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The imprudent use of antibiotics increases the environmental microflora's resistance to various drugs, particularly antibiotics. Prescription data is crucial for understanding antibiotic usage frequency and dosage. This health-focused study aims to analyze antibiotic prescription patterns in human and veterinary practices to identify emerging trends in environmental antibiotic resistance.For this survey, A total of 6550 prescriptions were randomly collected from hospitals and pharmacies in Mymensingh sadar upazila, Bangladesh, between August and October 2022. Of these, 5123 (78 %) were for human cases and 1427 (22 %) for veterinary purposes. Photos of the prescriptions were taken and analyzed to understand prescribing habits. Additionally, 30 water samples from rivers, ponds, sewage, and households in Mymensingh City Corporation were collected to assess environmental antibiotic levels and resistance patterns of microorganisms.The analysis showed that Cephalosporins were the most prescribed antibiotics, found in 570 (56.27 %) of human prescriptions and 230 (42.99 %) of veterinary prescriptions. Aminoglycosides had the lowest frequency, with 13 (1.2 %) for humans and 46 (8.6 %) for animals. Macrolides (12.24 %), carboxylic acids (1.87 %), and rifamycins (1.28 %) were only found in human prescriptions, while sulfa drugs (10.84 %), tetracyclines (5.42 %), and combinations of antibiotics (14.77 %) were only in animal prescriptions. Quinolones were prescribed 4.06 times more for humans, while aminoglycosides were used 3.54 times more for animals. Environmental samples showed E. coli had the highest resistance (MAR Value: 0.625) against eight antibiotics.This study illuminates the human-animal prescription patterns that are influenced by environmental factors which drive antibiotic stewardship in Bangladesh. It is imperative for practitioners to exercise caution and adhere to guidelines when prescribing antibiotics, both in human and veterinary practices, given the alarming trend of antibiotic resistance. Additionally, measures must be taken to restrict the influx of antibiotics residue into the environment.

The concentrations of organochlorine insecticides (DDT and heptachlor) were investigated to estimate the effect of various washing and boiling/cooking to elucidate the concentration level we intake actually. For this study five most popular dry fish samples namely bombay duck (loittya), ribbon fish (chhuri), shrimp (chingri), chinese pomfret (rupchanda) and Indian salmon (lakhua) were analyzed. The highest concentrations of DDT and heptachlor were found 737.238 ppb (Indian salmon, normal) and 44.806 ppb (shrimp, normal) respectively; after boiling treatment a big amount was washed out and remained only 135.516 ppb and 16.868 ppb respectively. Boiling treatment was found more effective than the others.

The study was carried out to find out the differences in composition of oils obtained from healthy, naturally infected and artificially screws wounds eaglewood (Aquilaria agallocha Roxb.) using gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis. Natural healthy plants agar contained octacosane (19.83%), naphthalene, 1,2,3,5,6,7,8,8a-octahydro-1,8a-dimethyl-7-(1-methylethenyl)-, [1R-(1.alpha.,7.beta.,8a.alpha.)]- (12.67%), 5-isobutyramido-2-methyl pyrimidine (13.52%), caryophyllene oxide (11.25%) and (.+-.)-cadinene (5.46%). Natural infected plants agar (super agar) contained cycloheptane, 4-methylene-1-methyl-2-(2-methyl-1-propen-1-yl)-1-vinyl- (46.17%), caryophyllene oxide (33.00%) and 7-Isopropenyl-4a-methyl-1-methylenedecahydronaphthalene (20.83%). Artificially screw injected plants agar contained diisooctyl phthalate (71.97%), 1H-Cycloprop[e]azulen-4-ol, decahydro-1,1,4,7-tetramethyl-, [1ar-(1a.alpha.,4.beta.,4a.beta., 7.alpha., 7a.beta., 7b.alpha.)]- (9.16%), hexadecanoic acid (7.05%), naphthalene, 1,2,3,5,6,7,8,8a-octahydro-1,8a-dimethyl-7-(1-methylethenyl)-, [1R-(1.alpha.,7.beta.,8a.alpha.)]- (6.45%) and aristolene (5.36%). This study showed a marked difference in the oil compositions among the treatments with regards to their quality.

The concentrations of organochlorine insecticides DDT and heptachlorwere investigated to estimate the current status of insecticidesused in dry fish. The most popular dry fish– ribbon fish (Chhuri),shrimp (Chingri) and bombay duck (Loittya) were selected for thisstudy and these dry fishes were collected from different markets ofDhaka and Chittagong. The range of DDT used in all the samples was3.038 ppb to 874.966 ppb. The range of DDT in ribbon fish 131.611 ppb to 149.430 ppb, in shrimp 3.038 ppb to 318.206 ppb and in bombayduck 61.918 ppb to 874.966 ppb was found. The range of heptachlorused in all the samples was 0.682 ppb to 5.464 ppb. The range ofheptachlor in ribbon fish 1.710 ppb to 2.306 ppb, in shrimp 0.682 ppbto 3.806 ppb and in bombay duck 1.762 ppb to 5.464 ppb was found.The heptachlor was not found in ribbon fish (CTG-2), shrimp (DHK-2and CTG-1) and bombay duck (DHK-1). The concentration of heptachlorin dry fish compare to DDT was found too much less.

The hypoglycemic effect of Lagerstroemia speciosa L. leaves hot water extract on chemically induced diabetes in rat was investigated. Experimental result showed that, streptozotocin significantly (p

The study was carried out to find out the differences in composition of oils obtained from healthy, naturally infected and artificially screws wounds eaglewood (Aquilaria agallocha Roxb.) using gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis. Natural healthy plants agar contained octacosane (19.83%), naphthalene, 1,2,3,5,6,7,8,8a-octahydro-1,8a-dimethyl-7-(1-methylethenyl)-, [1R-(1.alpha.,7.beta.,8a.alpha.)]- (12.67%), 5-isobutyramido-2-methyl pyrimidine (13.52%), caryophyllene oxide (11.25%) and (.+-.)-cadinene (5.46%). Natural infected plants agar (super agar) contained cycloheptane, 4-methylene-1-methyl-2-(2-methyl-1-propen-1-yl)-1-vinyl- (46.17%), caryophyllene oxide (33.00%) and 7-Isopropenyl-4a-methyl-1-methylenedecahydronaphthalene (20.83%). Artificially screw injected plants agar contained diisooctyl phthalate (71.97%), 1H-Cycloprop[e]azulen-4-ol, decahydro-1,1,4,7-tetramethyl-, [1ar-(1a.alpha.,4.beta.,4a.beta., 7.alpha., 7a.beta., 7b.alpha.)]- (9.16%), hexadecanoic acid (7.05%), naphthalene, 1,2,3,5,6,7,8,8a-octahydro-1,8a-dimethyl-7-(1-methylethenyl)-, [1R-(1.alpha.,7.beta.,8a.alpha.)]- (6.45%) and aristolene (5.36%). This study showed a marked difference in the oil compositions among the treatments with regards to their quality.

The concentrations of organochlorine insecticides DDT and heptachlor were investigated to estimate the current status of insecticides used in dry fish. The most popular dry fish- ribbon fish (Chhuri), shrimp (Chingri) and bombay duck (Loittya) were selected for this study and these dry fishes were collected from different markets of Dhaka and Chittagong. The range of DDT used in all the samples was 3.038 ppb to 874.966 ppb. The range of DDT in ribbon fish 131.611 ppb to 149.430 ppb, in shrimp 3.038 ppb to 318.206 ppb and in bombay duck 61.918 ppb to 874.966 ppb was found. The range of heptachlor used in all the samples was 0.682 ppb to 5.464 ppb. The range of heptachlor in ribbon fish 1.710 ppb to 2.306 ppb, in shrimp 0.682 ppb to 3.806 ppb and in bombay duck 1.762 ppb to 5.464 ppb was found. The heptachlor was not found in ribbon fish (CTG-2), shrimp (DHK-2 and CTG-1) and bombay duck (DHK-1). The concentration of heptachlor in dry fish compare to DDT was found too much less.

Amaranthus tricolor (red amaranth) is an important member of the Amaranthus species ubiquitously cultivated worldwide for its valuable constituents. In this study, the determination of important nutrients, minerals, amino acids, phytochemicals, carotenes, antiradical activity, and antibacterial activity of the entire part of the red amaranth plant was performed. The analysis of the nutritional composition of the whole part of red amaranth shows that there was an appreciable quantity of protein (26.60 ± 0.42%), fat (4.49 ± 0.30%), fiber (6.67 ± 0.33%), and carbohydrate (39.80 ± 0.15%). Potassium (1080.02 ± 32.51 mg/100g dry weight) was found as a major trace element among others (Na, Ca, and Iron). Overall seventeen amino acids were identified and the most abundant amino acid in red amaranth was glutamic acid (23.61 ± 0.16 mg/g). However, lysine (14.32 ± 0.20 mg/g) was found to be higher than each of the essential amino acids in red amaranth. The value of total phenolic content, total flavonoid content, and total antioxidant activity in the methanolic extract of red amaranth was 30.27 ± 1.98 mg gallic acid equivalent/g, 16.75 ± 0.82 mg quercetin equivalent/g and 62.91 ± 3.35 mg ascorbic acid equivalent/g extract respectively. The IC50 value for DPPH radical scavenging activity was 730.93 μg/mL. The selected vegetable also contained an appreciable amount of carotenes (15.37 ± 0.27 mg/100g). Plant extract had a modest extent of bacterial growth inhibition activity. Thus, red amaranth is a wonderful source of nutrients, a natural antiradical, and has other bioactive compounds that should be in a regular dietary item and useful for nutraceuticals.

Algae is an important natural source of protein, specifically amino acid source, which are the building blocks of enzymes, hormones, nucleic acids, etc. Herein, the amino acid composition was investigated in six commonly growing fresh-water algae. The number of amino acids in Oscillatoria brevis, Spirulina platensis, Pithophora kewensis, Euglena viridis, Hydrodictyon reticulatum, and Aphanocapsa holsatica were detected 15, 12, 17, 15, 14, and 15, respectively. Among studied algal species, the amino acids: proline (29239.3 ± 276.4 μg/g), histidine (10056.8 ± 85.4 μg/g), aspartic (3030.6 ± 48.6 μg/g), threonine (1492.3 ± 31.8 μg/g) were detected in the highest amount in O. brevis, S. platensis, P. kewensis, A. holsatica, respectively. It is reported that the range of the ratio between 50/50 to 60/40 of essential amino acid/(nonessential amino acid + conditional essential amino acid) promotes maximum growth performance and best energy utilization. The obtained results of this study suggested that a combination of A. holsatica, H. reticulatum, and O. brevis can provide a good ratio (48/52) of amino acids and the noble source of essential amino acids for feed or food supplements, especially for poultry's stamina and, consequently, welfare.

Curcuma longa L. (turmeric), Beta vulgaris L. (beetroot), and Daucus carota L. (carrot) grown in Bangladesh were analyzed for nutritional and phytochemical contents to reveal their comparative nutritional compositions and antiradical properties. Ash, protein, and carbohydrate content were significantly preeminent in beetroot as compared to others. Whereas fat content was found to be high in turmeric, carrots contained a great percentage of crude fiber. Beetroot was shown to have much greater potassium, calcium, and iron levels than others. Regarding amino acids, glutamic acid was found to be greater in beetroot and carrot whereas turmeric had significantly high aspartic acid content. Leucine had the highest concentration among essential amino acids in these three samples. Total antioxidant activity, total flavonoids, and phenolic contents in the methanolic extract of turmeric were found to be substantially higher than in beetroot and carrot. Furthermore, the extract of turmeric (IC50 value: 13.46 μg/mL) scavenged 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical (DPPH) free radicals considerably to a greater extent than beetroot (IC50 value: 380.61 μg/mL) and carrot (IC50 value: 1252.85 μg/mL). A positive correlation was found between the phytochemical contents and antiradical activity. The information from this study will help to find the potential ingredients from these plants for functional food.

Plant seeds are the resources of many different bioactive components. The chemical composition of the different crude extracts from Benincasa hispida (White pumpkin) and Cucurbita moschata (Pumpkin) seeds with three different polarity-based solvents (n-hexane, n-hexane-chloroform (2:1), and methanol) was analyzed to identify the biologically active compounds. Each of the extracts was analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Different extracts of targeted seeds showed different biologically active compounds that have different pharmacological potentialities. 9, 12-Octadecadienoic acid (ZZ) was the most potent bioactive compound present in three different extracts of both B. hispida and C. moschata. Another bioactive compound comparatively low percentage present in both plants was n-hexadecanoic acid. Other major pharmacologically active compounds present in both plants were 9- Octadecenoic acid (Z)-, methyl ester, and 9, 12-Octadecadienoic acid methyl ester (E, E). Besides these compounds, a few more biologically active compounds were present in the two plants separately. The findings of this study support the use of these seeds in modern functional foods, nutraceuticals, and medicinal purposes, and the whole seeds would give better health benefits rather than use any extract. Although further pharmacological examinations should be carried out to conclude the medicinal application of the seeds of these two plants as well as to understand the mechanism of the potential health benefits.