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The experiment was conducted in the central research field at the department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, Sam Higginbottom University Of Agriculture, Technology & Sciences and college, Prayagraj (U.P) during Rabi season 2020-2021. In order to standardize the suitable pre-sowing seed treatment of Mustard (Variety-Sulabh-3777) laid by Randomized block design(RBD). Influence of different seed treatment on growth, yield and seed quality parameters of mustard were evaluated by Viz T0- Control, T1-Hydropriming(-0.3Mpa) for 3Hrs, T2-KNO3 1% for 12Hrs, T3-Nacl - 1% for 12Hrs, T4-KH2PO4 -1% for 12Hrs, T5- Electromagnetic (200Guass) for 30Mins, T6-PEG6000 (0.15 Mol.) for 3Hrs, T7- Neem leaf Extract- 5% for 12Hrs, T8-Tulasi Leaf Extract-5% for 12Hrs , T9- Recommended NPK, 10-Recommended NPK+FYM, T11-Azotobacter, T12-Azotobacter + 50% NPK+ FYM. To find out influence of different seed treatment on growth, yield and seed quality parameters of mustard showed that significant treatment field emergence (%), plant height (30,60,90 DAS), days to 50% flowering, number of branches per plant, number of siliquae per plant, number of seeds per siliquae, seed yield per plant (g), seed yield per plot (g), biological yield (g), harvest index. The study helps to improve the quality to improve seed with help of seed various botanicals, chemicals and biofertilizers priming treatment which are cost effective and economic, non- toxic, ecofriendly sources.

This study assessed the anesthetic effects of mustard seed (Brassica nigra) powder in different life stages of Black Jaw Tilapia (Sarotherodon melanotheron). A total of 540 fish comprising of 180 each of: fingerlings (mean length 5.54cm ± 1.08SD and mean weight 12.04g ± 2.09SD); juveniles (mean length 10.02cm ± 3.91SD and mean weight 30.91g ± 4.02SD) and adult (mean length 13.01cm ± 2.66SD and mean weight 70.82g ± 7.01SD) of S. melanotheron were used for the study. They were exposed to aqueous extracts of mustard seed (Brassica nigra) powder at different concentrations: 0.00-control; 10.00; 20.00; 30.00; 40.00 and 50.00 mg/L at the rate of 10 fish per tank in triplicates. The results obtained indicated a size related response of the fish to mustard seed extracts. The induction time decreased significantly (P < 0.05) as the concentrations of the mustard seed extracts increased. The recovery time in the three sizes of exposed fish, generally increased as the concentrations of the anaesthetics increased. The survival rate was 100.00% in adult sizes of the exposed fish in all concentrations. While in fingerlings and juveniles, 90-95% survival rates were recorded at higher concentrations of the anaesthetics. This study therefore revealed that mustard seed can effectively be used as anaesthetics agent in S. melanotheron at optimum dose of 30mg/L.

Soil disinfestation with steam has potential to partially replace fumigants such as methyl bromide, chloropicrin, and 1,3-dichloropropene because it is effective, safer to apply, and has less negative impact on the environment. Here, we compared the efficacy of steam and steam + mustard seed meal (MSM) to chloropicrin on soil disinfection, plant growth, and fruit yield in a strawberry (Fragaria ×ananassa) fruiting field. The MSM was applied at 3368 kg·ha−1 before the steam application. Steam was injected into a 3-m-wide reverse tiller that was set to till 30 to 40 cm deep. Soil temperatures at depths of 10, 20, 25, and 35 cm were monitored. Steam and steam + MSM treatments reduced the viability of purslane seeds and nutsedge tubers, microsclerotia density of Verticillium dahliae, propagule density of Pythium ultimum, cumulative weed densities, and biomass compared with the nontreated control. Moreover, the steam application was as efficacious as chloropicrin on these pests. The growth and fruit yield of strawberries grown on soils previously treated with the steam and steam + MSM treatments were similar to those in the chloropicrin treatment and were higher than those in the nontreated control. Our study indicated that steam, steam + MSM, and chloropicrin are equally effective at suppressing weeds and soilborne pathogens. These results suggest that the steam and steam + MSM treatment can be a practical alternative for soil disinfestation in conventional and organic strawberry fields.

When applied before crop emergence, soil amendments with mustard seed meal (MSM) control some weeds and soilborne pathogens. MSM applications after crop emergence (herein “postemergence applications”) might be useful components of agricultural pest management programs, but research on postemergence applications of MSM is limited. The overall objective of this investigation was to develop a method for postemergence application of MSM that does not cause irrecoverable injury or yield loss in chile pepper (Capsicum annuum). To accomplish this objective, we conducted a sequence of studies that evaluated different MSM rates and application methods in the greenhouse and field. For the greenhouse study, we measured chile plant photosynthetic and growth responses to MSM applied postemergence on the soil surface or incorporated into soil. For the field study, we determined chile pepper fruit yield responses to MSM applied postemergence using a technique based on the method developed in greenhouse, and we confirmed that the MSM rates used in our study (4400 kg·ha−1 and 2200 kg·ha−1) inhibited the emergence of the weed Palmer amaranth (Amaranthus palmeri) and the growth of the pathogen Phytophthora capsici, which are common problems in chile pepper production in New Mexico. Greenhouse study results indicated that MSM at 4400 kg·ha−1 spread on the soil surface caused irrecoverable injury to chile pepper plants; however, chile pepper plants were not permanently injured by the following three treatments: 1) MSM at 4400 kg·ha−1 incorporated into soil, 2) MSM at 2200 kg·ha−1 spread on the soil surface, and 3) MSM at 2200 kg·ha−1 incorporated into soil. For the field study, postemergence, soil-incorporated applications of MSM at 4400 kg·ha−1 suppressed emergence of Palmer amaranth by 89% and reduced mycelial growth of Phytophthora capsica by 96%. Soil-incorporated applications of MSM at 2200 kg·ha−1 suppressed emergence of Palmer amaranth by 41.5% and reduced mycelial growth of Phytophthora capsica by 71%. Postemergence soil-incorporated applications of MSM did not reduce chile pepper yield compared with the control. The results of this study indicated that MSM applied after crop emergence and incorporated into soil can be a component of pest management programs for chile pepper.

A. P. thanks CSIR India for a senior research fellowship (Award No. 31/15(136)/2017-EMR-I). S. C. thanks UGC, India for a research fellowship (Award No. F.2-44/2011(SA-I)). An environment-friendly synthesis of highly porous spherical carbon nanostructures (PSCNs), in situ doped with N and S, from mustard seed waste has been accomplished. The synthesised PSCNs have an interconnected network, abundant active interfaces, heteroatom rich content, and notably high porosity/surface area which are favourable for fast ion transport and efficient charge storage. This active material (PSCN), when employed as a lithium-ion battery (LIB) half-cell anode, shows a specific charge capacity of 714 mA h g−1 at a current density of 100 mA g−1 even after 550 cycles with 112% capacity retention and high restoration capability. Furthermore, PSCN//LiFePO4 full cell LIBs show an excellent performance with a highly reversible capacity of ∼195 mA h g−1 at a current density of 50 mA g−1 for 400 cycles. The PSCN electrode also exhibited a specific capacitance of 257.8 F g−1 at a current density of 0.1 A g−1 with ∼93% capacity retention after 10 000 cycles, when used as an electrochemical supercapacitor in aqueous 3 M KOH electrolyte. This work shows the preparation of high value and advanced carbon nanostructured material from renewable bio-mass waste for high-performance electrochemical energy storage applications. Publisher PDF

The concern to the situation and condition to all other members of the Church and the collaboration for the welfare of the entire Church is the expression of communio (communion) which is the character of Christ Church. The arise of Church in the mission land and its development which like the mustard seed is the fruit of the concern and collaboration of the missionaries showed by the community and Church which have been founded along the history. Considering Church resources are always limited, every form of across continents concern and collaboration should be done effectively. In the process of the evangelization in the mission land, these concern and collaboration encounter various forms of initiatives; starting from the simple, spontaneous, sporadic and individual to the consistent, coordinated organizations. These concern and collaboration often find frictions, conflicts of interest, impartialities, and injustice; especially concerning the implementation of the power of jurisdiction in the mission land and the submission to the superiority of the mission leaders. The negative excesses are seen and observed objectively and corrected to attain the more effective concerns and collaboration for the sake of the development of the mission work. The apostolic see is the central organ has explored and successfully founded an effective and sustainable missionary collaboration system, from the commissio to the mandate system. Nowadays, the missionary concern and collaboration across particular churches have not been centralized, but assigned to each local communities and particular Churches, to develop mutual collaboration according to the mutual need and projects through the written agreement to mutual minister

Damping-off and root-rot are important diseases attacking chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) in Egypt. The effect of biofumigation, using mustard (Brassica juncea) and canola (Brassica napus) seed meals were evaluated to control damping-off and root-rot diseases of chickpea in vitro and in vivo (under greenhouse and field conditions trials) conducted in Sers-Ellian Agricultural Research Station, Menoufia governorate, Egypt, in 2016/2017 and 2017/2018. Both mustard and canola seed meals significantly decreased the linear growth of the tested pathogenic fungi, i.e., Fusarium oxysporum, Sclerotinia sclerotiorum and Rhizoctonia solani, this decrease was more important with the increasing of concentration when compared with the control. The fungicidal effect of mustard and canola seed meals against the tested fungi was demonstrated under greenhouse and field conditions. Obtained results indicated that mustard and canola seed meals significantly reduced the percentages of damping-off severity furthermore improved growth parameters, i.e., plant height, pods number per plant and 100-seed weight. Mustard seed meal recorded the highest values of reduction in this respect as well as, significantly increased nodulation statusof rhizobium (Mesorhizobium ciceri) i.e., number of nodules, nodules fresh and dry weights on chickpea roots in pots and field experiments. Mustard seed meal was superior. It could be concluded, that applying of such biofumigation procedure in the control of chickpea damping-off and root rot diseases on the field scale may offer a practical complement environmentally safe measure to control soil-borne pathogens, and may be combined in an integrated diseases management regime.

Considering the content of various elements in coal fly ash (CFA), it has the potential to be used as an additional source of nutrients in the soil. However, the use of CFA for agriculture is still debated because CFA contains several metal elements. The purpose of this study was to study the CFA phytotoxicity to seed germination and metal uptake by plants on acid soil. The first experiment was the study of the effect of extracts of various CFA and soil mixtures (5% - 45% CFA) on the germination of mustard seeds. The second study was a CFA phytotoxicity test for plant growth and metal uptake by the mustard plant. Results of the first experiment showed that the application of CFA had no significant effect on mustard seed germination, but had a significant effect on radicle length. CFA application increased the uptake of Pb and Cu by plant along with the increase in the proportion of CFA in the CFA + soil mixture. The contents of Cu and Pb in the mustard plant due to CFA application up to 30% were still below the threshold levels of Cu (36 ppm) and Pb (2 ppm).

Biofumigation is a benign method to control soil-borne pathogens. The scope of the current research was to develop an effective formulation of Allyl Iso-Thio-Cyanate (AITC), commonly called volatile mustard oil and to evaluate its impact on suppression of soil-borne pathogens in capsicum cultivation grown under poly-house condition. After extensive research Multiplex biotech has developed a suspension concentrate formulation for biofumigation of soil based on an extraction of brassica enzyme called AITC and defatted mustard seed meal powder which could support both soil-sterilization and boosting soil fertility. A completely randomized trial was carried out on capsicum ( Capsicum annum ) grown under polyhouse (one acre) condition has shown that the application of this formulation as pre-planting treatment of soil @ 500ml/acre through drip irrigation under mulched condition was found to be an effective method to suppress the soil-borne fungal pathogens (70-80%) like Sclerotium rolfsii , Fusarium sp., bacterial pathogens (50-60%) like Ralstonia sp., Xanthomonus sp. and root knot nematodes (60-70%). In addition, it also complemented biocontrol activity of microbial antagonist like Trichoderma viride and Pseudomonas fluorescens , introduced as a treatment in the biofumigated plot after a gap of 6 days of Biofumigation. Improved plant growth (>18-20%), increased number of leaves/plants, early flowering and better yield (>22-33%) was recorded in the treatment where both T. viride and P. fluorescens were introduced as post fumigation treatment. This was followed by only biofumigated plot whereas in the non-fumigated plot disease incidences recorded was highest (43-45% more). Highest yield (46 tons/acre) was recorded in the plot where biopesticide was treated after Biofumigation followed by only biofumigated plot (37 tons/acre) and as compared to non-fumigated plot (28 tons/acre) which recorded the lowest yield.

An experiment was conducted to evaluate the direct effect of different level of sulphur alone or in combination with organic manures on mustard and residual effect on rice crops in calcareous soil of north India. Sulphur application significantly increased the yield of mustard as well as rice, S concentration and its uptake by mustard (seed+stover) as well as available –S content in post- harvest soil samples after mustard and rice (grain+straw). The optimum level of S was worked out to be 60 kg S ha -1 for mustard seed and stover production. However, with regards to total S uptake, the optimum dose appeared at 100 kg S ha-1. The beneficial effect of organic manure was evident in enhancing the seed and stover production, S-c oncentration in seed, S-uptake (Seed+Stover) by mustard and available-S content in post-harvest soil samples from 9.8 to 10.7 q ha-1, 37.5 to 40.5 q ha-1, 0.779 to 0.821 per cent, 20.39 to 32.47 kg ha-1 and 25.7 to 86.5 mg kg-1, respectively and the grain yield, S-content in grain, straw, total S-uptake (grain + straw) and available S content in post-harvest samples of rice from 47.2 to 49.8 q ha-1, 0.088 to 0.098 per cent, 0.123 to 0.175 per cent, 13.83 to 17.98 kg ha-1 and 24.2 to 37.9 mg kg-1, respectively. Among the organic manures, biogas slurry (BGS) proved to be better source in enhancing seed yield, stover/straw yield, S-uptake, and available-S in post-harvest soil samples after mustard and rice. The residual effect of higher level of S along with BGS proved more effective with respect to S nutrition to rice.

Alternaria blight in mustard cause heavy damage to the foliar parts resulting into poor growth and development of plants and thereby reduces seed yield. Inorder to manage Alternaria infestation in mustard seed for yield maximization, an experiment was conducted in the plant protection laboratory in Nepal Polytechnic Institute, Bharatpur, Chitwan in 2018, using Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with four replicates. Five treatments i.e.Uthane M-45 (2g/kg), Neem powder (3 g/kg), Bojho powder (4g/kg), Trichoderma harzianum, (107 Conidia/mL) and control (without treatment) were used for seed treatment of local variety of Mustard. Four hundred seeds for each treatment (25 seeds in each petriplate) were plated using triple layers of moistened blotter paper in petriplate and incubated at (27±20C) for 2 days and followed deep freezing for 24 hrs. Data of disease incidence and seed germination were recorded in 3, 7 and 10 days after incubation (DAI). Seedling vigor and seedling weight were also recorded at 5 DAI. The percentage of Alternaria spp incidence on seeds at different DAI showed highly significant with respect to different treatments. Application of Uthane M-45 and T. harzianum significantly reduced the seed-borne infection of Alternaria spp. as compared to control. At 3 DAI Uthane M-45 completely checked the pathogen however, only 4% and 5% disease incidence was observed in 7 DAI and 10 DAI respectively. Bio control agent Trichoderma harzianum was found next best alternative after Uthane M-45 to control disease. Plant extract Bojho powder and Neem powder were found better than control to check the disease. Furthermore, highest germination (76%) was observed in Trichoderma treatment whereas, lowest germination was found in control.

Weeds are the major biological constraints to wheat production, which reduces the wheat yield up to 80%. The phytotoxic effect of brassica water extracts against weeds has been previously studied; however, the effects of mustard seed meal water extract (MSMWE) alone or in combination with reduced rate of isoproturon (IP) have not yet been explored. Hence, a field experiment was conducted in randomized complete block design to investigate the efficacy of MSMWE, at variable rates, i.e., 113, 225, 338, and 450 L ha−1 alone or combined with IP at 0.50 kg a.i. ha−1 (POST) (IP 0.5), and compared with the recommended rate of IP at 1.0 kg a.i. ha−1 (POST) (IP 1.0), weedy control, and twice-hand weeding (2-HW). Results revealed that 2-HW was the best treatment for weed suppression and wheat yield. Overall, MSMWE 450 L ha−1 + IP 0.5 was highly effective in the suppression of broadleaved weeds (BLWs) as well as of total weeds, and recorded the highest weed control efficiency (47.67) and herbicide efficiency index (0.927). Further, this treatment positively enhanced the tiller count, grain count earhead−1 and grain yield. Application of IP 1.0 effectively suppressed the BLWs, however, failed in the suppression of grassy weeds and total weeds; further, it showed a negative influence on crop dry matter accumulation and grain yield. Sole application of MSMWE suppressed the grassy weeds, dominated by Cynodon dactylon, as compared to combined and sole application of IP. Here we show for the first time that sole MSMWE has potential for suppression of C. dactylon.

International audience; The data were collected from a brown mustard seeds collection of 18 accessions during two years and in three distinct sites of production in France. The 18 accessions of mustard seeds were selected to be representative of genetic, agronomical and technological variabilities. All accessions were produced in the "Bourgogne " area. This article describes agronomical data (PMG, yield), genotyping data, global composition of mustard seeds (lipids, proteins and polysaccharides) and fine composition of the previous macronutrients potentially involved in the technological properties (fatty acids, storage proteins and osidic composition of polysaccharides). Additional data regarding the potential rheological property of each accessions were also reported. These data can be reused by food industries, breeders and geneticists in order to understand pedoclimatic effects (year and location) and the relation between mustard seed composition and the end uses properties (paste mustard quality).

This study focused, for the first time, on the effect of ultrasonic features on the extraction efficiency of secondary metabolites in mustard seed cake (MSC). The nematostatic potential of sonicated seed cake was examined against the second-stage juveniles (J2s) of root-knot nematode, Meloidogyne javanica. The results show that a 35 ppm (parts per million) concentration of a sonicated extract (SE) sample of MSC caused 65% J2s mortality at 18 h exposure period in vitro. It also significantly suppressed the root-knot index (RKI=0.94) in tomato roots. The lethal concentration values for SE were 51.76, 29.79, and 13.34 ppm, respectively, at 6, 12, and 18 h of the exposure period, and the lethal concentration values for the non-sonicated extract (NSE) sample were 116.95, 76.38, and 55.59 ppm, respectively, at similar exposure time. Sinapine and gluconapin were identified as the major compounds in ultrasonic-assisted MSC. Because of the high extraction efficiency of metabolites in the SE, all treatments of SE were shown to be antagonistic to J2s. Thus, this study of ultrasonication activity-based profiling of MSC may help generate target-based compounds at a scale relevant to the control of disease caused by nematodes in economic crops.

Depleting petroleum resources coupled with the environmental consequences of fossil fuel combustion have led to the search for renewable alternatives, such as biodiesel. In this study, sunflower (Helianthus annus), mustard (Brassica compestres) and pearl millet (Pennisetum americanum) seed oils were converted into biodiesel (fatty acid methyl esters) by acid-, base- and lipase-catalyzed transesterification, and the resultant fuel properties were determined. The methyl esters displayed superior iodine values (102–139), low densities, and a high cetane number (CN). The highest yield of biodiesel was obtained from mustard seed oil, which provided cloud (CP) and pour (PP) points of −3.5 and 5 °C, respectively, and a CN of 53. The sunflower seed oil methyl esters had a density of 0.81–0.86 kg/L at 16 °C, CP of 2 °C, PP of −8 °C, and a CN of 47. The pearl millet seed oil methyl esters yielded a density 0.87–0.89 kg/L, CP and PP of 4 °C and −5 °C, respectively, and a CN of 46. The major fatty acids identified in the sunflower, mustard, and pearl millet seed oils were linolenic (49.2%), oleic acid (82.2%), and linoleic acid (73.9%), respectively. The present study reports biodiesel with ideal values of CP and PP, to extend the use of biodiesel at the commercial level.

Plants are constantly defending themselves against an array of assaults by pathogenic organisms. This has led to the evolution of precise and elaborate chemical defense systems involving glucosinolates (GSLs) in cruciferous plants. These GSLs and their hydrolysis products are biologically active and are implicated as enabling formidable plant defense processes in certain economically important members of Brassicaceae like broccoli, cabbage and mustard seed. This review provides a comprehensive report of how indole and aliphatic GSLs mitigate incidents of plant pathogenesis. By evaluating the roles of GSLs in plant-pathogen interaction of some brassica plants, this review highlights the associated mechanism that culminates in disease suppression. Moreover, seven economically important brassica pathogens were reviewed in terms of their ability to disrupt proper plant functioning as well as the mechanisms by which GSLs and their hydrolysis products in Brassica lower the susceptibility to them. Future perspectives of the application of GSLs in plant pathogen resistance using advanced molecular techniques are also discussed.

Fumigants are often the primary material used to manage plant disease agents, soil-borne arthropods, and weeds in California agriculture, particularly in the absence of crop rotation. However, some fumigants have come under increased regulatory scrutiny and are therefore no longer available for use. We tested two biologically based preplant crop-protection fumigant alternatives for their effectiveness in reducing populations of Delia radicum (L.), a soil-borne insect pest of cole crops. Laboratory and field tests compared pest survival in untreated control soil with survival under anaerobic soil disinfestation (ASD), which is induced by incorporating a carbon source (rice bran or grape pomace) and subsequently saturating the soil with water. We also measured and compared the effects of standard grower practices (fumigation), ASD and biofumigation (mustard seed meal incorporated before planting), and untreated control soils on fly abundance, pupal survival, and root damage in Brussels sprout fields. In both laboratory and field studies, D. radicum pupal survivorship was reduced in ASD-treated soils relative to control soils. Pupal survivorship of Musca domestica (L.) (Diptera: Muscidae), which was used as a proxy for D. radicum in some field experiments, was also reduced in ASD- and biofumigation-treated soils, when compared with untreated control soils. These results indicate that fumigant alternatives may provide useful insect pest management opportunities for compatible cropping systems.

Canola (Brassica juncea L.) and mustard (Sinapis alba L.) seed sprout effects on diabetic rats have no available information and to clarify their effects, both sprouts were investigated in streptozotocin (STZ) induced diabetic and normal rats. Rats were fed on a semi-modified diet containing 10% of canola or mustard sprouted using tap or saline water for sprouting ad-libitum for 6 weeks. STZ showed increases in blood sugar, low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-c), vary low density lipoprotein cholesterol (VLDL-c) and triglycerides (TG). The addition of canola and mustard with or without salinty at 10% to diabetic rats diet as semimodified diet resulted a significant decrease in blood glucose, TG and VLDL-c and data was more pronounced using mustard sprouted or saline water without changes in the HDL-c parameter. These results showed that canola and mustard especially mustard sprouted in saline water had a hypoglycemic activity in diabetic rats and partly improved lipid metabolism in the experimental rats, with non-toxic to rats in doses given over 6 weeks period in this study.

In this work, activated carbon obtained from agro- based material, mustard seeds were used as an adsorbent for the adsorption study of crystal violet (CV) and citric acid (CA). The characterization of synthesised carbon material was performed by various techniques, such as FTIR, SEM, TGA and XRD. FTIR absorption bands of activated carbon exhibited the presence of functional groups on the surface of activated carbon and SEM images showed the impregnation of the pores on the surface of the synthesised activated carbon. Adsorption experiments were conducted to study its capacity as an adsorbent, under various conditions such as concentration, agitation time and temperature. The data acquired from concentration variation found to fit well with Freundlich isotherm. It was shown that the adsorption of dye and acid were better described by the second order kinetic model. Positive values of ΔHo indicated that the process is endothermic and negative values of ΔGo confirmed feasibility of the system. The results showed that microwave activated carbon was more effective for the removal of crystal violet.

International audience; In the present study, a series of thermochemical equilibrium modeling was conducted to assess the thermodynamic potential of biomass conversion to ammonia using thermal and nonthermal plasma at small- and large-scale production. The system was designed and evaluated for five different locations in Australia including the Northern Territory, South Australia, Western Australia, and New South Wales using local biomass feedstock. The equilibrium modeling showed that the pathway of biomass to biomethane using an anaerobic digestion reactor, biomethane to hydrogen using a thermal plasma reactor, followed by conversion of hydrogen to ammonia via a nonthermal plasma reactor is a plausible route, by which the exergy efficiency of the process can be as high as ~60%. It is identified that the thermal plasma reactor required two distinct zones at 3000°C

Vegetable oil plays a variety of in human nutrition due to its different fatty acids. But high intakes of Saturated Fatty Acids....

The aim of this paper is to study the effect of the pH on the extraction of sinapic acid and its derivatives from mustard seed meal. Solutions of acidic pH (pH 2), basic pH (pH 12) and distilled water (uncontrolled pH ~ 4.5) were tested at different percentages of ethanol. The maximum extraction yield for sinapic acid (13.22 &micro, mol/g of dry matter (DM)) was obtained with a buffered aqueous solution at pH 12. For ethyl sinapate, the maximum extraction yield reached 9.81 &micro, mol/g DM with 70% ethanol/buffered aqueous solution at pH 12. The maximum extraction yield of sinapine (15.73 &micro, mol/g DM) was achieved with 70% ethanol/buffered aqueous solution at pH 2. The antioxidant activity of each extract was assessed by DPPH assay, the results indicated that the extracts obtained at pH 12 and at low ethanol percentages (&lt, 50%) exhibit a higher antioxidant activity than extracts obtained at acidic conditions. Maximum antioxidant activity was reached at pH 12 with buffer solution (11.37 mg of Trolox Equivalent/g DM), which confirms that sinapic acid-rich fractions exhibit a higher antioxidant activity. Thus, to obtain rich antioxidant extracts, it is suggested to promote the presence of sinapic acid in the extracts.

This present research, the proximate analyses, the antioxidant capacity and phenolic composition of Sinapis alba (yellow mustard seed), Brassica nigra (black mustard seed), Brassica juncea (brown mustard seed) and their autoclaved samples were evaluated. The antioxidant capacity of mustard seeds was analysed by examining antiradical activity, Fe2+ chelating activity, H2O2 scavenging and total phenolics. The mustard seeds were autoclaved to inhibit myrosinase activity. The level of antioxidant capacity and the phenolics of the mustard seeds were increased with autoclave treatment. The antiradical activity of mustard seeds were determined ACL×YM (0.810) followed by ACL×BRM (0.750), UNACLxYM (0.680), UNACLxBRM (0.600), ACLxBLM (0.590) and UNACLxBLM (0.450) types respectively (P < 0.05).

Pre-plant methods for managing soil-borne pests and diseases are an important priority for many agricultural production systems. This study investigates whether the application of steam is an economically sustainable pre-plant soil disinfestation technique for organic and conventional strawberry (Fragaria ananassa) production in California&rsquo, s Central Coast region. We analyze net returns from field trials using steam and steam + mustard seed meal (MSM) as pre-plant soil disinfestation treatments. ANOVA tests identify statistically significant differences in net revenues by treatment and trial. Multivariate regressions estimate the magnitude of these effects. Predictive polynomial models identify relationships between net returns and two treatment characteristics: maximum temperature (&deg, C) and time at &ge, 60 &deg, C (minutes). For organic production, net returns are statistically similar for the steam and steam + MSM treatments. For conventional production, the steam + MSM treatment has significantly higher net returns than the steam treatment. Cross-validated polynomial models outperform the sample mean for prediction of net returns, except for the steam + MSM treatment in conventional production. The optimal degree of the polynomial ranges from 1&ndash, 4 degrees, depending on the production system and treatment. Results from two of three organic models suggest that maximum soil temperatures of 62&ndash, 63 &deg, C achieved for 41&ndash, 44 min maximizes net returns and may be a basis for further experiments.

In this study, the antifungal activity of white mustard bran (MB), a by-product of mustard (Sinapis alba) milling, and white mustard seed flour (MF) was tested against mycotoxigenic fungi in the agar diffusion method. The results obtained were posteriorly confirmed in a quantitative test, determining the minimum concentration of extract that inhibits the fungal growth (MIC) and the minimum concentration with fungicidal activity (MFC). Since MF demonstrated no antifungal activity, the MB was stored under different temperature conditions and storage time to determine its antifungal stability. Finally, an in situ assay was carried out, applying the MB as a natural ingredient into the dough to avoid P. commune CECT 20767 growth and increase the bread shelf life. The results demonstrated that the antifungal activity of MB was dose-dependent. The higher assayed dose of MB (10 g/kg) reduced the fungal population in 4.20 Log CFU/g regarding the control group. Moreover, the shelf life was extended four days compared to the control, equaling its effectiveness with the synthetic preservative sodium propionate (E-281). Therefore, MB could be an alternative to chemical additives in bread formulations since it satisfies consumer requirements. Also, the formulation of bread with MB valorizes this by-product generated during mustard seed milling, thereby helping the industry move forward sustainably by reducing environmental impact.

Background Despite recent improvements in child survival, neonatal mortality continues to decline at a slower rate and now represents 47% of under-five deaths globally. The World Health Organization developed core indicators to better monitor the quality of maternal and newborn health services. One such indicator for newborn health is “the proportion of newborns who received all four elements of essential care”. The four elements are immediate and thorough drying, skin to skin contact, delayed cord clamping, and early initiation of breastfeeding. Although there is existing evidence demonstrating an association with decreased neonatal mortality for each element individually, the cumulative impact has not yet been examined. Methods This analysis uses data from a randomized trial to examine the impact of sunflower versus mustard seed oil massage on neonatal mortality and morbidity in the Sarlahi district in Southern Nepal from 2010 to 2017. The proportion of newborn infants receiving an intervention was the exposure and neonatal mortality was the outcome in this analysis. Neonatal mortality was defined as a death between three hours and less than 28 days of age. Associations between neonatal mortality and the essential elements were estimated by Cox proportion hazards models. The hazard ratios and corresponding 95% confidence intervals were reported. Results 28,121 mother-infant pairs and 753 neonatal deaths were included. The percent receiving the individual elements ranged from 19.5% (skin to skin contact) to 68.2% (delayed cord clamping). The majority of infants received one or two of the elements of essential care, with less than 1% receiving all four. Skin to skin contact and early initiation of breastfeeding were associated with lower risk of neonatal mortality (aHR = 0.64 [0.51, 0.81] and aHR = 0.72 [0.60, 0.87], respectively). The risk of mortality declined as the number of elements received increased; receipt of one element compared to zero was associated with a nearly 50% reduction in risk of mortality and receipt of all four elements resulted in a 72% decrease in risk of mortality. Conclusions The receipt of one or more of the four essential elements of newborn care was associated with improved neonatal survival. The more elements of care received, the more survival improved.

A field experiment was carried out in Felin Experimental Farm (2019) in Lublin region (Poland) in order to determine the effect of white mustard (Sinapis alba L.) seed meal (MSM) on weed density as well as on borage plant growth and yield under field cultivation. MSM scattered on soil surface at rates of 2 and 3 t ha−1 when weeds emerged and a day before emergence of borage did not affect the number of borage seedlings but caused transient growth stunting and chlorosis of cotyledons and first leaves. However, final plant height, yield of above-ground parts, mericarp dimensions and weight, content of oil in mericarps, and oil composition were not significantly affected by MSM treatment. At harvest, MSM had decomposed completely, supplying considerable amounts of phosphorus, potassium, and magnesium to the soil, but did not affect its pH or organic matter content. MSM suppressed weed density by 37%–46% during the period of highest sensivity of borage to weed competition. Among dominant weeds occurring in the experiment, Gnaphalium uliginosum and Stellaria media were the most susceptible to MSM, while Amaranthus retroflexus and Galinsoga ciliata were mildly susceptible, Echinochloa cruss-galli and Poa annua were less susceptible, and the least susceptible species was Capsella bursa-pastoris. Obtained results show that MSM may have value for early season weed suppression in borage cultivation.

Analyses of fatty acids were carried out in oil samples derived from white mustard. Two cultivars of white mustard (Sinapis alba L.) were evaluated: 'Borowska', and 'Bamberka'. The oil content in the seeds of the tested cultivars was 276 and 290 g/kg, respectively. The oils obtained differed significantly in the composition of fatty acids. The oil from 'Borowska' contained less saturated fatty acids (4.86%) in comparison to 'Bamberka' (10.36%). The content of erucic acid was 22.2% in the 'Borowska' oil, while the oil from 'Bamberka' contained only 3.8% of this component. The research shows that the oil pressed from 'Borowska' can be used for technical purposes, and the oil derived from the cultivar 'Bamberka' can be used for food purposes due to the low content of erucic acid in the fatty acid composition and the beneficial fatty acid composition. As a component of diet, the low-erucic acid oil from the cultivar 'Bamberka' can be a source of unsaturated fatty acids (total 67.25%). The lower levels of linoleic (9.46 %) and linolenic (8.35%) acid, compared with 'Borowska' (respectively: 12.5 and 10.5%), may contribute to increased oil oxidative stability during storage.

Fusarium graminearum is a phytopathogenic fungus that causes Fusarium head blight in small-grain cereals, such as wheat, with significant yield reductions. Moreover, it contaminates the cereal grains with health-threatening mycotoxins, such as deoxynivalenol (DON), jeopardizing food and feed safety. Plant-based biopesticides, i.e. botanicals, have recently gained increased interest in crop protection as alternatives to synthetic chemical products. The main objective of this study was to test the control efficacy of botanicals based on white or Indian/Oriental mustard seed flours (Tillecur – Ti, Pure Yellow Mustard – PYM, Pure Oriental Mustard – POM, Oriental Mustard Bran – OMB) on F. graminearum infection and mycotoxin accumulation in wheat grain. Botanicals at 2% concentration showed a higher efficacy in inhibiting mycelium growth in vitro compared with a prothioconazole fungicide (F). In the growth chamber experiment under controlled conditions, the spraying agents reduced DON content in grain in the following order: F = Ti = PYM > POM > OMB. The antifungal activity of the botanicals may be attributed to their bioactive matrices containing isothiocyanates (ITCs) and phenolic acids. Allyl ITC was detected in POM and OMB at 8.38 and 4.48 mg g–1, while p-hydroxybenzyl ITC was found in Ti and PYM at 2.56 and 2.44 mg g–1, respectively. Considerable amounts of various phenolic acids were detected in all botanicals. Under field conditions, only the use of F significantly decreased F. graminearum infection and DON content in grain. An additional important finding of this study is that disease control was more difficult when infection was done with ascospores than conidia, which might have several potential implications considering that ascospores are more important in Fusarium head blight epidemics. Our results suggest that mustard-based botanicals are promising biopesticides for the control of Fusarium head blight in small-grain cereals, but for field applications, an appropriate formulation is necessary to stabilize and prolong the antifungal activity, especially against ascospores. ISSN:1664-302X

Objective. Respiratory tract infections (RTIs) are the most commonly treated acute problems in general practice. Instead of treatment with antibiotics, therapies from the field of integrative medicine play an increasingly important role within the society. The aim of the study was to evaluate whether mustard footbaths improve the symptoms of patients with RTIs. Methods. The study was designed as a pilot study and was carried out as an interventional trial with two points of measurement. Between November and December 2017, six practices were invited to participate. Two of them participated in the study. Patients were included who presented with an RTI at one of the involved primary care practices during February and April 2018. Participants in the intervention group used self-administered mustard seed powder footbaths at home once a day, to be repeated for six consecutive days. The improvement of symptoms was measured using the “Herdecke Warmth Perception Questionnaire” (HeWEF). A variance analysis for repeated measurements was performed to analyse differences between the intervention and control groups. Results. In this pilot study, 103 patients were included in the intervention group and 36 patients were included in the control group. A comparison of the intervention and control group before the intervention started showed nearly no difference in their subjective perception of warmth measured by the HeWEF questionnaire. Participants of the intervention group who used mustard seed footbaths for six consecutive days showed an improvement in four of the five subscales of the HeWEF questionnaire. Conclusions. This study could provide a first insight into a possible strategy to improve symptoms regarding RTI by using mustard seed footbaths.

The present paper reports the first systematic archaeobotanical evidence from Bangladesh together with direct AMS radiocarbon dates on crop remains. Macro-botanical remains were collected by flotation from two sites, Wari-Bateshwar (WB), an Early Historic archaeological site, dating mainly between 400 and 100 BC, with a later seventh century AD temple complex, and Raghurampura Vikrampura (RV), a Buddhist Monastery (vihara) located within the Vikrampura city site complex and dating to the eleventh and sixteenth centuries AD. Despite being a tropical country, with high rainfall and intensive soil processes, our work demonstrates that conventional archaeobotany, the collection of macro-remains through flotation, has much potential towards putting together a history of crops and agricultural systems in Bangladesh. The archaeobotanical assemblage collected from both sites indicates the predominance of rice agriculture, which would have been practiced in summer. Spikelet bases are of domesticated type rice, while grain metrics suggest the majority of rice was probably subspeciesjaponica.The presence of some wetland weeds suggests at least some of the rice was grown in wet (flooded) systems, but much of it may have been rainfed as inferred from the Southeast Asian weedAcmella paniculata. Other crops include winter cereals, barley and possible oat, and small numbers of summer millets (Pennisetum glaucum,Sorghum bicolor,Setaria italica), a wide diversity of summer and winter pulses (14 spp.), cotton, sesame and mustard seed. Pulse crops included many known from India. Thus, while most crops indicate diffusion of crops from India eastwards, the absence ofindicarice could also indicate some diffusion from Southeast Asia. The later site RV also produced evidence of the rice bean (Vigna umbellata), a domesticate of mainland Southeast Asia. These data provide the first empirical evidence for reconstructing past agriculture in Bangladesh and for the role of connections to both India and mainland Southeast Asia in the development of crop diversity in the Ganges delta region.

This study synthesized a novel heterogeneous catalyst using lanthanum titanium dioxide (LaTiO3) nanoparticles via co-precipitation and calcination processes. The proposed LaTiO3 NPs were used for biodiesel production from wild mustard seed oil in the presence of methanol. The solid catalyst material was characterized by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), X-ray diffractometry (XRD), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The process of trans-esterification was affected by the reaction conditions, such as the molar ratio of alcohol to oil (4:1), amount of catalyst (100 mg), reaction time (60 min), and temperature (80 °C). Under optimized conditions, the highest rate of biodiesel was 92.21% at 80 °C for 60 min in the presence of LaTiO3 NPs. Finally, the catalyst showed a maintained performance for at least five runs and up to eight runs. This result implied that the reported catalyst has a high potential to produce biodiesel at a reasonable cost and appropriate reaction conditions.

Although mustards are ideal rotational crops in moisture-limited environments, biofuels production from mustard seed isn’t economically feasible unless the de-oiled seed meal is used to generate co-products. 4-Hydroxybenzyl alcohol (HBA) derived from Sinapis alba (yellow mustard) seed meal is a potentially high value co-product that acts as a skin lightening agent. With increasing demand for skin lightening agents, there is need for the development of alternative products preferably derived from what are perceived as renewable, safer natural materials. Although HBA is known to have inhibitory activity on the tyrosinase reaction by reducing melanin production, the use of HBA from S. alba, a widely grown agricultural crop, has not been described. Our objective was to evaluate the potential of an HBA-containing S. alba extract to act as an inhibitor for the tyrosinase reaction by 1) optimizing the conditions for production and recovery of HBA from S. alba seed meal and 2) quantifying the inhibitory effect of S. alba seed meal extracts on the tyrosinase-activated reaction of l -3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine ( l -DOPA). The optimized procedure to produce an S. alba mustard seed meal extract with an HBA concentration of 2 mM included using ground mustard meal, 100 mM citrate-phosphate buffer (pH 3.8), and a 24-h incubation. The calculated IC50 value for the S. alba extract is equivalent to 6.0 μM demonstrating that potency of the extract is comparable to that achieved using standard skin lightening agents. The procedure for HBA extraction from seed meal is relatively rapid and does not require sophisticated equipment or solvent systems, making it easily adapted to large scale industrial processing facilities. The potential thus exists to use a feedstock that is readily available from an agriculturally important oilseed crop to produce HBA as a natural tyrosinase inhibitor.

The evaluation of hepatoprotective effect of Mustard seed (MS) extract was assessed against paracetamol induced hepatic injury in albino rats. Animals were divided into 4 groups, each of 5 rats. Group I served as control group; group II treated with ethanolic extract from Mustard seed at a dose level of 500 mg/kg body weight orally once for 10 days. Group III represents induced liver injury animals using single dose of paracetamol (PCT). Group IV combined treatment of MS extract and PCT. Elevated serum marker enzymes such as ALT, AST, ALP, GGT and LDH were observed due to paracetamol treatment. Combined administration of MS extract with PCT to rat partially normalized the altered hepatic biochemical markers caused by PCT. Moreover, PCT caused histological changes in livers of rat including swelling and dilation in sinusoidal space, inflammation in portal tract and hepatocytes, as well as, hyperplasia in Kuppfer cells. However, co-administration of MS extract with PCT alleviated to some extent the changes caused by PCT but not as the normal liver. The results of this study strongly indicate that Mustard seed has possible potent hepatoprotective action against paracetamol induced hepatic damage in rats.

Multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) are one of the nanomaterials that can be applied to agriculture. This work investigates the beneficial effects of MWCNT function on mustard plants. In this study, the material of MWCNTs is functionalized with nitric acid to attach the carboxylic group onto the tube wall. The functionalized MWCNTs were characterized by SEM, TEM, XRD, and FTIR. The MWCNT diameter produced ranges from 20 to 50 nm and the inner diameter is 5 to 10 nm at the pyrolysis temperature of 900 °C. It was found that crystallites of the MWCNTs have (002) and (100) directions. There is a weak peak in MWCNTs prior to the functionalization process due to the presence of metal carbide (Fe3C), which serves as an active catalyst. FTIR results clearly indicate the presence of hydroxyl and carboxylic groups. These functionalized MWCNTs were dispersed into distilled water with various concentrations at 25, 50 and 75 µg/mL. By utilizing an immersion time of 24 h, mustard (Brassica juncea) seeds were soaked in each functionalized and non-functionalized MWCNT solution. Functionalized MWCNT solution at a concentration of 50 µg/mL was found to affect the growth of mustard seeds more significantly.

Cresols are ubiquitous due to industrial production and natural presence. o-cresol (2-methyl phenol) is highly toxic to both fauna and flora. It has been included in the EPA list as one of the priority pollutants. The deleterious effects of pesticides, herbicides, and many other chemical compounds on seed germination are known. However, the effect of o-cresol on seed germination is not known. Therefore, it is of interest to study the effect of o-cresol on germination of 13 different vegetable crop seeds using standard Filter Paper Method. There is no effect on germination for brinjal, red chili, and (green gram, chickpea, cucumber, tomato, fenugreek, cowpea, Green pea, coriander, and spinach, seeds even at 1500 mg/l of o-cresol However, okra and mustard were found to be sensitive to ocresol. Germination of mustard under controlled concentration of o-cresol showed similar results by soil method. It was found that germination percentage and seedling vigour (Vigour Index) was reduced by o-cresol. The percent germination was reduced to 64 and 12 at 25 and 50 mg o-cresol/kg soil as against 100% in the case of untreated control. The vigour index was reduced to 160 and 10, respectively as against of 646 that for the control. The viability of seeds by 2,3,5 - tetrazolium trichloride (TTC) test showed that a considerable reduction was observed at 200mg/l o-cresol. Reduced protease and amylase activity in o-cresol shows inhibited mustard generation. However, mustard generation inhibition was restored by the bioremediation of o-cresol using Pseudomonas monteilii SHY. Thus, the biodegradation effects of o-cresol by Pseudomonas monteilii SHY on mustard seed germination are shown.

Brassica juncea mustard seed are used to make mustard paste or condiment. Mustard seed contains glucosinolates which are converted to isothiocyanates following cell disruption by the enzyme, myrosinase. Isothiocyanates are sulphur-containing compounds which give a pungent flavour to the mustard condiment. Three mustard seed cultivars from two seasons were processed into Dijon- and wholegrain-style mustard and glucosinolates and isothiocyanates analysed. Canadian cv. Centennial tended to contain higher glucosinolates compared with the French cv. AZ147 and Ukrainian cv. Chorniava. Conversion of the mustard seed into a wholegrain condiment had a lesser effect on total isothiocyanates and sinigrin content compared with the Dijon-style preparation. The Canadian mustard cultivars produced wholegrain-style mustard with higher total isothyocyantes and sinigrin compared with the French and Ukrainian cultivars. In summary, results herein suggest that Canadian mustard seed cvs. Centennial and Forge, and wholegrain processing may result in a condiment with greater bioactive composition.

Aspergillus parasiticus contamination of peanuts results in the production of highly toxic metabolites, such as aflatoxin B1, B2, G1 and G2, and its incidence in imported peanuts is reported to be increasing. Here, we examined whether the antifungal compound allyl isothiocyanate (AIT), which is present in mustard seed, could inhibit the growth of seed-borne fungi and aflatoxin-producing fungi. Peanuts produced in China and Japan were inoculated with A. parasiticus and exposed to AIT vapor released by a commercial mustard seed extract in closed containers under controlled conditions of temperature and humidity. AIT in the inoculated peanut samples reached its highest concentration of 44.8 ng/mL at 3 hr and decreased to 5.6 ng/mL after 9 weeks. Although AIT decreased the growth of the seed-borne fungi during the test period, the inoculated fungi survived. All tested peanuts samples were analyzed for aflatoxin using the HPLC method. There was a correlation between the number of aflatoxin-producing fungi and the total amount of aflatoxin production in the inoculated peanut samples. Our results indicate that AIT was effective in inhibiting the growth of seed-borne fungi and aflatoxin-producing fungi.