184 results on '"Mark Cooper"'
Search Results
2. Extending the breeder’s equation to take aim at the target population of environments
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Mark Cooper, Owen Powell, Carla Gho, Tom Tang, and Carlos Messina
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genotype x environment (G x E) interactions ,genotyping ,phenotyping ,envirotyping ,genomic prediction ,Plant culture ,SB1-1110 - Abstract
A major focus for genomic prediction has been on improving trait prediction accuracy using combinations of algorithms and the training data sets available from plant breeding multi-environment trials (METs). Any improvements in prediction accuracy are viewed as pathways to improve traits in the reference population of genotypes and product performance in the target population of environments (TPE). To realize these breeding outcomes there must be a positive MET-TPE relationship that provides consistency between the trait variation expressed within the MET data sets that are used to train the genome-to-phenome (G2P) model for applications of genomic prediction and the realized trait and performance differences in the TPE for the genotypes that are the prediction targets. The strength of this MET-TPE relationship is usually assumed to be high, however it is rarely quantified. To date investigations of genomic prediction methods have focused on improving prediction accuracy within MET training data sets, with less attention to quantifying the structure of the TPE and the MET-TPE relationship and their potential impact on training the G2P model for applications of genomic prediction to accelerate breeding outcomes for the on-farm TPE. We extend the breeder’s equation and use an example to demonstrate the importance of the MET-TPE relationship as a key component for the design of genomic prediction methods to realize improved rates of genetic gain for the target yield, quality, stress tolerance and yield stability traits in the on-farm TPE.
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- 2023
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3. Latitudinal gradient in species richness of Sphaerotherium
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Mark Cooper
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diversity ,gradient ,latitude ,richness ,species ,Zoology ,QL1-991 - Abstract
The Tropical Conservativism Hypothesis and Biogeographical Conservativism Hypothesis were tested in forest millipedes. Latitudinal diversity gradient (LDG) was measured in the genus Sphaerotherium in order to distinguish between the two hypotheses. There was a significant correlation between the number of species and latitudinal degrees away from the equator (r=-0.8701, r2=0.7571, n=46, p
- Published
- 2020
4. Latitudinal gradient in Gnomeskelus species richness
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Mark Cooper
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diversity ,gradient ,latitude ,richness ,species ,Zoology ,QL1-991 - Abstract
The Tropical Conservativism Hypothesis suggests processes of speciation, extinction and dispersal resulted in higher species richness at the tropics and declined away from the equator. Biogeographical Conservativism Hypothesis suggests that the processes invoked are not intrinsic to the tropics but were dependent on historical biogeography to determine the distribution of species richness. 77 valid species were identified as belonging to the genus Gnomeskelus in order to test between the two hypotheses. There was a significant correlation between the number of species and latitudinal degrees away from the equator (r=-0.7145, r2=0.5105, n=77, p
- Published
- 2020
5. Evaluating the efficacy and safety of GKT137831 in adults with type 1 diabetes and persistently elevated urinary albumin excretion: a statistical analysis plan
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Alysha M. De Livera, Anne Reutens, Mark Cooper, Merlin Thomas, Karin Jandeleit-Dahm, Jonathan E. Shaw, and Agus Salim
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Statistical analysis plan ,Randomised controlled trial ,GKT137831 ,Albuminuria ,Type 1 diabetes ,Medicine (General) ,R5-920 - Abstract
Abstract Background The investigational medicinal product GKT137831 is a selective inhibitor of NOX 1 and 4 isoforms of the nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase family of enzymes, which has the potential to ameliorate diabetic kidney disease. An investigator-initiated, double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled, multicentre phase 2 clinical trial started recruitment in December 2017, with the aim of evaluating the efficacy and safety of GKT13783, in adults with type 1 diabetes mellitus and persistently elevated urinary albumin excretion over a period of 48 weeks. Methods/design The trial is currently recruiting in Australia and New Zealand, with recruitment expected to end on 30 June 2020. The primary outcome measure of the trial is the urinary albumin excretion level measured at 48 weeks of treatment. This statistical analysis plan presents an update to the published trial protocol and provides a comprehensive description of the statistical methods that will be used for the analysis of the data from this trial. In doing so, we follow the “Guidelines for the content of statistical analysis plans in clinical trials” to support transparency and reproducibility of the trial findings. Discussion With the use of this prior statistical analysis plan, we aim to minimise bias in the reporting of the findings of this trial, which evaluates the investigational medicinal product GKT137831. The results of the trial are expected to be published in 2022. Trial registration ANZCTR registry: ACTRN12617001187336 . Registered on 14 July 2017. Universal Trial Number: U1111-1187-2609; Protocol number: T1DGKT137831; Genkyotex trial number: GSN000241.
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- 2020
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6. Zoomorphic variation with copulation duration in Centrobolus
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Mark Cooper
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arthropoda ,copulated ,mated time ,variance ,variation ,Zoology ,QL1-991 - Abstract
Centrobolus typically has prolonged copulation as a form of syn-copula mateguarding. Variations in the copulation duration were calculated and analysed in four species of the millipede genus Centrobolus. Mean copulation durations differed between all four species but only two species were different intra-specifically. C. inscriptus was different from C. anulatus in copulation duration coefficient of variation (CV) (F=0.41490, d.f.=114, 7, p=0.04892) and C. fulgidus and C. anulatus were different in copulation duration CV (F=0.38912, d.f.=50, 7, p=0.04836). Copulation duration was variable intra-specifically but tends to be intermediate and determining evolutionarily (interspecifically). Copulation duration was significantly correlated (Spearman's Rho Calculator) with male and female volumes (r=1, p=0, n=4, 4; 4, 4). When I controlled for sex, I found copulation duration was significantly correlated with size (volumes) (r=0.6655, r2=0.4429, p=0.004897, n=8, 8). Larger male and female body size correlate with copulation duration both intra-specifically and interspecifically in millipedes, and perhaps in animals.
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- 2020
7. Deep inferior epigastric perforator flap demonstrating the triple response of Lewis phenomenon – A case report and insights into aetiology
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Mohammad Malik, Zita M Jessop, and Mark Cooper
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Surgery ,RD1-811 - Abstract
Dermatographism, also known as skin writing, is an immunological response that remains an enigma. It occurs when normal skin is stroked with a dull object causing it to become raised and inflamed, and assume the shape of the stroke. Here we present a case of dermatographia in a denervated deep inferior epigastric perforator flap used to reconstruct breast tissue following mastectomy. Keywords: Dermatographia, DIEP, Free Flap
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- 2020
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8. Kurtosis and skew show longer males in Centrobolus
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Mark Cooper
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diplopod ,horizontal ,kurtosis ,length ,skew ,Zoology ,QL1-991 - Abstract
Sexual Size Dimorphism (SSD) in the diplopod genus Centrobolus has a positive correlation with body size. Length, width and rings are the main components of interspecific variation in diplopod species. Interspecific variation in size was calculated in 6 species and data sets tested for skewness and kurtosis. 28 values were positively skew and had positive kurtosis while 8 were negatively skew and 4 had negative kurtosis. In 6 cases width was positively skewed and in four cases it was negatively skewed. Length was positively skewed in all 6 species except C. titanophilus. Longer males were thought to have increased reproductive success through female preference for larger size when there was size assortative mating behaviour.
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- 2020
9. Year-round correlation between mass and copulation duration in forest millipedes
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Mark Cooper
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copulation ,diplopoda ,horizontal ,lighter ,mass ,Zoology ,QL1-991 - Abstract
Correlates of diplopod size include diet, copulation duration, energy expense of copulation, oxygen consumption, precipitation, sex and temperature. Sexual Size Dimorphism (SSD) in the diplopod genus Centrobolus has a positive correlation with body size and copulation duration. Intraspecific variation in mass was calculated in forest millipedes and correlated with copulation duration (R2=0.68, d.f.=7, p=0.01). Interspecific variation in mass was calculated in forest millipede species and correlated with copulation duration (R=0.6711, R2=0.4504, p=0.144473, n= 3, 3).
- Published
- 2020
10. Xylophagous millipede surface area to volume ratios are size dependent in forests
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Mark Cooper
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area ,centrobolus ,conservation ,sphaerotherium ,surface ,volumes ,Zoology ,QL1-991 - Abstract
A consistent effect of increasing precipitation (and resource abundance) on body size reductions is known as a water conservation hypothesis. Here a water conservation hypothesis was investigated in millipedes and a comparison made between high long-term mean annual precipitation of forest (750-1500 mm) and lower longterm mean annual precipitation of savanna (544 mm) biome species (n=29, 6). When the confounding effects of phylogeny, sexual dimorphism, sexual size dimorphism and size were controlled/removed, differences were found between six savanna species (Bicoxidens brincki, Doratogonus annulipes, Harpagophora spirobolina, Julomorpha hilaris, J. panda, Odontopyge tabulinus: 0,35975-2,632336 mm-1) and 29 forest species (Centrobolus: 0,000113-0,679931 mm-1; Sphaerotherium: 1,14271-3 mm-1) in the surface area: volume ratios. Savanna millipedes had size-independent surface area: volume ratios (0,519783 mm-1 in males and 0,823878 mm-1 in females). Differences occurred between size-independent savanna and size-dependent forest taxa in surface area: volume ratios (t=3.75191, p=0.000013, n=58,12) controlling for the derivation whereby length/width increase affected surface area equally. Female savanna millipedes were longer than female forest millipedes (t=2.26165, p=0.016156, n=22, 6).
- Published
- 2019
11. Size dimorphism in six juliform millipedes
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Mark Cooper
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diplopod ,horizontal ,length ,tergite ,Zoology ,QL1-991 - Abstract
Sexual Size Dimorphism (SSD) in the diplopod genera Bicoxidens, Doratogonus, Harpagophora, Julomorpha and Orthoporoides has length, width and rings as the main components of interspecific variation. Interspecific variation in size observed in B. bricki Schubart, 1966, D. annulipes Carl, 1917, H. spirobolina (Karsch, 1881), J. hilaris Attems, 1928, J. panda (Attems, 1928) and O. tabulinus (Attems, 1914) and the data sets were tested for normality. Male lengths differed from female lengths in all except J. hilaris which had different widths. Juliform millipedes appear to have decreased in size over evolutionary time and this study presents an interesting finding showing sexual dimorphism based on length in larger species and sexual dimorphism based on width in the smaller species. The reason for this has to do with the constraints imposed through a cylindrical body form which can be changed more powerfully through reducing width rather than length.
- Published
- 2019
12. Can We Harness 'Enviromics' to Accelerate Crop Improvement by Integrating Breeding and Agronomy?
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Mark Cooper and Carlos D. Messina
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environmental characterisation ,envirotyping ,yield prediction ,drought ,crop modelling ,crossover genotype by environment interactions ,Plant culture ,SB1-1110 - Abstract
The diverse consequences of genotype-by-environment (GxE) interactions determine trait phenotypes across levels of biological organization for crops, challenging our ambition to predict trait phenotypes from genomic information alone. GxE interactions have many implications for optimizing both genetic gain through plant breeding and crop productivity through on-farm agronomic management. Advances in genomics technologies have provided many suitable predictors for the genotype dimension of GxE interactions. Emerging advances in high-throughput proximal and remote sensor technologies have stimulated the development of “enviromics” as a community of practice, which has the potential to provide suitable predictors for the environment dimension of GxE interactions. Recently, several bespoke examples have emerged demonstrating the nascent potential for enhancing the prediction of yield and other complex trait phenotypes of crop plants through including effects of GxE interactions within prediction models. These encouraging results motivate the development of new prediction methods to accelerate crop improvement. If we can automate methods to identify and harness suitable sets of coordinated genotypic and environmental predictors, this will open new opportunities to upscale and operationalize prediction of the consequences of GxE interactions. This would provide a foundation for accelerating crop improvement through integrating the contributions of both breeding and agronomy. Here we draw on our experience from improvement of maize productivity for the range of water-driven environments across the US corn-belt. We provide perspectives from the maize case study to prioritize promising opportunities to further develop and automate “enviromics” methodologies to accelerate crop improvement through integrated breeding and agronomic approaches for a wider range of crops and environmental targets.
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- 2021
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13. Perspectives on Applications of Hierarchical Gene-To-Phenotype (G2P) Maps to Capture Non-stationary Effects of Alleles in Genomic Prediction
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Owen M. Powell, Kai P. Voss-Fels, David R. Jordan, Graeme Hammer, and Mark Cooper
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multi-trait prediction ,non-linear relationships ,crop growth models ,genetic correlation ,non-additive genetic effects ,epistasis ,Plant culture ,SB1-1110 - Abstract
Genomic prediction of complex traits across environments, breeding cycles, and populations remains a challenge for plant breeding. A potential explanation for this is that underlying non-additive genetic (GxG) and genotype-by-environment (GxE) interactions generate allele substitution effects that are non-stationary across different contexts. Such non-stationary effects of alleles are either ignored or assumed to be implicitly captured by most gene-to-phenotype (G2P) maps used in genomic prediction. The implicit capture of non-stationary effects of alleles requires the G2P map to be re-estimated across different contexts. We discuss the development and application of hierarchical G2P maps that explicitly capture non-stationary effects of alleles and have successfully increased short-term prediction accuracy in plant breeding. These hierarchical G2P maps achieve increases in prediction accuracy by allowing intermediate processes such as other traits and environmental factors and their interactions to contribute to complex trait variation. However, long-term prediction remains a challenge. The plant breeding community should undertake complementary simulation and empirical experiments to interrogate various hierarchical G2P maps that connect GxG and GxE interactions simultaneously. The existing genetic correlation framework can be used to assess the magnitude of non-stationary effects of alleles and the predictive ability of these hierarchical G2P maps in long-term, multi-context genomic predictions of complex traits in plant breeding.
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- 2021
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14. Size dimorphism and directional selection in forest millipedes
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Mark Cooper
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diplopoda ,horizontal ,length ,normal ,tergite ,width ,Zoology ,QL1-991 - Abstract
Sexual Size Dimorphism (SSD) in the diplopod genus Centrobolus has a positive correlation with body size. Length, width and rings are the main components of interspecific variation in diplopod species. Interspecific variation in size was calculated in 6 species and data sets tested for normality. All data observed and tested were normal. Intersexual variation (coefficients of variation) in length and width was compared in 9 species using MEDCALC. In C. digrammus, C. inscriptus, and C. silvanus there was significant directional selection for slender males.
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- 2019
15. Centrobolus titanophilus size dimorphism shows width-based variability
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Mark Cooper
- Subjects
Centrobolus titanophilus ,dimorphism ,SSD ,size ,Zoology ,QL1-991 - Abstract
The present research aimed to study the sexual size dimorphism of Centrobolus titanophilus. Diplopoda illustrated reversed sexual size dimorphism (SSD) where one sex was larger than an other. The SSD of C. titanophilus was shown from data taken in the Cape Province, South Africa. The average size of C. titanophilus was 285 by 41.875 mm (n=8); the smaller sex was 276.6667 by 40.6667 mm (n=5) and the larger sex was 290 by 42.6 mm (n=3). Absolute size was estimated (x=418.3596 mm3; y=359.3327 mm3) and used to calculate the difference between the sexes based on differences in tergite width (t=1.85901, p=0.084172, n=8). The SSD ratio for C. titanophilus was 1.164268 which differed from 1 (t=2.70801, p=0.012845, n=8).
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- 2019
16. A review on studies of behavioural ecology of Centrobolus (Diplopoda, Spirobolida, Pachybolidae) in southern Africa
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Mark Cooper
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competition ,conflict ,cryptic ,Zoology ,QL1-991 - Abstract
Forty-two studies on fire millipedes are reviewed in which mechanisms of selection; sperm competition and cryptic female choice were studied. Approaches to: (1) quantify size dimorphism and find the selection pressures operating on the sexes, (2) determine the functional significance of male and female genitalia, (3) understand why there should be a conflict of sexual interests in prolonged copulations, and (4) resolve the mechanisms of sperm competition and cryptic female choice in comparing male mating strategies to female mating strategies and sperm usage were included.
- Published
- 2019
17. Centrobolus lawrencei (Schubart, 1966) monomorphism
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Mark Cooper
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Centrobolus ,dimorphism ,lawrencei ,millipede ,SSD ,size ,Zoology ,QL1-991 - Abstract
The present research aimed to study relative sexual size dimorphism of Centrobolus lawrencei compared to congenerics. Millipedes illustrated reversed sexual size dimorphism (SSD) as females were larger than males and broke the rule as this dimorphism increased with body size. SSD was calculated in 21 species of the genus Centrobolus and illustrated as a regression. The approximate relative position of C. lawrencei was shown from measurements taken in South Africa. The average size of C. lawrencei was 47.3333 * 4.82222 mm (n=9) and logged (x/y = 2.36132). Males were 47.875 * 4.6875 mm (n=8) and females 43 * 5.9 mm (n=1). The SSD index was 1.00201. Log volume measurements were (females/x = 2.36553 mm3; males/y = 2.36079 mm3). The difference between the correlation coefficients for the species and the genus were not highly significant (ra = 0.867365, rb = 0.7473; na = 9, nb = 21; Z = 0.75; P (one-tailed) = 0.2266, P (two-tailed) = 0.4533). The mean volume ratio for C. lawrencei was 1.00201 which did not differ from 1 (t=1.82574; p-value=0.097855; NS at p
- Published
- 2018
18. Microtia: A Data Linkage Study of Epidemiology and Implications for Service Delivery
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Thomas H. Jovic, John A. G. Gibson, Rowena Griffiths, Thomas D. Dobbs, Ashley Akbari, Nicholas Wilson-Jones, Rhodri Costello, Peter Evans, Mark Cooper, Steve Key, Ronan Lyons, and Iain S. Whitaker
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microtia ,epidemiology ,reconstructive surgery ,congenital ,otology ,Pediatrics ,RJ1-570 - Abstract
Introduction: Previous studies of microtia epidemiology globally have demonstrated significant geographical and ethnic variation, cited broadly as affecting 3–5 in 10,000 live births. The aim of this study was to determine the incidence of microtia in a largely homogeneous ethnic population in the United Kingdom (Wales) and to identify factors, such as distance and socioeconomic status, which may influence the access to surgical intervention.Materials and Methods: A retrospective cohort study was conducted using data linkage to identify patients born between 2000 and 2018 with a diagnosis of microtia. Microtia incidence was calculated using annual and geographic birth rates. Surgical operation codes were used to classify patients into those that had no surgery, autologous reconstruction or prosthetic reconstruction. Sociodemographic attributes were compared using descriptive statistics to determine differences in access to each type of surgical intervention.Results: A total of 101 patients were identified, 64.4% were male and the median age was 12 (8–16). The mean annual incidence was 2.13 microtia cases per 10,000 births over the 19-year study period. Both temporal and geographic variation was noted. The majority of patients undergoing surgery opted for autologous reconstruction (72.9%) at a median age of 9 (7–10) compared to 7 (5–8) for prosthetic reconstruction. Autologous reconstruction had a higher median number of surgeries (2, 1–3) than prosthetic (1.5, 1–2) and a higher median socioeconomic status of 3 (2–4) compared to 2 (1–4) for the prosthetic cohort. There were no statistically significant differences in the distance traveled for surgery.Discussion: This study highlights a role for data linkage in epidemiological analyses and provides a revised incidence of microtia in Wales. Although the majority of patients opted for autologous reconstruction, demographic disparities in socioeconomic status warrant further investigation, emphasizing the importance of striving for equity in accessibility to surgical intervention.
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- 2021
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19. Centrobolus size dimorphism breaks Rensch’s rule
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Mark Cooper
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dimorphism ,millipede ,SSD ,size ,Zoology ,QL1-991 - Abstract
This present research aims to study the relative sexual size dimorphism of Centrobolus (Cook) in 18 congenerics. Millipedes illustrated reversed sexual size dimorphism (SSD) where females were larger than males; and broke Rensch's rule as this dimorphism increased with body size. SSD was calculated in 18 species of the genus Centrobolus and illustrated was regressions; male versus female SSD and SSD vs body size. An allometric equation for Centrobolus was (1) ?=0.00051x-0.01071. SSD ranged from 0.63-2.89 (1.55±0.63; n not less than 18) and was not negatively correlated (R=0.70485; P=0.00109; n=18 spp.) with volume ranging from 284-2683 mm3 (1097.89±638.06; 18). The rejection of the rule appears consistent among arthropods.
- Published
- 2018
20. Comparative effects of microvascular and macrovascular disease on the risk of major outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes
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Kamel Mohammedi, Mark Woodward, Michel Marre, Stephen Colagiuri, Mark Cooper, Stephen Harrap, Giuseppe Mancia, Neil Poulter, Bryan Williams, Sophia Zoungas, and John Chalmers
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Type 2 diabetes ,Microvascular disease ,Macrovascular disease ,Mortality ,Diseases of the circulatory (Cardiovascular) system ,RC666-701 - Abstract
Abstract Background Microvascular disease is associated with a high risk of macrovascular events in patients with type 2 diabetes, but the impact of macrovascular disease on the risk of microvascular events remains unknown. We sought to evaluate the respective effects of prior microvascular and macrovascular disease on the risk of major outcomes, including microvascular events, in these patients. Methods Participants in the Action in Diabetes and Vascular Disease: PreterAx and DiamicroN Modified-Release Controlled Evaluation (ADVANCE) trial (n = 11,140) and the ADVANCE-ON post-trial study (n = 8494) were categorized into 4 groups at baseline: dual absence of microvascular or macrovascular disease (n = 6789), presence of microvascular disease alone (n = 761), macrovascular disease alone (n = 3196), and both (n = 394). Outcomes were all-cause mortality, major macrovascular events (MACE), and major clinical microvascular events. Results All-cause mortality, MACE, and major clinical microvascular events occurred in 2265 (20%), 2166 (19%), and 807 (7%) participants respectively, during a median follow-up of 9.9 (inter-quartile interval 5.6–10.9) years. The adjusted hazard ratios [95% CI] of death, MACE, and major clinical microvascular events were each greater in patients with baseline microvascular disease (1.43 [1.20–1.71], 1.64 [1.37–1.97], and 4.74 [3.86–5.82], respectively), macrovascular disease (1.43 [1.30–1.57], 2.04 [1.86–2.25], and 1.26 [1.06–1.51]) or both (2.01 [1.65–2.45], 2.92 [2.40–3.55], and 6.30 [4.93–8.06]) compared with those without these conditions. No interaction was observed between baseline microvascular and macrovascular disease for these events. The addition of microvascular disease (change in c-statistic [95% CI] 0.005 [0.002–0.008], p = 0.02) or macrovascular disease (0.005 [0.002–0.007], p
- Published
- 2017
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21. Integrating Crop Growth Models with Whole Genome Prediction through Approximate Bayesian Computation.
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Frank Technow, Carlos D Messina, L Radu Totir, and Mark Cooper
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Medicine ,Science - Abstract
Genomic selection, enabled by whole genome prediction (WGP) methods, is revolutionizing plant breeding. Existing WGP methods have been shown to deliver accurate predictions in the most common settings, such as prediction of across environment performance for traits with additive gene effects. However, prediction of traits with non-additive gene effects and prediction of genotype by environment interaction (G×E), continues to be challenging. Previous attempts to increase prediction accuracy for these particularly difficult tasks employed prediction methods that are purely statistical in nature. Augmenting the statistical methods with biological knowledge has been largely overlooked thus far. Crop growth models (CGMs) attempt to represent the impact of functional relationships between plant physiology and the environment in the formation of yield and similar output traits of interest. Thus, they can explain the impact of G×E and certain types of non-additive gene effects on the expressed phenotype. Approximate Bayesian computation (ABC), a novel and powerful computational procedure, allows the incorporation of CGMs directly into the estimation of whole genome marker effects in WGP. Here we provide a proof of concept study for this novel approach and demonstrate its use with synthetic data sets. We show that this novel approach can be considerably more accurate than the benchmark WGP method GBLUP in predicting performance in environments represented in the estimation set as well as in previously unobserved environments for traits determined by non-additive gene effects. We conclude that this proof of concept demonstrates that using ABC for incorporating biological knowledge in the form of CGMs into WGP is a very promising and novel approach to improving prediction accuracy for some of the most challenging scenarios in plant breeding and applied genetics.
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- 2015
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22. Effect of Plot Size on Accuracy of Yield Estimation of Rainfed Lowland Rice Genotypes with Different Plant Heights and Grown under Different Soil Fertility Conditions
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Suwat Jearakongman, Somdej Immark, Apichart Noenplub, Shu Fukai, and Mark Cooper
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Competition ,Plant height ,Plot size ,Rice genotypes ,Selection trial ,Yield estimation ,Plant culture ,SB1-1110 - Abstract
Breeding programs for rainfed lowland rice normally use large plot sizes for accurate estimation of yield. Resource requirements are reduced and more genotypes can be tested if a small plot size can be used. A total of 4 experiments was conducted at high and low soil fertility locations in Thailand to determine the influence of plot size and arrangement of tall and short genotypes in small plots on the estimation of yield of genotypes differing in height. Ten to sixteen genotypes were grown in different orders of tall and short genotypes within 2-row plots and also in random arrangements in 4-row, 6-row and 16-row plots. Results showed that taller genotypes tended to suppress the performance of the neighboring shorter genotypes. Consequently the yield results from 2-row plots, in which genotypes were randomly allocated, were unreliable at the high soil fertility location with more vigorous growth, although they were sufficient at the low soil fertility location. Thus plot sizes of 4 and 6-rows appear necessary for accurate estimation of yield across environments. However, when all short genotypes were grouped together and formed a block, and all tall genotypes grouped to form another block, yield results from 2-row plots showed a rather small effect of the competition between the neighbouring genotypes. The yield estimation was improved further by adjusting yield according to the height of each genotype by using covariance analysis. With these modifications, 2-row plots were found to be sufficient for accurate estimation of yield.
- Published
- 2003
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23. A gene regulatory network model for floral transition of the shoot apex in maize and its dynamic modeling.
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Zhanshan Dong, Olga Danilevskaya, Tabare Abadie, Carlos Messina, Nathan Coles, and Mark Cooper
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Medicine ,Science - Abstract
The transition from the vegetative to reproductive development is a critical event in the plant life cycle. The accurate prediction of flowering time in elite germplasm is important for decisions in maize breeding programs and best agronomic practices. The understanding of the genetic control of flowering time in maize has significantly advanced in the past decade. Through comparative genomics, mutant analysis, genetic analysis and QTL cloning, and transgenic approaches, more than 30 flowering time candidate genes in maize have been revealed and the relationships among these genes have been partially uncovered. Based on the knowledge of the flowering time candidate genes, a conceptual gene regulatory network model for the genetic control of flowering time in maize is proposed. To demonstrate the potential of the proposed gene regulatory network model, a first attempt was made to develop a dynamic gene network model to predict flowering time of maize genotypes varying for specific genes. The dynamic gene network model is composed of four genes and was built on the basis of gene expression dynamics of the two late flowering id1 and dlf1 mutants, the early flowering landrace Gaspe Flint and the temperate inbred B73. The model was evaluated against the phenotypic data of the id1 dlf1 double mutant and the ZMM4 overexpressed transgenic lines. The model provides a working example that leverages knowledge from model organisms for the utilization of maize genomic information to predict a whole plant trait phenotype, flowering time, of maize genotypes.
- Published
- 2012
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24. Random time-activity budgets in captive Southern Ground Hornbill Bucorvus leadbeateri
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Mark Cooper and Lara Jordan
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bird ,hornbill ,time-activity ,random ,endangered ,Science ,Science (General) ,Q1-390 ,Social Sciences ,Social sciences (General) ,H1-99 - Published
- 2013
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25. Supporting Quiet, Shy and Anxious Children in the Primary School Using a Targeted Nurturing Intervention Programme Called 'Special Me Time'
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Susan Davis and Stephen-Mark Cooper
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Quiet, shy and/or anxious children are found in every classroom and in every school and by their nature, tend to go 'under the radar'. These children present a variety of behaviours, such as being inhibited, lacking confidence, or appearing socially anxious. For some children, their shyness can be severe and may affect their access to learning, thus further understanding, support and nurture is needed. This study employed a targeted six week intervention programme entitled 'Special Me Time' (SMT) that supported the children with: vocalising their feelings; accessing classroom opportunities; communication, and developing friendships. The premise of the approach is that the children are withdrawn from the mainstream classroom and the session is led by a trained practitioner in a small group situation. The programme is aligned to and followed a nurture based approach. The SMT programme was conducted by school staff and Initial Teacher Education students in primary schools predominantly in South Wales, UK. Findings from the implementation of the programme highlighted that it benefited all children's personal and social development in a range of ways such as improving their confidence and self-esteem. Boys with English as an additional language (EAL) responded especially well to the programme. The results of this research study demonstrated the importance of using an intervention designed to understand and support quiet shy and/or anxious children and to develop their unique abilities in a medium where they were both seen and heard.
- Published
- 2021
26. Prevalence of Forceps Polypectomy of Nondiminutive Polyps Is Substantial But Modifiable
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Caitlin C. Murphy, MinJae Lee, Amit G. Singal, Mark Cooper, and David I. Fudman
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medicine.medical_specialty ,Hepatology ,medicine.diagnostic_test ,business.industry ,medicine.medical_treatment ,Forceps ,Gastroenterology ,Colonic Polyps ,Colonoscopy ,Odds ratio ,Surgical Instruments ,Incomplete Resection ,Article ,Polypectomy ,Confidence interval ,Surgery ,Clinical Practice ,Interquartile range ,Prevalence ,Humans ,Medicine ,Colorectal Neoplasms ,business ,Retrospective Studies - Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS The use of forceps for removal of non-diminutive polyps is associated with incomplete resection compared to snare polypectomy. However, few studies have characterized the frequency of forceps polypectomy for non-diminutive polyps or identified strategies to improve this practice. To address this gap, we estimated prevalence and predictors of forceps polypectomy in clinical practice and examined the effectiveness of a multi-component intervention to reduce inappropriate forceps polypectomy. METHODS We retrospectively reviewed all colonoscopies with polypectomies performed at two U.S. health systems between 10/1/2017 and 9/30/2019. We used a mixed-effects logistic regression model to examine the effect of a multi-component intervention, including provider education and a financial incentive, to reduce inappropriate forceps polypectomy, defined as use of forceps polypectomy for polyps ≥5mm. RESULTS A total of 9968 colonoscopies with 25534 polypectomies were performed by 42 gastroenterologists during the study period. Overall, 8.5% (n=2176) of polyps were removed with inappropriate forceps polypectomy. Inappropriate forceps polypectomy significantly decreased after the intervention (OR 0.34, 95% CI 0.30-0.39), from 11.4% (n=1539) to 5.3% (n=637). Predictors of inappropriate forceps polypectomy included: inadequate bowel prep (OR 1.25, 95% CI 1.06 – 1.47), polyps in the right colon (vs. left: OR 1.29, 95% CI 1.09 – 1.51), and number of polyps removed (OR 0.96, 95% CI 0.94 – 0.97). Inappropriate forceps polypectomy also varied by gastroenterologist (median odds ratio 3.43). In a post-hoc analysis, the proportion of polyps >2mm removed with forceps decreased from 50.0% before the intervention to 43.0% after it (OR 0.62, 95% CI 0.58-0.68). CONCLUSIONS Inappropriate forceps polypectomy is common but modifiable. The proportion of non-diminutive polyps removed with forceps polypectomy should be considered as a quality measure.
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- 2022
27. Radiation use efficiency increased over a century of maize (Zea mays L.) breeding in the US corn belt
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Carlos D Messina, Jose Rotundo, Graeme L Hammer, Carla Gho, Andres Reyes, Yinan Fang, Erik van Oosterom, Lucas Borras, and Mark Cooper
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Crops, Agricultural ,Plant Breeding ,Physiology ,Plant Science ,Zea mays - Abstract
In the absence of stress, crop growth depends on the amount of light intercepted by the canopy and the conversion efficiency [radiation use efficiency (RUE)]. This study tested the hypothesis that long-term genetic gain for grain yield was partly due to improved RUE. The hypothesis was tested using 30 elite maize hybrids commercialized in the US corn belt between 1930 and 2017. Crops grown under irrigation showed that pre-flowering crop growth increased at a rate of 0.11 g m–2 year–1, while light interception remained constant. Therefore, RUE increased at a rate of 0.0049 g MJ–1 year–1, translating into an average of 3 g m–2 year–1 of grain yield over 100 years of maize breeding. Considering that the harvest index has not changed for crops grown at optimal density for the hybrid, the cumulative RUE increase over the history of commercial maize breeding in the USA can account for ~32% of the documented yield trend for maize grown in the central US corn belt. The remaining RUE gap between this study and theoretical maximum values suggests that a yield improvement of a similar magnitude could be achieved by further increasing RUE.
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- 2022
28. Thiazolide Prodrug Esters and Derived Peptides: Synthesis and Activity
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Andrew V. Stachulski, Jean-Francois Rossignol, Sophie Pate, Joshua Taujanskas, Jonathan A. Iggo, Rudi Aerts, Etienne Pascal, Sara Piacentini, Simone La Frazia, M. Gabriella Santoro, Lieven van Vooren, Liesje Sintubin, Mark Cooper, Karl Swift, and Paul M. O’Neill
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Drug Discovery ,Pharmaceutical Science ,Molecular Biology ,Biochemistry - Published
- 2023
29. Comparison between Modelflow® and echocardiography in the determination of cardiac output during and following pregnancy at rest and during exercise
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Victoria L. Meah, Karianne Backx, Eric J. Stöhr, Rob E. Shave, and Stephen-Mark Cooper
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medicine.medical_specialty ,Cardiac output ,validity ,prenatal ,Peak power output ,Physical Therapy, Sports Therapy and Rehabilitation ,Submaximal exercise ,submaximal exercise ,030204 cardiovascular system & hematology ,Validity ,03 medical and health sciences ,0302 clinical medicine ,Internal medicine ,Rest (finance) ,medicine ,Educación Física y Deportiva ,Prenatal ,Pregnancy ,business.industry ,Limits of agreement ,030229 sport sciences ,medicine.disease ,Intensity (physics) ,Finger photoplethysmography ,finger photoplethysmography ,Sports medicine ,Cardiology ,Gestation ,business ,RC1200-1245 - Abstract
During pregnancy, assessment of cardiac output (𝑄̇), a fundamental measure of cardiovascular function, provides important insight into maternal adaptation. However, methods for dynamic 𝑄̇ measurement require validation. The purpose of this study was to estimate the agreement of 𝑄̇ measured by echocardiography and Modelflow® at rest and during submaximal exercise in non-pregnant (n = 18), pregnant (n = 15, 22-26 weeks gestation) and postpartum women (n = 12, 12-16 weeks post-delivery). Simultaneous measurements of 𝑄̇ derived from echocardiography [criterion] and Modelflow® were obtained at rest and during low-moderate intensity (25% and 50% peak power output) cycling exercise and compared using Bland-Altman analysis and limits of agreement. Agreement between echocardiography and Modelflow® was poor in non-pregnant, pregnant and postpartum women at rest (mean difference ± SD: -1.1 ± 3.4; -1.2 ± 2.9; -1.9 ± 3.2 L.min-1), and this remained evident during exercise. The Modelflow® method is not recommended for 𝑄̇ determination in research involving young, healthy non-pregnant and pregnant women at rest or during dynamic challenge. Previously published 𝑄̇ data from studies utilising this method should be interpreted with caution.
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- 2022
30. Acute Effects of 'Composite' Training on Neuromuscular and Fast Stretch-Shortening Cycle Drop Jump Performance in Hurling Players
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Paul J. Byrne, Stephen-Mark Cooper, Sharon Kinsella, and Jeremy A. Moody
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medicine.medical_specialty ,Muscle fatigue ,Physical Therapy, Sports Therapy and Rehabilitation ,Squat ,Plyometric Exercise ,General Medicine ,Athletic Performance ,Stretch shortening cycle ,Running ,Physical medicine and rehabilitation ,Sprint ,medicine ,Humans ,Eccentric ,Plyometrics ,Orthopedics and Sports Medicine ,Muscle Strength ,Session (computer science) ,human activities ,Supercompensation ,Mathematics - Abstract
Byrne, PJ, Moody, JA, Cooper, SM, and Kinsella, S. Acute effects of "composite" training on neuromuscular and fast stretch-shortening cycle drop jump performance in hurling players. J Strength Cond Res 35(12): 3474-3481, 2021-"Composite" training is a term developed by the authors and defined as the combination of a plyometric exercise with an explosive activity such as a sprint run, performed as a "combined repetition"/session. The purposes of this study were to investigate the acute effect of a "composite" training session on neuromuscular and fast stretch-shortening cycle bounce drop jumps (BDJs) in hurling players' immediately, after session, and after 7 days of recovery. Eight hurling players first completed a drop jump test to identify individual BDJ drop height, followed 72 hours later with a single "composite" training session. Three repetition maximum (3RM) back squat strength, BDJ, countermovement jump (CMJ), and sprint performance testing were performed 10 minutes before and immediately after session and 7 days after session. An analysis of variance reported a significant decrease in CMJ measures (height, velocity, and eccentric rate of force development) and sprint performance from presession to postsession (p ≤ 0.05). Moreover, a significant increase was evident for CMJ performance (height and power), sprint performance (5 and 20 m), 3RM back squat strength, and BDJ performance (reactive strength index and height) from postsession to post-7-day recovery (p ≤ 0.05). Pairwise comparisons indicated that absolute and relative 3RM strength significantly increased from presession to post-7 days (absolute 3RM: p = 0.0001; relative 3RM: p = 0.01). The findings indicate that "composite" training results in an immediate decline in CMJ measures after session possibly due to acute muscle fatigue, and supercompensation augments maximum lower-limb strength after 7 days of recovery.
- Published
- 2021
31. Extending the breeder’s equation to take aim at the Target Population of Environments
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Mark Cooper, Owen Powell, Carla Gho, Tom Tang, and Carlos Messina
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Plant Science - Abstract
A major focus for genomic prediction has been on improving trait prediction accuracy using combinations of algorithms and the training data sets available from plant breeding multi-environment trials (METs). Any improvements in prediction accuracy are viewed as pathways to improve traits in the reference population of genotypes and product performance in the target population of environments (TPE). To realize these breeding outcomes there must be a positive MET-TPE relationship that provides consistency between the trait variation expressed within the MET data sets that are used to train the genome-to-phenome (G2P) model for applications of genomic prediction and the realized trait and performance differences in the TPE for the genotypes that are the prediction targets. The strength of this MET-TPE relationship is usually assumed to be high, however it is rarely quantified. To date investigations of genomic prediction methods have focused on improving prediction accuracy within MET training data sets, with less attention to quantifying the structure of the TPE and the MET-TPE relationship and their potential impact on training the G2P model for applications of genomic prediction to accelerate breeding outcomes for the on-farm TPE. We extend the breeder’s equation and use an example to demonstrate the importance of the MET-TPE relationship as a key component for the design of genomic prediction methods to realize improved rates of genetic gain for the target yield, quality, stress tolerance and yield stability traits in the on-farm TPE.
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- 2022
32. Breeding crops for drought-affected environments and improved climate resilience
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Mark Cooper and Carlos D Messina
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Crops, Agricultural ,Plant Breeding ,Quantitative Trait Loci ,Cell Biology ,Plant Science ,Zea mays ,Ecosystem ,Droughts - Abstract
Breeding climate-resilient crops with improved levels of abiotic and biotic stress resistance as a response to climate change presents both opportunities and challenges. Applying the framework of the “breeder’s equation,” which is used to predict the response to selection for a breeding program cycle, we review methodologies and strategies that have been used to successfully breed crops with improved levels of drought resistance, where the target population of environments (TPEs) is a spatially and temporally heterogeneous mixture of drought-affected and favorable (water-sufficient) environments. Long-term improvement of temperate maize for the US corn belt is used as a case study and compared with progress for other crops and geographies. Integration of trait information across scales, from genomes to ecosystems, is needed to accurately predict yield outcomes for genotypes within the current and future TPEs. This will require transdisciplinary teams to explore, identify, and exploit novel opportunities to accelerate breeding program outcomes; both improved germplasm resources and improved products (cultivars, hybrids, clones, and populations) that outperform and replace the products in use by farmers, in combination with modified agronomic management strategies suited to their local environments.
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- 2022
33. Transgene by Germplasm Interactions Can Impact Transgene Evaluation
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Julien F Linares, Nathan D Coles, Hua Mo, Jeff E Habben, Sabrina Humbert, Carlos Messina, Tom Tang, Mark Cooper, Carla Gho, Ricardo Carrasco, Javier Carter, Jillian Wicher Flounders, and E Charles Brummer
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Agronomy and Crop Science - Abstract
Transgenes have been successfully commercialized for qualitatively inherited insect and herbicide resistance traits that show similar effects across genetic backgrounds. However, for quantitative traits like yield, genetic background may affect the measured transgene value. In this paper, we evaluated whether different genetic backgrounds impact the estimated value of a transgene for grain yield, ear height, and anthesis-silking interval for maize by developing isogenic pairs of lines with and without a transgene and testing them in hybrid combination with non-transgenic lines from a complementary heterotic group across eleven environments in the USA. Over all hybrid combinations, the transgene increased yield by 0.2 Mg ha−1. Across multiple non-transgenic lines of the opposing heterotic group, the transgene effect within a line pair ranged from an increase of 0.8 Mg ha−1for the NSS4 and SS7 transgenic lines to a reduction of 0.3 Mg ha−1for the NSS5 transgenic line when compared to their non-transgenic isoline. Transgenic hybrids were often taller than non-transgenic hybrids (P
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- 2022
34. Excessive burden of lysosomal storage disorder gene variants in Parkinson’s disease
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Robak, Laurie A, Jansen, Iris E, van Rooij, Jeroen, Uitterlinden, André G, Kraaij, Robert, Jankovic, Joseph, Heutink, Peter, Shulman, Joshua M, Nalls, Mike A, Plagnol, Vincent, Hernandez, Dena G, Sharma, Manu, Sheerin, Una-Marie, Saad, Mohamad, Simón-Sánchez, Javier, Schulte, Claudia, Lesage, Suzanne, Sveinbjörnsdóttir, Sigurlaug, Arepalli, Sampath, Barker, Roger, Ben-, Yoav, Berendse, Henk W, Berg, Daniela, Bhatia, Kailash, de Bie, Rob M A, Biffi, Alessandro, Bloem, Bas, Bochdanovits, Zoltan, Bonin, Michael, Bras, Jose M, Brockmann, Kathrin, Brooks, Janet, Burn, David J, Majounie, Elisa, Charlesworth, Gavin, Lungu, Codrin, Chen, Honglei, Chinnery, Patrick F, Chong, Sean, Clarke, Carl E, Cookson, Mark R, Mark Cooper, J, Corvol, Jean Christophe, Counsell, Carl, Damier, Philippe, Dartigues, Jean-François, Deloukas, Panos, Deuschl, Günther, Dexter, David T, van Dijk, Karin D, Dillman, Allissa, Durif, Frank, Dürr, Alexandra, Edkins, Sarah, Evans, Jonathan R, Foltynie, Thomas, Dong, Jing, Gardner, Michelle, Raphael Gibbs, J, Goate, Alison, Gray, Emma, Guerreiro, Rita, Harris, Clare, van Hilten, Jacobus J, Hofman, Albert, Hollenbeck, Albert, Holton, Janice, Hu, Michele, Huang, Xuemei, Wurster, Isabel, Mätzler, Walter, Hudson, Gavin, Hunt, Sarah E, Huttenlocher, Johanna, Illig, Thomas, Jónsson, Pálmi V, Lambert, Jean-Charles, Langford, Cordelia, Lees, Andrew, Lichtner, Peter, Limousin, Patricia, Lopez, Grisel, Lorenz, Delia, Lungu, Codrin, McNeill, Alisdair, Moorby, Catriona, Moore, Matthew, Morris, Huw R, Morrison, Karen E, Escott-Price, Valentina, Mudanohwo, Ese, O’Sullivan, Sean S, Pearson, Justin, Perlmutter, Joel S, Pétursson, Hjörvar, Pollak, Pierre, Post, Bart, Potter, Simon, Ravina, Bernard, Revesz, Tamas, Riess, Olaf, Rivadeneira, Fernando, Rizzu, Patrizia, Ryten, Mina, Sawcer, Stephen, Schapira, Anthony, Scheffer, Hans, Shaw, Karen, Shoulson, Ira, Shulman, Joshua, Sidransky, Ellen, Smith, Colin, Spencer, Chris C A, Stefánsson, Hreinn, Bettella, Francesco, Stockton, Joanna D, Strange, Amy, Talbot, Kevin, Tanner, Carlie M, Tashakkori-Ghanbaria, Avazeh, Tison, François, Trabzuni, Daniah, Traynor, Bryan J, Uitterlinden, André G, Velseboer, Daan, Vidailhet, Marie, Walker, Robert, van de Warrenburg, Bart, Wickremaratchi, Mirdhu, Williams, Nigel, Williams-Gray, Caroline H, Winder-Rhodes, Sophie, Stefánsson, Kári, Martinez, Maria, Wood, Nicholas W, Hardy, John, Heutink, Peter, Brice, Alexis, Gasser, Thomas, and Singleton, Andrew B
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- 2017
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35. A Latitudinal Gradient in Species Richness of Subgenus Tetraconasoma Verhoeff, 1924, not Sphaerotherium Brandt, 1833 (Diplopoda: Sphaerotheriida)?
- Author
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Mark Cooper
- Subjects
General Medicine - Abstract
The Tropical Conservativism Hypothesis and Biogeographical Conservativism Hypothesis were tested in forest millipedes. Latitudinal diversity gradient (LDG) was measured in the genus Sphaerotherium and Tetraconasoma to distinguish between the two hypotheses. There was a marginally significant correlation between the number of species and latitudinal degrees away from the equator in Tetraconasoma (r=-0.78091517, Z score=-1.48168825, n=5, p=0.06921166), not Sphaerotherium (r=-0.73029674, Z score=-0.92936295, n=4, p=0.17635049). The relationship in Tetraconasoma was shown to be significant (Spearman's Rho rs=-0.89443, p (2-tailed) = 0.04052). An evolutionary preference for temperate environments appearing to have led to climatic constraints on dispersal based primarily on precipitation seasonality gradients was previously suggested. The antennal cone cells in the Tetraconasoma are suggested to be responsible for this sensory adaptive radiation and variation.
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- 2022
36. A mixed-methods systematic review of nurse-led interventions for people with multimorbidity
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Chris McParland, Bridget Johnston, and Mark Cooper
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Outcome Assessment, Health Care ,Quality of Life ,Humans ,Multimorbidity ,Comorbidity ,Nurse's Role ,General Nursing ,Aged - Abstract
To identify types of nurse-led interventions for multimorbidity and which outcomes are positively affected by them.Mixed-methods systematic review following the Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) methods for convergent-integrated reviews.CRD42020197956.Cochrane CENTRAL, CINAHL, Embase and MEDLINE were searched in October 2020. Grey literature sources included OpenGrey, the Journal of Multimorbidity and Comorbidity and reference mining.English-language reports of nurse-led interventions for people with multimorbidity were included based on author consensus. Two reviewers performed independent quality appraisal using JBI tools. Data were extracted and synthesized using a pre-existing taxonomy of interventions and core outcome set.Twenty studies were included, with a median summary quality score of 77.5%. Interventions were mostly case-management or transitional care interventions, with nurses in advanced practice, support to self-manage conditions, and an emphasis on continuity of care featuring frequently. Patient-centred outcomes such as quality of healthcare and health-related quality of life were mostly improved, with mixed effects on healthcare utilization, costs, mortality and other outcomes.Interventions such as case management are agreeable to patients and transitional care interventions may have a small positive impact on healthcare utilization. Interventions include long-term patient management or short-term interventions targeted at high-risk junctures. These interventions feature nurses in advanced practice developing care plans in partnership with patients, to simplify and improve the quality of care both in the long and short-term.This is the first mixed-methods review which includes all types of nurse-led interventions for multimorbidity and does not focus on specific comorbidities or elderly/frail populations. Using adapted consensus-developed frameworks for interventions and outcomes, we have identified the common features of interventions and their overall typology. We suggest these interventions are of value to patients and healthcare systems but require localization and granular evaluation of their components to maximize potential benefits.
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- 2022
37. Short-Term Effects of 'Composite' Training on Strength, Jump, and Sprint Performance in Hurling Players
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Jeremy A. Moody, Paul J. Byrne, Sharon Kinsella, Stephen-Mark Cooper, and Eoin Farrell
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medicine.medical_specialty ,Contact time ,Acceleration ,Repetition maximum ,Resistance Training ,Physical Therapy, Sports Therapy and Rehabilitation ,Squat ,General Medicine ,Athletic Performance ,Body Height ,Time efficient ,Running ,Sprint training ,Sprint ,Soccer ,Jump ,Physical therapy ,medicine ,Humans ,Orthopedics and Sports Medicine ,Muscle Strength ,Cycle efficiency ,Mathematics - Abstract
Byrne, PJ, Moody, JA, Cooper, S-M, Farrell, E, and Kinsella, S. Short-term effects of "composite training" on strength, jump, and sprint performance in hurling players. J Strength Cond Res 36(8): 2253-2261, 2022-The purpose of this study was to compare the short-term effects of "composite" training to sprint training on strength, jump, and sprint acceleration performance in hurling players. A randomized counterbalanced group design with baseline test, pretest and post-test measures was used. Twenty-five hurling players volunteered to participate and 21 completed the study. Subjects were divided into a "composite" (COMP group, n = 10) or a sprint training (SPRINT group, n = 11) group. Both groups trained twice per week for 7 weeks with the SPRINT group performing 6 repetitions of 20 m sprints and the COMP group completing 6 repetitions (1 repetition = 3 bounce drop jumps [BDJs] with a 20 m sprint after 15 seconds recovery). Significant differences existed pretraining to post-training for the COMP group for BDJ contact time (-7.25%; p = 0.05) and countermovement jump (CMJ) variables (height: 7.43%, p = 0.006; force: 5.24%, p = 0.05; power: 15.11%, p = 0.001). No significant differences were found between groups at baseline and for group by time interactions. Significant improvements were observed pretraining to post-training in both groups for the following: absolute 3 repetition maximum (3RM) back squat strength (12.73-17.62%, p = 0.01), 5 m (5.74-9.49%, p = 0.006-0.04), 10 m (4.27-5.59%, p = 0.007-0.02), and 20 m (3.35-3.98%, p = 0.003-0.01). In conclusion, "composite" training is effective in enhancing fast stretch-shortening cycle efficiency inducing CMJ force and power augmentation. However, "composite" and sprint training are effective training approaches for enhancing maximal strength and sprint performance in a time efficient manner in hurling players.
- Published
- 2020
38. Evaluation of relationships between results of electrocardiography and echocardiography in 341 chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes)
- Author
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Christopher Palmer, Sophie Moittié, Jaclyn Eng, Rob E. Shave, Stephen-Mark Cooper, Mike Stembridge, Carlos R. Sanchez, Sarah Simcox, Glyn Howatson, Aimee L. Drane, Pablo Emilio Guzmán Rodríguez, David Oxborough, Thalita Calvi, Bruce Peck, Rebeca Atencia, Hester van Bolhuis, Yedra Feltrer, Steve Unwin, Tai Strike, and 26084759 - Howatson, Glyn
- Subjects
QL ,medicine.medical_specialty ,General Veterinary ,medicine.diagnostic_test ,biology ,business.industry ,Troglodytes ,General Medicine ,biology.organism_classification ,Internal medicine ,medicine ,Cardiology ,Cardiac structure ,cardiovascular diseases ,business ,Electrocardiography ,Heart atrium - Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine potential relationships between ECG characteristics and echocardiographic measures of cardiac structure in chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes). ANIMALS 341 chimpanzees (175 males and 166 females) from 5 sanctuaries and 2 zoological collections. PROCEDURES Chimpanzees were anesthetized for routine health examinations between May 2011 and July 2017 as part of the International Primate Heart Project and, during the same anesthetic events, underwent 12-lead ECG and transthoracic echocardiographic assessments. Relationships between results for ECG and those for echocardiographic measures of atrial areas, left ventricular internal diameter in diastole (LVIDd), and mean left ventricular wall thicknesses (MLVWT) were assessed with correlational analysis, then multiple linear regression analyses were used to create hierarchical models to predict cardiac structure from ECG findings. RESULTS Findings indicated correlations (r = −0.231 to 0.310) between results for ECG variables and echocardiographic measures. The duration and amplitude of P waves in lead II had the strongest correlations with atrial areas. The Sokolow-Lyon criteria, QRS-complex duration, and R-wave amplitude in leads V6 and II had the strongest correlations with MLVWT, whereas the Sokolow-Lyon criteria, QRS-complex duration, and S-wave amplitude in leads V2 and V1 had the strongest correlations with LVIDd. However, the ECG predictive models that were generated only accounted for 17%, 7%, 11%, and 8% of the variance in the right atrial end-systolic area, left atrial end-systolic area, MLVWT, and LVIDd, respectively. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Results indicated that relationships existed between ECG findings and cardiac morphology in the chimpanzees of the present study; however, further research is required to examine whether the predictive models generated can be modified to improve their clinical utility.
- Published
- 2020
39. Potentiating Response to Drop-Jump Protocols on Sprint Acceleration: Drop-Jump Volume and Intrarepetition Recovery Duration
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Danielle Callanan, Stephen-Mark Cooper, Paul J. Byrne, Jeremy A. Moody, and Sharon Kinsella
- Subjects
Male ,Time Factors ,Acceleration ,Physical Therapy, Sports Therapy and Rehabilitation ,Athletic Performance ,030204 cardiovascular system & hematology ,Running ,Random Allocation ,Young Adult ,03 medical and health sciences ,Recovery period ,0302 clinical medicine ,Animal science ,Humans ,Orthopedics and Sports Medicine ,Mathematics ,Cross-Over Studies ,030229 sport sciences ,General Medicine ,Crossover study ,Time efficient ,Sprint ,Volume (thermodynamics) ,Duration (music) ,Drop jump ,Post activation potentiation ,Physical Conditioning, Human - Abstract
Byrne, PJ, Moody, JA, Cooper, SM, Callanan, D, and Kinsella, S. Potentiating response to drop-jump protocols on sprint acceleration: drop-jump volume and intrarepetition recovery duration. J Strength Cond Res 34(3): 717-727, 2020-The purpose of this study was to investigate the postactivation potentiation response first to bounce drop jump (BDJ) volume; second, BDJ intrarepetition recovery duration and recovery duration between BDJs and 20-meter (including 5- and 10-m split times) sprint performance. The study was undertaken in 2 parts, the first part compared different volumes of BDJs and the second part compared different BDJ intrarepetition recovery periods. The effect of recovery periods between the BDJs and the subsequent 20-m sprints was examined in both parts 1 and 2 (15 seconds, 4, 8, and 12 minutes). Fourteen (mean ± SD: age = 20.83 ± 1.26 years; height = 1.77 ± 0.04 m; and mass = 74.89 ± 6.07 kg) (part 1) and 15 (mean ± SD: age = 20.64 ± 1.00 years; height = 1.78 ± 0.06 m; and mass = 75.67 ± 6.28 kg) (part 2) male collegiate and club hurling players volunteered to participate. A randomized cross-over design was used to compare BDJ volumes (1, 2, and 3 sets of 3 repetitions) and BDJ intrarepetition recovery time (15 vs. 60 seconds) after a warm-up followed by 2 baseline 20-m sprints. The results in part 1 reported a significant improvement in 5- and 10-m sprint time for 1 set of 3 BDJs between baseline and 4 minutes (5 m: -2.34%, p = 0.04, effect size [ES] = -0.043; 10 m: -1.42%, p = 0.03, ES = -0.35), and baseline and 12 minutes (5 m: -3.33%, p = 0.03, ES = -0.57; 10 m: -2.13%, p = 0.01, ES = -0.52). Part 2 reported a significant improvement in 5-m sprint time between baseline and 15 seconds (5 m: -3.38%, p = 0.01, ES = -0.83; 10 m: -2.07%, p = 0.02, ES = -0.58) after the BDJs. The findings support the use of 1 set of 3 BDJs using a 15-second intrarepetition recovery period to maximize 5-, 10-, and 20-m sprint performance after 15 seconds of recovery after the final BDJ in hurling players. The acute response to this BDJ protocol proves to be time efficient and effective in acutely improving sprint acceleration.
- Published
- 2020
40. Henry Cadell's ‘Experimental researches in mountain building’: their lessons for interpreting thrust systems and fold–thrust structures
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Mark Cooper, Robert W. H. Butler, and Clare E. Bond
- Subjects
Outreach ,Geological survey ,Library science ,Geology ,Ocean Engineering ,Moine Thrust Belt ,Water Science and Technology - Abstract
Funding The Fold-Thrust Research Group has been funded by InterOil, Santos, OilSearch and NAGRA. The original compilation of Cadell’s researches was part of an outreach programme funded by BP. Acknowledgements RWHB is indebted to the late John Mendum for arranging access to Cadell’s notebooks and his field maps that were lodged in the then offices of the British Geological Survey in Murchison House, Edinburgh. This formed part of a collaboration with BGS and the development of the “Assynt’s Geology” website in the early 2000s. Many of the images from Cadell’s notebooks, including his experimental results, were part of this site. Regrettably it has not been maintained and is no longer accessible. Rectifying this loss of resource forms the motivation for this contribution. We thank Juergen Adam and an anonymous referee for construct reviews, together with James Hammerstein for shepherding the manuscript through the editing process, although of course the views expressed in this paper remain the responsibility of the authors alone.
- Published
- 2020
41. Short-Term Changes in Serum Potassium and the Risk of Subsequent Vascular Events and Mortality: Results from a Randomized Controlled Trial of ACE Inhibitors
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Toshiaki Ohkuma, Katie Harris, Mark Cooper, Diederick E. Grobbee, Pavel Hamet, Stephen Harrap, Giuseppe Mancia, Michel Marre, Anushka Patel, Anthony Rodgers, Bryan Williams, Mark Woodward, and John Chalmers
- Subjects
Transplantation ,Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 ,Nephrology ,Epidemiology ,Gliclazide ,Potassium ,Humans ,Hyperkalemia ,Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors ,Vascular Diseases ,Critical Care and Intensive Care Medicine - Abstract
Hyperkalemia after starting renin-angiotensin system inhibitors has been shown to be subsequently associated with a higher risk of cardiovascular and kidney outcomes. However, whether to continue or discontinue the drug after hyperkalemia remains unclear.Data came from the Action in Diabetes and Vascular Disease: Preterax and Diamicron Modified Release Controlled Evaluation (ADVANCE) trial, which included a run-in period where all participants initiated angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor-based therapy (a fixed combination of perindopril and indapamide). The study population was taken as patients with type 2 diabetes with normokalemia (serum potassium of 3.5 to5.0 mEq/L) at the start of run-in. Potassium was remeasured 3 weeks later when a total of 9694 participants were classified into hyperkalemia (≥5.0 mEq/L), normokalemia, and hypokalemia (3.5 mEq/L) groups. After run-in, patients were randomized to continuation of the angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor-based therapy or placebo; major macrovascular, microvascular, and mortality outcomes were analyzed using Cox regression during the following 4.4 years (median).During active run-in, 556 (6%) participants experienced hyperkalemia. During follow-up, 1505 participants experienced the primary composite outcome of major macrovascular and microvascular events. Randomized treatment of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor-based therapy significantly decreased the risk of the primary outcome (38.1 versus 42.0 per 1000 person-years; hazard ratio, 0.91; 95% confidence interval, 0.83 to 1.00;Continuation of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor-based therapy consistently decreased the subsequent risk of clinical outcomes, including cardiovascular and kidney outcomes and death, regardless of short-term changes in serum potassium.Action in Diabetes and Vascular Disease: Preterax and Diamicron Modified Release Controlled Evaluation (ADVANCE), NCT00145925.
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- 2022
42. Global wheat production could benefit from closing the genetic yield gap
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Nimai Senapati, Mikhail A. Semenov, Nigel G. Halford, Malcolm J. Hawkesford, Senthold Asseng, Mark Cooper, Frank Ewert, Martin K. van Ittersum, Pierre Martre, Jørgen E. Olesen, Matthew Reynolds, Reimund P. Rötter, and Heidi Webber
- Subjects
Plant Production Systems ,Plantaardige Productiesystemen ,Life Science ,Animal Science and Zoology ,PE&RC ,Agronomy and Crop Science ,Food Science - Abstract
Global food security requires food production to be increased in the coming decades. The closure of any existing genetic yield gap (Yig) by genetic improvement could increase crop yield potential and global production. Here we estimated present global wheat Yig, covering all wheat-growing environments and major producers, by optimizing local wheat cultivars using the wheat model Sirius. The estimated mean global Yig was 51%, implying that global wheat production could benefit greatly from exploiting the untapped global Yig through the use of optimal cultivar designs, utilization of the vast variation available in wheat genetic resources, application of modern advanced breeding tools, and continuous improvements of crop and soil management.
- Published
- 2022
43. Investigations into the emergent properties of gene-to-phenotype networks across cycles of selection: a case study of shoot branching in plants
- Author
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Owen Powell, Francois Barbier, Christine Beveridge, Mark Cooper, and Kai Peter Voss-Fels
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Modeling and Simulation ,food and beverages ,Plant Science ,Agronomy and Crop Science ,Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (miscellaneous) - Abstract
Predictive breeding is now widely practised in crop improvement programmes and has accelerated selection response (i.e. the amount of genetic gain between breeding cycles) for complex traits. However, world food production needs to increase further to meet the demands of the growing human population. The prediction of complex traits with current methods can be inconsistent across different genetic, environmental and agronomic management contexts because the complex relationships between genomic and phenotypic variation are not well accounted for. Therefore, developing gene-to-phenotype network models for traits that integrate the knowledge of networks from systems biology, plant and crop physiology with population genomics has been proposed to close this gap in predictive modelling. Here, we develop a gene-to-phenotype network for shoot branching, a critical developmental pathway underpinning harvestable yield for many crop species, as a case study to explore the value of developing gene-to-phenotype networks to enhance understanding of selection responses. We observed that genetic canalization is an emergent property of the complex interactions among shoot branching gene-to-phenotype network components, leading to the accumulation of cryptic genetic variation, reduced selection responses and large variation in selection trajectories across populations. As genetic canalization is expected to be pervasive in traits, such as grain yield, that result from interactions among multiple genes, traits, environments and agronomic management practices, the need to model traits in crop improvement programmes as outcomes of gene-to-phenotype networks is highlighted as an emerging opportunity to advance our understanding of selection response and the efficiency of developing resilient crops for future climates.
- Published
- 2022
44. The influence of maturation on exercise‐induced cardiac remodelling and haematological adaptation
- Author
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Dean R. Perkins, Jack S. Talbot, Rachel N. Lord, Tony G. Dawkins, Aaron L. Baggish, Abbas Zaidi, Orhan Uzun, Kelly A. Mackintosh, Melitta A. McNarry, Stephen‐Mark Cooper, Rhodri S. Lloyd, Jon L. Oliver, Rob E. Shave, and Mike Stembridge
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Physiology - Published
- 2022
45. Core Patient-Reported Outcomes (PROs) and PRO Measures (PROMs) for Polypharmacy Medicines Reviews: A Sequential Mixed-Methods Study
- Author
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Mark Cooper, Grigorios Kotronoulas, and Bridget Johnston
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Core set ,Polypharmacy ,Health professionals ,Adult patients ,business.industry ,Health Policy ,Medicine (miscellaneous) ,Prom ,female genital diseases and pregnancy complications ,Nursing ,Daily living ,Medicine ,Thematic analysis ,business ,Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (miscellaneous) ,Social Sciences (miscellaneous) ,Bespoke - Abstract
Purpose: Problematic polypharmacy can exaggerate “medicine burden” for the patient. Patient-reported outcomes (PROs) are key indicators of medicine burden, and PRO measures (PROMs) can help patients articulate their perceptions of medicine burden. We aimed to: (a) evaluate what PROMs currently exist that assess medicine burden, and what PROs they target, and (b) understand patients’ experiences with using multiple medicines to establish a core set of most meaningful and relevant PROs for assessment in polypharmacy medicines reviews. Patients and Methods: We conducted a prospective, sequential mixed-methods study in two consecutive work phases. Phase 1 involved a rapid review of PROMs, informed by the published PRISMA and COSMIN initiative guidelines. We integrated all evidence in a thematic narrative synthesis. Phase 2 involved cross-sectional, one-to-one, semi-structured interviews with key stakeholders, including members of the public and healthcare professionals (HCPs). We conducted thematic content analysis to identify and classify emerging PROs. Results: In Phase 1, 13 studies described the development and/or validation of 12 PROMs. The PROMs targeted 14 content domains of adult patients’ experiences with prescribed medicines. PROMs varied widely in terms of length, comprehensiveness and psychometric robustness. In Phase 2, all participants (seven members of the public; eight HCPs) agreed on the clinical relevance of PROMs, providing a rich account of justifications. We identified four core PROs: ‘Knowledge, information and communication about own medicines’; “Perceptions, views and attitudes about (own) medicines”; “Impact on daily living: Side-effects and practicalities”, and “Medicine usage: ‘as planned’, misuse, abuse, no use”. Conclusion: We suggest combining psychometrically robust PROMs or domains across PROMs into a bespoke PROM that addresses comprehensively and succinctly the four core PROs. We recommend a careful implementation process that must involve consultation with all relevant stakeholders, while establishing a clear purpose for collecting a PROM and realistic and ongoing collection at key time-points.
- Published
- 2019
46. Messianic Prophecy during the Restoration of the Portugese Crown, 1640-1668: The Prophetic Contributions of Bartolomeu Vaz Pinho (O Azul)
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Emerson, Mark Cooper
- Published
- 2009
47. Mixed methods systematic review: Factors influencing research activity among nurses in clinical practice
- Author
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Bridget Johnston, Mark Cooper, and Lindy Morrison
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Medical education ,Research ,Scopus ,MEDLINE ,General Medicine ,CINAHL ,Checklist ,Systematic review ,Mentorship ,Data extraction ,Humans ,Psychology ,Competence (human resources) ,General Nursing ,Systematic Reviews as Topic - Abstract
Aim: \ud This study aimed to identify, evaluate and summarise current evidence in relation to the factors that influence the conducting of research by nurses in clinical practice.\ud \ud Design: \ud This study used mixed methods systematic review.\ud \ud Data sources: \ud CINAHL, EMBASE, MEDLINE, Scopus and ASSIA, with dates limited from 2015 to 2020, were used to conduct a systematic search of the literature.\ud \ud Review methods: \ud The Joanna Briggs Institute approach was followed, with results reported according to the Preferred Reporting System for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses. The associated checklist for systematic reviews was also used. A standardised data extraction tool was then used, with quality appraisal guided by the Mixed Methods Appraisal Tool, with a subsequent convergent qualitative synthesis.\ud \ud Results: \ud Sixteen papers were identified for inclusion, nine quantitative, six qualitative and one mixed methods. Four themes were identified: research competence and culture, proactive research mentorship, research resources and making a difference. These were critically discussed in relation to barriers and enablers to the conduct of research by nurses in clinical practice. Commonly cited barriers included a lack of research knowledge, confidence and access to resources, particularly protected time, while enablers such as educational partnerships, identifying research-motivated clinical nurses and access to research role models were also apparent in the literature.\ud \ud Conclusions: \ud Globally, nurses in clinical practice are clearly motivated to engage in the research process despite apparent barriers that have a significant impact on productivity. Nevertheless, there are also enablers to building research capacity apparent that offer methodological and structural approaches to empower this group to conduct research.
- Published
- 2021
48. Comment on se-2021-105
- Author
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Mark Cooper
- Published
- 2021
49. Extensive Anti-CoA Immunostaining in Alzheimer’s Disease and Covalent Modification of Tau by a Key Cellular Metabolite Coenzyme A
- Author
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Tammaryn Lashley, Maria-Armineh Tossounian, Neve Costello Heaven, Samantha Wallworth, Sew Peak-Chew, Aaron Bradshaw, J. Mark Cooper, Rohan de Silva, Surjit Kaila Srai, Oksana Malanchuk, Valeriy Filonenko, Margreet B. Koopman, Stefan G. D. Rüdiger, Mark Skehel, Ivan Gout, Sub Cellular Protein Chemistry, and Cellular Protein Chemistry
- Subjects
Regulation of gene expression ,Coenzyme A ,Neurodegeneration ,HEK 293 cells ,neurodegeneration ,Neurosciences. Biological psychiatry. Neuropsychiatry ,Oxidative phosphorylation ,protein CoAlation ,medicine.disease ,medicine.disease_cause ,Cell biology ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience ,chemistry ,medicine ,oxidative stress ,Epigenetics ,tau ,Alzheimer’s disease ,Oxidative stress ,RC321-571 ,Cysteine ,Neuroscience ,Original Research - Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disorder, accounting for at least two-thirds of dementia cases. A combination of genetic, epigenetic and environmental triggers is widely accepted to be responsible for the onset and development of AD. Accumulating evidence shows that oxidative stress and dysregulation of energy metabolism play an important role in AD pathogenesis, leading to neuronal dysfunction and death. Redox-induced protein modifications have been reported in the brain of AD patients, indicating excessive oxidative damage. Coenzyme A (CoA) is essential for diverse metabolic pathways, regulation of gene expression and biosynthesis of neurotransmitters. Dysregulation of CoA biosynthesis in animal models and inborn mutations in human genes involved in the CoA biosynthetic pathway have been associated with neurodegeneration. Recent studies have uncovered the antioxidant function of CoA, involving covalent protein modification by this cofactor (CoAlation) in cellular response to oxidative or metabolic stress. Protein CoAlation has been shown to both modulate the activity of modified proteins and protect cysteine residues from irreversible overoxidation. In this study, immunohistochemistry analysis with highly specific anti-CoA monoclonal antibody was used to reveal protein CoAlation across numerous neurodegenerative diseases, which appeared particularly frequent in AD. Furthermore, protein CoAlation consistently co-localized with tau-positive neurofibrillary tangles, underpinning one of the key pathological hallmarks of AD. Double immunihistochemical staining with tau and CoA antibodies in AD brain tissue revealed co-localization of the two immunoreactive signals. Further, recombinant 2N3R and 2N4R tau isoforms were found to be CoAlated in vitro and the site of CoAlation mapped by mass spectrometry to conserved cysteine 322, located in the microtubule binding region. We also report the reversible H2O2-induced dimerization of recombinant 2N3R, which is inhibited by CoAlation. Moreover, CoAlation of transiently expressed 2N4R tau was observed in diamide-treated HEK293/Pank1β cells. Taken together, this study demonstrates for the first time extensive anti-CoA immunoreactivity in AD brain samples, which occurs in structures resembling neurofibrillary tangles and neuropil threads. Covalent modification of recombinant tau at cysteine 322 suggests that CoAlation may play an important role in protecting redox-sensitive tau cysteine from irreversible overoxidation and may modulate its acetyltransferase activity and functional interactions.
- Published
- 2021
50. The Canadian Federation of Earth Sciences Scientific Statement on Climate Change – Its Impacts in Canada, and the Critical Role of Earth Scientists in Mitigation and Adaptation
- Author
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Toon Pronk, Christopher R. Burn, Stephen R. Morison, Mark Cooper, and John H. Calder
- Subjects
Social Sciences and Humanities ,ice sheets ,Earth science ,Earth materials ,Climate change ,greenhouse effect ,sea-level rise ,Permafrost ,geological record ,Earth system science ,Extreme weather ,climate change ,flooding ,Effects of global warming ,Greenhouse gas ,General Earth and Planetary Sciences ,Environmental science ,Sciences Humaines et Sociales ,fossil fuels ,Greenhouse effect ,permafrost degradation - Abstract
The Canadian Federation of Earth Sciences (CFES) has issued this statement to summarize the science, effects, and implications of climate change. We highlight the role of Earth scientists in documenting and mitigating climate change, and in managing and adapting to its consequences in Canada. CFES is the coordinated voice of Canada’s Earth Sciences community with 14 member organizations representing some 15,000 geoscientists. Our members are drawn from academia, industry, education, and government. The mission of CFES is to ensure decision makers and the public understand the contributions of Earth Science to Canadian society and the economy.Climate change has become a national and global priority for all levels of government. The geological record shows us that the global climate has changed throughout Earth’s history, but the current rates of change are almost unprecedented. Over the last 70 years, levels of common greenhouse gases (GHGs) in the atmosphere have steadily increased. Carbon dioxide (CO2) concentration is now 418 parts per million — its highest of the last three million years. The chemical (isotopic) composition of carbon in the atmosphere indicates the increase in GHGs is due to burning fossil fuels. GHGs absorb energy emitted from Earth’s surface and re-radiate it back, warming the lower levels of the atmosphere. Climatic adjustments that have recently occurred are, in practical terms, irreversible, but further change can be mitigated by lowering emissions of GHGs.Climate change is amplified by three important Earth system processes and effects. First, as the climate warms evaporation increases, raising atmospheric concentrations of water vapour, itself a GHG — and adding to warming. Second, loss of ice cover from the polar ice sheets and glaciers exposes larger areas of land and open water — leading to greater absorption of heat from the sun. Third, thawing of near-surface permafrost releases additional GHGs (primarily CO2 and methane) during decay of organic matter previously preserved frozen in the ground. Some impacts of climate change are incremental and steadily occurring, such as melting of glaciers and ice sheets, with consequent sea level rise. Others are intermittent, such as extreme weather events, like hurricanes — but are becoming more frequent. Summer water shortages are increasingly common in western Canada as mountain snowpacks melt earlier and summer river flows decline. In northern Canada, warming and thawing of near-surface permafrost has led to deterioration of infrastructure and increased costs for buildings that now require chilled foundations. Other consequences of unchecked climate change include increased coastal erosion, increases in the number and size of wildfires, and reduction in winter road access to isolated northern communities. Reductions in net GHG emissions are urgently required to mitigate the many effects of further climate change. Industrial and public works development projects must now assess the effects of climate change in their planning, design, and management. Cities, municipalities, and rural communities need to plan new residential development carefully to avoid enhanced risk of flooding, coastal erosion, or wildfire.Earth Science knowledge and expertise is integral to exploration and development of new metals and Earth materials required for a carbon-neutral future, and in the capture and storage of CO2 within the Earth. Earth Science is also central to society’s adaptation to new climatic regimes and reduction of risks. This includes anticipation, assessment, and management of extreme events, development of new standards and guidelines for geotechnical and engineering practice, and revision to regulations that consider climate change. Geoscientists also have an important role in the education of students and the public on the reasons for necessary action. Canada is uniquely positioned with its strong global geoscientific leadership, its vast landmass, and its northern terrain to effectively leverage research activities around climate change. Geoscience tools and geoscientists’ skills will be integral to Canada’s preparation for climate change., La Fédération canadienne des sciences de la Terre (FCST) a publié ce communiqué pour résumer la science, les effets et les implications des changements climatiques. Nous soulignons le rôle des scientifiques en science de la Terre dans la documentation et l'atténuation des changements climatiques, ainsi que dans la gestion de leurs conséquences et la création de mesures d'adaptation au Canada. La FCST est la voix coordonnée de la communauté canadienne des sciences de la Terre avec 14 organisations membres représentant environ 15 000 géoscientifiques. Nos membres sont issus du milieu universitaire, de l'industrie, de l'éducation et du gouvernement. La mission de la FCST est de s'assurer que les décideurs et le public comprennent les contributions des sciences de la Terre à la société canadienne et à l'économie.Les changements climatiques sont devenus une priorité nationale et mondiale à tous les niveaux de gouvernement. Les archives géologiques nous montrent que le climat mondial a changé tout au long de l'histoire de la Terre, mais les taux de changement actuels sont presque sans précédent. Au cours des 70 dernières années, les niveaux de gaz à effet de serre (GES) communs dans l'atmosphère n'ont cessé d'augmenter. La concentration de dioxyde de carbone (CO2) est maintenant de 418 parties par million - son plus haut niveau des trois derniers millions d'années. La composition chimique (isotopique) du carbone dans l'atmosphère indique que l'augmentation des GES est due à la combustion de combustibles fossiles. Les GES absorbent l'énergie émise par la surface de la Terre et la réfléchissent, réchauffant les niveaux inférieurs de l'atmosphère. Les modifications climatiques qui se sont produits récemment sont, concrètement, irréversibles, mais les changements additionnels peuvent être atténués en réduisant les émissions de GES.Les changements climatiques sont amplifiés par trois processus et effets importants du système terrestre. Premièrement, à mesure que le climat se réchauffe, l'évaporation augmente, ce qui augmente les concentrations atmosphériques de vapeur d'eau, elle-même un GES, et contribue au réchauffement. Deuxièmement, la perte de la couverture de glace des calottes glaciaires polaires et des glaciers expose de plus grandes superficies de terre et d'eau libre, ce qui entraîne une plus grande absorption de la chaleur du soleil. Troisièmement, le dégel du pergélisol proche de la surface libère des GES supplémentaires (principalement du CO2 et du méthane) lors de la décomposition de la matière organique jusqu’alors préservée gelée dans le sol. Certains impacts des changements climatiques sont progressifs et se produisent régulièrement, comme la fonte des glaciers et des calottes glaciaires, avec pour conséquence une élévation du niveau de la mer. D'autres sont intermittents, comme les événements météorologiques extrêmes, tels que les ouragans, mais deviennent de plus en plus fréquents. Les pénuries d'eau en été sont de plus en plus courantes dans l'ouest du Canada, car le manteau neigeux des montagnes fond plus tôt et le débit des rivières en été diminue. Dans le nord du Canada, le réchauffement et le dégel du pergélisol proche de la surface ont entraîné une détérioration des infrastructures et une augmentation des coûts des bâtiments qui nécessitent maintenant des fondations réfrigérées. Les autres conséquences des changements climatiques incontrôlés comprennent l'augmentation de l'érosion côtière, l'augmentation du nombre et de la taille des incendies de forêt et la réduction de l'accès aux routes d’hiver aux collectivités isolées du Nord. Des réductions des émissions nettes de GES sont nécessaires de toute urgence pour atténuer les nombreux effets de nouveaux changements climatiques. Les projets de développement industriel et de travaux publics doivent désormais évaluer les effets des changements climatiques dans leur planification, leur conception et leur gestion. Les villes, les municipalités et les communautés rurales doivent planifier soigneusement les nouveaux développements résidentiels pour éviter les risques accrus d'inondation, d'érosion côtière ou d'incendie de forêt.Les connaissances et l'expertise en sciences de la Terre font partie intégrante de l'exploration et du développement de nouveaux métaux et matériaux terrestres requis pour un avenir neutre en carbone, ainsi que dans la capture et la séquestration du CO2 dans la Terre. Les sciences de la Terre sont également au cœur de l'adaptation de la société aux nouveaux régimes climatiques et de la réduction des risques. Cela comprend l'anticipation, l'évaluation et la gestion des événements extrêmes, l'élaboration de nouvelles normes et directives pour les pratiques géotechniques et d'ingénierie, et la révision des réglementations qui tient compte des changements climatiques. Les géoscientifiques ont également un rôle important dans l'éducation des étudiants et du public sur le fondement des mesures nécessaires. Le Canada occupe une position unique grâce à son solide leadership géoscientifique mondial, sa vaste étendue et son territoire nordique pour tirer efficacement parti des activités de recherche sur les changements climatiques. Les outils géoscientifiques et les compétences des géoscientifiques feront partie intégrante de la préparation du Canada aux changements climatiques.
- Published
- 2021
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