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The authors sought to identify the most promising strategies for improving the mental health guardianship process in Los Angeles County for adults with mental illness who are gravely disabled.In May and June 2019, 56 experts, working in hospitals or outpatient facilities or representing legal, advocacy, policy, or forensic organizations, participated in an online modified-Delphi panel, rating the ethical appropriateness, impact on care quality, efficiency, and feasibility of nine strategies for improvement of mental health guardianship. Agreement was determined with the RAND/UCLA appropriateness method, and comments were thematically analyzed.The strategy ranked highest by the participating experts was improving the administrative functioning and judicial processes of entities involved in mental health guardianship proceedings-it was the only strategy that achieved agreement among panelists and was rated highly on all four criteria. Other preferred strategies were enhancing the ability of assertive outpatient mental health teams to serve individuals before they experience a crisis and expanding the continuum of unlocked residential treatment settings.Opportunities exist to improve all stages of the mental health guardianship process. Experts favored strategies that streamline administrative processes, facilitate community integration into treatment, and ensure fidelity to best practices. Improving the mental health guardianship process has the potential to speed up delivery of services, better manage resources, and increase access to treatment for individuals with mental illness who are gravely disabled.

Objectives The residential population of an area is an incomplete measure of the number of people that are momentarily present in the area, and of limited value as an indicator of exposure to the risk of crime. By accounting for the mobility of the population, measures of ambient population better reflect the momentary presence of people. They have therefore become an alternative indicator of exposure to the risk of crime. This study considers the heterogeneity of the ambient population by distinguishing residents, employees and visitors as different categories, and explores their differential impact on thefts, both on weekdays and weekends. Methods We analyze one-year of police recorded thefts across 2104 1 km2 grid cells in a central area in Beijing, China. Controlling for the effects of attractiveness, accessibility, and guardianship, we estimate a series of negative binominal models to investigate the differential effects of the three groups (residents, employees and visitors) in the ambient population on crime frequencies, both on weekdays and during weekends and holidays. Results Overall, larger ambient populations imply larger theft frequencies. The effect of visitors is stronger than the effects of residents and employees. The effects of residents and employees vary over the course of the week. On weekdays, the presence of residents is more important, while the reverse holds true during weekends and holidays. Discussion The effects of ambient population on thefts vary by its composition in terms of social roles. The larger role of visitors is presumably because in addition to being potential victims, residents and employees may also exercise informal social control. In addition, they spend more time indoors than where risk of theft is lower, while visitors might spend more time outdoors and may also bring about greater anonymity and weaken informal social control.

This paper is a qualitative research based on observation and interview among Samin community in Kudus. The purpose of this study is presenting unregistered marriage among Samin community. Samin community is the descendants and followers of Ki Samin Surosentiko, renowned for his nonconformity against the Dutch since 1840s. Following the teaching, Samin people do not registered their marriage and thus they do not feel necessary to obey the government regulation on the minimum age of marriage. The marriage among Samin community will be performed once a girl and a boy perceived to be ready. There are three stages of maturity: adam timur, adam brahi and wong sikep kukuh wali adam. This understanding may lead to child marriage and among its negative impact is divorce. The consequences of unregistered marriage go further to dispute of marital property, right of guardianship, and even conflict between relatives. Nowadays, some Samin people try to find a way to register their marriage in order to get a marriage certificate from the Office of Civil Administration of Kudus. The government needs to pay more attention to the phenomena

Increased alcohol and cannabis consumption and related harms have been reported since the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic. Existing evidence shows that substance use and related harms differ by gender. Yet, no Canadian study has applied a gendered lens to alcohol and cannabis consumption use during this time. Our objectives were to (1) provide gender-specific prevalence estimates of self-reported increased alcohol and cannabis use; and (2) examine gender-specific associations between sociodemographic and mental health variables and alcohol and cannabis use.Using data from the Survey on COVID-19 and Mental Health, we calculated nationally representative, gender-specific prevalence estimates and disaggregated them by sociodemographic and mental health variables. Four logistic regression models were used to assess the likelihood of self-reported increased alcohol and cannabis use.The prevalence of self-reported increase in alcohol use (16.2% women; 15.2% men) and cannabis use (4.9% women; 5.8% men) did not differ by gender. For both genders, income, racialized group membership, working in the past week, being a parent/legal guardian of a child aged under 18 and screening positive for depression and anxiety were associated with increased alcohol use. Men and women who were between the ages of 18 to 44, screened positive for depression, or both, were more likely to report increased cannabis use. For women, education was significantly associated with increased alcohol use. For men, being a parent/legal guardian was significantly associated with lower odds of increased cannabis use.Sociodemographic factors, as well as depression and anxiety, were similarly associated with increased alcohol and cannabis use for both men and women in the second wave of the pandemic.On a fait état d’une augmentation de la consommation d’alcool et de cannabis, ainsi que les méfaits qui en découlent depuis le début la pandémie de COVID 19. Les données disponibles montrent que la consommation de substances psychoactives et les dommages qui y sont associés diffèrent selon le genre. Pourtant, aucune étude canadienne n’a adopté de perspective axée sur le genre relativement à la consommation d’alcool et de cannabis pendant cette période. Nos objectifs étaient 1) de fournir des estimations de la prévalence selon le genre d’une consommation autodéclarée accrue d’alcool et de cannabis et 2) d’analyser les associations stratifiées selon le genre entre les variables sociodémographiques et de santé mentale et la consommation d’alcool et de cannabis.À l’aide des données de l’enquête sur la COVID 19 et la santé mentale, nous avons calculé des estimations de prévalence représentatives à l’échelle nationale, spécifique à chaque genre, et les avons ventilées par variables sociodémographiques et de santé mentale. Quatre modèles de régression logistique ont été utilisés pour évaluer la probabilité d’une consommation autodéclarée accrue d’alcool et de cannabis.La prévalence d’une consommation autodéclarée accrue d’alcool (16,2 % chez les femmes, 15,2 % chez les hommes) et de cannabis (4,9 % chez les femmes, 5,8 % chez les hommes) ne diffère pas selon le genre. Pour les deux genres, le revenu, l’appartenance à un groupe dit « racialisé », le fait d’avoir travaillé au cours de la semaine précédente, le fait d’être parent ou tuteur légal d’un enfant de moins de 18 ans et le fait d’avoir reçu un résultat positif au dépistage de la dépression et de l’anxiété sont associés à une consommation accrue d’alcool. Les hommes et les femmes âgés de 18 à 44 ans ou ayant obtenu un résultat positif au dépistage de la dépression étaient plus susceptibles de déclarer une consommation accrue de cannabis. Chez les femmes, le niveau d’éducation est significativement associé à une consommation accrue d’alcool. Chez les hommes, le fait d’être parent ou tuteur légal est associé de manière significative à une probabilité moindre d’augmentation de la consommation de cannabis.Lors de la deuxième vague de la pandémie, les facteurs sociodémographiques ainsi que la dépression et l’anxiété ont été associés de manière similaire à une augmentation de la consommation d’alcool et de cannabis, tant chez les hommes que chez les femmes.Between September and December 2020, 16.2% of women and 15.2% of men self-reported an increase in their alcohol consumption. During the same period, 4.9% of women and 5.8% of men self-reported an increase in their cannabis consumption. Overall, the factors associated with alcohol and cannabis use in gender-specific regression models were similar. For women, higher education was significantly associated with self-reported increased alcohol use. Men who were parents/legal guardians were significantly less likely to report increased cannabis use. For men and women, screening positive for symptoms of depression was significantly associated with higher odds of increased alcohol and cannabis use.Entre septembre et décembre 2020, 16,2 % des femmes et 15,2 % des hommes ont déclaré avoir augmenté leur consommation d’alcool. Au cours de la même période, 4,9 % des femmes et 5,8 % des hommes ont déclaré avoir augmenté leur consommation de cannabis. Dans l’ensemble, les facteurs associés à la consommation d’alcool et de cannabis dans les modèles de régression stratifiés par genre étaient similaires. Chez les femmes, des niveaux de scolarité plus élevés étaient significativement associés à une consommation accrue d’alcool. Les hommes qui étaient parents ou tuteurs légaux étaient significativement moins susceptibles d’avoir déclaré une consommation accrue de cannabis. Chez les hommes comme chez les femmes, le dépistage des symptômes de la dépression était significativement associé à une probabilité plus élevée de consommation accrue d’alcool et de cannabis.

W artykule dokonano krytycznej analizy art. 90 k.r.o. odnoszącego się do zmiany nazwiska pasierba przy uwzględnieniu polskiego i zagranicznego dorobku piśmiennictwa i judykatury oraz sformułowano kilka uwag de lege ferenda. Zidentyfikowano także sześć obszarów problemowych: 1) brak wymogu uzyskania zgody drugiego rodzica na zmianę nazwiska dziecka, 2) uniezależnienie dopuszczalności wnioskowania o zmianę nazwiska od sprawowania nad dzieckiem bieżącej pieczy, 3) oderwane od rzeczywistych stosunków rodzinnych wyjątki w zakresie dopuszczalności zmiany nazwiska, 4) niedające się dłużej utrzymać ratio legis wyłączeń z art. 90 § 2 k.r.o., 5) brak wyraźnego zakreślenia granic czasowych na dokonanie zmiany nazwiska oraz 6) zbyt wysoko ustalona granica wiekowa dla dziecka, po przekroczeniu której jest zobowiązane do wyrażenia zgody na zmianę nazwiska.

Resumo Objetivo Realizar a tradução e adaptação cultural para o português do Brasil do Children's Physical Activity Questionnaire. Métodos O processo envolveu as etapas de tradução, síntese, retrotradução, e revisão pelo grupo de tradução. Foi então criada uma versão pré-final e, posteriormente, a versão final do questionário. Resultados Devido ao estilo de vida da população, oito atividades descritas no questionário foram mudadas com o objetivo de adaptá-lo à cultura brasileira, sendo seis atividades esportivas e duas atividades de lazer. Oito pais/responsáveis responderam o questionário no pré-teste, com rapidez, sem inconsistências, e sem relatar dificuldades no entendimento quando realizada a entrevista final. Conclusão A tradução e adaptação cultural do Children's Physical Activity Questionnaire para o português do Brasil resultou na versão C-PAQ.PT.

This study addresses the need to analyse the personal learning environments and self-efficacy of unaccompanied foreign minors. In addition, it seeks to identify existing relationships between these two parameters and establish an explanatory model which can help to understand the present situation of this collective regarding their inclusion in the educational sphere of society. A total of 292 unaccompanied foreign minors (UFM) aged between 8 and 17 years participated in this comparative and cross-sectional research study. A questionnaire to measure PLE and social integration in UFM, and the student’s self-efficacy scale (ACAES) was administered. From the results, it is observed that once UFM pass the 9-month period, improvements are seen in their academic planning and management, In addition to an improved use of educational resources. They showing positive effort and being self-efficacious in their academic performance. Nonetheless, communication and social interaction declines considerably. The model established a strong relationship between self-efficacy and PLE.

The women activists in Sri Lanka, namely the Muslim Women Research and Action Forum (MWRAF) advocate for reform in the Muslim Marriage and Divorce Act of Sri Lanka (MMDA). Nonetheless, since the Shāfiʿī Madhhab is predominant in Sri Lanka, the All-Ceylon Jam-e-athul Ulama (ACJU) - the mainstream organization of the jurists in Sri Lanka refutes the demands of the MWRAF. Consequently, there has been a deadlock over the years between the MWRAF and the ACJU. Hence, this research aims to analyse the critiques of the MWRAF regarding the validity of Walī (legal guardian) in a marriage and the responses of the ACJU. Accordingly, it explores the arguments of the women activists and their justifications such as the prioritisation of the opinions of the Ḥanafī jurists, refusal of the Ḥadīths regarding the Walī and the claim that the Ḥadīths regarding the Walī are contradictory to the Qur’an. Moreover, it analyses the coercion of matured and unmatured bride. Since this is a juristic analysis, it draws on the Quran, the Ḥadīths and the opinions of the classical and the modern jurists. Finally, this research finds that the critiques of the women activists are against the majority opinion of the jurists and proves that validating the marriage without Walī cause detrimental effects in the Muslim Community of Sri Lanka. Hence, this research enlightens the women activists regarding validity of Walī in a marriage providing the persuasive evidence from the divine texts and the prominent jurists. Keywords: Islamic Jurisprudence, Marriage, Sri Lanka, Walī, Women Activists

This guidance aims to: (1) encourage student guardians to increase their children's interest in learning during the Covid-19 pandemic at SDN Dukuh 01; (2) identify ways to increase student interest in learning during the Covid-19 pandemic at SDN Dukuh 01; and (3) raise parents' awareness of the importance of their children's education. The guardianship training was done via a WhatApp group that included parents and guardians of grade 2 and 3 pupils at SDN Dukuh 01, totaling 48 guardians. Parents frequently accompany their children to study at home, according to the findings of processing the questionnaire data given after the parents have finished coaching 80 percent of the pupils. And 70% of parents frequently motivate their children at home while they are learning. 70 percent of parents and guardians of students establish a comfortable environment for their children to study at home, and 60 percent of parents vary and innovate their children's everyday activities at home to increase their children's interest in learning.

Mental health issues impair decision-making capacity, more so in elderly people. Impaired decision-making capacity can make person unfit to enter into various civil deeds and agreements. Such civil deeds can include guardianship, property transaction, holding a bank account, having voting rights, making a will, donating an organ, etc. This article focuses on importance of mental health in entering into above-mentioned civil agreements, how to do assessments to determine if one is fit to enter into civil agreements, and what are the legal ways in which a person can avail help to execute his/her civil rights even when affected by mental health issues.

Objective: Molluscum contagiosum (molluscum) is considered benign and self-limiting. However, the caregiver and patient experience largely remains a mystery. This online survey aimed to collect caregivers’ views on their experiences with molluscum infection in their children, including diagnosis, treatment, and the impact of the virus on the caregivers’ and their child’s life. Methods: Parents, caregivers, and/or legal guardians (ages 18+, 20% male and 80% female) of children diagnosed with molluscum in the past 4 years (ages 3-16 years of age) answered a 15-minute paid online survey with questions about their experience with molluscum. Results: Caregivers (n=150) were mostly Caucasian (85%), 25-44 years of age (87%) and had at least one child with active molluscum (75%) at the time of the survey. The average number of health care providers (HCPs) consulted for molluscum was 1.95 and diagnosis was made by a variety of HCP types. The spread of molluscum to ≥ 1 child in the household was reported by 60% of caregivers in multi-child households. The average number of treatments used were 2.36 including HCP-administered treatments and consumer products. Caregivers reported moderate to major impact on their lives (62%) or their child’s life (74%) due to molluscum. Limitations: Questions were not validated, recall time was up to 4 years. Conclusions: Molluscum patients may receive a diagnosis from many sources. Caregivers may utilize more than one treatment modality to help clear the infection including consumer products. Molluscum can cause an impact on quality of life for affected children and their caregivers.

The article substantiates the theoretical provisions and develops practical recommendations for improving the mechanism of providing housing subsidies in modern Ukraine. The urgency of improving the mechanism of providing housing subsidies in modern Ukraine is substantiated. The right to receive a housing subsidy in modern Ukraine is described; the range of entities eligible for a subsidy has been determined; the right to receive a subsidy to a person who owns a vehicle is considered; the right to receive a subsidy to a person who has a deposit in a bank is determined; the right to receive a housing subsidy for minors left without parental care (guardianship) and / or incapable persons of working age, over whom guardianship established, has been studied. Proposals for improving the conditions for housing subsidies in modern Ukraine are provided; the following three main conditions for obtaining a housing subsidy are determined in a hierarchical sequence, as: income, property status, employment of the applicant. The concepts of «mechanism of public administration», «mechanism of providing housing subsidies» and its components are considered and characterized. It is proposed to amend the Regulations on the procedure for allocating housing subsidies. Perspective directions for further theoretical and practical researches concerning improvement of the mechanism of granting of housing subsidies in modern Ukraine are determined. The actual scientific task in the field of public administration is formulated and solved, which consists in substantiation of theoretical positions and development of practical recommendations on improvement of the mechanism of granting housing subsidies in modern Ukraine. The results of scientific research, the conclusions and suggestions serve as a basis for further theoretical and practical improvement and development of the mechanism for providing housing subsidies in modern Ukraine and further research.

Since the momentous release of the Montecristi Constitution of Ecuador in 2008, which recognised Nature, or Pacha Mama, as a subject of rights, the rights of Nature movement across the world has gained exponential momentum, with numerous jurisdictions worldwide now recognising some form of legal subjectivity vested upon Nature. In particular, since 2017, river personhood has dominated news headlines around the world as one of the most recognisable forms of Nature’s novel subjectivity. The emergence of legal personhood for nature, however, has been far from uncontroversial, and numerous critiques have been advanced against the use of such a legal category – traditionally applied to humans and their abstract creations (such as States and corporations) – to the natural world, resulting in numerous calls for an alternative category of legal personhood (one that some rights of Nature advocates have termed an ‘environmental person’). Against the backdrop of this emerging debate, this paper acknowledges the work undertaken by the Martuwarra Fitzroy River Council (Martuwarra Council), which was established in 2018 in the Kimberley region of Western Australia by six independent Indigenous nations to preserve, promote and protect their ancestral River from ongoing destructive ‘development’. The Council believes it is time to recognise the pre-existing and continuing legal authority of Indigenous law, or ‘First Law’, in relation to the River, in order to preserve its integrity through a process of legal decolonisation. First Law differs markedly from its colonial counterpart, as its principles are not articulated in terms of rules, policies and procedures, but rather through stories. This paper, therefore, begins with a dialogical translation of one First Law story relating to Yoongoorrookoo, 1 1 Nyikina elders Rosie Mulligan, Madeline Yanamarra, and Jeannie Warbie, as well as emerging Nyikina leaders, over the past three years have used multiple mediums to translate the stories of Senior Nyikina elder, Joe Nangan: Edwards & Nangan (1976). Furthermore, Anne Poelina, Nyikina leader and Chair of the Martuwarra Council, is working directly with Traditional Owners to privilege the voice and standing of Martuwarra. the ancestral serpent being, 2 2 Yoongoorrookoo is the Nyikina name of the Serpent, which is known by other names by other language groups of the Martuwarra/Fitzroy River catchment as described in the National Heritage listing assessment of the Martuwarra: ‘Martuwarra encompasses four contiguous and distinctive freshwater-based Aboriginal cultural domains, focused upon the tradition of the Rainbow Serpent, as exemplified by the religious traditions of Galaroo, Woonyoomboo-Yoongoorroonkoo, Wanjina- Wunggurr, and the jila-kalpurtu cultural systems. A song line known as Warloongarriy (Walungarri) serves to unite Aboriginal people and their Rainbow Serpent traditions along the Fitzroy River as part of one regional ritual complex, called Warloongarriy Law or “River Law”’ (Australian Government (date unknown), p 168). to create a semantic bridge between two apparently distant legal worldviews. A dialogical comparative analysis is then followed to posit and explore the concept of an ‘ancestral person’ as a novel comparative tool that may be able not only to capture the idea of Nature as a legal subject, but also complex Indigenous worldviews that see Nature–in this case instantiated in the Martuwarra–as an ancestral being enmeshed in a relationship of interdependence and guardianship between the human and the nonhuman world. To instantiate and embody such relationships, the paper directly, and somewhat provocatively, acknowledges the River itself, the Martuwarra RiverOfLife, as the primary participant in such dialogue, an embodied non-human co-author who began a conversation then left to human writers to continue.

This article considers the notion of shared guardianship in the context of digital museum objects and blockchain technology, arguing that this technology can contribute to the production of value in digital museum objects that goes beyond the monetary. Shared guardianship is understood to be a process of prioritizing the experience of others and forming a diverse set of stakeholders that transforms understandings around ownership; meanwhile, a blockchain is a type of distributed ledger technology which can be used to identify digital files and so make them feel ownable and authentic. As such, this paper argues that blockchain technology could create a new layer of materiality and value in digital museum objects which could support the formation of shared guardianship. This question will be analysed in relation to the theoretical underpinnings of digital materiality and a case study project at the National Museums Liverpool, UK, which investigated how to implement blockchain technology in the museum context in order to produce collective ownership and meaningful, connected digital objects.

The objective. The purpose of the empirical study presented was the study of social perception and the identification of structurally-substantive features of the mental image of the adopted child in foster parents. Background. The transition to the ubiquitous family arrangement of orphans and the preparation of legislation providing for the adoption of foster parenting as a new profession of a pedagogical profile (“social educator”), as well as the introduction of mandatory psychological testing of foster parents, has revealed the special practical significance and relevance of scientific research related to selection and candidate training. Study design. The work examined the structure of socio-perceptual ideas about the adopted child from adoptive parents, depending on the form of adoption and the number of children adopted by the family for upbringing. The presence of structural relationships and statistical differences was determined using the methods of correlation and comparative analysis. Participants. Foster parents were examined exercising guardianship on the basis of an employment agreement (“social educator”), as well as foster parents who have family ties with adopted children and who exercise guardianship in the form of “blood guardianship” (“blood guardians”). Total 110 people. In the course of data processing and analysis, the entire sample was divided into the following groups: 1. a group of social educators who adopted 1—2 foster children into the family (N=48); 2. a group of social educators who have adopted 3 or more children into the family (N=30); 3. group of “blood guard¬ians” (N=32). Measurements. To identify the structure and content of the perceptual image of the adopted child, a verbal version of the SOCHI technique was used AND V.L. Sitnikova. Results. An analysis of the component profiles of the perceptual image of the “adopted child” in different categories of foster parents showed that they are identical in structure. In the hierarchy of the structure of the image, the leading components are the “Social”, “Activity” and “Behavioral” components. A meaningful analysis of the adoptive child’s perceptual image made it possible to identify structural and semantic units (image components) in the semantic space of adoptive parents that reflect the child’s value attitude to life in a foster family (component “Family Value”) and the presence of bad habits and addictions (component “Bad habits”). This determined the structural specificity of the perceptual image of the “adopted child” in social educators and blood guardians and its difference from the structure of the child’s image in ordinary parents. Intergroup comparative analysis showed that social educators who have adopted 3 or more children into a family more often single out characteristics of a child that are important for interaction in the “child-adult” system; they more often note the attitude of the adopted child towards life in the family, the attitude of the child towards the authority of an adult, as well as the presence of bad habits and addictions in the child. Conclusions. The results were obtained that showed structurally meaningful features of the perceptual image of the adopted child in foster parents with different numbers of children and different forms of guardianship — social educators and blood guardians.

The article concerns the criminal policy of courts in cases concerning offenses against the family and guardianship in 2008–2018. The study presents the results of the analysis of statistical data illustrating the judicial tendencies of criminal courts in cases of offenses specified in Chapter XXVI of the Penal Code. The text tries to answer the question: did the changes in criminal law that took place in 2015 and 2017 influenced to some extent the jurisprudence on crime against the family and care? In the article, the amendments from these two years were analyzed with particular attention, as one of them was essential for the entire criminal law system in Poland, while the other was extremely important, especially in the context of crimes harmingthe welfare of the family and care.

Purpose of this study was to answer two problems: (i) how is the guardian of the constitution embodied through the function of the Constitutional Court; and (ii) how the Constitutional Court as the guardian of the constitution reduces constitutions that are indicated by the policy corruption. Policy corruption is an invisible and covert element that able to threaten the synergy of the legal system and the public interest. The form of policy corruption is realized in the form of a law. Efforts that can be made to reduce the policy corruption are to implement the tight control over the media, which in this case is relevant to the function of the Constitutional Court. This studywas classified as doctrinal research with primary and secondary legal materials. Comparative approach and case approach were used to answer the legal issues. The results showed that: First, the guardian of the constitution through the function of the Constitutional Court through the optimization of the Constitutional Court Judges as the agent of constitution, strengthening the execution of the Constitutional Court decisions and collaborative steps with other state institutions in enforcing the constitutional guardianship. Second, the Constitutional Court as the guardian of the constitution in reducing laws indicated by the policy corruption is manifested in the form of a Constitutional Court decision that can be retroactive to recover the impact of legal losses that are indicated by the policy corruption, the decision of Constitutional Courtis justified by ultra vires to anticipate the chain of constitutions that indications of policy corruption, the decision of Constitutional Courtis strengthened in terms of its execution and the Court can examine or test the Constitution Drafting (bill/ RUU) (a priori review) as a preventive measure to prevent the enactment of laws that indicate policy corruption.

In general, there are still many people who do not or do not understand the factors that cause marriages with guardian judges to be carried out, which results in marriages that must be repeated because there is an error in determining the guardian of marriage, which should be married to a guardian judge but married to a lineage guardian, as well with the wishes of the family of the prospective bride who wants the marriage that has been carried out with the guardian of the judge to be repeated with the guardian of the lineage for reasons of wanting to cover the disgrace in the case of the prospective bride born out of wedlock. Another problem that occurs in the case of marriage with the guardian of the judge is the occurrence of a disharmonious relationship between the bride and groom and the guardian of their lineage who is adal (reluctant) to act as a marriage guardian so that the guardianship is transferred to the judge. This research is presented to reveal the factors that cause marriage with a judge's guardian, and its resolution at the Office of Religious Affairs, Gerung District, West Lombok Regency. The research method used is a qualitative method. The results showed that the factors that led to the implementation of marriages with guardian judges at the KUA of Gerung District from 2013 to 2020, namely: (a) the lineage guardian was outside the region/country; (b) the bride is born out of wedlock; (c) lineage guardians are/reluctant to marry; (d) the bride is a convert and does not have a Muslim lineage guardian; (e) the bride does not have a guardian; (f) guardian nasab mafqūd / missing; and (g) lineage guardians do not meet the requirements because they are insane/insane.

According to the Austrian Civil Code (Allgemeines Bürgerliches Gesetzbuch = ABGB) from 1811, there were almost no possibilities for a woman to obtain guardianship of a child. Instead, the married father possessed paternal authority (patria potestas), which included the sole guardianship of his legitimate children. If the father was unable to exercise paternal authority, the courts had to appoint a guardian for his minor children. Based on the assumption that the female gender lacked the necessary abilities, women were generally excluded from guardianship. Only at the end of the 19th century did the women’s movement start to mobilize against the frequent exclusion of women from the guardianship of their own children. Moreover, the drastic neglection of the young made legal reforms ever more urgent. The legal possibilities open to women for taking over guardianship of a minor were first extended with the legislative amendment to the ABGB in 1914 (1. Teilnovelle 1914). This paper will focus on the causes for the extension of legal possibilities of women concerning guardianship due to the first legislative amendment.

Since health is the right of all and the duty of the State, which can be enforced by thecourts, including the provision of medicines for medical treatment not offered by theState through the SUS, either due to the lack of a protocol for the distribution or due to the lack of the medicine in the stock, this study aims to verify if it is possible to talkabout the effectiveness of emergency tutelage granted in lawsuits pleading for drugsin the judicial subsection of Caruaru, state of Pernambuco, Brazil, by analyzing someactions proposed by the Public Defender of the Union in Caruaru between the yearsfrom 2018 to 2020. For this purpose, the study was conducted using the deductivemethod, based on the premise that there is ineffectiveness of emergency tutelage inthe aforementioned Subsection, considering the time to materialize, and analyzed,by quali-quantitative research, ten actions that plead for the supply of medicine with arequest for urgent guardianship, in which the time was observed between the grantingof the request and the effective availability of medicines, and the complications in theprocedure that influenced the fulfillment of the measure. After analyzing the data,the initial premise was not confirmed, and the study concluded that the average timebetween the preliminary injunction and the effective use of the medication is inherentto internal “bureaucratic” steps, and cannot establish an ideal average term, beingpossible, however, to minimize that time

Of great theoretical and political-practical importance are the special basic state-legal laws that are included in the block of objective reality of the subject of the theory of state and law. The subject of the theory of state and law in the general scientific doctrine of the discipline is considered by leading scientists ambiguously, but most authors say that a strong state should always take care of its citizens. Such state concern as an element of social protection occupies an independent place among the main democratic features of the Russian Federation. The State, represented by its authorized bodies, provides citizens with special benefits, privileges and incentives, which is confirmed by regulatory acts. One of the elements of the subject of the study of the theory of state and law is the study of the range of problems related to the theoretical and legal foundations of the institute of administrative guardianship. Administrative guardianship has a number of specific features that indicate its important and global significance, especially for an active society. The relevance of the topic is primarily due to the gap in the existing doctrinal practice. It is with regret that we have to state the fact that the absolute majority of the studied educational and scientific literature ignores administrative guardianship. A proper understanding of the mechanism of the institution of administrative guardianship, as well as its practical application, helps to avoid possible problems in the future. The author made an attempt to study the institution of administrative guardianship through the prism of its characteristic legal components. The author draws attention to the fact that at present, due to the current difficult epidemiological situation, people need real support from the state: assistance in finding employment, providing free medical services, payments and other social guarantees provided by the institute of administrative guardianship.

The Constitution of Kenya of 2010 adopts a bicameral legislative structure, within a devolved system of governance, consisting of the National Assembly and the Senate. In keeping with the devolved structure of government, the Senate’s legislative mandate is to a large extent confined to considering, debating and approving Bills concerning counties as well as determining the allocation of national revenue among counties and providing oversight over the national revenue allocated to the 47 county governments. Over the last ten years, Kenya has witnessed a great consolidation of power by the National Assembly at the expense of the Senate especially with regards to the roles of the chambers over the process of enacting the Division of Revenue Bill. Such consolidation of power attempts to relegate the Senate to a peripheral role within the bicameral legislative institutional structure. Consequently, the Supreme Court has asserted its advisory power and the High Court its judicial review power to mete out this inter-institutional conflict between the National Assembly and the Senate. This paper interrogates the manner Kenyan courts have discharged the contested role of serving as guardians of a legislative institution in a conflict within the bicameral legislative system. It makes the point that while courts have the authority to intervene in inter-cameral conflicts, judicial intervention should be exercised as an option of last resort, only utilised after exhaustion of the constitutionally ordained intra-parliament mediation process.

إن مما يزيد الفقه قدرا ورفعة ارتباط أحکامه بالمجتمع وإن من أکثر موضوعاته ارتباطا بالمجتمع وواقع الناس تلکم الأحکام المرتبطة بالأسرة إذ أن الأسرة هي اللبنة الأولى في بناء المجتمع والرکيزة الأساسية التي يقوم عليها صرحه المتين، والأسرة مجتمع مصغر وما الأمة إلا مجموعة من الأسر تترابط فيما بينها وتتماسک بالأسس الشرعية التي بنيت عليها وبمقدار الأسس التي تنبني عليها تکون قوتها, وإذا کانت الأسرة دعامة الأمة فإن الزواج عماد الأسرة به تنشأ وتتکون لذلک أولى الإسلام عناية فائقة بهذا العقد وما ينشأ عنه من أحکام وما يترتب عليه من أثار. وإن مما يزيد هذا العقد بل ويجعل المجتمع کله متکاتفا متعاونا فهي وفي سبيل إنجاحه موضوع الولاية بما فيها من زيادة نظر من الولي الذي يکون غالبا أکثر خبرة ودراية ومعرفة من المولى عليه الذي يکون أقل في ذلک کله مع اعتبار کمال شفقه الولي وحرصه على مصلحة المولى عليه إذا ما تحققت الشروط والضوابط في الولاية. لذلک عزمت على تجليه هذا الموضوع وخصوصا أنه قد انتشر في تلک العصور کثير من أنواع الأنکحة خلى کثير منها عن الولي وأصبح للمرأة حق العقد دون الرجوع إلى الولي ولا استئذانه بل في کثير منها تکون الزوجة قاصرا ( غير بالغة ) فانتشر ما يسمى بالزواج العرفي والزواج السري وزواج الدم فبينت الحکم الشرعي في کثير من المسائل المتعلقة بالولاية سواء کانت ولاية إجبار أم کانت ولاية ندب واستحباب ثم أحکام وأنواع الولاية وغير ذلک. What increases jurisprudence tribute and elevation is the correlation of its provisions to society. These provisions related to the family are the most corerelated topics to society and reality of people as the family is the first building block of society and the basic pillar on which its strong edifice is based.. A family is a small society and the nation is a group of families that correlate together and cement with legal bases on which they are built on. The strength of the nation proportionates with the quality of the bases on which it was built on. And if the family is the pillar of the nation, marriage is the pillar of the family through which it is established and thus Islam takes great care of this contract and the provisions that arise from it and the consequences thereof. What increases this contract and even makes the whole society mutually supportive and cooperative in it and for the sake of its success, the issue of guardianship, including the increased consideration of the guardian who is often more experienced and knowledgeable than the guardian who is less in all of that considering the perfection of his guardianee compassion and his keenness on the interest of the guardianee if the conditions and controls are achieved in the guardianship. Therefore I resolved to clarify this issue especially since many types of marriage had spread in those ages many of which were devoid of the guardian and the woman had the right to contract without referring to the guardian or his permission but in many of them the wife was a minor (not an adult) instead, what made the so-called common-law the secret marriage and blood marriage spread, so I clarified the lawful provisions in many matters related to guardianship whether it is compulsory or mandatory and desirability as well as the provisions and types of guardianship and so on.

This paper examines attitudes to sexual morality held by the Yankton Dakota author and activist Gertrude Bonnin (1876–1938), better known by her penname Zitkála-Šá (Red Bird in Lakota). Bonnin’s concerns encompass several themes: the victimization of Indian women, disintegration of Native courtship rituals, sexual threats posed by peyote use, and the predatory nature of Euro-American men. This critique as a whole — in which a ‘white invasion,’ in her words, leads to a corruption of Native sexuality — sometimes produces inconsistencies, particularly regarding Bonnin’s statements on the alleged sexual perils of peyote. Her investigations into the Oklahoma guardianship scandals of the 1920s, however, strongly buttress recent research by Sarah Deer (2015), whose study, The Beginning and End of Rape: Confronting Sexual Violence in Native America, highlights the tragic aspects of Native-white sexual relations under United States settler-colonialism.

This article examines cases of child custody which came before the Irish courts from the introduction of the 1937 Constitution to the Guardianship of Infants Act 1964. It examines ten cases of child custody in the courts from 1937 to 1964 and focuses in particular on the influence of religion in the determination of child custody. It incorporates parental rights for unmarried parents and in cases of “mixed marriage.” It critically analyzes the family under the Irish Constitution and highlights significant cases of child custody during the period which led to legislative change.

The objective of this paper is to assess the relationship between The Spring 2020 COVID-19 Lockdown and the levels of crime in New York City (NYC) and London. Our proposition, derived from the Routine Activity Theory (RAT), the ‘breaches’ theory and input from the 2020 research on lockdown and crime, hypothesised that lockdown measures would lead to reductions in crime. The crime categories selected for this study were: homicide, rape, robbery, violence against a person, burglary, theft and vehicle theft. T-test, F-test and the Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) regression calculations were used to test the hypotheses. The four-month lockdown period in 2020 produced a 15% and 31% crime reduction in NYC and London, respectively. In the case of London, the overall results indicate that changes in routine human activities were indeed largely correlated with the reduction in crime. However, crime patterns in NYC in spring 2020 turned out to be inconsistent. A comparison of crime patterns under lockdown proved dissimilarity between NYC and London. The two-city comparison indicates that crime change related to lockdown may vary across crime types, places, and timespans or may have a detrimental effect on crime levels. The study may be considered suitable for replication and elaboration, particularly in view of the extended longevity of lockdown measures. Introduction: The COVID-19 infection, caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus, was first observed and made public in the Chinese province of Wuhan in 2019. Following the World Health Organisation (WHO) announcement on 11 March 2020, regarding the pandemic nature of the infection, most countries reacted correspondingly and introduced varying degrees of lockdown measures (in short: lockdown), alternatively called containment policies. Lockdown was introduced in the United Kingdom (UK) on 23 March 2020, following the Coronavirus Act , later amended, based upon the guidance of Public Health Services, which gave the UK government the power to limit or suspend public gatherings, to quarantine those individuals who were infected or affected, and to intervene in critical sectors in order to contain the spread of the disease, thus limiting the freedom of movement, mobility, as well as the right to exercise, work, study and entertain. Methodology: The data for the study was accessed from publicly available reports published by the NYPD , and the Metropolitan Police , for NYC and London respectively. The timespan for the analysis encompasses March through June 2020 as well as the corresponding period in 2019. The data was published monthly and used for the analysis accordingly. The data for the number of the COVID-19 cases in NYC and London was accessed from online. All data sets were accessed in the period March through June 2020 and processed during the months June - September 2020. Conclusion: “The mixed findings which emerged from this study follow - to some degree - the body of the recent literature on the relationship between lockdown and crime change. The authors, whose contribution to criminology was summarised in Table 1, also presented mixed results. Most of those papers documented the drop off in the crime rate after the introduction of lockdown, although not universally. In the case of London, the theoretical foundation, that is, the proposition that an increased level of guardianship which serves as a protective element and reduces the number of burglaries, was confirmed by the empirical evidence almost to the letter but several of the results observed in New York City stay in contradiction to the RAT.

This article aims to present the institution of double guardianship of infant kings by pointing to the connection between appointment of more than one guardian and protection and upbringing of young monarchs. Multiple guardianship was an established practice in the setting of Greek poleis, which aimed at the protection of the ward’s person from untrustworthy guardians. In a royal context this institution emerged as a solution to the problems concerning Alexander’s succession after 323 BC. Nevertheless, there is a possibility that it was already known in Classical Macedonia in relation to the role of royal women, who acted as protectors of their children along with men who were appointed as regents. During the Hellenistic era double guardianship became very popular in the Ptolemaic kingdom. There it is connected with the loss of the queen mother, who could exercise guardianship for her royal son. Tutorship and guardianship were sometimes combined into one person, something that led influential tutors of young rulers to become the true administrators of the kingdom.

Researchers have studied victimization, fear of crime, and individuals’ behavioral characteristics to investigate the origin of crime and victimization, such as the routine activity theory. However, little research has examined how the behavioral characteristics were formed in theory. Although the elements of socioeconomic status, victimization experience, and fear of crime are believed to cause differences in human behaviors, the current study attempts to examine which predictors construct behavior characteristics like the routine activity theory, including target suitability and guardianship. Using the most recent, nationally collected official crime victimization data from South Korea (Korean Crime Victimization Survey, 2014), the study analyzed the variables with statistical models. The results suggest the following:(1) an individual’s socioeconomic status – such as gender, age, and education level – rather than victimization experience or fear of crime, are significant predictors of target suitability;(2) higher levels of fear of crime predict higher levels of guardianship; and (3) the victimization experience did not predict either target suitability or guardianship.

The onset of extreme social distancing measures is expected to have a dramatic impact on crime Here, we examine the impact of mandated, city‐wide social distancing orders aimed at limiting the spread of COVID‐19 on gang‐related crime in Los Angeles We hypothesize that the unique subcultural processes surrounding gangs may supersede calls to shelter in place and allow gang‐related crime to persist If the normal guardianship of people and property is also disrupted by social distancing, then we expect gang violence to increase Using autoregressive time series models, we show that gang‐related crime remained stable and crime hot spots largely stationary following the onset of shelter in place In responding to disruptions to social and economic life on the scale of the present pandemic, both police and civilian organizations need to anticipate continued demand, all while managing potential reductions to workforce Police are faced with this challenge across a wide array of crime types Civilian interventionists tasked with responding to gang‐related crime need to be prepared for continued peacekeeping and violence interruption activities, but also an expansion of responsibilities to deal with “frontline” or “street‐level” management of public health needs [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] Copyright of Criminology & Public Policy is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use This abstract may be abridged No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract (Copyright applies to all Abstracts )

The Convention on the Rights of the Child is the human rights instrument with the highest number of ratifications in history and it has marked an important milestone in the development of children and adolescents’ rights. It is of the highest importance because, based on it, the integral protection doctrine emerges and gains prevalence, through which, in turn, children and adolescents are recognized as subjects of rights, opening venues to move from a repressive system of guardianship of minors to a system of defense and recognition of rights. This research will undertake a doctrinal, normative, jurisprudential and legal analysis, comparing with the Argentinian legislation on the new paradigm regarding children and adolescents that arises from the Convention on the Rights of the Child, emphasizing the principle of progressive autonomy, the principle of the best interests of the child and the child’s right to be heard. Furthermore, the concept of the child’s lawyer will be considered, which has been incorporated into the Civil and Commercial Code of Argentina; and, by virtue of its progressive capacity, the right of children and adolescents to decide on the care of their own body.

Compassion has long been a bulwark of mental health law. Civil commitment, guardianship, mandated clinical intervention, diversion courts, involuntary medication, insanity defenses, and aid-in-sentencing evaluations are all elements of compassionate mental health practice. Parens patriae (the state as parent) and the least restrictive alternative are the specific concepts supporting therapeutic intention and purpose and are particularly relevant in cases in which force may be needed in the course of a patient's care. This article considers how using law compassionately can be evident even in forced clinical interventions.

The scientific article reveals some of the historical facts of the beginning of helping children with visual impairments. The main chronological events of caring for children with the noted category of disorders are noted, which later became the basis for the development of special education, in particular, typhlopedagogy. The article describes the emergence of hospitals, shelters for orphans, sick and crippled people throughout Rus, which testifies to the attention of society to their lives. The facts of the search for ways of treatment and the development of methods, principles and means of teaching people with impaired psychophysical development are outlined. Based on the study of historical sources, the times of Kyivan Rus are characterized, when in some monasteries and churches premises were allocated for the residence of orphans and crippled children. There is information about the first institution in Ukraine, which was guarded by the problem of blind people, although it did not provide for special education and training for this category of persons. An important point of the article is the definition of the role of the state in the care of visually impaired persons. It is noted that in the 17th and 18th century in Ukraine, social work began to take care of orphans and people with disabilities. From the end of the 17th century, orphans and children of "mutilations" began to be in the care of shelters and hospitals, which was stipulated by a number of state decrees. In the 30s of the 18th century, a new form of guardianship over the disabled was introduced, patronage, which still exists in a modernized form. For a deeper retrospective of the state's assistance to children with visual impairments, it is necessary to investigate the facts of historical sources from the 18th century to the present

The purpose of the research is to reveal the specifics of women's organizations formation in the form of "women departments", "women delegate meetings", "women councils" in Volyn region during the first postwar years; to elucidate the content of their activities through the prism of political and propaganda work and participation in the process of the collective farm system formation in the region. The methodological basis of the research is the principles of historicism, scientificity, a combination of systemic and regional approaches, an authorial objectivity, a moderate narrative constructivism, as well as the use of general scientific (analysis, synthesis, generalization) and special historical (historical genetic, historical typological, historical systemic) methods. The scientific novelty consists in the fact for the first time in the historiography of the Ukrainian women movement on the basis of previously unknown archival documents there has been elucidated the topic of women's participation in the Sovietization of the western regions of Ukraine during the first postwar decade, in particular, in Volyn; there has been highlighted the policy of the Bolshevik government's use of women as an effective tool for forming the collective farm system in the region; the dynamics of the quantitative growth of members of women's organizations has been elucidated. The construction of the image of a woman activist by Stalinist propaganda has been illustrated; controllability of the process of women activation by the party structures; the scale of work of "women departments" and "women councils" through the organization of women forums, meetings; rhetoric of speeches of women delegates. The Conclusions. After the liberation of Volyn region from the German occupiers, the campaign was launched there to restore the institutions of the Soviet power. In 1945, women department was established in the structure of the CP(b)Ukr regional committee, and women organizers were appointed in the district committees. These bodies coordinated and supervised the work of women's organizations, which were necessarily created en masse in institutions, organizations, villages, and later – in the collective farms of the region. Their main task was to mobilize women's resources for the process of economic life reconstruction and development in the region. In addition, they partially took care of the social problems of the region – the elimination of illiteracy and poor literacy of women, guardianship of orphans, the disabled, mothers with many children, the improvement and landscaping of villages and towns, and etc. Key words: women, women departments, women councils, Volyn, Sovietization.

Os projetos sociais esportivos têm como advento a promoção da prática de esportes e atividades física que aventem, também, possibilidades de transformações e ressignificações do status quo em ambientes com grandes demandas sociais, econômicas e educacionais. Dessa forma, o estudo buscou diagnosticar, em um projeto social esportivo, desenvolvido no contexto universitário, como são contemplados referenciais que contemplem os aspectos socioeducativos, técnico-táticos e histórico-cultural, chancelados pela disciplina da Pedagogia do Esporte e suas tendências metodológicas emergentes. A investigação foi pautada pela triangulação de dados oriundos de entrevistas com quatro dos membros fundadores, 11 responsáveis legais de alunos e alunas e análise documental do estatuto da instituição pesquisada. Os resultados demonstraram maior contemplação do referencial socioeducativo, realçando a importância de se estabelecer um contexto que viabilizem a participação, formação e a prática de valores sociais por meio do esporte, relativa preocupação com o referencial técnico-tático e lacunas quanto à exploração do referencial histórico-cultural no referido projeto social esportivo. Ressalta-se, assim, o cuidado com a elaboração do projeto político-pedagógico em instituições desta natureza e coerência teórico-prática com a aplicação dos pressupostos didático-metodológicos estabelecidos formalmente.

Objective: (1) Examine associations of foster care exit type (e.g., reunification with birth family, adoption, guardianship/permanent relative placement, or emancipation from care) with risk of entry into state prison; (2) Examine racial disparities in those associations. Method: With data on over 10,000 Wisconsin youth who entered foster care in mid- to late-childhood, we present imprisonment rates in young adulthood by race, sex, and foster care exit type. Proportional hazards models with a robust set of covariates compared prison entry rates among the most common exit types—reunification, aging out, and guardianship/permanent relative placement. Results: Nearly 13 percent of the sample experienced imprisonment in young adulthood. Compared with emancipated youth, hazard of imprisonment was 1.58–1.96 times higher among reunified youth. Differences were largely unexplained by observed individual, family, or foster care characteristics. Imprisonment rates were similar for emancipated youth and youth exiting to guardianship/permanent relative placement. Hazard of imprisonment for reunified Black youth was twice that of reunified white youth, but racial differences in prison entry were statistically non-significant among emancipated youth. Conclusion: Efforts to reduce incarceration risk for all youth in foster care are needed. Reunified youth may benefit from services and supports currently provided primarily to emancipated youth.

El presente artículo corresponde a un avance del proyecto de investigación Autarquía judicial en Latinoamérica: antecedentes, alcances, logros y retos. Para el caso puntual, este artículo pretende identificar la forma en que se implementó el gobierno de lo judicial en el marco de la constitución de 1886, así como las razones que motivaron su establecimiento y evolución durante la vigencia de dicha carta política. Para lograr lo anterior se combinaron la investigación histórico-jurídica y socio-jurídica bajo un enfoque mixto (teórico-empírico) cuantitativo y hermenéutico, lo que permitió concluir la existencia de un sustrato autoritario en el gobierno judicial bajo la constitución regeneracionista. Este Gobierno impuso un nocivo control administrativo y de tutela del Poder Ejecutivo en los asuntos judiciales, sobre el cual se edificaría la resistencia de la estructura jurídica para acoger el tránsito hacia la autarquía judicial que se planteaba como una solución a los problemas que aquejaban a la administración de justicia.

Ao adotar uma matriz baseada no método hermenêutico, este ensaio configura um subsídio para a compreensão da relação historicamente estabelecida entre o sistema escolar e as juventudes que acolhe, educa, socializa, institucionaliza, “domestica” e/ou emancipa. Operamos com as questões metodológicas: i) que análise podemos fazer dos sistemas de ressignificação das juventudes decorrentes da escolarização? ii) qual a interpretação que sobressai do propósito da tutela em operar com os processos de escolarização como mecanismos de fabricação das juventudes? iii) que possibilidades nos são oferecidas sobre a compreensão da(s) identidade(s) de aluno oficialmente prescrita(s)? Os fenómenos associados à alunização dos jovens convocam-nos para uma conceção de escola, de sistema educativo e de políticas educativas que delineiam uma ressignificação da juventude como grupo social de atores subordinados a determinadas condições sociais de que nem sempre são coautores. Antes, porém, são um “produto” dessas condições, isentados de qualquer ethos de emancipação pessoal e social. Recebido em: 27/04/2020.Aprovado em: 12/11/2020.

PurposeThis study aims to provide empirically generated insights into the drivers of guardianship behaviour among frontline service employees (FLEs) within retail settings.Design/methodology/approachThe research framework comprises a quantitative survey of 507 frontline service employees at national supermarkets within New Zealand.FindingsThe findings of the survey suggest that service employee perceptions of internal corporate social responsibility (CSR) activities, their level of psychological ownership towards the supermarket and personal moral beliefs, shape their guardianship behaviours and, consequentially, the prevention of in-store deviant behaviours by customers such as shoplifting.Originality/valueThe contribution of this paper is twofold. First, it offers both a conceptual foundation and an empirical-based evaluation of the antecedents and role of guardianship behaviour among frontline service employees. Second, the conceptual model derived from this research may aid practitioners in developing strategies that engender guardianship behaviours in their employees within service contexts.

According to Islamic Jurisprudence, one of the most important requirements for a sound marriage is the total agreement of the woman under the guardianship of her father or any other mahram relative. In case of none, the ruler or the judge assume to be a guardian or Wali of a woman. A guardian or Wali is responsible for the selection of the righteous person for the woman and assures the protection and welfare of her Rights and interests. He has the authority to reject and refuse the proposal if the suitor did not deem a sound and sincere match. A marriage without a guardian is considered unlawful, as there is no concept of love affairs and courtship without a guardian in Islam. The guardian evaluates the religious, social and economic compatibility of the couple, while on the other hand a woman selects the spouse on physical attraction and romantic notion which vanishes out soon as the real life starts causing potential problems in relationship. That why Islam lays down principle and law of wilayat for a lady to protect her interests and rights and consider to be a shield and safeguard for her welfare in future marital life.

The question of providing financial assistance to women of clerical rank in the Tobolsk diocese in the 1820—1830s is considered. The results of a comparative analysis of the stages and terms of office work on this issue before and after the opening of the Tobolsk guardianship of the poor are presented. Particular attention is paid to the examination of the petition documents that were compiled in the Tobolsk spiritual consistory from the words of women of clerical rank who applied for financial assistance to the Tobolsk archbishop during this period. The novelty of the research is seen in the fact that the issue under consideration is being studied for the first time on the basis of documents of the Tobolsk spiritual consistory. The documents stored in the State Archives in the city of Tobolsk testify to the existence of a certain algorithm for recording a request, two different established procedures for conducting cases on the charity of female clergymen before and after 1823. The criteria, by which the selection of requests was carried out among the many requests for assistance, were identified. Criteria have been established for choosing between two types of salary — a guardianship allowance and a ten-ruble poorhouse salary. The reasons for the complete denial of support are also named.

In March 2020, efforts to slow transmission of SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19, resulted in widespread closures of school buildings, shifts to virtual educational models, modifications to school-based services, and disruptions in the educational experiences of school-aged children. Changes in modes of instruction have presented psychosocial stressors to children and parents that can increase risks to mental health and well-being and might exacerbate educational and health disparities (1,2). CDC examined differences in child and parent experiences and indicators of well-being according to children's mode of school instruction (i.e., in-person only [in-person], virtual-only [virtual], or combined virtual and in-person [combined]) using data from the COVID Experiences nationwide survey. During October 8-November 13, 2020, parents or legal guardians (parents) of children aged 5-12 years were surveyed using the NORC at the University of Chicago AmeriSpeak panel,* a probability-based panel designed to be representative of the U.S. household population. Among 1,290 respondents with a child enrolled in public or private school, 45.7% reported that their child received virtual instruction, 30.9% in-person instruction, and 23.4% combined instruction. For 11 of 17 stress and well-being indicators concerning child mental health and physical activity and parental emotional distress, findings were worse for parents of children receiving virtual or combined instruction than were those for parents of children receiving in-person instruction. Children not receiving in-person instruction and their parents might experience increased risk for negative mental, emotional, or physical health outcomes and might need additional support to mitigate pandemic effects. Community-wide actions to reduce COVID-19 incidence and support mitigation strategies in schools are critically important to support students' return to in-person learning.

Context Exertional heat stroke (EHS) deaths can be prevented by adhering to best practices. Objective To investigate high schools' adoption of policies and procedures for recognizing and treating patients with EHS and the factors influencing the adoption of a comprehensive policy. Design Cross-sectional study. Setting Online questionnaire. Patients or Other Participants Athletic trainers (ATs) practicing in the high school (HS) setting. Main Outcome Measure(s) Using the National Athletic Trainers' Association position statement on exertional heat illness, we developed an online questionnaire and distributed it to ATs to ascertain their schools' current written policies for using rectal temperature and cold-water immersion. The precaution adoption process model allowed for responses to be presented across the various health behavior stages (unaware if have the policy, unaware of the need for the policy, unengaged, undecided, decided not to act, decided to act, acting, and maintaining). Additional questions addressed perceptions of facilitators and barriers. Data are presented as proportions. Results A total of 531 ATs completed the questionnaire. Overall, 16.9% (n = 62) reported adoption of all components for the proper recognition and treatment of EHS. The component with the highest adoption level was “cool first, transport second”; 74.1% (n = 110) of ATs described acting on or maintaining the policy. The most variability in the precaution adoption process model responses was for a rectal temperature policy; 28.7% (n = 103) of ATs stated they decided not to act and 20.1% (n = 72) stated they maintained the policy. The most frequently cited facilitator of and barrier to obtaining rectal temperature were a mandate from the state HS athletics association (n = 274, 51.5%) and resistance to or apprehension of parents or legal guardians (n = 311, 58.5%), respectively. Conclusions Athletic trainers in the HS setting appeared to be struggling to adopt a comprehensive EHS strategy, with rectal temperature continuing as the biggest challenge. Tailored strategies based on health behavior, facilitators, and barriers may aid in changing this paradigm.

The advance of medical technologies since the mid-20th century has enabled to prolong a patient’s life in critical situations, though not all patients would tolerate to undergo such treatment. Therefore, the legal question encompass- ing the problem was to resolve the issue of a patient’s refusal of life-sustaining treatment. Since most of such patients are usually irresponsive and lack legal capacity, a solution featuring a legal document akin to a testament or trust has been proposed in the early 70s. Upon the gist of this document, a patient having full legal capacity would anticipate his/her further incapacitation and command to conduct or refuse medical treatment. His/her will, which is reflected in a «living will» has to be notarized, and upon the jurisprudence of various countries worldwide, though not omnipresently, affirmed by a court in order to avoid fraud and satisfaction of the illegitimate interests of third parties. Despite being introduced in the 1970s, living wills are still seldomly drafted by patients. In such case, when the patient lacking a living will falls incapaci- tated, his/her legal representatives and/or the healthcare institution commence civil proceedings so as to define the future fate of the patient using the concept of a substituted judgment, constructed by the courts upon the evidence of the past beliefs and habits of the said person, which requires extensive witness testimony. Resolving the presumed will of the patient is a very complicated issue, and in terms of lack of evidence, courts are not likely to authorize ter- minating the patient’s treatment, acting with a «negative» presumption to rule so. However, courts still may rule that futile treatment is not of the best interests of the patient (which is frequent in respect with minor patients who were born with major congenital ailments). Therefore, a living will, if legitimately drafted, is considered as a firm evidence of the will of the incapacitated person to continue, or to terminate treatment. The «living will» is an entirely voluntary-drafted document and is void upon the fact of undue influence, like an ordinary testament. The intro- duction of such document into the national legislation requires adopting vari- ous legislative acts, and such document is not legally valid unless provided by appropriate legislation. A living will reflects the will of the patient, not his/her legal representatives, and may not be drafted by them. In rare exemptions, the patient, unable of writing, may dictate the will’s content to a duly authorized person (e.g., a guardianship judge, like in Italy). Thus, the approval of the living will execution is the compliance with the will of the patient concerned: his/her guardian expresses his/her will, and the court affirms it. The control- ling function of the courts is hereby apparent. All in all, the «living will» is a considerable institute of private law, enacted in various countries worldwide and has its legal prospects in Ukraine, as well.

The role of foster care in the pesantren is a solution for the pesantren in optimizing all work programs and activities of the pesantren, especially in online learning that is carried out in the pesantren. This study is more focused on the guardianship system of Madrasah Ibtidaiyah students under the age of 11 who carry out online learning in Islamic boarding schools. This research uses a qualitative approach with the type of case study at the Pondok Pesantren Nurul Jadid, especially in the Fathimatuzzahro area. The results showed that in online learning carried out in Islamic boarding schools, foster caregivers have several roles that help make online learning more effective. First, the foster caregivers act as badals of the parents of their foster children. Second, the foster caregivers act as badal for the teacher/teacher of their foster children. Third, foster caregivers act as facilitators for their foster children. Fourth, foster caregivers become uswah for students who become their foster children. It is hoped that this will help the pesantren to streamline and maximize online learning at the pesantren to achieve the educational goals expected by all parties.

This article raises the question of the initiative to appeal to a lawyer in the process of international adoption of Russian children in order to monitor compliance with their interests and protect their rights. The author substantiates the need to allow minors over the age of fourteen to conclude independently an agreement on the provision of legal assistance with a lawyer on his own behalf without the consent of the legal representative in order to accompany the latter the process of international adoption of such a minor. In case of minors under the age of fourteen, the author proposes to impose the obligation of conclusion an agreement with a lawyer on the legal representative of the minor. The main arguments, given by the author in defense of his position, are: the ability of a lawyer to be a guarantor of protection the interests of the adopted child, the legality of actions in relation to the child and potential adoptive parents; gratuitousness of the provision of legal assistance by a lawyer in this category of cases by virtue of the law. The author also discusses the feasibility of lowering the age, which takes into account the child’s opinion, regarding his right to live and be raised in a family, and legal education measures for orphans and children left without parental care in order to exclude the possibility of abuse by legal representatives, in particular, by the guardianship authorities, their rights and (or) powers.

The article, resulting from a legal, juridical and bibliographic survey, points out changes in the relationship of Brazilian society with the new generations, which occurred from the end of the 1980s, when children and adolescents became legally subject to rights. It deals with the change of perspective that occurred in the policies of attention to children and adolescents with the promulgation of the Federal Constitution of 1988, the Statute of Children and Adolescents (ECA - Portuguese initials -, Law no. 8,069/1990) and the Law of Guidelines and Bases of Education (LDB - Portuguese initials -, Law no. 9394/1996). It analyzes the founding paradigms of ECA and the performance of councils aimed at guaranteeing rights: the Council for the Rights of Children and Adolescents and the Guardianship Council. Indicates the prerogatives of the Public Ministry and the Child and Youth Justice. Emphasizes the role of the school in guaranteeing the rights of children and adolescents, especially the right to school education.