high conductivity of the streamer filaments. An estimation of the charge carrier mobility in the filament was obtained, and it is concluded that the high current densities recorded are likely carried by electrons moving in a gaseous phase. The propagation of positive filaments in liquids is found to be similar to that of leaders in electronegative gases. >
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- 1991
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30. Streamers and Partial Discharge Mechanisms in Silicone Gel Under Impulse and AC Voltages
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J.-L. Auge, T. M. Do, Olivier Lesaint, Garcia, Sylvie, NTNU, Inst. for Elkraftteknikk, Norwegian University of Science and Technology [Trondheim] (NTNU), Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU)-Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Laboratoire de Génie Electrique de Grenoble (G2ELab), and Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Institut Polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
- Subjects
010302 applied physics ,Materials science ,business.industry ,020208 electrical & electronic engineering ,[SPI.NRJ]Engineering Sciences [physics]/Electric power ,Analytical chemistry ,02 engineering and technology ,Insulated-gate bipolar transistor ,Impulse (physics) ,Silicone Gels ,01 natural sciences ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Silicone ,chemistry ,Power electronics ,0103 physical sciences ,Partial discharge ,0202 electrical engineering, electronic engineering, information engineering ,Optoelectronics ,Electrical measurements ,Electrical and Electronic Engineering ,business ,ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS ,Voltage ,[SPI.NRJ] Engineering Sciences [physics]/Electric power - Abstract
Silicone gels are widely used to encapsulate power electronics modules. The objective of this paper is to study the partial discharge (PD) mechanism in a silicone gel, using electrical measurements and fast visualization. Experiments are carried out in a pointplane geometry, using either impulse voltage or ac. Under impulse voltage, the visualization shows that the first discharges recorded in a new sample are due to the initiation and propagation of "streamers", with features close to those previously reported in viscous liquids. Under ac, a stable PD regime rapidly establishes: a streamer creates a cavity with a long lifetime, and PDs occur in this cavity during the subsequent ac waves. Since slow streamers develop during long times (some ms), classical PD measurements do not provide an adequate evaluation of the actual discharge magnitude: very small PDs (1 pC) are recorded, whereas large cavities with a total charge in excess of 10 pC are actually present in the gel. When PDs are repeated permanent degradations of the gel rapidly occur, showing the limited self-healing capabilities of silicone gels.
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- 2008
31. Influence of high levels of water absorption on the resistivity and dielectric permittivity of epoxy composites
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H. Debruyne, T. Pham Hong, Olivier Lesaint, Patrice Gonon, S. Bourdelais, Garcia, Sylvie, Laboratoire des technologies de la microélectronique (LTM), Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire de Génie Electrique de Grenoble (G2ELab), Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Institut Polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), EDF R&D (EDF R&D), EDF (EDF), and Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
- Subjects
010302 applied physics ,Permittivity ,Absorption of water ,Materials science ,Polymers and Plastics ,Organic Chemistry ,[SPI.NRJ]Engineering Sciences [physics]/Electric power ,Relative permittivity ,02 engineering and technology ,Epoxy ,Dielectric ,021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology ,7. Clean energy ,01 natural sciences ,Electrical resistivity and conductivity ,Percolation ,visual_art ,0103 physical sciences ,visual_art.visual_art_medium ,Dielectric loss ,Composite material ,0210 nano-technology ,ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS ,[SPI.NRJ] Engineering Sciences [physics]/Electric power - Abstract
We studied the effects of water absorption (up to 1 wt%) on the dielectric properties of mica/glass/epoxy laminated composites used for high-voltage insulation. The DC resistivity, the dielectric constant and the dielectric loss were studied in the 10 −2 –10 6 Hz range, as a function of water uptake. The dielectric characteristics are strongly affected by water ingress. Upon water sorption the resistivity decreases by several orders of magnitude. Its variation is well described by a percolation law. The low-frequency permittivity rises to very large values. The large increase in the permittivity is related to an electrode polarisation mechanism.
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- 2005
32. Prebreakdown and breakdown phenomena under uniform field in liquid nitrogen and comparison with mineral oil
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Nelly Bonifaci, P.E. Frayssines, F. Devaux, Olivier Lesaint, André Denat, Laboratoire des Technologies de l'Hydrogène (LTH), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA), Laboratoire de Génie Electrique de Grenoble (G2ELab), Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Institut Polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), EDF (EDF), and Garcia, Sylvie
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010302 applied physics ,Materials science ,Hydrostatic pressure ,[SPI.NRJ]Engineering Sciences [physics]/Electric power ,Electrical breakdown ,Analytical chemistry ,Liquid nitrogen ,Impulse (physics) ,01 natural sciences ,Electric field ,0103 physical sciences ,medicine ,Breakdown voltage ,Electrical and Electronic Engineering ,Composite material ,010306 general physics ,Mineral oil ,ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS ,medicine.drug ,Voltage ,[SPI.NRJ] Engineering Sciences [physics]/Electric power - Abstract
This paper presents a study of breakdown and prebreakdown phenomena (streamers) in liquid nitrogen and mineral oil under quasi uniform electric field, under ac and impulse voltage. Streamers preceding breakdown are studied up to 0.5 MPa by high-speed visualization and recording of emitted light. In these conditions, breakdown in LN/sub 2/ is mainly due to negative streamers, initiated at lower voltage than the corresponding positive voltage. Hydrostatic pressure has a limited effect on breakdown voltage, such as in mineral oil. It is shown that the ratio of impulse to ac breakdown voltage in LN/sub 2/ is surprisingly low (close to 1), whereas in the same conditions ac breakdown voltage in mineral oil is lower than impulse breakdown voltage. Practical consequences for the design of HV insulation in superconducting systems are discussed.
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- 2003
33. Streamer generation and propagation in transformer oil under AC divergent field conditions
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Olivier Lesaint and R. Tobazeon
- Subjects
Field (physics) ,Polarity (physics) ,Chemistry ,Transformer oil ,Polarity symbols ,General Engineering ,Analytical chemistry ,Mechanics ,law.invention ,Physics::Plasma Physics ,law ,Vaporization ,Breakdown voltage ,Electrical and Electronic Engineering ,Alternating current ,Voltage - Abstract
Prebreakdown phenomena in transformer oil are studied under AC voltage in different field configurations, ranging from very divergent point-plane geometry to quasi-uniform fields produced by rods or spheres. A detailed study of phenomena in both polarities is presented, and the minimum conditions required for streamer breakdown voltage measurements under AC are established. In negative polarity, the generation of a microscopic gas bubble ( approximately 10 mu m in diameter) immediately precedes the development of streamers. In the case of bushlike streamers, it is concluded from energetic considerations that the vaporization of the liquid constitutes the main process of streamer growth. In positive polarity, similar conclusions are drawn for slow bushlike streamers, whereas in the case of fast filamentary streamers, it is observed that the conductivity of filaments determines their propagation. >
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- 1988
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34. Study of dielectric liquids as alternative encapsulant for high temperature electronics power modules applications
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Muslim, Joko, Laboratoire de Génie Electrique de Grenoble (G2ELab), Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes [2016-2019] (UGA [2016-2019]), Université Grenoble Alpes, Olivier Lesaint, Rachelle Hanna, and STAR, ABES
- Subjects
Décharge partielle ,Conductivity ,Conductivité ,Point-Triple ,Breakdown ,Triple-Point ,Partial discharge ,[SPI.NRJ]Engineering Sciences [physics]/Electric power ,Haute températures ,Claquage ,High temperatures ,Streamer ,[SPI.NRJ] Engineering Sciences [physics]/Electric power - Abstract
Todays, power electronics cover wide range of applications in our daily life, starting from household appliances, communications, transportation systems up to harsh and extreme environment as in oil and gas exploration and the deep space missions. The main deliveries of power electronics are energy efficiency, compact size, reliability, long durability. Improving power electronics will surely mean to deal with materials, the packaging system, switching technologies, heat dissipation, dielectric properties, thermal stability etc. It was since the first arc-mercury rectifying in traction system, and then reshaped by the discovery of classical semiconductor (Si based) and ultimately the wide bandgap semiconductor materials, such as SiC, GaN and carbon based (diamond). They have superior thermal and dielectric properties compared to previous classical semiconductor technologies (Ge, Si and GaAs), and allow devices to operate at higher voltage, temperature and switching frequency in power modules. Unfortunately, these developments are not equally followed by other parts within, such as encapsulant.Despite their key roles to provide mechanical and electrical protection inside a power module, silicone gel as major encapsulant is limited to 200°C, which is far below devices (e.g. SiC at 500°C). Encapsulant came from polymerization and curing process of silicone liquids mixture and transforms into gel. They worked very well when assembly with classical SC devices, but not with WBG SC. Thus, it is necessary to solve this thermal related issue by improving silicone gel or start looking for other type of encapsulant with better thermal performance such as dielectric liquid or gas.Dielectric liquids have been used as insulating medium for high voltage (HV) applications for decades. Their excellent self-healing and arc quenching properties were used in the HV circuit breaker applications even though nowadays replaced by gas. Their low viscosity allow the fluid flow to exchange heat from internal source yielding effective cooling system as in power transformers. Other industries use dielectric liquids as heat transfer liquid at much higher temperature range compare to those in HV applications. Of course as heat transfer liquids, their dielectric properties are out of considerations. Nevertheless, having this wide range of applications spectrum, dielectric liquids seem rather promising and potential as alternative encapsulant. Some questions then aroused such as how are their electrical properties at high temperature (HT) approx. 400°C, are their dielectric properties stable at HT and can they contribute to cooling of devices inside power module.This work presents the initial study of dielectric liquids for HT power electronics module applications. We demonstrated the electrical characterization of several dielectric liquids under influence of temperature such as dielectric spectroscopy and ion mobility measurement, partial discharge, streamers and breakdown. Interesting physical phenomena such as liquid motions due to EHD and natural thermal convection were observed during experiments. Comparison among liquids are showed to indicate the most convenient. In term of application, conditions were adapted and simplified to replicate as those in power module when we performed characterizations to actual ceramic substrates under quasi-uniform to highly divergent electric field with AC, DC and impulse voltage. Many fundamental behaviours of liquids have been confirmed and evidenced at HT range. Governing parameters for electrical properties such as breakdown, charge injection etc. were affirmed.While not all aspects of encapsulant requirement in term of HT are covered, this work has established essential basis for electrical properties of dielectric liquids. Further works are required to fully assess their compatibility as alternative encapsulant, such as thermal ageing process, cooling contribution, complete modelling, etc., La recherche et le développement sur les matériaux semi-conducteurs ont permis de transformer la technologie des dispositifs électroniques de puissance, avec une densité de puissance, des performances thermiques et un dimensionnement plus compacts. Ils permettent aux appareils de fonctionner à des tensions, températures et fréquences de commutation plus élevées dans les modules de puissance. Pourtant, ces développements ne sont pas suivis de la même manière par d’autres éléments, tels que les encapsulants.Avec un matériau d'encapsulation récent, à savoir un gel de silicone, la température maximale de fonctionnement ne peut pas dépasser 200 ° C alors que les dispositifs à semi-conducteurs WBG sont très supérieurs (par exemple, du SiC à 500 ° C). Il s’agit là d’un obstacle majeur car il joue un rôle important dans la protection mécanique et électrique d’un module de puissance. Dans ce travail, nous proposons des liquides diélectriques comme agent d’encapsulation alternatif pouvant avoir une performance thermique supérieure au gel de silicone. Les caractérisations diélectriques de plusieurs candidats ont été effectuées dans le cadre d’une cellule d’essai spécialement conçue, capable de chauffer à haute température dans un environnement contenant de l’azote afin d’éviter les risques d’incendie et d’oxydation. Nous avons mesuré la conductivité de liquides soumis à une variation de température en appliquant une spectroscopie de champ alternatif dans une large plage de mobilité fréquentielle et ionique sous une variation de polarité inverse en courant continu. Nous étudions l'influence de la température et de la pression sur les pannes avec des champs quasi uniformes et divergents, ainsi que des décharges partielles, aussi bien dans les liquides que dans les substrats céramiques noyés dans des liquides, afin de démontrer leurs applications dans les modules de puissance. Des modèles numériques ont également été développés par simplification à partir des résultats de spectroscopie diélectrique afin d'estimer et d'observer la distribution de champ à un point triple critique.Enfin, nous présentons une comparaison de candidats liquides et de gel de silicone pour montrer leurs avantages et leurs inconvénients pour les applications d’électronique de puissance à haute température. Néanmoins, ces travaux ne couvrent pas tous les aspects fondamentaux et d’applications tels que le vieillissement thermique, la capacité de refroidissement des liquides, etc., ces résultats ont établi une bonne base pour les liquides diélectriques dans les applications à haute température.
- Published
- 2019
35. Dielectric study of liquid and diphasic nitrogen - Application to a superconducting fault current limiter
- Author
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Chassagnoux, Raphaël, STAR, ABES, Laboratoire de Génie Electrique de Grenoble (G2ELab), Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes [2016-2019] (UGA [2016-2019]), Université Grenoble Alpes, Olivier Lesaint, Nelly Bonifaci, and Olivier Gallot-Lavallée
- Subjects
[SPI.NRJ]Engineering Sciences [physics]/Electric power ,Supraconducteur ,Liquid nitrogen ,Limiteur de courant ,Rigidité diélectrique ,Haute tension continue ,Dielectric withstand ,Azote en ébulition ,High voltage direct current ,Azote liquide ,Boiling nitrogen ,Superconductor ,Fault current limiter ,[SPI.NRJ] Engineering Sciences [physics]/Electric power - Abstract
The increasing number of interconnections in electrical networks and the massive integration of renewable energies nowadays comes with an increase of short circuit currents, and more constraints on high voltage circuit breaker during the current clearance. To solve this problem, a solution consists in inserting a fault current limiting device on electrical lines. Among the available technologies, the superconducting fault current limiter is ideal from the perspective of transmission system operator. However the design of this device is non-trivial, especially the electrical insulation, which is very specific to this apparatus: electrical insulation in a cryogenic environment (liquid nitrogen at - 196°C), superconducting tapes inducing electric field reinforcement, and strong transient heating generating numerous vapor bubbles.In this context, the aim of this work is to gather data and knowledge supporting the design of future superconducting fault current limiters. First, the case study of a fault current limiter model inserted on an electrical line allowed to deduce the main stresses on this device during its working sequence. These constraints are then reproduced within a high voltage cryostat. Experimental results gathered include breakdown voltages measured in various conditions of voltage type (DC or impulse voltage), pressure (from 1 to 4 bars), temperature (from 65 to 77 K), inter electrode gap (from 5 to 10 mm), with and without transient heating of the tape. The observation of boiling conditions and pre breakdown phenomena evidenced several new phenomena, and allowed to perform a qualitative interpretation of the breakdown voltages. An important result is the observation of the complex and sometimes adverse effect of subcooling (temperature decrease or pressure increase) on breakdown voltages, due to the variation of nitrogen bubbles size., L’interconnexion de plus en plus grande des réseaux électriques traditionnels AC et l’émergence de réseaux DC s’accompagne de courants de court circuit plus importants, et de contraintes plus fortes sur les disjoncteurs haute tension lors de la coupure du courant. L’une des solutions pour maitriser le courant de court circuit consiste à insérer un limiteur de courant en série sur les lignes haute tension. Parmi les technologies existantes, le limiteur de courant supraconducteur est un candidat idéal du point de vue du réseau, mais il fait face à de nombreuses contraintes de dimensionnement. Parmi elles, l’isolation électrique est particulièrement critique et très spécifique à cette application : milieu cryogénique (azote liquide à -196°C), rubans supraconducteurs générant des renforcements de champ électrique, et chauffage transitoire des rubans lors de la limitation de courant qui induit une forte ébullition de l’azote liquide.L’objectif de ce travail est de rassembler des données et des connaissances pour le dimensionnement de l’isolation des limiteurs de courant. Le cas d’étude d’un limiteur inséré sur une ligne électrique permet de mettre en évidence les principales contraintes que celui-ci subit durant son fonctionnement. Ces contraintes sont reproduites dans un dispositif expérimental associant cryogénie et haute tension. Les résultats expérimentaux incluent des mesures de tensions de claquage obtenues dans diverses conditions de tension (DC, choc impulsionnel) de pression (de 1 à 4 bar), et de température (de 65 à 77 K), de distance inter électrode (5 et 10 mm), avec et sans chauffage de l’électrode ruban. L’observation des phénomènes d’ébullition et de pré claquage met en évidence des phénomènes et paramètres nouveaux, et permet d’interpréter qualitativement les tensions de claquage observées. L’un des résultats importants de ces travaux est la mise en évidence de l’influence complexe et parfois délétère du sous refroidissement (diminution de la température ou augmentation de la pression) sur les tensions de claquage, liée à la variation de la taille des bulles d’azote gazeux.
- Published
- 2019
36. Conduction phenomena through gas and insulating solids in HVDC Gas Insulated Substations, and consequences on electric field distribution
- Author
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Zavattoni, Laetitia, Laboratoire de Génie Electrique de Grenoble (G2ELab), Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Institut Polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université de Grenoble, Olivier LESAINT, Olivier GALLOT-LAVALLEE, and Garcia, Sylvie
- Subjects
Direct current ,Humidité Relative ,[SPI.NRJ]Engineering Sciences [physics]/Electric power ,Relative humidity ,Champ électrique ,Temperature ,Electric Field ,Gaz ,Gas ,Epoxy resin ,Resistivities ,Tension continue ,[SPI.NRJ] Engineering Sciences [physics]/Electric power ,Résistivités ,Résine époxy - Abstract
With the emergence of renewable energy, new technologies for energy distribution across long distances, such as High Voltage Direct Current in Gas Insulated Substations (HVDC GIS) are developed. Under HVDC, the electric field distribution is not anymore determined by permittivity of materials but by resistivities and charge accumulation. In presence of gas/solid interfaces, the role of the surrounding gas on charge accumulation must be considered. In this work, we first present characterization methods which allow measuring the current passing through gas and solid insulators for different environmental conditions. Using these methods, we investigate the influence of several parameters (temperature, electric field, relative humidity) on the measured current. The variations of volume and surface resistivities are obtained. Finally, the results obtained for both solid and gaseous insulations are used to develop a numerical model with a shape close to the industrial application, and observe the modification of electric field distribution in presence of water concentration and temperature gradient in an HVDC GIS., Avec l’émergence des énergies renouvelables, de nouvelles technologies pour la distribution de ces énergies sur de longues distances, telle que les Postes Sous Enveloppes Métalliques (PSEM) soumis à une haute tension continue (HVDC), sont développées. Sous HVDC, la distribution du champ électrique n’est plus déterminée par la permittivité relative des matériaux mais par leurs résistivités et l’accumulation de charge en surface des isolants. En présence d’interfaces gaz/solide, le rôle du gaz environnant sur l’accumulation de charge doit aussi être pris en compte. Dans ce travail de thèse, nous présentons tout d’abord des méthodes de caractérisations permettant de mesurer le courant au travers d’un gaz et dans les isolants solides, pour différentes conditions d’utilisations. Grâce à ces méthodes, nous avons pu étudier l’influence de plusieurs paramètres (la température, le champ électrique, l’humidité relative) sur le courant mesuré. Les variations des résistivités de volume et de surface sont ainsi obtenues. Enfin, les résultats obtenus pour les isolations solides et gazeuses ont été utilisés pour développer un modèle numérique présentant une forme similaire à celle utilisée dans l’application industrielle. Nous avons donc pu observer les modifications de la distribution du champ électrique induites par la présence d’eau et/ou des gradients de températures dans un PSEM sous haute tension continue.
- Published
- 2014
37. Phénomènes de conduction dans les gaz et isolants solides compris dans les postes sous enveloppe métalliques soumis à une tension continue, et conséquences sur la distribution du champ
- Author
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Zavattoni, Laëtitia, STAR, ABES, Laboratoire de Génie Electrique de Grenoble (G2ELab), Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Institut Polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université de Grenoble, Olivier Lesaint, and Olivier Gallot-Lavallée
- Subjects
Isolants ,Gaz ,Gas ,[SPI.NRJ]Engineering Sciences [physics]/Electric power ,High Voltage ,Electric field ,Direct Current ,Insulator ,Courant continu ,Champ électrique ,Température ,Haute tension ,[SPI.NRJ] Engineering Sciences [physics]/Electric power - Abstract
The emergence of renewable energy leads to a development of new technologies for energy distribution across long distances. The latter will be based on High Voltage Direct Current (HVDC) to avoid capacitance losses. This network is interconnected using Gas Insulated Substation (GIS), which insulation is composed of pressurized gas (SF6) and solid insulators (epoxy resin), which have to withstand HVDC. The electric field is not anymore determined by permittivity of materials, but by resistivities and charge accumulation. In the case of an insulator with an interface with gas, electrons or ions will move across electric field lines and will charge the surface of the solid insulator. The behavior of insulator's properties (gas and solid) constitutes a major challenge for the development of HVDC GIS, to understand the charge relaxation/accumulation mechanisms.In this work, the characterization of solid insulator has first been investigated, based on a low-noise current measurement method. It is thus possible to measure the leakage current through samples and onto their surface, in a pressurized gas, at high electric field and for different temperatures. Those measurements permit to evidence that both volume and surface resistivities are strongly impacted by the increase of temperature and water concentration. It has also been shown that surface resistivity has a non-linear behavior with electric field. A numerical model was developed, to simulate experimental results, showing that the surface properties of the insulator can be implemented.Furthermore, the insulating properties of the gas were also investigated through different electric field geometry (coaxial and uniform), in order to estimate the contribution of current through gas on the charge accumulated on solid insulators. It has been found that a non-negligible current passes through the gas (~pA to nA). To determine the mechanisms responsible for such currents, the latter has been characterized depending on several parameters (electrode surface roughness, material nature, electric field, temperature and relative humidity). It revealed that the variations of currents are strongly impacted by the conditioning of the device and thus by the relative humidity adsorbed on electrodes and enclosure surfaces. In presence of a dry system (dry gas and device) low current were measured (~pA), which increases with temperature. On the contrary, in case of a “wet” system (humid gas and device) the current decreases with increasing temperature. Those results combined with the influence of the electrode roughness, strongly suggest a mechanism of charge injection at the electrode surface, enhanced by water adsorption.Finally, the results obtained for both solid and gaseous insulations are used to develop a numerical model with a shape close to the industrial application, and observe the modification of electric field distribution in presence of water concentration and temperature gradient. An estimation of current flowing through the insulator and gas is thus possible in case of uniform and gradient temperature.In conclusion, this work gives the variations of both volume and surface resistivities in an epoxy resin with temperature and electric field. It also evidences the major influence of relative humidity and temperature on charge injection mechanisms which contribute to the current measured through gas. The extensive characterization performed, enables to develop a simulation which predicts the variations of electric field distribution within an HVDC GIS., L'émergence des énergies renouvelables a entraîné le développement de nouvelles technologies pour la distribution de l'énergie sur de longues distances. Ces dernières sont basées sur le transport via de hautes tensions continues (HVDC) pour éviter les pertes capacitives. Ce réseau de distribution est interconnecté via des Postes Sous Enveloppes Métalliques (PSEM), dont l'isolation est composée de gaz sous pression (SF6) et d'isolants solides (résine époxy), qui doivent résister sous HVDC. Dans ces dispositifs, le champ électrique n'est plus déterminé par la permittivité relative des matériaux, mais par leurs résistivités et les phénomènes d'accumulation de charges. Dans le cas d'un isolant solide présentant une interface avec un gaz, des électrons ou des ions vont être susceptibles de se déplacer suivant les lignes de champ électrique et charger la surface de l'isolant solide. Le comportement des propriétés des isolants (solides et gazeux) constitue un enjeu majeur dans le développement de PSEM HVDC, notamment dans la compréhension des mécanismes d'accumulation et relaxation des charges.Dans ce travail de thèse, la caractérisation de l'isolant solide a d'abord été étudiée, basée sur des mesures de courants faibles bruits. Il est ainsi possible de mesurer le courant de fuite dans le volume et sur la surface des échantillons, dans une enceinte sous pression, à haut champ électrique et pour différentes températures. Ces mesures ont mis en évidence que les résistivités de volume et de surface sont fortement impactées par l'augmentation de la température et la teneur en eau des échantillons. Il a également été montré que la résistivité de surface a un comportement non-linéaire en fonction du champ électrique. Un modèle numérique a été développé pour simuler les résultats obtenus, et implémenter les propriétés de surface de l'isolant solide.Les propriétés isolantes du gaz ont également été étudiées pour différentes géométries de champ électrique, dans le but d'estimer la contribution du courant passant à travers le gaz, sur l'accumulation de charge en surface de l'isolant solide. Des courants non négligeables sont mesurés dans le gaz (~pA-nA). Pour déterminer les mécanismes responsables de la présence de tels courants, il a été caractérisé selon plusieurs paramètres (la rugosité de la surface de l'électrode, la nature du matériau, le champ électrique, la température et l'humidité relative). Cela a mis en évidence que les variations de courants dépendent du conditionnement du dispositif, et sont donc fortement influencés par l'humidité relative adsorbée sur les surfaces du dispositif (électrodes et cuves). En présence d'un système sec, de faibles courants sont mesurés (~pA), et augmentent en fonction de la température. A l'inverse, dans le cas d'un système humide, le courant diminue avec l'augmentation de la température. Ces résultats, combinés à l'influence de la rugosité de l'électrode, suggèrent fortement un mécanisme d'injection de charge à la surface de l'électrode, favorisé en présence d'eau adsorbée.Enfin, les résultats obtenus pour les deux isolants solides et gazeux sont utilisés pour élaborer un modèle numérique ayant une forme proche de celle de l'application industrielle, et permettent d'observer la modification de la distribution du champ électrique en présence de la concentration en eau et du gradient de température. Une estimation du courant circulant au travers des isolants est donc possible.En conclusion, ce travail donne les variations des résistivités de volume et de surface dans une résine époxy en fonction de la température et du champ électrique. Il met également en évidence la forte influence de l'humidité relative et de la température sur les mécanismes d'injection de charges qui contribuent au courant mesuré à travers le gaz. Cette caractérisation approfondie permet de développer une simulation qui prédit les variations de la distribution du champ électrique au sein d'un PSEM sous tension continue.
- Published
- 2014
38. Characterisation of physical phenomena associated to the opening and closing contact in a MEMS switch
- Author
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Peschot, Alexis, Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives - Laboratoire d'Electronique et de Technologie de l'Information (CEA-LETI), Direction de Recherche Technologique (CEA) (DRT (CEA)), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA), Laboratoire de Génie Electrique de Grenoble (G2ELab), Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Institut Polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université de Grenoble, Nelly BONIFACI, Nelly Bonifaci, Olivier Lesaint, STAR, ABES, and Garcia, Sylvie
- Subjects
[SPI.OTHER]Engineering Sciences [physics]/Other ,Material transfert ,Electrical contact ,[SPI] Engineering Sciences [physics] ,[SPI.OTHER] Engineering Sciences [physics]/Other ,MEMS switch ,quantification de la conductance de contact ,relais MEMS ,Field emission ,spectroscopie optique ,contact électrique ,Loi de Paschen modifiée ,[SPI]Engineering Sciences [physics] ,tension de claquage ,émission de champ ,Bounce ,AFM ,transfert de matière ,Rebond ,rebonds - Abstract
This thesis aims to improve the reliability of ohmic MEMS switches and focuses on the degradation mechanisms of the electrical contact at the micro and nano-scales. The first two chapters of the manuscript provide a state-of-the-art of MEMS switches and describe the different experimental techniques used to characterize the physical phenomena involved in the opening and closure of a MEMS switch under current ("hot switching actuation"). The third chapter investigates qualitatively and quantitatively the material transfer at sub micrometer scale. An Atomic Force Microscope (AFM) is used to identify the main parameters involved in this phenomenon such as the opening contact voltage and the closing velocity. The origin of the material transfer is attributed to field emission in the last tens of nanometers before the contact closure. A metallic plasma is also observed and characterized during switching operations. According to the different observations, a scenario is suggested to explain material transfer at such small dimensions. The fourth chapter deals with dynamic observation during switching operations. First, bounces can be detected after a few millions of operations, they usually appear a few μs just after the first contact. Such bounces seem to be an early indicator of the lifetime of those devices. Other types of bounces related to the electrostatic contact force can be observed at very low closing velocity (a few nm/s). Nevertheless in a MEMS switch the closing and opening velocity is high enough to avoid such bounces. The second part of this chapter investigates the contact conductance quantization during the opening phase of a contact. We show that this phenomenon can be observed in a MEMS switch and with an AFM when the current is lower than 100μA. As a conclusion, several recommendations are provided to improve the reliability of MEMS switches., Cette thèse s'inscrit dans la continuité des études menées pour améliorer la fiabilité des relais MEMS ohmiques et comprendre les mécanismes de dégradation se produisant au niveau du contact électrique aux échelles micro et sub-micrométriques. Les deux premiers chapitres de ce manuscrit permettent d'établir l'état de l'art du domaine et de décrire les différentes techniques expérimentales utilisées afin de caractériser les mécanismes physiques se produisant lors de l'ouverture et la fermeture d'un relais MEMS sous courant. Le troisième chapitre étudie qualitativement et quantitativement le transfert de matière aux distances sub-micrométriques. L'utilisation d'un microscope à force atomique (AFM) permet d'identifier les paramètres clés, notamment la tension de contact à l'état ouvert et la vitesse de commutation. L'origine de ce transfert de matière est attribuée à des émissions de courant se produisant dans les derniers nanomètres avant la fermeture du contact. Un plasma métallique est également observé et caractérisé pendant les phases de commutations. Ces observations conduisent à l'élaboration d'un scénario permettant d'expliquer le transfert de matière à ces dimensions. Le quatrième chapitre se consacre en première partie à l'étude des rebonds lors de la fermeture du contact. On montre que des rebonds peuvent apparaître quelques μs après la fermeture du contact au cours des cycles. Ceux-ci semblent être des indicateurs de la fin de vie du composant. D'autres rebonds, liés aux forces électrostatiques de contact, sont également mis en évidence lors de fermetures à faibles vitesses (qq nm/s). L'importance de ces forces est néanmoins du second ordre et ces derniers rebonds n'interviennent pas directement dans la phase de fermeture d'un relais MEMS. L'étude de la quantification de la résistance de contact lors de l'ouverture du contact constitue la deuxième partie de ce dernier chapitre. La nature quantique de ce phénomène est mise en évidence dans deux dispositifs : un interrupteur MEMS et à l'aide d'un AFM. Il est notamment montré que ce phénomène est seulement observable pour des courants inférieurs à 100μA. Finalement, l'ensemble de ces travaux mènent à différentes recommandations, détaillées en conclusion, nécessaires pour assurer le bon fonctionnement des relais MEMS.
- Published
- 2013
39. Study of materials to replace SF6 for insulation of medium voltage systems
- Author
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Nguyen, Ngoc Minh, Laboratoire de Génie Electrique de Grenoble (G2ELab), Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Institut Polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université de Grenoble, Olivier Lesaint, Nelly Bonifaci, and STAR, ABES
- Subjects
[SPI.OTHER]Engineering Sciences [physics]/Other ,Liquides isolants ,Gaz isolants ,[SPI.OTHER] Engineering Sciences [physics]/Other ,Insulating liquids ,Moyenne tension ,Insulating gases ,Medium voltage - Abstract
SF6 gaz (sulfur hexafluoride) has been widely used as a very suitable insulation material for HV apparatus. However, it is also known as a remarkable green house gas, which Global Warming Potential is 24000 times greater than CO2. Consequently, its utilisation in the electrical industry should be reduced. The aim of this work is to study two alternatives to SF6: biodegradable liquids and CF3I/N2 gas mixtures. The two physical phenomena leading to a breakdown: the generation of a discharge and its propagation have been studied separately. The influence of various parameters such as pressure, distance, field distribution ,particle content and relative humidity ... was also highlighted. The insulation function is then validated in a MV circuit breaker, which represent a real application case., Le SF6 (Hexafluorure de soufre) a été utilisé depuis longtemps comme un gaz d'isolation très adapté pour les appareillages électriques. Cependant, son impact sur le réchauffement climatique, estimé 24000 fois plus actif que le CO2 sur 100 ans, pose le problème de son remplacement à moyen terme. L'objectif de cette thèse est d'étudier deux solutions de remplacement du SF6 : les liquides biodégradables et les mélanges de gaz CF3I/N2. Les deux phénomènes physiques conduisant à un claquage : la génération d'une décharge et sa propagation, ont été étudiés séparément. L'influence des différents paramètres tels que la pression, distance, distribution de champ, teneur en particules ou humidité relative…a été également mise en évidence. La fonction d'isolation est en fin validée dans un maquette disjoncteur moyenne tension qui représente un cas d'application réelle.
- Published
- 2011
40. Etude de l'origine des décharges partielles sur des substrats céramiques enrobés
- Author
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Vu Thi, Anh Tho, Garcia, Sylvie, Laboratoire de Génie Electrique de Grenoble (G2ELab), Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Institut Polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université de Grenoble, and Olivier LESAINT
- Subjects
Décharge partielle ,[SPI]Engineering Sciences [physics] ,Alumine ,électronique de puissance ,[SPI] Engineering Sciences [physics] ,diélectrique liquide ,Nitrure d'aluminium ,électroluminescence ,huile silicone - Abstract
This work concerns the study of partial discharge phenomena on insulating materials used in power electronics. Using electrical and optical detection methods, the mechanism of partial discharges on AlN substrates in silicon oil is studied with a large number of samples. Changing the nature of substrates (AlN, and Al2O3 composite glass/epoxy) and of encapsulating materials (silicone oil, rapeseed oil, mineral transformer oil, capacitor impregnating liquids Jarylec and Ugilec) provides a number of conclusions about the origin of partial discharges on embedded substrates. Partial discharges on sintered ceramic substrates do not depend on the encapsulating material nature, but on the nature of the substrates themselves. The temporal evolution of light emitted by the liquid in a point - plane configuration, and on embedded substrates shows that the light during emission is a very complex phenomenon influenced by many parameters: electroluminescence of the solid, of the encapsulating material, partial discharges, and light absorption of materials. The electroluminescence of the liquid is activated by external light. Measurements of high voltage dielectric spectroscopy are also performed, but no additional information on partial discharges is obtained since corresponding losses are very low., Ce travail concerne l'étude du phénomène de décharges partielles dans les matériaux isolants utilisés en électronique de puissance. En utilisant des méthodes de détection électrique et optique, le mécanisme de décharge partielle sur des substrats d'AlN dans l'huile silicone a été étudié sur un grand nombre d'échantillons. La variation de la nature du substrat (AlN, Al2O3 et composite verre/époxy) et du matériau d'encapsulation (huile silicone, huile de colza, huile minérale de transformateur, liquide d'imprégnant du condensateur Jarylec et Ugilec) met en évidence l'origine des décharges partielles de l'ensemble substrat - encapsulant. Les décharges partielles sur les substrats céramiques frittés ne dépendent pas du passivant, et se produisent dans le volume du substrat. L'évolution temporelle de la lumière émise dans les liquides en configuration pointe - plan et sur le substrat dans différents liquides montre que l'émission de lumière est un phénomène très complexe influencé par de nombreux paramètres : électroluminescence du solide, de l'encapsulant, décharges partielles, absorption des matériaux. Le phénomène d'électroluminescence du liquide est activé par une illumination extérieure. Les mesures de spectroscopie diélectrique haute tension n'apportent pas d'information supplémentaire sur le phénomène de décharges partielles, car les pertes correspondantes sont très faibles. Mots clés : Décharge partielle, électroluminescence, Nitrure d'aluminium, Alumine, huile silicone, diélectrique liquide, électronique de puissance.
- Published
- 2011
41. Study of the origin of partial discharges on ceramic coated substrates
- Author
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Vu, Thi Anh Tho, STAR, ABES, Laboratoire de Génie Electrique de Grenoble (G2ELab), Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Institut Polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université de Grenoble, and Olivier Lesaint
- Subjects
[SPI.OTHER]Engineering Sciences [physics]/Other ,Ageing ,Gel ,Partial discharges ,Ceramic substrates ,Insulation ,[SPI.OTHER] Engineering Sciences [physics]/Other ,Décharges électriques ,Substrats céramiques ,Isolation - Abstract
This work concerns the study of partial discharge phenomena on insulating materials used in power electronics. Using electrical and optical detection methods, the mechanism of partial discharges on AlN substrates in silicon oil is studied with a large number of samples. Changing the nature of substrates (AlN, and Al2O3 composite glass/epoxy) and of encapsulating materials (silicone oil, rapeseed oil, mineral transformer oil, capacitor impregnating liquids Jarylec and Ugilec) provides a number of conclusions about the origin of partial discharges on embedded substrates. Partial discharges on sintered ceramic substrates do not depend on the encapsulating material nature, but on the nature of the substrates themselves. The temporal evolution of light emitted by the liquid in a point - plane configuration, and on embedded substrates shows that the light during emission is a very complex phenomenon influenced by many parameters: electroluminescence of the solid, of the encapsulating material, partial discharges, and light absorption of materials. The electroluminescence of the liquid is activated by external light. Measurements of high voltage dielectric spectroscopy are also performed, but no additional information on partial discharges is obtained since corresponding losses are very low., Ce travail concerne l'étude du phénomène de décharges partielles dans les matériaux isolants utilisés en électronique de puissance. En utilisant des méthodes de détection électrique et optique, le mécanisme de décharge partielle sur des substrats d'AlN dans l'huile silicone a été étudié sur un grand nombre d'échantillons. La variation de la nature du substrat (AlN, Al2O3 et composite verre/époxy) et du matériau d'encapsulation (huile silicone, huile de colza, huile minérale de transformateur, liquide d'imprégnant du condensateur Jarylec et Ugilec) met en évidence l'origine des décharges partielles de l'ensemble substrat – encapsulant. Les décharges partielles sur les substrats céramiques frittés ne dépendent pas du passivant, et se produisent dans le volume du substrat. L'évolution temporelle de la lumière émise dans les liquides en configuration pointe – plan et sur le substrat dans différents liquides montre que l'émission de lumière est un phénomène très complexe influencé par de nombreux paramètres : électroluminescence du solide, de l'encapsulant, décharges partielles, absorption des matériaux. Le phénomène d'électroluminescence du liquide est activé par une illumination extérieure. Les mesures de spectroscopie diélectrique haute tension n'apportent pas d'information supplémentaire sur le phénomène de décharges partielles, car les pertes correspondantes sont très faibles.
- Published
- 2011
42. Etude de l'optimisation des isolants d'un point de vue diélectrique pour les contraintes du GIS
- Author
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Caliap, Lucian, Laboratoire de Génie Electrique de Grenoble (G2ELab), Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Institut Polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université de Grenoble, Olivier LESAINT, and Garcia, Sylvie
- Subjects
triple junction ,[SPI]Engineering Sciences [physics] ,[SPI] Engineering Sciences [physics] ,jonction triple ,décharge partielle ,partial discharges ,epoxy ,SF6 - Abstract
In gas insulated switchgears (GIS), high voltage electrodes are supported by solid insulators. The reduction of the size of the equipment for cost considerations, impacts directly on the insulator and a careful optimization becomes necessary. A triple junction (TJ) exists at the interface between metal, insulating solid, and gas. In this sensitive area, partial discharges may appear, triggered by the presence of high voltage. Also, a further degradation of insulation performance can occur if solid particles are present in that zone. The accumulation of electric charge on the surface of the insulator can also reduce the system's dielectric strength when applying high voltage. These three points represent the starting point of this study that characterizes the multitude of complex phenomena that occur in the presence of high voltage., Cette étude concerne les isolants support, utilisés dans l'appareillage haute tension blindé sous pression gazeuse. La réduction de la taille du matériel est une demande constante pour des questions de coût. Elle impacte directement les isolants et l'optimisation diélectrique est rendue nécessaire. On peut considérer que les points qui nécessitent une attention particulière sont : La zone de point triple : point de jonction entre un isolant, le gaz et le métal, zone sensible aux décharges partielles et aux particules qui peuvent s'y accumuler. Les particules métalliques qui peuvent se trouver à l'intérieur du système haute-tension et les problèmes d'accumulation de la charge sur la surface de l'isolant qui peuvent réduire sa tenue diélectrique lors de l'application d'une surtension. Ces trois points représentent la base de départ de cette étude qui caractérise la multitude de phénomènes complexes qui apparaissent en présence de haute tension.
- Published
- 2010
43. Etude des Décharges Electriques dans l'Eau et Application à l'Elimination de Polluants et Optimisation du Rendement Energétique
- Author
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Dang, Thu Huyen, Laboratoire de Génie Electrique de Grenoble (G2ELab), Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Institut Polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université de Grenoble, Olivier LESAINT, and Garcia, Sylvie
- Subjects
Espèces oxydants ,Efficacité énergétique ,[SPI]Engineering Sciences [physics] ,[SPI] Engineering Sciences [physics] ,Claquage ,Propriétés électriques de l'eau ,Streamer - Abstract
The objective of this study is to use electrical discharges for treating aqueous solutions containing organic pollutants. Electrical energy injected into the discharge is partly converted into chemical energy due to energetic électrons. This phenomenon créâtes radical and excited species, which can react with molécules to dégrade pollutants. Three electrical methods are analysed: streamers in water (the main method considered in this work), transient arc in water and corona discharge in moist air above the water surface. The two latter methods are studied in order to compare their efficiency with streamers. A fast semiconductor high voltage switch allows us to produce high voltage puises of short duration in order to minimize energy losses by Joule heating. Using point-plane électrodes, the discharge type is chosen by changing the gap distance and duration of the voltage puise. An electrical characterization of streamers is performed versus applied voltage and conductivity of the solution, in order to establish an account of electrical energy used to create streamers. The efficiency of three methods on the dégradation of three typical pollutants is measured by using chemical analysis (HPLC, TOC)., Ce travail concerne l'étude de l'utilisation des décharges électriques pour traiter des solutions aqueuses contenant des polluants organiques. Lorsque l'énergie électrique est injectée dans la décharge, grâce aux électrons énergétiques elle est en partie convertie en énergie chimique, c'est-à-dire en espèce radicalaires et excitées, qui vont pouvoir réagir sur les molécules présentes et dégrader des polluants. Trois types de décharges électriques ont été analysés : streamer dans l'eau qui est principalement étudiée dans ce travail, arc transitoire dans l'eau et décharge couronne dans l'air humide au-dessus de la surface de l'eau. Un interrupteur à semi-conducteur, permettant d'appliquer une impulsion de tension calibrée, est employé pour minimiser l'énergie perdue par effet Joule, supprimer le claquage, et ainsi optimiser le procédé. En utilisant des électrodes pointe-plan, le type de décharge est choisi en changeant la distance et la durée de l'impulsion de tension. Une étude sur la caractérisation électrique des streamers est effectuée en fonction de la tension appliquée et de la conductivité de la solution afin d'établir un bilan d'énergie électrique dépensée pour créer des streamers. Le rendement énergétique et l'efficacité des trois méthodes sur la dégradation de trois polluants - types sont mesurés par analyses chimiques (dosage par HPLC, mesure de Carbone Organique Total).
- Published
- 2010
44. Propriétés diélectriques des gels isolants : application aux composants d'électronique de puissance
- Author
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Do, Minh Tuan, Garcia, Sylvie, Laboratoire de Génie Electrique de Grenoble (G2ELab), Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Institut Polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Joseph-Fourier - Grenoble I, and Olivier LESAINT
- Subjects
breakdown ,Gel silicone ,[SPI] Engineering Sciences [physics] ,propriétés diélectriques ,power electronic ,mesures optique ,Silicone gel ,[SPI]Engineering Sciences [physics] ,spectroscopie diélectrique ,électronique de puissance ,dielectric properties ,claquage ,décharges partielles ,optical measurement ,dielectric spectroscopy ,partial discharges ,streamers - Abstract
This work provides a better understanding of the dielectric properties of the gels insulation in the particular context of its use in power electronics. Different measuring techniques which, for the most part have been developed in the characterization of insulating liquids (visualization streamers, optical detection of discharges, charge measuring apparent) were used. An optical method permitting partial discharge measurements under non-sinusoidal voltage (steep-fronted waves) has been developed. Discharges into cavities and ones attributed to the corona have been identified. A regime of reversible discharges and a regime of degradation where the properties of self-healing material are reduced were highlighted. The frequency of discharges increases with temperature. They could contribute to the acceleration of aging assembling in the long term. The partial discharge appears to be easier on impulse voltage in comparison to alternative. The visualization of phenomena generated by high field (generation and propagation of "streamers") allows to better characterize the mechanisms responsible for discharges. The conventional measures of partial discharges in alternative according to IEC are not relevant in the case of the characterisation of the gel under constraints impulse. A study of the breakdown of the silicone gel in various configurations electrode (sizes, shapes) as a function of temperature and the shape of the voltage waveform shows that depends on the electrode surface. The gel comes close much of a non-polar liquid than a solid., Ce travail apporte une meilleure compréhension des propriétés diélectriques des gels isolants dans le contexte particulier de son utilisation en électronique de puissance. Différentes techniques de mesures qui, pour la plupart ont été développées dans la caractérisation des liquides isolants (visualisation de streamers, détection optique des décharges, mesure de la charge apparente) ont été utilisées. Une méthode optique permettant des mesures de décharges partielles sous tension nonsinusoïdale (ondes à front raide) a été développée. Des décharges dans des cavités et les décharges attribuées à l'effet couronne ont été identifiées. Un régime de décharges réversibles et un régime de dégradation où les propriétés d'auto-cicatrisation du matériau sont réduites ont été mis en évidence. La fréquence des décharges augmente considérablement avec la température. Elles pourraient contribuer à l'accélération du vieillissement des assemblages à long terme. Les décharges partielles apparaissent plus facilement sous tension impulsionnelle qu'en alternatif. La visualisation des phénomènes générés sous champ élevé (génération et propagation de “streamers”) permet de mieux caractériser les mécanismes mis en jeu. Les mesures conventionnelles de décharges partielles en alternatif selon la norme CEI ne sont pas pertinentes dans le cas de la caractérisation du gel sous contraintes impulsionnelle. Une étude du claquage du gel silicone dans diverses configurations d'électrodes (tailles, formes) en fonction de la température et de la forme de l'onde de tension montre qu'il dépend de la surface des électrodes. Le gel se rapproche beaucoup plus d'un liquide non polaire que d'un solide.
- Published
- 2008
45. Apport de la spectroscopie diélectrique basse fréquence dans l'analyse de matériaux isolants à forte permittivité
- Author
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Sylvestre, Alain, Garcia, Sylvie, Laboratoire de Génie Electrique de Grenoble (G2ELab), Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Institut Polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Joseph-Fourier - Grenoble I, and Olivier LESAINT
- Subjects
nanocomposite ,carbone amorphe ,Spectroscopie diélectrique ,[SPI.NRJ]Engineering Sciences [physics]/Electric power ,SrTiO3 ,pérovskite ,constante diélectrique ,permittivité ,[SPI.NRJ] Engineering Sciences [physics]/Electric power - Abstract
Les travaux présentés dans ce manuscrit sont centrés sur l'analyse diélectrique de deux familles de matériaux diélectriques en couche mince et à forte permittivité : la première concerne des pérovskites de type SrTiO3 et la seconde est un nanocomposite constitué d'une matrice de carbone amorphe contenant des particules métalliques de nickel. Concernant les couches SrTiO3, élaborées par IBS (Ion Beam sputtering) au CEA-Leti à Grenoble, les propriétés diélectriques (constante diélectrique ', pertes '' et facteur de dissipation tan) sont analysées en fonction de la fréquence, de la température de fonctionnement, de la température de recuit des couches et de l'épaisseur des couches. Les changements diélectriques observés sont discutés en fonction de la cristallinité du matériau, de mécanismes de relaxation interfaciale, de contrainte mécanique, de la migration de lacunes d'oxygène, de l'existence d'une couche interfaciale de permittivité modérée. Concernant les couches composites nickel/carbone amorphe, élaborées au LEMD dans un réacteur plasma microonde de type DECR (distributed electron cyclotron resonance), les analyses diélectriques ont permis de mettre en évidence un fort mécanisme de polarisation interfaciale dans ces composites. Les résultats sont discutés en fonction du taux de nickel incorporé dans la matrice. Ce manuscrit se termine par une présentation de perspectives intéressantes d'étude de propriétés diélectriques concernant des matériaux (i) à faible permittivité, (ii) à forte permittivité et (iii) nanocomposites... Ainsi sont présentés des travaux préliminaires menés sur des films de parylène (polymère utilisé entre autres dans des lentilles liquides), une suggestion de continuité d'études sur les couches de type SrTiO3, des travaux sur des oxydes à forte permittivité Ta2O5 (intégration high dans des circuits intégrés) et enfin plusieurs études concernant des nanocomposites (métal/carbone amorphe, silice/silicone, résine époxy/nanotubes de carbone, composites polymères/particules non linéaires).
- Published
- 2006
46. Study of dielectric strength of liquid nitrogen at high voltage, and spectroscopic characterisation of positive filamentary streamers
- Author
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Frayssines, Pierre Eric, Garcia, Sylvie, Laboratoire de Génie Electrique de Grenoble (G2ELab), Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Institut Polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble I), Olivier Lesaint, and Nelly Bonifaci
- Subjects
[PHYS]Physics [physics] ,Plasma hors équilibre ,Liquid Nitrogen ,High Pressure Plasma ,Spectroscopie ,supraconducteur à haute température critique ,Cryogenic Insulation ,Slamming ,[PHYS] Physics [physics] ,Plasma haute pression ,High Voltage ,Non-Balanced Plasma ,Azote liquide ,Critical High Temperature Superconductor ,Claquage ,Isolation cryogénique ,Haute tension ,Streamer ,Spectroscopy - Abstract
The purpose of this work is to study prebreakdown phenomena (streamers) in liquid nitrogen (LN?) in order to defîne practical rules to design the insulation of High Température Superconducting apparatus. As breakdown is due to the initiation and propagation of a streamer, we study independently both of thèse phases, and we compare our results with those obtained in minerai oil for similar expérimental conditions.Under quasi uniform field, breakdown is controlled by streamer initiation and dielectric strength of liquid nitrogen under impulse voltage is close to that found in minerai oil, whereas it is two times liigher under AC voltage. At large gap distance (divergent field and brealcdown controlled by streamer propagation) we show that breakdown is mainly due to positive streamers, able to propagate furtber than négative ones. In applications where electric field distribution is quasi uniform, we conclude that a superconducting device designed with the same criteria as in minerai oil should be operational. Nevertheless, the great ability of positive streamers to propagate far imposes the use of insulating barriers.Spectroscopic study of light emitted by positive streamers during their propagation shows that filaments are constituted by gaseous molecular and atomic nitrogen. Numerical simulations of nitrogen atomic spectral lines (3 s P-3p S ) leads to an estimation of électron density and molecular nitrogen density inside the streamer. Numerical simulations of nitrogen second positive System (CJnu—»B ng) and charge measurements also provide an estimation of the gas température inside the streamer., L'objectif de ce travail est d'étudier les phénomènes pré-disruptifs ("streamers") conduisant au claquage de l'azote liquide (LN2) pour définir les modalités d'isolation d' appareils supraconducteurs à Haute Température critique (HTC). Un claquage étant le résultat de la génération et de la propagation d'un streamer, nous avons étudié ces deux aspects indépendamment l'un de l'autre et nous avons comparé nos résultats à ceux trouvés dans l'huile minérale pour des conditions expérimentales similaires.En champ quasi uniforme où le claquage est contrôlé par la génération des streamers, nos résultats montrent que sous tension impulsionnelle, la tenue diélectrique de LNo est identique à celle de l'huile minérale alors qu'elle est deux fois plus importante sous tension alternative. A grande distance entre électrodes (champ divergent et claquage contrôlé par la propagation), le claquage survient principalement en polarité positive. Dans les applications où la distribution du champ 'électrique est peu divergente, nos résultas permettent de conclure que le dimensionnement d'une isolation électrique à l'azote liquide conçue avec les mêmes critères de champ que dans l'huile minérale serait opérationnelle. Cependant, la grande facilité de propagation des streamers positifs nécessite l'utilisation de barrières isolantes pouvant arrêter leur propagation.L'étude spectroscopique de la lumière émise par les streamers positifs au cours de leur propagation a révélé qu'ils sont constitués par du gaz sous haute pression provenant de la vaporisation de LN2 et par la dissociation de N2. La simulation numérique des raies atomiques de N (3s4P-3p S0) nous a permis d'estimer la densité électronique Ne et moléculaire NN2 maximale dans le canal de streamer. La simulation numérique du second système positif (C ITU—>BJng) de N2 et des mesures de charges ont permis d'estimer la température du gaz contenu dans le streamer.
- Published
- 2002
47. STUDY OF MECHANISMS FOR THE GENERATION OF STREAMERS IN POSITIVE POLARITY IN LIQUIDS
- Author
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Dumitrescu, Laurentia, Laboratoire de Génie Electrique de Grenoble (G2ELab), Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Institut Polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Joseph Fourier, Olivier Lesaint, and Garcia, Sylvie
- Subjects
[PHYS]Physics [physics] ,Liquid ,Dielectric ,Diélectrique ,Liquide ,Décharges électriques ,Streamer ,Charge Measurement ,Mesure de Charge ,[PHYS] Physics [physics] ,Electrical Discharges - Abstract
in point to plane geometry.In négative polarity under impulse voltage streamers appear due to an electronic avalanche, phenomenon already described under ce. The génération of positive streamers présents some particularities which the most important is the influence of pressure on inception threshold. A new highly sensitive differential measurement method (0.4 pC) allows to measure very low currents (few nanoampere) for the inception phase. Due to this technique the measurement of the injection current before streamer génération is possible and two mecanisms are proposed to explain the inception in positive polarity: the boilling of the liquid and the cavitation. The propagation of positive bush-like streamers takes place as long as it is attached to the point électrode. Its movement is due both to the génération and the expansion of succesive bubbles, but also to the influence of electrical forces.The numerical simulation done with the QuickField® software models the streamer with a gazeous sphère having a certain superficial charge density detennined from expérimental data. The comparison between the electrostatic pressure obtained numericaly and the internai pressure calculated considering the volume of the streamer as a perfect gaz points to the rôle of electric field on the propagation of streamer in spécifie conditions, La génération des streamers lents négatifs et positifs, mais aussi la propagation des streamerspositifs sont étudiées dans du cyclohexane et en configuration pointe-plan.En polarité négative et sous impulsion de tension les streamers apparaissent suite à uneavalanche électronique en phase liquide, phénomène déjà décrit sous tension continue. Lagénération des streamers positifs présente quelques particularités, dont la plus importante estl'influence de la pression sur la tension d'apparition.Une nouvelle méthode de mesure différentielle de grande sensibilité (0,4 pC) permetd'enregistrer pour la phase de génération des courants très faibles (centaines de nanoampères).Grâce à cette technique la mesure d'un courant d'injection avant l'apparition du streamer estpossible et deux mécanismes sont proposés pour expliquer la génération en polarité positive:réchauffement du liquide et la cavitation.La propagation du streamer positif a lieu tant qu'il est en liaison avec la pointe. Ledéplacement est dû à la fois à la formation et à l'expansion des bulles successives, mais aussi àl'influence des forces électriques.Des calculs numériques effectués à l'aide d'un logiciel type QuickField® permet de modéliserle streamer par une sphère gazeuse caractérisée par une densité superficielle de chargedéterminée à partir des données expérimentales. La comparaison entre la pressionélectrostatique obtenue numériquement et la pression interne calculée en considérantl'intérieur du streamer comme un gaz parfait met en évidence le rôle des forces électriques.dans la propagation du streamer dans certaines conditions.
- Published
- 2001
48. CHARACTERIZATION AND LOCATION OF SOURCES OF PARTIAL DISCHARGES IN A WINDING
- Author
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Debruyne, Hervé, Laboratoire de Génie Electrique de Grenoble (G2ELab), Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Institut Polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Joseph Fourier, Olivier Lesaint, and Garcia, Sylvie
- Subjects
[PHYS]Physics [physics] ,Transformer ,Transformateur ,Partial discharges ,Insulation ,Location ,Décharges partielles ,Diagnostic methods ,Localisation ,[PHYS] Physics [physics] ,Isolation ,Méthodes de diagnostic - Abstract
Various partial discharges (PD) sources were characterized by measurement of electncal data such as discharge currents, PD charge, etc. From mis characterization, the errors affecting charge measurements are determined when inappropriate RLC circuits are used. The propagation of high frequency electrical signais was studied on a winding modei, and also on a real power transformer. Thèse experiments show the fundamental rôle of the détection impédance on measurements made at the winding terminais, and illustrate the complexity of propagation modes. Two localization methods of PD sources were tested on the winding model. This allows to assess their inhérent limitations. Then we propose a new localization method based on the study of the ratios of PD current spectra measured at the winding terminais. Thèse ratios are characteristic of the PD source position, whatever its nature. This technique requires the comparison of expérimental measurements with référence curves. Such curves are obtained by numerical simulation of the winding high frequency response, up to some MHz. The comparison of measurements and calculations shows the feasibility of the method proposed., Différentes sources de décharges partielles ont été caractérisées par la mesure de grandeurs électriques telles que les impulsions de courant de DP, la charge des DP, etc. A travers cette caractérisation, les erreurs de mesure de charge dues à l'utilisation de circuits intégrateurs inadaptés ont été mises en évidence. Différentes études de la propagation des signaux électriques ont été menées sur une maquette d'enroulement mais aussi sur un transformateur de puissance de la centrale thermique de Montereau. Les mesures ont montré le rôle fondamental de l'impédance de mesure sur la qualité des mesures effectuées en bout de bobinage. Elles ont aussi démontré la complexité des modes de propagation. Deux méthodes de localisation de sources de décharges partielles ont été mises en œuvre sur la maquette d'enroulement. Nous avons ainsi pu révéler leurs limites d'application. Pour remédier à ces inconvénients, nous proposons une nouvelle méthode de localisation des sources de DP. Son principe est basé sur l'étude des rapports des spectres des courants terminaux, qui sont caractéristiques de la position du défaut. Cette technique nécessite de pouvoir comparer les résultats expérimentaux à des courbes de référence. Celles-ci sont obtenues à l'aide d'un outil de simulation hautes fréquences efficace jusqu'à quelques MHz. La comparaison des résultats mesurés et simulés a mis en évidence la faisabilité de la méthode que nous avons développée.
- Published
- 2000
49. ETUDE DE LA GENERATION DES STREAMERS DANS L'HUILE MINERALE SOUS TENSION IMPULSIONNELLE ET ALTERNATIVE
- Author
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Tran Van, Top, Garcia, Sylvie, Laboratoire de Génie Electrique de Grenoble (G2ELab), Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Institut Polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut National Polytechnique de Grenoble - INPG, and Olivier LESAINT
- Subjects
Huile minérale ,[SPI.NRJ]Engineering Sciences [physics]/Electric power ,Préclaquage ,Génération des streamers ,[SPI.NRJ] Engineering Sciences [physics]/Electric power - Abstract
The objective of this thesis is to study streamer initiation in minerai oil under step and alternating voltage in various geometry and in the presence of sorne pollution (particles, water). This work brings a comprehension of the streamer initiation. The results obtained show the significant influence of the geometry and the impurities (cellulose particles, water) on th e streamer initiation. The inception fields remarkably decrease when the electrode radii are increased. This reduction explains the surface effect observed under impulse and ac voltage in very well filtered oil. An additional degradation exists when oil is polluted and subjected to ac voltage. The study carried out in semi-uniform geometry (between two planes with a trigging point) allows to simulate the conditions of streamer generation and propagation caused by surface irregularities or particles in uniform geometry., L'objectif de cette thèse est d'étudier la génération des streamers dans l'huile minérale sous tension impulsionnelle et tension alternative avec des conditions de champ largement variées en présence de certaines pollutions (particules et eau). Ce travail apporte une meilleure compréhension de la génération des phénomènes précurseurs du claquage. Les résultats obtenus mettent en évidence l'influence importante de la géométrie et des impuretés (particules, eau) sur la génération des streamers. Un effet remarquable de diminution du champ de génération avec l'augmentation du rayon de courbure de l'électrode est observé. Cette diminution est l'origine de l'effet de surface généralement observé sous créneaux de tension et sous tension alternative dans l'huile très bien filtrée. Une dégradation supplémentaire existe lorsque l'huile est polluée et soumise à la tension alternative. L'étude réalisée en géométrie semi-uniforme (plan-plan avec une électrode d'amorçage) permet de simuler les conditions de génération et de propagation des streamers provoqués par des particules ou des aspérités de la surface en géométrie uniforme.
- Published
- 1999
50. PROPAGATION AND ELECTRIC PROPERTIES OF STREAMERSPOSITIVE POSITIVE IN MINERAL OILUNDER VERY HIGH PULSE TENSION
- Author
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Gaston, Massala, Laboratoire de Génie Electrique de Grenoble (G2ELab), Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Institut Polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut National Polytechnique Grenoble (INPG), Olivier LESAINT, and Garcia, Sylvie
- Subjects
Modes de propagation ,breakdown ,Surge ,Huile minérale ,[SPI.NRJ]Engineering Sciences [physics]/Electric power ,Surtensions ,Claquage ,Positive streams ,Modes of propagation ,Streamers positifs ,[SPI.NRJ] Engineering Sciences [physics]/Electric power ,Mineral oil - Abstract
he aim of this work is to study the propagation of the "streamers" and their electrical properties in mineral oil at long distances under pulsed voltage (up to 480 kV) under various voltage conditions (from the minimum propagation voltage to the high overvoltages), inter-electrode distance (2.5 to 35 cm), electrode geometry (plane-to-plane, semi-uniform, planar sphere) of solid insulators.This work makes a contribution on the characterization of the breakdown phenomena and the mechanisms involved in the positive streamers. For voltages below the breakdown voltage, stopping, transition to breakdown and conductivity of the streamers are described. In particular, it has been shown that the streamer is conductive only during a total re-ignition of its main branch. In the presence of overvoltages, the existence of an acceleration voltage correlated with the appearance of the fast streamers is highlighted. Three different propagation modes are identified and characterized: 2nd mode (2 to 4 km / s), 3rd mode (10 to 20 km / s) and 4th mode (> 100 km / s). A correlation between the shape, speed and load of the streamers was highlighted and the voltage drop in the streamer was determined.Calculations of the charge and field on the plane electrode carried out by the Load Simulation Method (CSM), considering different macroscopic models in the presence of a voltage drop, have led to the conclusion that the streamers are comparable to objects conductors of simple shape (cylinder or sphere). A qualitative correlation between the macroscopic field at the end of the streamers calculated by CSM, and the speed was obtained. Ethere exists a critical field = 400 kV / cm, beyond which the streamers are always fast(> 10 km / s).This work proposes two complementary mechanisms allowing to explain the constancy of the speed of the positive streamers in the mineral oil: the effect of the voltage drop and / or the electrostatic effect due to the branching of the streamers. It has been shown that the overall shape of the streamers determines the field at their end and hence the propagation modes. This has been verified by studying the influence of electrode geometry (shielding effect), insulating solids (positional effect) and the nature of the liquid (additive effect)., L'objectif de ce travail est d'étudier la propagation des précurseurs du claquage ("streamers" en anglais) et leurs propriétés électriques dans l'huile minérale à grande distance sous tension impulsionnelle (jusqu'à 480 kV) dans diverses conditions de tension appliquée (de la tension minimum de propagation jusqu'aux fortes surtensions), de distance inter¬électrode (de 2,5 à 35 cm), de géométrie des électrodes (pointe-plan, semi-uniforme, sphère-plan) et en présence de solides isolants.Ce travail apporte une contribution sur la caractérisation des phénomènes de claquage et des mécanismes mis en jeu dans les streamers positifs. Pour des tensions inférieures à la tension de claquage, l'arrêt, la transition au claquage et la conductibilité des streamers sont décrits. En particulier, il a été montré que le streamer n'est conducteur que durant une réillumination totale de sa branche principale. En présence de surtensions, l'existence d'une tension d'accélération corrélée à l'apparition des streamers rapides est mise en évidence. Trois modes de propagation différents sont identifiés et caractérisés: 2e™ mode (2 à 4 km/s), 3eme mode (10 à 20 km/s) et 4cme mode (>100 km/s). Une corrélation entre la forme, la vitesse et la charge des streamers a été mise en évidence et la chute de tension dans le streamer a été déterminée.Les calculs de la charge et du champ sur l'électrode plane réalisés par la Méthode de Simulation de Charge (CSM) en considérant différents modèles macroscopiques en présence d'une chute de tension ont permis de conclure que les streamers sont comparables à des objets assez conducteurs de forme simple (cylindre ou sphère). Une corrélation qualitative entre le champ macroscopique à l'extrémité des streamers calculé par CSM, et la vitesse a été obtenue. Eexiste un champ critique =400 kV/cm, au-delà duquel les streamers sont toujours rapides(> 10 km/s).Ce travail propose deux mécanismes complémentaires permettant d'expliquer la constance de la vitesse des streamers positifs dans l'huile minérale: l'effet de la chute de tension et/ou l'effet électrostatique dû à la ramification des streamers. H a été montré que la forme globale des streamers détermine le champ à leur extrémité et par conséquent les modes de propagation. Ceci a été vérifié en étudiant l'influence de la géométrie des électrodes (effet d'écran), des solides isolants (effet de la position) et de la nature du liquide (effet des additifs).
- Published
- 1997
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