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Nerita cf. funata Dujardin, 1837 Plate 1 E 1 -E 3 cf. * Nerita funata Dujardin 1837: 281, pl. 19, fig. 14. ? Nerita Plutonis Bast. —Bronn in Reiss 1862: 33. ? Nerita Plutonis Bast. — Mayer 1864: 63, 93. cf. Nerita (Theliostyla) funata Dujardin, 1837 — Glibert 1949: 69, pl. 4, fig. 8. Santa Maria material examined. Maximum height 4.0 mm, width 6.0 mm. DBUA-F 917-1 (1), Ponta do Castelo, Santa Maria Island, Azores, Touril Complex, Lower Pliocene. Description. Apical fragment with completely flattened spire. Teleoconch bearing about 22 subequal rounded ribs, slightly narrower than their interspaces, shoulder cord slightly strengthened. Discussion. Mayer (1864: 63) recorded two specimens from Bocca do Cré (= Cré), Santa Maria Island, without indicating their size. The Azorean material is very incomplete, but clearly represents a Nerita species of the Theliostyla M̂rch, 1852 group. Two species occurred along the French Atlantic Frontage during the Miocene. Nerita plutonis de Basterot, 1825, from the Lower Miocene, has relatively coarse cords of irregular strength and N. funata Dujardin, 1837, from the Middle Miocene, has finer, subequal cords. Lozouet et al. (2001: 20) considered the Lower Miocene records of N. funata in Cossmann & Peyrot (1917: pl. 7, figs. 77-82) to represent N. plutonis. The fragment at hand from Santa Maria Island, has numerous subequal ribs more closely similar to those seen in N. funata than N. plutonis. However, we hesitate to make a definitive identification based on this very incomplete specimen. The historical Azorean specimens identified by Bronn in Reiss (1862: 33) and Mayer (1864: 63, 93) as N. plutonis are likely to represent the same species. This group of Nerita species with spiral cords is not represented in the Pliocene Mediterranean. Today, the group is represented in the eastern Atlantic by N. senegalensis Gmelin, 1791, distributed from the Cabo Verde Islands to Angola, whereas in the western Atlantic a total of five species are reported, four of them from Bermuda, the Gulf of Mexico and the Caribbean (Nerita fulgurans Gmelin, 1791; Nerita peloronta Linnaeus, 1758; Nerita tessellata Gmelin, 1791; and Nerita versicolor Gmelin, 1791), and one species endemic to Brazil (Nerita chlorostoma Lamarck, 1816). Nerita senegalensis differs in having flattened cords of irregular width, separated by narrow grooves. Distribution. Lower Pliocene: Atlantic, Santa Maria Island, Azores (?Bronn in Reiss 1862;? Mayer 1864; this paper)., Published as part of Sacchetti, Claudia, Landau, Bernard & Ávila, Sérgio P., 2023, The Lower Pliocene marine gastropods of Santa Maria Island, Azores: Taxonomy and palaeobiogeographic implications, pp. 1-150 in Zootaxa 5295 (1) on pages 27-28, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5295.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/7965273, {"references":["Dujardin, F. (1837) Memoire sur les couches du sol en Touraine et description des coquilles de la craie et des faluns. Meimoire de la Socieitei Geiologique de la France, 2, 211 - 311.","Reiss, W. (1862) Mittheilungen u ¨ ber die tertia ¨ ren Schichten von Santa Maria, der su ¨ dlichsten der Azoren, und ihre organischen Einschlu ¨ sse. Nebst Beschreibung dieser letzten und Abbildung der neuen Arten, von H. G. Bronn. Neues Jahrbuch fu ¨ r Mineralogie, Geognosie, Geologie und Petrefactunkunde, 1862, 1 - 48.","Mayer, K. (1864). Die Tertiar-fauna der Azoren und Madeiren. Zurich, published by the author. Z ¸ rich: vi + 107 pp. + 7 pls.","Glibert, M. (1949) Gastropodes du Miocene moyen du Bassin de la Loire. 1. Memoires de l'Institut Royal des Sciences Naturelles de Belgique, 2 (30), 1 - 240.","Basterot, B. de (1825) Meimoire geiologique sur les environs de Bordeaux. PremieIre partie, comprenant les observations geineirales sur les mollusques fossiles, et la description particulieIre de ceux qu'on rencontre dans ce bassin. Tastu, J., Paris, 100 pp. [reprinted from Meimoires de la Socieitei d'Histoire Naturelle de Paris, 2, 1 - 100]","Lozouet, P., Lesport, J. F. & Renard, P. (2001) Revision des Gastropoda (Mollusca) du stratotype de l'Aquitanien (Miocene inf.): site de Saucats ' Lariey', Gironde, France. Cossmanniana, 3, 1 - 189.","Gmelin, J. F. (1791) Caroli a Linnei systema natura per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, disserentis, synonymis, locis etc. Editio decima tertia, aucta, reformata, cura J. F. Gmelin. 1 (6). Vermes testacea. G. E. Beer, Lipsiae, pp. 3021 - 4120.","Linnaeus, C. (1758) Systema naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. 1. Editio decima, reformata. Laurentii Salvii, Holmiae, 824 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 542","Lamarck, J. B. P. A. de M. (1816) TTableau encyclope´dique et me´thodique des trois re`gnes de la nature ..., 23. Mollusques et polypes divers. Liste des objets repre´sente´s dans les planches de cette livraison. Veuve Agasse, Paris, 16 pp."]}

Genus Nerita Linnaeus, 1758 Type species. Nerita peloronta Linnaeus, 1758 (Linnaeus 1758: 776), by subsequent designation (Montfort 1810). Present-day, Caribbean., Published as part of Sacchetti, Claudia, Landau, Bernard & Ávila, Sérgio P., 2023, The Lower Pliocene marine gastropods of Santa Maria Island, Azores: Taxonomy and palaeobiogeographic implications, pp. 1-150 in Zootaxa 5295 (1) on page 27, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5295.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/7965273, {"references":["Linnaeus, C. (1758) Systema naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. 1. Editio decima, reformata. Laurentii Salvii, Holmiae, 824 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 542","Montfort, D. de (1810) Conchyliologie syste´matique, ou classification me´thodique des coquilles; offrant leurs figures, leur arrangement ge´ne´rique, leurs descriptions caracte´ristiques, leurs noms; ainsi que leur synonymie en plusieurs langues. Ouvrage destine´a`faciliter l'e´tude dew coquilles, ainsi que leur disposition dans les cabinets d'histoire naturelle. Coquilles univalves, non cloissonne´es. Coquilles univalves, non cloisonne´es. Schoell, F., Paris, 676 pp."]}

Esta investigación se realizó en las playas Nombre de Dios, Viento Frio, y Palenque, que están ubicadas en el Distrito de Santa Isabel, Costa Arriba de la Provincia de Colón. Las muestras se colectaron de forma manual, luego fueron colocadas en envases plásticos rotulados. para luego ser trasladadas al laboratorio de la Escuela de Biología del Centro Regional Universitario de Colón donde se limpiaron y luego se caracterizaron, a nivel de especie Además de un análisis de varianza, y se calcularon índices de diversidad como al alfa de Williams, de dominancia como el Berger-Parker o el de Margaleff, Se encontró que no hubo diferencia de abundancia significativa (F=0.5984; p>0.5552) entre las playas. Los índices de diversidad indicaron que hubo una gran equidad en la distribución de las especies en las playas, siendo Viento Frío la de mayor equidad con 6,92; la dominancia fue baja, el mayor valor se obtuvo en Viento Frío, con 0,33. Para el índice de Margaleff, el mayor valor fue en Nombre de Dios a 18,863. Se colectaron 134 individuos pertenecientes a 28 especies, 20 géneros, de los cuales la especie más abundante fue Littorina ziczac (Gmelin, 1791), con 24 individuos, Tanto Nerita versicolor (Gmelin, 1791) con 19, y Nerita tesellata (Gmelin, 1791) con 12, mientras que Certhiopsis greeni (C. B. Adams, 1838) con 15. También se reportaron 13 especies con un solo individuo: Arene variabilis (Dall, 1889), Batillaria mínima (Gmelin, 1791), Cerithium atratum (Born,1778), Cymatium parthemopeum (von Salis, 1793), Leurosyrinx verrillii (Dall, 1881), Mitra barbadensis (Gmelin, 1791), Ocenebra muricoides (C. B Adams, 1845), Polinices hepaticus (Röding, 1869), Purpura patula (Linnaeaus, 1758), Tachypollia didyma (Schwengel, 1943), Terebra cinerea Born, 1778 y Turbinella angulata (Lightfoot, 1786).

The mitochondrial genome of the neritid snail Nerita (Heminerita) japonica (Mollusca: Neritimorpha) from Kumamoto, Japan was determined by whole-genome sequencing. This mitogenome is comprised of 13 protein-coding genes, 2 ribosomal RNA (12S and 16S) genes, and 22 transfer RNA genes, with the same gene order as in the other species of the family Neritidae. A likelihood-based phylogenetic reconstruction recovered the subgenus Heminerita (including N. japonica as its type and N. yoldii from China) as monophyletic and sister to a clade with four species of the subgenera Nerita and Theliostyla.

Nabq as “A Managed Resource Protected Area” or as “Multiple Use Management Area” is subjected to human activities that influence its biodiversity. Therefore, many field trips from January 2016 to January 2017 were carried out to detect the main activities in Nabq protectorate and their impacts on faunal macro-benthos biodiversity. Four stations representing two major habitats (mangrove and rocky shore) were chosen depending on anthropogenic activities. A total of 112 macro-benthos taxa were recorded in Nabq dominated with Planaxis salcatus, Nerita spp., Barbatia trapezina and Ophiocoma scolopendrina. The anthropogenic activities don't only affect the presence and absence of species, but also influence on the dominance status of species in the investigated stations. El-Rowayseaa and El-Dagal were unaffected stations showing more abundance and diversification than El-Gharkana and El-Monkateaa which were affected mangrove and rocky shore stations, respectively. In conclusion, anthropogenic activities are the main cause of recent changes to the marine biodiversity in Nabq Protected Area and their continuation may cause habitat damage. Keywords: Macro-benthos, Biodiversity, Human activities, Ecotourism, Fishing, Protected areas

Neritidae is one of the most diverse families of Neritimorpha and possesses euryhaline properties. Members of this family usually live on tropical and subtropical coasts and are mainly gregarious. The phylogenetic relationships between several subclasses of Gastropoda have been controversial for many years. With an increase in the number of described species of Neritidae, the knowledge of the evolutionary relationships in this family has improved. In the present study, we sequenced four complete mitochondrial genomes from two genera (Clithon and Nerita) and compared them with available complete mitochondrial genomes of Neritidae. Gene order exhibited a highly conserved pattern among three genera in the Neritidae family. Our results improved the phylogenetic resolution within Neritidae, and more comprehensive taxonomic sampling of subclass Neritimorpha was proposed. Furthermore, we reconstructed the divergence among the main lineages of 19 Neritimorpha taxa under an uncorrelated relaxed molecular clock.

Summary Marine snails provide an important source of vitamins, proteins, minerals, and essential fatty acids, and their mucus has a therapeutic significance. Parasitic infection of larval trematodes in these snails affects their nutritional value. The present study aimed to screen Nerita polita marine snails for the prevalence of cercarial infections and to evaluate the changes in lipids and some minerals in the infected as well as non-infected ones. Snails were collected randomly from February 2018 to January 2019 from the Red Sea Obhor bay, Jeddah city, Saudi Arabia. The amount of triglycerides, cholesterol, and phospholipids in the Digestive Gland Gonad Complex (DGG), hemolymph, and Snail Conditioned Water (SCW) of non-infected and infected Nerita polita snail was estimated using a spectrophotometer. Minerals content such as Ca, Zn, Pb, Na, Mn, Mg, K, Fe, Cu, and Cd, in the DGG and shell in the infected and non-infected snails were analyzed using an Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectrometer (ICP-OES). Two types of cercariae were detected, ocellate furcocercus cercaria (Trichobilharzia regent) and xiphidiocercaria (Litorina saxatilis VII). The study showed that there is a fl uctuation in the concentration of lipids and minerals between increase and decrease in DGG, hemolymph, shell, and SCW in infected snails. The nutritive value of the snails is affected with infection through the decrease of some lipids and minerals in infected snails. Further qualitative studies are needed.

When Mermod (1953) depicted the types of Theodoxus baeticus of Lamarck’s collection his photo did not display a pseudo-apophysis (peg). This led recent authors believe, that Th. baeticus is a synonym of Th. fluviatilis and Theodoxus meridionalis is the valid species (Alba et al. 2016: 55). In this paper I studied the syntypes of Th. baeticus as well as the syntypes of Th. meridionalis and demonstrated that in Th. baeticus a pseudo-apophysis exists and the opercula of Th. baeticus and Th. meridionalis are similar. Thus Th. baeticus is a good species and Th. meridionalis is a younger synonym of it. Therefore I can conclude that three Theodoxus spp., i.e., Th. fluviatilis, Th. baeticus and Th. valentinus occur in the Iberian Peninsula.

Transmission of trematode cercariae depends mainly on the presence of marine snails as an intermediate host for zoonotic diseases. Parasitic infections in marine snails are poorly discussed. The current study was aimed to investigate the collected snails and determine the prevalence of larval trematode infections as well as identifying the cercarial types from January to December 2016. A total of 549 marine snails belonging to the genus, Nerita were randomly collected from Obhor bay, Red Sea at Jeddah city, Saudi Arabia. To harvest cercariae, snails were exposed to artificial light and the non-shedding snails were crushed. Eight distinct cercariae were identified as well as their sporocysts. Seven of them were found belonging to non-virgulate xiphidiocercaria: Ascorhytis charadriformis, cercariae, Haematoloechus similis, Litorina saxatilis V, Litorina saxatilis VII, Maritrema lingulla, Microphallus similis, Microphalliae and one ocellate furcocercous. The most prevalent type of cercariae was Maritrema lingulla (16.96%). The described cercariae are part of a diverse group of about eight trematode species inhabiting marine Nerita snails as first intermediate hosts. Such studies can assistin collecting data on disease distribution in the sympatric fish and the configuration of trematodes transmission by snails and eventually, in the avoidance and control of the subsequent fish and human diseases.

espanolLas areas marinasprotegidasse han establecido con la expectativa de beneficiar las poblaciones de organismos para mejorar su resiliencia y asegurar sus beneficios ecologicos. En ambientes costeros, la zona rocosa entre mareas tiene poblaciones de gasteropodos de interes humano. Porlo tanto, debe estudiarse si el establecimiento de zonas de proteccion marino-costeras tiene un efecto positivo en las poblaciones de moluscos. La presente investigacion trata sobre dos especies de gasteropodos Nerita scabricostay Siphonaria gigasque son el foco de la extraccion humana en un area marina protegida del Pacifico Central de Costa Rica. El tamano de la concha de cada especie se midio en febrero y mayo de 2015 en dos sitios: uno en una zona al lado de la estacion de Guarda Parques, y otracerca de la siguiente ciudad. Las medidas de S. gigasse compararon con datos tomados en el sitio en 1984. Para N. scabricosta, el tamano maximo de concha en ambos meses y un porcentaje mas alto de la poblacion de aproximadamente 3cm en febrero indican un efecto positivo en el sitio con mayor vigilancia, si bien en mayo se observo una reduccion en la representacion de ejemplares grandes en el area resguardada. En S. gigasse encontraron medianas mas altas junto a la estacion de Guarda Parques, pero los valores de tamano maximo no siguen esta tendencia.Tallas medias y maximas del tamano de la concha fueron mayores en 2015 que en 1984. Por lo tanto, se encontro evidencia de beneficios en el estado de conservacion (tomando el tamano como indicador) de estos moluscos en areas bajo proteccion. Sin embargo, la pequena magnitud de su efecto puso de manifiesto que se necesitan recursos humanos adicionales para una mejor vigilancia en el area de conservacion, a fin de reducir la pesca ilegal EnglishMarine Protected Areas have been established with the expectation to bring benefits to the populations of organisms. To improve their resilience and secure their ecological benefits. In coastal environments,the rocky-intertidal zone has gastropod populations of human interest. Because of this, it should be studied whether the establishment of coastal protected areas has a positive effect on mollusk. The present study is about two gastropod species Nerita scabricostaand Siphonaria gigas, which are the focus of human extraction, in a marine protected area of Central Pacific of Costa Rica. Shell size of each species was measured in February and May 2015, intwo sites. One site is next to the rangers' station, and the other, closer to the next town. The measures of the shell of S. gigaswere compared with data taken in the site in 1984. For N. scabricosta, maximum shell size in both months, and a higher percentage of the population of about 3 cm in February indicating a positive effect of shell size in the site with most vigilance. In May, a reduction in the representation oflarges shells was observed at the protected site. On S. gigas, higher medians were found next to the ranger station, but maximum size values do not follow this trend. Mean and maximum shell size values were higherin 2015 than in 1984. We found evidence of benefits in the conservation status of these mollusks, in areas under protection. Although, the small magnitude of the effect evidenced that, additional human resources are needed, to better vigilance in theconservation area, to reduce illegal.

Snail Nerita lineata is a snail that lives in the mangrove ecosystem. This snail is also found in the mangrove ecosystem in the Village of Tongke-Tongke, Sinjai Regency, South Sulawesi. This study aims to provide information about the morphometrics of snails N. lineata. This research was conducted for six months, from April to September 2019. There were three research stations, namely A, B, and C, which were grouped according to mangrove age. group A is mangrove ⩾10 years old, group B is mangrove ⩾20 years old, and group C is mangrove which is rove30 years old. Each station uses a large plot measuring 10m x 10m and inside there are four small plots measuring 0.5m x 0.5m. sampling is done every month. Morphometric measurements using a digital caliper with an accuracy of 0.01 mm and weighing using a digital scale with an accuracy of 0.1 gr. Morphometric parameters observed were shell length (SL), shell width (SW), spire height (SpH), columella length (CL), shell opening width (AW), shell opening length (AL), and snail weight (W). Data were analyzed for correlation and Paired Sample Test using SPSS software. Morphometric snails in mangrove groups A, B, and C are not much different. In the mangrove group A, there are several morphometric parameters that are not correlated with each other. In the mangrove groups B and C, the parameters of shell length (SL) and shell width (SW) do not correlate. The results of the Paired Sample Test showed the significant length of snail (SL) between mangrove A and mangrove B and length of snails in mangrove B and mangrove C. None of the results of paired sample test showed significant snail weight.

The presence of Cd, Cu, Zn, Ni, Fe, Al, Zn, Mn, Cr, and Sn were attributed to metal industries. Cu contamination was associated with piggery industry. Shipping activities contribute to elevated levels of Pb, Cu and As. Elevated levels of metals in the sediments are attributed to anthropogenic activities. Samples were collected in April 2012 and analysed using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). Fe is the most abundant metal in the tissue and shell compared to the rest of the metals. The concentrations of heavy metals in the soft tissues of Nerita lineata taken from Tanjung Harapan follow this order: Fe > Zn > Ni > Cu > Cd while in Thais bitubercularis, the metal concentrations were higher following the order of Fe > Zn > Cu > Ni > Cd. The samples taken from Teluk Kemang were higher and exhibited different trend for both organisms. Results from this study are useful for further exploration of Thais bitubercularis as accumulators of Cu, Cd, and Zn. For recommendation, more studies on monitoring the concentration level of heavy metals in marine environment should be done regularly and increase numbers of samples use to biomonitor the heavy metals in marine environment as it is important to have information or data regarding the quality of marine environment inorder to control pollution such as water pollution from being contaminated with heavy metals. This is essential as the pollutants emit in the marine environment may affect marine lives as well as human’s health.

Interspecies, inter-tissue and interspatial dissimilarities of trace metals in particular body parts of Saccostrea cucullata, Thais clavigera and Nerita chameleon from the east coast Johor of Peninsular Malaysia were investigated. Bivalve mollusc S. cucullata evidenced to be a worthy bioindicator for Zn and Cu while the two gastropod molluscs, T. clavigera for Cd and Se, and N. chameleon for Pb, Mn, Fe and Sr. The prominent concentration of metals originate in T. clavigera may be the outcome of biomagnification transfer from the S. cucullata on which they feed while for N. chameleon, it might be resulting from their herbivorous feeding behavior on algae on rocks which they graze. The metal accumulation patterns indicate consistent enrichment of essential metals in soft tissue. Values of operculum to tissue ratio and shell to tissue higher than unity in T. clavigera indicate that operculum had higher affinities for Pb, Mn and Se while shell had higher affinities for Fe, Co and Sr. In N. chameleon, values of OTR and STR higher than unity displayed that operculum and shell had similar higher affinities for Cd, Fe, Co and Sr. Significant interspatial variations (p

Suli in Baguala Bay, Central Maluku Regency has waters with various types of substrates, namely sandy, muddy and rocky which are rich in benthic organisms. One of them is the gastropod type Nerita sp which is widely used by the population for food needs. The existence of gastropods, especially Nerita sp needs to be maintained and preserved so that the diversity and density of Nerita sp can be maintained and well maintained. This study aims to determine the type and density of Nerita sp. In the coastal waters of Suli, Baguala Bay, Central Maluku district. This research is a descriptive study, namely research to reveal information about the density of Nerita sp in the coastal waters of Suli Baguala Bay, Central Maluku district which is presented in the form of tables and numbers and the research was conducted in July 2019. Based on the description of the morphology of Nerita sp. from the land of Suli, including the species Nerita chamaeleon. The total number of Nerita chamaeleon found was 566 individuals with a density value of 11.32 and categorized as having sufficient density. It is necessary to do further research on the nutritional content and its use by the people of Suli. Keywords: Density, Nerita sp, Suli

The Canary Islands offer an outstanding context for paleoclimatic studies because their volcanic nature and the presence of datable lava flows, their antiquity, the existence of marine deposits and their location in the NE Atlantic. New records of Miocene and Pliocene coastal deposits are registered in the eastern Canary Islands, 100 km off the NW African coast. Late Miocene marine deposits are conglomerates and sandstones assigned to the Tortonian through a new 40Ar/39Ar age (9.60 ± 0.05 Ma) of an overlying lava flow at the Janubio site in Lanzarote Island. These deposits contain littoral-intertidal and intertropical genera of fossils, e.g. the gastropod Nerita and the coral Siderastrea, they are almost horizontal and were elevated up to 36 m in height by regional or local tectonics, yielding a relatively low rate of uplift of ~3.75 m/Ma. Furthermore, Early Pliocene coastal deposits studied, are mainly marine conglomerates and sandstones and derived aeolianites that are spread over the south of Lanzarote and the west of the Jandia peninsula of Fuerteventura Island. No associated lava flow permits their dating, but they contain marine fossils of littoral and intertropical genera, as the gastropods Nerita and Persististrombus and the coral Siderastrea. They are all inclined toward the coast in the form of a large layer elevated up to 70 m a.s.l., in a surrounding geological environment with gypsum and aeolianites that indicate a eustatic sea-level fall with a regressive effect in the area. These deposits, previously attributed to the Quaternary, are now assigned to the Zanclean because of its similarity in lithology, appearance and fossil content with deposits in western Fuerteventura and NE Gran Canaria. The nearby existence of paleosols with particular structures indicates the start of climatic seasonality in the region; and the only possible time interval in a global context (record of deep-sea oxygen isotopes and sea-level history) fits in the most notable Pliocene global climatic change (~4 Ma) that is registered in the Canary Islands by mean of these coastal and aeolian deposits.

This study was conducted to assess the reliability of Nerita lineata as a bioindicator for metals in sediment and the factors influencing the accumulation of metals and methylmercury in its soft tissue. The two matrices were analyzed for Co, Cr, Cu, THg, MeHg, Mn, Ni, Pb, and Zn. The metal concentrations in N. lineata were comparable to previously reported results with the exception of Ni which was higher. Cu, Mn, and Pb in N. lineata were significantly (p

Genus Nerita Linnaeus, 1758 Type species: Nerita peloronta Linnaeus, 1758, by subsequent designation (Montfort 1810). Recent, Florida., Published as part of DeVries, Thomas J., 2019, Early Paleogene brackish-water molluscs from the Caballas Formation of the East Pisco Basin (Southern Peru), pp. 1533-1584 in Journal of Natural History 53 (25) on page 1552, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2018.1524032, http://zenodo.org/record/3670229, {"references":["Montfort P (D). 1810. Conchyliologie systematique et classification methodique des coquilles. Volume II. Paris: Schoell."]}

Hermit crabs recognize different shell attributes and choose shell size, type, or species to maximize their individual fitness. Aquatic hermit crab species commonly prefer relatively heavy shells species in contrast to semi-terrestrial crabs which prefer lighter shells. Lighter shells favor rapid growth and increase individual fitness because larger individ- ual achieve higher success in intra- and inter-individ- ual competition. In this study, we experimentally measured the daily growth of hermit crabs Calcinus californiensis that were forced to occupy four different shell species with different internal volume to mass ratios (IV/M ratio), and whose sequence in preference is known from previous studies (Cantharus ( Stra- monita ( Columbella ( Nerita). The shell with the highest IV/M ratio (Nerita) favored body growth rate, while the relatively heaviest (lowest IV/M ratios) and most preferred shells (Stramonita and Cantharus) hindered body growth. Our results suggest that in this aquatic hermit crab, the benefits of carrying heavy shells that give better predatory protection exceeded the benefits of rapid growth that can be obtained using lighter, thinner, and less protective shells.

Macrobenthic algae and grazers like gastropods, amphipods etc. eventually form a key component of intensified grazing ecosystem in rocky intertidal area. Grazing gastropods suppresses the abundance of canopy forming algal species, thus lead to a reduced algal diversity in the long term. We conducted feeding trials with single and mixed diet during a 28-Days indoor experiment to examine the grazing intensity among green, red and brown algae namely Ulva lactuta, Enteromorpha linza, Gelidium and Padina tetrastromatica following a gut content analysis of experimental gastropods such as Euchelus asper and Nerita oryzarum. Feeding experiments revealed that Euchelus asper consumed 70% Enteromorpha, 10% Ulva and about 10% Gelidium whereas, Nerita oryzarum consumed 45% Ulva and 10% Enteromorpha during single diet experiment. Euchelus asper showed its preference towards all experimental diet where as Nerita preferred Ulva to a greater extends than Enteromorpha and rest other combined diet. Our results showed a higher grazing pressure exerted by Euchelus asper might pose a threat for algal culture and form competition in animals of same trophic level intern affecting their population. Similar experiment may be useful to control mass canopy forming algal growth and habitat studies for grazing animals will also be attributed.

Temperature is a major stressor in the intertidal environment. During emersion, the interaction between physicochemical factors and the external morphology of intertidal organisms results in significant differences between organismal body temperatures and ambient temperatures. Standard temperature loggers do not consider the morphology of the target species and may not serve as effective proxies for body temperatures. Methods such as thermocouples also present their own set of issues, being invasive and potentially damaging. Biomimetic temperature loggers that mimic the organisms of interest are, however, easily deployed in the field and can be used to investigate biological impacts of field temperatures. Due to their high abundance on tropical seawalls and the key ecological roles they play, nerite gastropods (Nerita spp.) were selected as the model organism for the basis of biomimetic “Robonerites”. Here, we discuss the development of Robonerites and present results from field and laboratory tests on their effectiveness and accuracy in measuring the in situ body temperatures of nerites on tropical seawalls. Keywords: Body temperature, Biomimetic sensors, Temperature logger, Intertidal habitats, Nerite snails

Nerita lineata snails are found in the mangrove ecosystem. This snail attaches to the roots of mangroves. This study aims to find the relationship between the length and weight of Nerita lineata’s snails to environmental factors. Sampling was carried out using four plots of 0.5m x 0.5m in a 10m x 10m plot. The research station is 3; station A with mangrove age ⩽10 years, station B with mangrove age ⩽20 years, and station C with mangrove age ⩽30 years. Data were analyzed by regression and t-independent test. The length of the snail that is dominant in the mangrove is 22.27 - 25.57 mm and the dominant weight is 4.93 - 6.09 gr. Salinity and pH of seawater significantly affected the length of N. lineata’s snail shell. Total organic matter significantly affected the weight of N. lineata snails. The average length and weight of N. lineata snails at each research station did not differ.

Many members of the family Neritidae display polymorphism as their shells can be highly variable in colour, which has sometimes led to confusion in the identification of closely related species. One such confusion in the taxonomic identification of two Nerita spp. currently exists in India. According to the literature and identification keys available, Nerita nigrita does not exist in the country (has not been reported), but the reason is that this species has thus far been misidentified as Nerita maxima . The key difference between these two species can be observed in their shell spire – N. nigrita consists a slightly elevated spire with distinguishable protoconch, whereas N. maxima has a depressed spire with indistinct protoconch. Other identification characters which separate these two species, such as shell texture, operculum structure and outer lips are also described. The present study reports N. nigrita as a new record from the Indian coast.

Sarawak comprises of vast areas of wetland which is the habitat of huge number of edible gastropods. Among the wetland faunal composition, the edible gastropod is one of the important sources of animal protein for the local communities. This diversity of edible gastropod was studied from seven Divisions of Sarawak namely Kuching, Sibu, Mukah, Bintulu, Miri, Limbang and Lawas. Samples were collected from the wet market and catches from local fishermen. A total of 21 species representing 11 families and 16 genera of edible gastropods were identified from Sarawak. Cerithidea spp. was represented by three species while both Nerita and Pomacea were made up of three and two species each. Others were each represented by one single species. Six edible gastropod species belonged to the freshwater habitat while seven and eight species were recorded from brackish and marine habitats, respectively. Cerithidea and Pomacea showed wide geography amongst the Division and also highly distributed. Edible gastropods have high market value in the state of Sarawak and contribute significantly to the livelihoods of the certain indigenous communities in the state.

Nerita undata Linnaeus, 1758 Figs 3 G–H Nerita undata Linnaeus, 1758: 779. Nerita (Nerita) undata: Okutani 2000: 102 –103, pl. 51, fig. 5; Thach 2005: 36, pl. 6, figs 33–34. Nerita undata: Poppe 2008a: 274 –275, pl. 82, fig. 10; Tan & Clements 2008: 487, figs 3-21, 3-22; Zvonareva et al. 2015: 8. Material examined. Dam Bay, natural mangrove, about 10 specimens. Abundance. Uncommon. Measurements. Up to 33 mm (Tan & Clements 2008). Ecological notes. Development with free swimming veliger (Fukumori & Kano 2014). Found in crevices and under rocks of breakwaters and rocky shores of middle to upper intertidal zones. Nocturnal, emerging from their hiding places at dusk (Tan & Clements 2008). In studied sites it was found on rocks in the lower intertidal zone. Relation to mangroves. Eurybiotic. Distribution in Vietnam. From northern-east coast to southern delta (Thach 2005). General distribution. IWP: northeastern South Africa to Kenya, ranging through central region, including Indonesia and the Philippines, to Melanesia and Micronesia, southern Japan to northern Australia (Frey 2010)., Published as part of Zvonareva, Sofya & Kantor, Yuri, 2016, Cheсklist of gastropod molluscs in mangroves of Khanh Hoa province, Vietnam, pp. 401-437 in Zootaxa 4162 (3) on page 408, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4162.3.1, http://zenodo.org/record/254973, {"references":["Linnaeus, C. (1758) Systema Naturae per Regna tria Naturae. Vol. 1. 10 th Edition. Salvius, Stockholm, 823 pp.","Okutani, T. (2000) Marine Mollusks in Japan. Tokai University Press, Tokyo, 1173 pp.","Thach, N. N. (2005) Shells of Vietnam. Conchbooks, Hackenheim, 338 pp.","Poppe, G. T. (2008 a) Volume I: Philippine marine mollusks. ConchBooks, Hackenheim, 759 pp.","Tan, S. & Clements, R. (2008) Taxonomy and distribution of the Neritidae (Mollusca: Gastropoda) in Singapore. Zoological Studies, 47, 481 - 494.","Zvonareva, S., Kantor Yu., Xinzheng, L. & Britayev, T. (2015) Long-term monitoring of Gastropoda (Mollusca) fauna in planted mangroves in central Vietnam. Zoological studies, 54, 1 - 39.","Fukumori, H. & Kano, Y. (2014) Evolutionary ecology of settlement size in planktotrophic neritimorph gastropods. Marine Biology, 161, 213 - 227. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / s 00227 - 013 - 2330 - 5","Frey, M. A. (2010) The relative importance of geography and ecology in species diversification: evidence from a tropical marine intertidal snail (Nerita). Journal of Biogeography, 37, 1515 - 1528. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1365 - 2699.2010.02283. x"]}

Nerita histrio Linnaeus, 1758 Figs 3 C–D Nerita histrio Linnaeus, 1758: ii, 824 pp. Nerita (Theliostyla) squamulata Le Guillou, 1841: Okutani 2000: 102 –103, pl. 51, fig. 8; Thach 2005: 38, pl. 6, figs 1, 6, 21. Nerita histrio: Lozouet & Plaziat 2008: 106 –107, pl. 17, figs 5–8; Tan & Clements 2008: 486, figs 2-11, 2-12. Nerita squamulata: Zvonareva et al. 2015: 8. Material examined. Nha Phu, Dam Bay, in natural and planted mangroves, about 20 specimens. Abundance. Common. Measurements. Up to 20 mm (Okutani 2000). Ecological notes. Development with free swimming veliger (Fukumori & Kano 2014). Found on mangrove tree trunks and stilt roots, on muddy rocks at coastal fringes of mangroves, on boulders in sheltered waters or estuary (Okutani 2000; Tan & Clements 2008). In studied sites it was found on sediment surface under mangrove trees and occasionally on pneumatophores of Rhizophora trees. Relation to mangroves. Eurybiotic. Distribution in Vietnam. Northern - east coast, central coast, southern delta (Thach 2005). General distribution. IWP: India to Samoa, and southern Japan to northern Australia (Frey 2010)., Published as part of Zvonareva, Sofya & Kantor, Yuri, 2016, Cheсklist of gastropod molluscs in mangroves of Khanh Hoa province, Vietnam, pp. 401-437 in Zootaxa 4162 (3) on pages 407-408, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4162.3.1, http://zenodo.org/record/254973, {"references":["Linnaeus, C. (1758) Systema Naturae per Regna tria Naturae. Vol. 1. 10 th Edition. Salvius, Stockholm, 823 pp.","Okutani, T. (2000) Marine Mollusks in Japan. Tokai University Press, Tokyo, 1173 pp.","Thach, N. N. (2005) Shells of Vietnam. Conchbooks, Hackenheim, 338 pp.","Lozouet, P. & Plaziat, J. - C. (2008) Mangrove environments and mollusks. Abatan River, Bohol and Panglao Islands, Central Philippines. ConchBooks, Hackenheim, 166 pp.","Tan, S. & Clements, R. (2008) Taxonomy and distribution of the Neritidae (Mollusca: Gastropoda) in Singapore. Zoological Studies, 47, 481 - 494.","Zvonareva, S., Kantor Yu., Xinzheng, L. & Britayev, T. (2015) Long-term monitoring of Gastropoda (Mollusca) fauna in planted mangroves in central Vietnam. Zoological studies, 54, 1 - 39.","Fukumori, H. & Kano, Y. (2014) Evolutionary ecology of settlement size in planktotrophic neritimorph gastropods. Marine Biology, 161, 213 - 227. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / s 00227 - 013 - 2330 - 5","Frey, M. A. (2010) The relative importance of geography and ecology in species diversification: evidence from a tropical marine intertidal snail (Nerita). Journal of Biogeography, 37, 1515 - 1528. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1365 - 2699.2010.02283. x"]}

Nerita albicilla Linnaeus, 1758 Figs 3A–B Nerita albicilla Linnaeus, 1758: 778. Nerita (Theliostyla) albicilla: Okutani 2000: 104 –105, pl. 52, fig. 13; Thach 2005: 37, pl. 6, figs 24–25. Nerita albicilla: Tan & Clements 2008: 483, figs 2-1, 2-2; Poppe 2008a: 268 –268, pl. 79, fig. 6; Zvonareva et al. 2015: 8. Material examined. Dam Bay, natural mangrove, about 10 specimens. Abundance. Uncommon. Measurements. Up to 32 mm (Tan & Clements 2008). Ecological notes. Development with free swimming veliger (Fukumori & Kano 2014). Found on breakwaters and seawalls in lower to middle intertidal zone (Tan & Clements 2008). In studied sites it was found on rocks in the lower intertidal zone. Relation to mangroves. Eurybiotic. Distribution in Vietnam. Northern-east coast, northern delta, central coast (Thach 2005). General distribution. IWP: Southeastern South Africa to Hawaiian Is (Frey 2010)., Published as part of Zvonareva, Sofya & Kantor, Yuri, 2016, Cheсklist of gastropod molluscs in mangroves of Khanh Hoa province, Vietnam, pp. 401-437 in Zootaxa 4162 (3) on page 407, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4162.3.1, http://zenodo.org/record/254973, {"references":["Linnaeus, C. (1758) Systema Naturae per Regna tria Naturae. Vol. 1. 10 th Edition. Salvius, Stockholm, 823 pp.","Okutani, T. (2000) Marine Mollusks in Japan. Tokai University Press, Tokyo, 1173 pp.","Thach, N. N. (2005) Shells of Vietnam. Conchbooks, Hackenheim, 338 pp.","Tan, S. & Clements, R. (2008) Taxonomy and distribution of the Neritidae (Mollusca: Gastropoda) in Singapore. Zoological Studies, 47, 481 - 494.","Poppe, G. T. (2008 a) Volume I: Philippine marine mollusks. ConchBooks, Hackenheim, 759 pp.","Zvonareva, S., Kantor Yu., Xinzheng, L. & Britayev, T. (2015) Long-term monitoring of Gastropoda (Mollusca) fauna in planted mangroves in central Vietnam. Zoological studies, 54, 1 - 39.","Fukumori, H. & Kano, Y. (2014) Evolutionary ecology of settlement size in planktotrophic neritimorph gastropods. Marine Biology, 161, 213 - 227. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / s 00227 - 013 - 2330 - 5","Frey, M. A. (2010) The relative importance of geography and ecology in species diversification: evidence from a tropical marine intertidal snail (Nerita). Journal of Biogeography, 37, 1515 - 1528. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1365 - 2699.2010.02283. x"]}

Nerita planospira Anton, 1838 Figs 3 E–F Nerita planospira Anton, 1838: 30. Nerita (Theliostyla) planospira: Okutani 2000: 104 –105, pl. 52, fig. 14. Nerita planospira: Poppe 2008a: 272 –273, pl. 81, fig. 3; Tan & Clements 2008: 486, figs 2-13, 2-14; Lozouet & Plaziat 2008: 106 –107, pl. 17, figs 11–12. Material examined. Dam Bay, natural mangrove, 5 specimens. Abundance. Uncommon. Measurements. Up to 29 mm (Tan & Clements 2008). Ecological notes. Development with free swimming veliger (Fukumori & Kano 2014). Found on trunks and roots of mangrove trees, on rocks and dead wood from sea edge to the upper estuary, mainly in peripheral belt but also within internal mangroves (Lozouet & Plaziat 2008; Tan & Clements 2008; Frey 2010). In studied sites it was found on rocks and Rhizophora pneumatophores. Relation to mangroves. Predominantly mangrove-associated. Distribution in Vietnam. Central coast. General distribution. From Indo-Malayan core to the Ryu Kyu Is (Lozouet & Plaziat 2008)., Published as part of Zvonareva, Sofya & Kantor, Yuri, 2016, Cheсklist of gastropod molluscs in mangroves of Khanh Hoa province, Vietnam, pp. 401-437 in Zootaxa 4162 (3) on page 408, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4162.3.1, http://zenodo.org/record/254973, {"references":["Anton, H. E. (1838) [\" 1839 \"] Verzeichnis der Conchylien welche sich in der Sammlung von Herrmann Eduard Anton befinden. Herausgegeben von dem Besitzer. Anton, Halle, xvi + 110 pp. [date of publication after W. O. Cernohorsky, 1978. The Veliger, 20 (3), 299.] http: // dx. doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 11509","Okutani, T. (2000) Marine Mollusks in Japan. Tokai University Press, Tokyo, 1173 pp.","Poppe, G. T. (2008 a) Volume I: Philippine marine mollusks. ConchBooks, Hackenheim, 759 pp.","Tan, S. & Clements, R. (2008) Taxonomy and distribution of the Neritidae (Mollusca: Gastropoda) in Singapore. Zoological Studies, 47, 481 - 494.","Lozouet, P. & Plaziat, J. - C. (2008) Mangrove environments and mollusks. Abatan River, Bohol and Panglao Islands, Central Philippines. ConchBooks, Hackenheim, 166 pp.","Fukumori, H. & Kano, Y. (2014) Evolutionary ecology of settlement size in planktotrophic neritimorph gastropods. Marine Biology, 161, 213 - 227. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / s 00227 - 013 - 2330 - 5","Frey, M. A. (2010) The relative importance of geography and ecology in species diversification: evidence from a tropical marine intertidal snail (Nerita). Journal of Biogeography, 37, 1515 - 1528. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1365 - 2699.2010.02283. x"]}

Introduction: This study focuses on the distribution of rare earth elements in rocky shore ecosystem along east coast of Peninsular Malaysia coastal waters using the soft tissue of Saccostrea cucullata, Thais clavigera and Nerita chameleon as bioindicator, and deliberating on interspecies variability. The results were examined in relation to human health as well. Methods: Samples were treated using Teflon Bomb technique and concentrations of 14 naturally occurring REEs were measured using ICP-MS technique, along with selected trace metals for added data. Results:The results were certified using standard reference material BCR 668 with quality control practices. Constant REEs abundance patterns were found in all samples, with enrichment of LREEs over HREEs, which suggests that REEs are transported as a coherent group through aquatic ecosystems. There are variations in the REEs abundance for every site, however, they reveal connections in their REEs distribution patterns, which suggest that they are of parallel origins. As no data on the permissible limits of REEs in biota reported, assessment with permissible limits are quantified by comparing with Hg, Pb and Cd data as REEs concentrations seems to be lower compared with these metal values. Conclusions: Results showed that the values are considerably below the safety limit, with the exception of Ce and Nd in the soft tissue of S. cucullata.

Describing temporal variation in the foraging behaviour of intertidal gastropods is important to gain an understanding of the environmental conditions that constrain their activity patterns. Foraging behaviour in the tropical gastropod Nerita yoldi was mainly deter- mined by the tidal cycle: individuals foraged when they were awash, or emersed when the rock was wet, migrating downshore to forage and upshore when they returned to refuges. Apart from tidal influences, foraging in N. yoldii also varied with season and tidal state. Indi- viduals were generally more active in summer than in winter and on neap than spring tides; although small-scale daily variation existed. Such temporal variation may be caused by several interacting environmental variables, especially air temperature, pressure and irradi- ance, which influence physical conditions as well as individuals' metabolism. Individual for- aging patterns were also highly labile between seasons: most individuals would stop and remain stationary on the open rock surface in winter, but returned to refuges after foraging in summer, a pattern probably driven by physical stress. The foraging behaviour of N. yoldii, therefore, is predictable on a coarse scale, in terms of when they are active, but highly labile in duration and foraging range, which indicates the importance of local, daily variation in environmental factors controlling foraging on shores that have strong temporal changes in abiotic conditions.

Objective To identify the bioactive potential of crude methanolic extracts of five gastropods and one bivalve collected from the west coast of India (Mumbai coast). Methods Disc-diffusion assay and micro-dilution technique were used to test the bioactive potential of these molluscs against six pathogenic bacteria. Results The crude methanolic extracts of all the molluscs showed significant activity against one or more bacteria tested. Minimum inhibitory concentration of crude methanolic extracts was found in the range of 0.10–0.35 mg/mL against human pathogenic bacterial strains. Hemifusus pugilinus and Nerita sp . extracts were most effective showing activity against all bacterial strains. Hemifusus pugilinus extract exhibited good activity against Vibrio cholerae contrary to earlier reports. Methanolic extract of Gafrarium divaricatum demonstrated considerable activity against both Escherichia coli and Streptococcus pyogenes. Trochus radiatus extract was inactive against all the bacteria tested except Escherichia coli. Euchelus asper extract was active against Klebsiella pneumoniae and Pseudomonas aeruginosa . Conclusions All the molluscs screened exhibited potential activity against one or more bacterial strain. Further work is in progress to isolate the active constituents of the extracts.

Objective To estimate levels of the heavy metals such as Fe, Al, Mg, Mn, Cd, Cu, Pb, Zn, Cr and Ni in sediment, shell and soft tissues of the mangrove gastropod Nerta crepidularia (N. crepidularia) in mangroves at Vellar estuary, Southeast coast of India for the period of January 2007 to December 2007 covering four seasons.

Currently, there are a lot of activities in Sirandah Island, such as tourism activities and deforestation to support the activities. Mangrove forest distruction makes a useable area might have negative effect to mangrove ecosystem itself or mollusc community. This research was conducted on mangrove roots area from February until October 2016. The aim of this research is to know the diversity of Gastropods on the roots of the mangrove. This research was conducted using survey method and purposive sampling method to collecting data. We recorded 8 genera of Gastropods belong to 8 families, named Cerithium, Conus, Ellobium, Littorina, Melongena, Nerita, Cymatium and Turbo. The highest abundance was found in the genus of Littorina with 59.33 individuals/tree. Based on location, abundance ranged from 4.33-60.33 individuals/tree with the highest abundance on mangrove roots of Barringtonia asiatica. Diversity indices of Gastropods on mangrove roots in Sirandah Island ranged from 0.77 to 1.42 which is relative low range.

Marine biogeographers have long recognized broad east‐west differentiation of marine communities across southern Australia, but few studies have explicitly assessed the site of disjunction or the factors potentially underlying this biodiversity. A recent, detailed phylogeographical and distributional study of the dispersive gastropod genus Nerita revealed an abrupt shift in species abundance across mainland Australia, apparently correlated with the site of an historical vicariant barrier: the Bassian Isthmus. In the current study I provide an independent assessment of this vicariant hypothesis by morphologically analysing over 3000 intertidal Nerita specimens from eight coastal sites around Tasmania. Consistent with the Bassian Isthmus hypothesis, the study reveals a dramatic east‐west disjunction across north-east Tasmania. A survey of marine biogeographical literature reveals several additional examples supporting the east‐west species turnover detected in Nerita . I discuss the role of contemporary oceanographic factors in preserving the biogeographical signature of marine vicariance, even in highly dispersive taxa. Based on recent marine connectivity data, the east‐west disjunction in Nerita taxa can be interpreted as an historic vicariant pattern perpetuated by contemporary oceanographic conditions. The results of this study emphasize the potential importance of considering relative abundance data ‐ rather than just species range data ‐ in marine biogeographical analyses. As the observed disjunction is likely to have broad implications for Australia’s marine biodiversity, it is imperative that conservation biologists incorporate such data in the design of marine protected areas.

The Neritimorph gastropod genus Otostoma d'Archiac, 1859 (p. 871), with its hemispherical shell and typical axial ribs and lamellae, is a characteristic fossil in (sub)tropical, nearshore deposits of the late Early and Late Cretaceous ages (Saul and Squires, 1997; Kiel, 2002; Kiel et al., 2002; Bandel and Kiel, 2003). The genus survived Cretaceous/Paleogene boundary perturbations and appears to have become extinct during the Middle Eocene (Glibert, 1973; Saul and Squires, 1997). Its placement in the Neritimorpha Golikov and Starobogatov, 1975 is clear from its typical hemispherical shell and D-shaped inner lip with a row of denticles. Long considered linked to Recent Nerita Linnaeus, 1758 (see Wenz, 1938-1944; Kase, 1984; Squires and Saul, 1993; Bandel and Kiel, 2003), assignment of Otostoma to the Neritoidea Rafinesque, 1815 has recently been corroborated by documentation of dissolved internal walls in Otostoma divaricatum (d'Orbigny, 1842) from the Campanian (Upper Cretaceous) of northeast Spain (Bandel and Kiel, 2003). However, axial (collabral) ornament as seen in Otostoma is unknown in modern neritids, which usually are either smooth or spirally sculptured. Here we describe the operculum of Otostoma retzii (Nilsson, 1827) for the first time; it closely resembles that of Nerita and many species of Neritina Lamarck, 1816, yet differs significantly from those of other neritimorph clades, including Neritopsidae Gray, 1847 and Neritiliidae Schepman, 1908.

Neritas are among the most dominant groups of Gastropoda in the Persian Gulf. There is no previous study in relation to molecular and phylogeny of Neritas in the study area. The molecular identification of Nerita species have been studied for the first time in the northern rocky coastal zones of Persian Gulf during 2013 and 2014. After morphological identifications of species, DNA extraction, amplifying partial of cytochrome oxidase COI and 16S rRNA and sequencing procedure were done in the laboratory. In this study, 6 COI and 6 16S rRNA sequences, belonging to 3 species, were obtained. Also, phylogeny analyses with drawing phylogeny trees of Maximum Likelihood and Bayesian were done using MEGA6 and BEAST softwares. Morphological and molecular identification results were similar for 2 species and dissimilar for one species. This discrepancy shows that a combination of morphological and molecular studies is more reliable for species identification than either of them solely. The results also showed that Nerita species are monophyletic.

Cobbled shores in subtropical Japan are small and disturbed by sand transported from terrestrial runoff. How benthic organisms live in such a harsh environment has been seldom studied. On a cobbled shore at Ishigaki Island, the present study investigated the life-history traits of the gastropod, Nerita squamulata Le Guillou 1841. Seasonal quadrat samplings showed that the neritid density decreased when and where sand covered cobbles, indicating impact of sand on the neritid. Monthly frequency histograms of the shell width suggested that the neritid lives less than 2 years and recruits as individuals of 1-4 mm shell width in both May-August and February. With the possible short longevity and frequent recruitments, the neritid population may quickly recover after the disturbance by sand.

urceus Nerita urceus M��ller, 1774. Additional detail of type material ��� syntype: ZMUC GAS 242 (ex Moltke collection); possible syntypes: ZMUC GAS 243 (1 spm.), ZMUC GAS 244 (1 spm.) (both probably ex Moltke collection) [not found in ZMUC in 2002 (Cowie & Thiengo, 2003: 76)]., Published as part of Cowie, Robert H., 2015, The recent apple snails of Africa and Asia (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Ampullariidae: Afropomus, Forbesopomus, Lanistes, Pila, Saulea): a nomenclatural and type catalogue. The apple snails of the Americas: addenda and corrigenda, pp. 1-92 in Zootaxa 3940 (1) on page 65, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3940.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/288204, {"references":["Muller, O. F. (1774) Vermium terrestrum et fluviatilium, seu animalium infusoriorum, helminthicorum, et testaceorum, non marinorum, succincta historia. Volumen alterum. Heineck & Faber, Havniae [= Copenhagen] & Lipsiae [= Leipzig], xxxv + [1] + 214 + [10] pp. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 46299","Cowie, R. H. & Thiengo, S. C. (2003) The apple snails of the Americas (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Ampullariidae: Asolene, Felipponea, Marisa, Pomacea, Pomella): a nomenclatural and type catalog. Malacologia, 45 (1), 41 - 100. [29 August; Malacologia 46 (1); un-numbered page at end of issue]"]}

The mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) cytochrome oxidase I (COI) gene has been universally and successfully utilized as a barcoding gene, mainly because it can be amplified easily, applied across a wide range of taxa, and results can be obtained cheaply and quickly. However, in rare cases, the gene can fail to distinguish between species, particularly when exposed to highly sensitive methods of data analysis, such as the Bayesian method, or when taxa have undergone introgressive hybridization, over-splitting, or incomplete lineage sorting. Such cases require the use of alternative markers, and nuclear DNA markers are commonly used. In this study, a dendrogram produced by Bayesian analysis of an mtDNA COI dataset was compared with that of a nuclear DNA ATPS-α dataset, in order to evaluate the efficiency of COI in barcoding Malaysian nerites (Neritidae). In the COI dendrogram, most of the species were in individual clusters, except for two species: Nerita chamaeleon and N. histrio. These two species were placed in the same subcluster, whereas in the ATPS-α dendrogram they were in their own subclusters. Analysis of the ATPS-α gene also placed the two genera of nerites (Nerita and Neritina) in separate clusters, whereas COI gene analysis placed both genera in the same cluster. Therefore, in the case of the Neritidae, the ATPS-α gene is a better barcoding gene than the COI gene.

Samples of mangrove snails Nerita lineata and surface sediments were collected from nine geographical sampling sites in Peninsular Malaysia to determine the concentrations of eight metals. For the soft tissues, the ranges of metal concentrations (μg g(-1) dry weight (dw)) were 3.49-9.02 for As, 0.69-6.25 for Cd, 6.33-25.82 for Cu, 0.71-6.53 for Cr, 221-1285 for Fe, 1.03-50.47 for Pb, and 102.7-130.7 for Zn while Hg as 4.00-64.0 μg kg(-1) dw(-1). For sediments, the ranges were 21.81-59.49 for As, 1.11-2.00 for Cd, 5.59-28.71 for Cu, 18.93-62.91 for Cr, 12973-48916 for Fe, 25.36-172.57 for Pb, and 29.35-130.34 for Zn while for Hg as 2.66-312 μg kg(-1) dw(-1). To determine the ecological risks on the surface habitat sediments, sediment quality guidelines (SQGs), the geochemical indices, and potential ecological risk index (PERI) were used. Based on the SQGs, all the metals investigated were most unlikely to cause any adverse effects. Based on geoaccumulation index and enrichment factor, the sediments were also not polluted by the studied metals. The PERI values based on As, Cd, Cu, Cr, Hg, Pb and Zn in this study were found as 'low ecological risk'. In order to assess the potential health risks, the estimated daily intakes (EDI) of snails were found to be all lower than the RfD guidelines for all metals, except for Pb in some sites investigated. Furthermore, the calculated target hazard quotients (THQ) were found to be less than 1. However, the calculated total target hazard quotients (TTHQ) from all sites were found to be more than 1 for high level consumers except KPPuteh. Therefore, moderate amount of intake is advisable to avoid human health risks to the consumers.

The potential value of the marine prosobranch Nerita saxtilis as an efficient biological monitor to heavy metal pollution in the Red Sea was investigated. Storage ability of lead and cadmium was compared in shell, headfoot and digestive gland of the marine snail N. saxtilis collected from Al-Hamrauin area at El-kuseir (lead, 300.35 +/- 28.53 microg/l, 1,716 +/- 16.14. cadmium 20.01 +/- 1.8 microg/l, 161.72 +/- 21.4 mean +/- S.D. for water and sediment, respectively) relative to that of inhabiting marine water and sediment employing atomic absorption spectrometry to determine the organ with highest capability of heavy metal accumulation. The influence of metal storage on light microscopic structure of that organ was investigated. Also, the ultrastructure localization of storage sites in the same organ was determined employing transmission electron microscopy. The digestive gland was shown to accumulate both metals at conccntrations that are several orders of magnitude higher than those in the surrounding marine water. The bioaccumulation capability of lead and cadmium was ranked in the following order; digestive glandheadfootshell for lead and digestive glandshellheadfoot for cadmium. In spite of its evident highest metal storage capability, no histopathological changes were observed in the digestive gland of that marine prosobranch. Enlarged electron dense vesicles and many granules were observed in ultrathin sections in digestive cells of these snails and are suggested to be the sites of storage of detoxified metals. The results of that finding indicate the possibility of using the marine prosobranch N. saxtilis as biomonitor for heavy metal contaminants in the Red Sea.

Nerita vaitapihana Curtiss, 1938, a synonym of Nerita argus R��cluz, 1841 Original description (pp. 192, 193). ���The black Tahiti nerita, which shares with the last the name of hihi, is fiveeighths of an inch long, dull black above and whitish underneath. Its shell is smooth, without the furrows of the last-described sort. Its spire is very indistinct, much more so than that of the whitish nerita. The opening is semicircular, with very small teeth. The edge of the outer lip is sharp and black, further down, the lip becomes thicker and whiter. The animal resembles a snail, and closes its entrance with the brown membrane on the bottom of its foot. It is found on rocks along the seaside. (Nerita vaitapihana. (Seaside, near Tautira.))���. Identity. The description of this ���black Tahiti nerita ��� agrees well with Nerita argus R��cluz, 1841, which is known from the French Polynesia (Tr��ndl�� & Boutet 2009). Although the similarly relatively smooth and black N. picea was not listed by Tr��ndl�� & Boutet (2009), it is apparently also found in Tahiti (Spencer et al. 2007). However, N. picea has incised spiral grooves on its dorsal surface (see Kay 1979) and its conspecificity with N. vaitapihana is unlikely., Published as part of Low, Martyn E. Y. & Tan, Siong Kiat, 2014, On the identities of the molluscan names described in A Short Zoology of Ta h i t i in the Society Islands by Anthony Curtiss in 1938 (Mollusca: Cephalopoda, Gastropoda), pp. 394-400 in Zootaxa 3764 (3) on page 399, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3764.3.9, http://zenodo.org/record/226594, {"references":["Curtiss, A. (1938) A Short Zoology of Tahiti in the Society Islands. [Published by the Author]. Printed by Guide Printing, Brooklyn, New York, xvi + 193 pp.","Trondle, J. & Boutet, M. (2009) Inventory of marine molluscs of French Polynesia. Atoll Research Bulletin, 570, i - ii, 1 - 87. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.5479 / si. 00775630.570.1","Spencer, H. G., Waters, J. M. & Eichhorst, T. E. (2007) Taxonomy and nomenclature of black nerites (Gastropoda: Neritimorpha: Nerita) from the South Pacific. Invertebrate Systematics, 21 (3), 229 - 237. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1071 / is 06038","Kay, E. A. (1979) Hawaiian marine shells. Reef and shore fauna of Hawaii, section 4: Mollusca. Bernice P. Bishop Museum Special Publication, 64 (4), i - xviii, 1 - 653."]}

International audience; The Southwest Indian Ocean (SWIO) is a striking marine biodiversity hotspot. Coral reefs in this region host a high proportion of endemics compared to total species richness and they are particularly threatened by human activities. The island archipelagos with their diverse marine habitats constitute a natural laboratory for studying diversification processes. Rocky shores in the SWIO region have remained understudied. This habitat presents a high diversity of molluscs, in particular gastropods. To explore the role of climatic and geological factors in lineage diversification within the genus Nerita, we constructed a new phylogeny with an associated chronogram from two mitochondrial genes [cytochrome oxidase sub-unit 1 and 16S rRNA], combining previously published and new data from eight species sampled throughout the region. All species from the SWIO originated less than 20 Ma ago, their closest extant relatives living in the Indo-Australian Archipelago (IAA). Furthermore, the SWIO clades within species with Indo-Pacific distribution ranges are quite recent, less than 5 Ma. These results suggest that the regional diversification of Nerita is closely linked to tectonic events in the SWIO region. The Reunion mantle plume head reached Earth's surface 67 Ma and has been stable and active since then, generating island archipelagos, some of which are partly below sea level today. Since the Miocene, sea-level fluctuations have intermittently created new rocky shore habitats. These represent ephemeral stepping-stones, which have likely facilitated repeated colonization by intertidal gastropods, like Nerita populations from the IAA, leading to allopatric speciation. This highlights the importance of taking into account past climatic and geological factors when studying diversification of highly dispersive tropical marine species. It also underlines the unique history of the marine biodiversity of the SWIO region.

Eighteen species of gastropods were encountered living near and within the large coastal swamps, mangrove forests, intertidal flats and the rocky shore of the Cameroonian coast of the Atlantic Ocean. These represent members of the subclasses Neritimorpha, Caenogastropoda, and Heterostropha. Within the Neritimorpha, representatives of the genera Nerita, Neritina, and Neritilia could be distinguished by their radula anatomy and ecology. Within the Caenogastropoda, representatives of the families Potamididae with Tympano-tonos and Planaxidae with Angiola are characterized by their early ontogeny and ecology. The Pachymelaniidae are recognized as an independent group and are introduced as a new family within the Cerithioidea. Littorinimorpha with Littorina, Assiminea and Potamopyrgus as well as Neogastropoda (Thais) and Heterostropha (Melampus and Onchidium) are described and compared with representatives of the Caribbean and Indo-Pacific province.

The concentrations of selected heavy metals (Fe, Pb, Zn, Ni and Cd) were determined in the soft tissues and shells of two mollusc, namely, Nerita lineata and Thais bitubercularis taken from Tanjung Harapan and Teluk Kemang, Malaysia. Samples were collected in April 2012 and analysed using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). Fe is the most abundant metal in the tissue and shell compared to the rest of the metals. The concentrations of heavy metals in the soft tissues of Nerita lineata taken from Tanjung Harapan follow this order: Fe > Zn > Ni > Cu > Cd while in Thais bitubercularis, the metal concentrations were higher following the order of Fe > Zn > Cu > Ni > Cd. The samples taken from Teluk Kemang were higher and exhibited different trend for both organisms. For Nerita lineata, the concentrations were Fe > Cu > Zn > Ni > Cd > Pb while in the Thais bitubercularis the order was Fe > Zn > Cu > Cd > Ni > Pb. There was evidence of spatial difference where Fe was detected in large amount compared to other metals for both locations. Cd has the potential to be accumulated in Nerita lineata whereas for the T. bitubercularis Cu, Cd, and Zn were accumulated in the soft tissues.

The family Neritidae has representatives in tropical and subtropical regions that occur in a variety of environments, and its known fossil record dates back to the late Cretaceous. However there have been few studies of molecular phylogeny in this family. We performed a phylogenetic reconstruction of the family Neritidae using the COI (722 bp) and the 16S rRNA (559 bp) regions of the mitochondrial genome. Neighbor-joining, maximum parsimony and Bayesian inference were performed. The best phylogenetic reconstruction was obtained using the COI region, and we consider it an appropriate marker for phylogenetic studies within the group. Consensus analysis (COI +16S rRNA) generally obtained the same tree topologies and confirmed that the genus Nerita is monophyletic. The consensus analysis using parsimony recovered a monophyletic group consisting of the genera Neritina, Septaria, Theodoxus, Puperita, and Clithon, while in the Bayesian analyses Theodoxus is separated from the other genera. The phylogenetic status of the species from the genus Nerita from the Colombian Caribbean generated in this study was consistent with that reported for the genus in previous studies. In the resulting consensus tree obtained using maximum parsimony, we included information on habitat type for each species, to map the evolution by habitat. Species of the family Neritidae possibly have their origin in marine environments, which is consistent with conclusions from previous reports based on anatomical studies. La familia Neritidae cuenta con representantes en regiones tropicales y subtropicales adaptadas a diferentes ambientes, con un registro fósil que data para finales del Cretáceo. Sin embargo no se han realizado estudios de filogenia molecular en la familia. En este estudio se realizó una reconstrucción filogenética de la familia Neritidae utilizando las regiones COI (722 pb) y 16S rRNA (559 pb) del genoma mitocondrial. Se realizaron análisis de distancias de Neighbor-Joining, Máxima Parsimonia e Inferencia Bayesiana. La mejor reconstrucción filogenética fue mediante la región COI, considerándola un marcador apropiado para realizar estudios filogenéticos dentro del grupo. El consenso de las relaciones filogenéticas (COI+16S rRNA) permitió confirmar que el género Nerita es monofilético. El consenso del análisis de parsimonia reveló un grupo monofilético formado por los géneros Neritina, Septaria, Theodoxus, Puperita y Clithon, mientras que en el análisis bayesiano Theodoxus se encuentra separado de los otros géneros. El resultado en las especies del género Nerita del Caribe colombiano fue consistente con lo reportado para el género en estudios previos. En el árbol resultante del análisis de parsimonia se sobrepuso la información del hábitat de cada especie, para mapear la evolución por hábitat. Se obtuvo como resultado que las especies de la familia Neritidae posiblemente tengan su origen en un ambiente marino, siendo congruente con lo reportado en estudios anatómicos realizados anteriormente.