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Background It is well documented that patients with chronic metabolic diseases, such as diabetes and obesity, are adversely affected by the COVID-19 pandemic. However, when the subject is rare metabolic diseases, there are not enough data in the literature. Aim To investigate the course of COVID-19 among patients with Gaucher disease (GD), the most common lysosomal storage disease. Methods Based on the National Health System data, a retrospective cohort of patients with confirmed (polymerase chain reactionpositive) COVID-19 infection (n = 149 618) was investigated. The adverse outcomes between patients with GD (n = 39) and those without GD (n = 149 579) were compared with crude and propensity score-matched (PSM) groups. The outcomes were hospitalisation, the composite of intensive care unit (ICU) admission and/or mechanical ventilation and mortality. Results The patients with GD were significantly older and had a higher frequency of hypertension (HT), Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), dyslipidaemia, asthma or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, chronic kidney disease, coronary artery disease, heart failure and cancer. Although hospitalisation rates in Gaucher patients were found to be higher in crude analyses, the PSM models (model 1, age and gender matched; model 2, matched for age, gender, HT, T2DM and cancer) revealed no difference for the outcomes between patients with GD and the general population. According to multivariate regression analyses, having a diagnosis of GD was not a significant predictor for hospitalisation (P = 0.241), ICU admission/mechanical ventilation (P = 0.403) or mortality (P = 0.231). Conclusion According to our national data, SARS-CoV-2 infection in patients with GD does not have a more severe course than the normal population.

COVID-19 is the most devastating pandemic situation we have experienced in our age, affecting all systems. Although it affects all systems, it shows its most important effect through thrombophilia. Therefore, the possible cause of sudden death due to COVID-19 may be embolism caused by thrombophilia. D-dimer amounts increase due to COVID-19. The thrombosis is associated with sudden death in COVID-19 disease in populations. Since individuals with thrombophilia will be more prone to death due to COVID-19, it may be appropriate to administer low doses of Clexane (Enoxaparin sodium) or low-weight heparin for prophylactic purposes in order to consider these individuals at high risk and to prevent deaths. Moreover, in order not to risk the lives of healthcare professionals with thrombophilia, it would be appropriate to keep them away from individuals with COVID-19 disease and to employ them in different healthcare services according to their fields of expertise. It should also not be forgotten that different symptoms related to COVID-19 appear day by day, these different symptoms probably show that the virus has undergone mutations in order to survive, but no matter what, its effect on thrombophilia has not been eliminated yet. This compilation aims to present the reasons and causes of death due to COVID-19, possible treatment options, and thrombophilia panel tests and new parameters that may have a place in the meticulous interpretation of these tests and possible etiopathology in the light of current information. Therefore, presenting this information in a rational manner and keeping the parameters of the thrombophilia panel under strict control predict that the deaths due to the virus will be partially reduced.

Anti-obesity medications may be considered in the subjects with BMI ≥30 kg/m2, or with BMI 27-29.9 kg/m2 and weight-related comorbidities, whom weight reduction is not achieved via lifestyle modifications alone. If weight loss is inadequate ( [Med-Science 2021; 10(2.000): 651-7]

Purpose New coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has a worse prognosis in patients with diabetes. However, there are insufficient data about the effect of hyperglycemia on COVID-19 prognosis in non-diabetic patients. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between random blood glucose levels measured at the time of diagnosis and prognosis of COVID-19 disease in non-diabetic patients. Methods A nationwide retrospective cohort of non-diabetic patients with confirmed COVID-19 infection from 11 March to 30 May 2020 in the Turkish Ministry of Health database was investigated. The patients were stratified into three groups according to blood glucose levels which were Results A total of 12,817 non-diabetic patients (median age [IQR]: 44 [25] years, females: 50.9%) were included. Patients in group-2 (5%) and group-3 (14%) had higher mortality rates than patients in group-1 (2.1%). The rates of hospitalization, hospital stays longer than 8 days, intensive care unit (ICU) admission, ICU stay more than 6 days, and mechanical ventilation were also significantly higher in group-3 patients. Likewise, glucose levels in the range of 140-199 mg/dL were an independent associate of mortality and composite of ICU admission and/or mechanical ventilation. ConclusionHyperglycemia at the time of COVID-19 diagnosis is associated with poor prognosis in non-diabetic patients. Clinicians should be more careful in the treatment of non-diabetic COVID-19 patients with hyperglycemia.

Obesity is a disease characterized by abnormal fat increase and its prevalence is increasing globally. Excessive and malnutrition habits, insufficient physical activity, and numerous genetic, environmental, socio-cultural and psychological factors are effective in the etiology of obesity. Obesity is associated with various systemic diseases such as high blood pressure, coronary heart diseases, and respiratory diseases. Obesity may also cause oral diseases such as tooth cavity, loss of teeth, periodontitis, xerostomia, traumatic tooth injuries, bruxism, and dental erosion. Some risk factors related to diet are determinant in the correlation between obesity and oral diseases. With the increasing prevalence of obesity, dentists encounter individuals with obesity more often in clinics. Dental clinics should be designed suitable for the treatments of individuals with obesity in terms of accessibility, the comfort of waiting rooms, the ergonomic structure of units. Comorbid systemic diseases in individuals with obesity, and drugs used to require some specific approaches in conservative and surgical treatments. Dentists should perform dental treatments considering the effect of obesity on oral and dental health. This study aimed to examine dental treatment practices in adults and adolescents with obesity in line with the literature. [Med-Science 2021; 10(2.000): 658-61]

Purpose: Familial hypomagnesemia with hypercalciuria and nephrocalcinosis (FHHNC) is a rare autosomal-recessive renal tubular disorder. FHHNC is characterized by renal wasting of magnesium (Mg) and calcium (Ca), which subsequently leads to bilateral nephrocalcinosis, renal stones, and chronic renal failure. Here, we report seven patients with FHHNC. Methods: We retrospectively analyzed pediatric cases of FHHNC between 2010-2020. Results: A total of 7 patients, 5 girls (71.4 %) and 2 boys (28.5 %) with a median age of 4 years (min:4 months, max:13 years) and a mean follow-up time of 4.4±3.5 years were included. 3 patients had been diagnosed incidentally. All of the patients had nephrocalcinosis, hypercalciuria and high PTH level. One patient had hypocalcemia and one patient had normal serum magnesium level. All patients had high urine FEMg. Five patients had CLDN 16 mutation, and two patients had CLDN19 mutation. None of them had ocular findings. Three patients had chronic renal failure at the end of the follow-up.Conclusions: We want to draw attention to the FHHNC in children with nephrocalcinosis. FHHNC should be considered in children with normal serum magnesium levels since a normal serum magnesium level does not rule out FHHNC, and high FEMg levels are more significant for the diagnosis.

To detect the frequency and possible risk factors of new-onset diabetes after liver transplantation in the patients with acute liver failure. The frequency of new-onset diabetes after transplant (NODAT) is 5–30% in liver transplant recipients. We aimed to analyze the frequency and predictors of NODAT in the patients undergoing liver transplantation due to acute liver failure. Adult patients undergoing liver transplantation due to acute liver failure were analyzed retrospectively. The patients with chronic liver failure or diabetes were excluded. We measured pretransplant random blood glucose and posttransplant fasting blood glucose. NODAT was diagnosed according to principally 1st month fasting blood glucose (group 1 125 mg/dL). The participants were subgrouped according to age, gender, body mass index, etiology, antiviral medication, thyroid function, pretransplant random blood glucose, donor type, immunosuppressive drug, common infection, and surgical complication. Mean age of total 91 patients was 33.48 (± 13.35), and 52.7% (n = 48) of them was female. The ratio of NODAT was 26.98% on the 1st month. NODAT group had a higher pretransplant random blood glucose than the others. Pretransplant hyperglycemia increased the risk of NODAT by 4.065 times (p = 0.018). We showed that pretransplant hyperglycemia increased NODAT risk by 4 times, but hypoglycemia did not affect. So, pretransplant hyperglycemia should be controlled also in the patients with acute liver failure as in the patients with chronic liver failure.

Objective The aim of this project is to identify the differences in expression levels of stem cell related genes (SCRGs) in normal colon tissue, histopathologically staged colon polyps and colon cancer, and to explain the role of SCRGs in the formation of CC and for contributing the practical usage of SCRGs in the diagnosis and treatment of CC. Methods Normal colon tissue, hyperplastic polyps, histopathologically (HGD and LGD) staged tubular, tubulovillous and villous polyps and colon cancer paraffin tissue (FFPE) samples were used. Transcription factor genes (OCT4, KLF4, SOX2, MYC, NANOG, and REX1) and cell surface markers (CD133, LGR5), which are associated with embryonic stem cells, induced pluripotent stem cells, and cancer stem cells, have been selected for measuring expression levels from the selected tissues. After isolation of total RNA from FFPE tissues, SCRGs expressions were measured by RT-qPCR method. Results SCRGs expression differences were detected in normal-adenoma-cancer progression. A significant increase was observed in the expression of LGR5 (p: 0.01) and PROM1 (p: 0.005) genes in villous HGD polyps, LGR5 (p: 0.003) gene in G1, and LGR5 (p: 0.0002) and MYC (p: 0.002) genes in G2 stage tumor tissues. When compared with each other, a significant increase in SCRGs expression is noticeable in the formation from adenoma to cancer tissues regarding malign phenotype. Conclusion This study shows that the increase of SCRGs expressions occurs with high-grade dysplasia (HGD), villous features, and the malignant phenotype. Increased expression levels of LGR5, PROM1, KLF4, SOX2, and MYC in HGD and cancerous tissues support the malignant phenotype and the existence of cancer stem cells and demonstrate that they can be used to assess diagnosis and prognosis. Identification of tissue-specific SCRGs expressions will help design new therapies to control the development and progression of colonic neoplasia.

Objectives We compared the laboratory and clinical symptoms of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), other viral (beside COVID-19), and bacterial conjunctivitis patients with the values of controls. Methods Twenty COVID-19, 15 other viral, 15 bacterial patients, and 15 control group were included in the study. COVID-19 was diagnosed with the real time reverse transcription–polymerase chain reaction while the indirect immunofluorescent antibody test was used in the detection of other viral agents. Bacterial agents were determined with the detection of the agent. The ophthalmologic examination of all cases was carried out by direct penlight, and the anterior segment evaluation was performed. The laboratory findings of all cases included in the study were obtained from the hospital records. Results It was determined that 5% conjunctivitis and 5% diplopia developed in patients diagnosed with COVID-19, 20% conjunctivitis developed in patients due to other viral agents, and 66.6% conjunctivitis developed in patients due to bacterial agents. Conclusion The incidence of conjunctivitis in COVID-19 patients was lower than in other viral and bacterial groups. Neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio and C-reactive protein come to the forefront as precious parameters with high specificity and sensitivity that might be useful to distinguish these diseases.

The specialized resident-stem cells in gonads are tasked with restorating damaged ovarian cells following injury to maintain sequential reproductive events. When we talk about premature ovarian insufficiency (POI) we accept the existence of decreased stem cell and their regenerative abilities. The present study was to explain how restorating damaged ovarian cells following injury to maintain sequential reproductive events in evidence-based medicine indexed in PubMed and Web of Science. The exact mechanism is unclear stem cells transfer may improve compromised ovarian function and fertility outcome in women with POI. Soluble factors secreted by stem cell may rescue impaired mitochondrial function in oogonial stem cells, enhance metabolic capacity of resident stem cells, induce local neovascularization in the ovary, and activate gene shifting between transferred stem cells and germ cell precursors. This review may provide insight into how stem cells show some of their beneficial effects on compromised ovarian microenvironment and germ cell niche and paves the way for clinical trials for improving ovarian function of women with POI. We also had the opportunity to share our hypothesis about the design and development of induced oogonial stem cell (iOSC) and its use in POI.

Apelin (APLN), elabela (ELA), and nitric oxide (NO) have effects on physiological and behavioural properties in biological systems. This study was designed to determine APLN, ELA and NO levels in schizophrenia patients and assess whether these molecules are of diagnostic value.A total of 33 schizophrenic patients and 32 ageand sex-adjusted healthy participants were included in the study. ELA, APLN and NO levels were measured using ELISA methods.Although the ELA and NO levels of the patients were lower than the control group, APLN levels were higher (p = 0.039, p = 0.019, p = 0.048, respectively). There was a significant negative correlation between APLN levels and triglyceride (TG) and body mass index (BMI) levels (r = -0.426, p =0.001 and r = -0.330, p = 0.007, respectively). Respectively, the areas under the receiver-operating characteristic (ROC) curves of the ELA/APLN, ELA/NO and APLN/NO ratios were 0.628, 0.590 and 0.709, 95% confident intervals (CI): 0.491-0.764, 0.450-0.730 and 0.579-0.840.Decreased levels of ELA and NO and increased APLN levels in schizophrenia suggest that these molecules may be involved in its etiopathology. The APLN/NO ratio also seems to show promise in the diagnosis of the disease and may be used in future.Apelin (APLN), elabela (ELA), i azot oksid (NO) imaju efekte na fiziološke i bihevioralne osobine u biološkim sistemima. Ova studija je postavljena tako da odredi nivo APLN, ELA i NO kod pacijenata sa šizofrenijom i da proceni da li su ovi molekuli imaju dijagnostičku vrednost.U studiju je uključeno ukupno 33 bolesnika sa šizofrenijom i 32 zdrava učesnika prilagođene starosti i pola. Nivoi ELA, APLN i NO su mereni korišćenjem ELISA metoda.Iako su nivoi ELA i NO kod pacijenata bili niži nego kod kontrolne grupe, nivoi APLN bili su viši (p = 0,039, p = 0,019, p = 0,048). Došlo je do značajne negativne korelacije između nivoa APLN i nivoa triglicerida (TG) i indeksa telesne mase (BMI) (r = -0,426, p =0,001 i r = -0,330, p = 0,007, respektivno). Površine ispod ROC krive za ELA/APLN, ELA/NO i APLN/NO su bile 0,628, 0,590 i 0,709, respektivno, 95% intervali poverenja (CI): 0,491-0,764, 0,450-0,730 i 0,579-0,840.Smanjeni nivoi ELA i NO i povećani nivo APLN kod šizofrenije ukazuju da ovi molekuli mogu biti u vezi sa njenom etiopatologijom. Izgleda da će odnos APLN/NO moći da se koristi u dijagnostici bolesti u budućnosti.

Many people die from lung and breast cancer. Consequently, both physicians and researchers strive to provide reliable monitoring for disease, diagnosis and prognosis as well as resistance prediction. In the present study, a comprehensive liquid biopsy panel was performed on 474 patients to examine the importance and spectrum of recurrent somatic cancer mutations. Most patients visited the clinic with a diagnosis of advanced resistant cancer. The patients underwent a comprehensive liquid biopsy panel. Patients were divided into four groups based on cancer type as follows: Lung (n=379, 79.9%), breast (n=72, 15.2%), gastrointestinal (n=11, 2.3%) and other (n=12, 2.5%). Tier I-II-III classified variants were included in the study. The mean age was 60 years, with a range of 20-86 years. There were notably more male (n=272, 57.4%) than female patients (n=202, 42.6%). The most commonly mutated genes were TP53, EGFR, PIK3CA, RET, PTEN, MET, ATM and KRAS. The most common mutations were 'PIK3CA, c.3140A>G, p.His1047Arg', 'RET, c.2324delinsGAC, p.Glu775Glyfs*6', 'TP53, c.217G>C, p.Val73Leu', 'EGFR, c.2155G>A, p.Gly719Ser', 'PIK3CA, c.1624G>A, p.Glu542Lys', 'PTEN, c.397G>A, p.Val133Ile' and 'EGFR, c.2235_2249del, p.Glu746_Ala750del'. The PIK3CA, PTEN and RET variants showed a higher incidence in the breast and lung groups compared with other groups. To the best of our knowledge, the present study is the first to concentrate on PIK3CA, PTEN and RET mutations in the context of breast and lung adenocarcinoma and to evaluate both genetic variability and the effect of treatment. The present results showed that patients with solid tumors, particularly lung and breast cancer, may benefit from PIK3CA, PTEN and RET sequencing to assess clinical characteristics and prognosis. Discoveries regarding the gene structure and mechanisms of PIK3CA, PTEN and RET may inform more clinically meaningful therapeutic approaches for patients with cancer and serve an essential role in improving individual risk prediction, therapy and prognosis.

Background There are scarce published data in differentiated thyroid cancer patients about new coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) disease outcomes and mortality. Here, we evaluated COVID‐19 infection outcomes and mortality in thyroid cancer patients with COVID‐19 infection. Design and methods We included a cohort of patients with thyroid cancer with PCR‐confirmed COVID‐19 disease from 11 March to 30 May 2020 from the Turkish Ministry of Health database in our nationwide, retrospective study. We compared the mortality and morbidity of COVID patients with or without thyroid cancer. Univariate and multivariate analyses were used to assess the independent factors for mortality, length of hospital stay and intensive care unit (ICU) admission and mechanical ventilation. We also analysed the effect of radioiodine treatment on severity and death rate of COVID‐19 disease. Results We evaluated 388 COVID‐19 patients with thyroid cancer [median age: 54 years, interquartile range (IQR) 18 years, males: 23%] and age and gender‐matched 388 COVID‐19 patients without thyroid cancer. Patients with thyroid cancer had a similar mortality ratio compared with the non‐cancer group. Among patients with thyroid cancer, age, presence of diabetes mellitus, asthma/COPD, heart failure, chronic kidney disease, prior coronary artery disease, RAS blocker usage and low lymphocyte count were associated with mortality. Radioactive iodine (RAI) treatment and cumulative radioactive iodine dosage did not negatively affect the severity and mortality of COVID‐19 disease in our patient group. Conclusions Our study indicated that history of thyroid cancer did not have an increased risk of mortality or morbidity in COVID‐19 disease. Besides, RAI therapy history and doses of radioactive iodine did not affect mortality or outcome.

Purpose The molecules human interleukin (IL-18), the soluble cluster of differentiation (sCD40), platelet factor 4 variant 1 (PF4V1), and neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL) are all markers of inflammation in biological systems and are linked to prognosis in several inflammatory diseases as well. Since there is no study in which the above-mentioned molecules are studied together in ocular Behçet's disease (OBD), the aim of this study is to reveal whether these molecules are activity markers in active (OABD) and inactive (OIBD) disease. Methods 30 OABD and 30 OIBD and 30 healthy individuals were included in the study. IL-18, sCD40, PF4V1, and NGAL molecules were studied in blood samples by the ELISA method. Results When OABD and OIBD were compared to healthy individuals, the levels of IL-18, sCD40, PF4V1, and NGAL molecules were found to be statistically significant. These values were even more significantly higher in patients with OABD. Conclusion When ROC values of IL-18, sCD40, PF4V1, and NGAL are evaluated, it is clear that these four molecules can be used as biomarkers to aid activity and diagnosis in OBD.

PurposeCOVID-19 disease has a worse prognosis in patients with diabetes, but the comparative data about the course of COVID-19 in patients with type 1 (T1DM) and type 2 diabetes (T2DM) are lacking. The purpose of this study was to find out the relative clinical severity and mortality of COVID-19 patients with T1DM and T2DM.MethodsA nationwide retrospective cohort of patients with confirmed (PCR positive) COVID-19 infection (n=149,671) was investigated. After exclusion of individuals with unspecified diabetes status, the adverse outcomes between patients with T1DM (n=163), T2DM (n=33,478) and the non-diabetics (n=115,108) were compared by using the propensity score matching method. The outcomes were hospitalization, the composite of intensive care unit (ICU) admission and/or mechanical ventilation and mortality.ResultsThe patients with T1DM had higher mortality than the age and gender matched patients with T2DM (n=489) and the non-diabetics (n=489) (pConclusionAccording to the results, patients with T1DM had poorer COVID-19 prognosis than those with T2DM or the non-diabetics. These patients should be cared diligently until more data will be available about the causes of increased COVID-19 mortality in T1DM.

BackgroundThe corpus callosum (CC) is the most targeted region in the cerebrum that integrates cognitive data between homologous areas in the right and left hemispheres.AimsOur study used statistical analysis to determine whether there was a correlation between shape changes in the CC in patients with schizophrenia (SZ) (deficit syndrome (DS) and non-deficit syndrome (NDS)) and healthy control (HC) subjects.MethodsThis study consisted of 27 HC subjects and 50 schizophrenic patients (20 with DS and 30 with NDS). 3 patients with DS and 4 patients with NDS were excluded. Three-dimensional, sagittal, T1-spoiled, gradient-echo imaging was used. Standard anatomical landmarks were selected and marked on each image using specific software.ResultsAs to comparing the Procrustes mean shapes of the CC, statistically significant differences were observed between HC and SZ (DS+NDS) (p=0.017, James’s Fj=73.732), HC and DS (pj=140.843), HC and NDS (p=0.006, James’s Fj=89.178) and also DS and NDS (pj=152.967). Shape variability in the form of CC was 0.131, 0.085, 0.082 and 0.086 in the HC, SZ (DS+NDS), DS and NDS groups, respectively.ConclusionsThis study reveals callosal shape variations in patients with SZ and their DS and NDS subgroups that take into account the CC’s topographic distribution.

Schizophrenia, particularly the form related to excessive dopamine (DA), is a chronic psychotic disorder affecting millions of people worldwide. Renalase metabolizes its catecholamine (CA) substrates, including DA, suggesting that there might be an association between renalase levels and schizophrenia occurrence. Therefore, the current study aimed to evaluate the renalase and CA levels in the serum of patients with schizophrenia.The study was conducted with thirty-three schizophrenia patients and an age- and gender-matched group of thirty-one controls. Renalase and CA levels were measured by using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA).Renalase levels were significantly lower in the schizophrenia patients than in the control group (The high DA levels in patients with schizophrenia might be due to low renalase levels. Renalase enzyme levels may play a substantial role in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia. Thus, this enzyme might be a new future target for the treatment and diagnosis of schizophrenia after intrabrain renalase and DA dynamics have been further evaluated.Shizofrenija, posebno oblik sa povećanim dopaminom (DA) je hronični psihijatrijski poremećaj od koga boluju milioni ljudi širom sveta. Relanaza metaboliše supstrate kateholamine (CA), uključujući DA, što ukazuje da može da postoji veza između nivoa relanaze i pojave shizofrenije. Shodno ovome, ovo izučavanje je imalo za cilj da proceni nivoe relanaze i CA u serumu pacijenata sa shizofrenijom.Izučavanje je obuhvatilo trideset tri pacijenta sa shizofrenijom i trideset jednu osobu iste starosti i pola kao kontrolnu grupu. Nivoi renalaze i CA mereni su primenom ELISA metode.Nivoi renalaze bili su značajno niži kod pacijenaza sa shizofrenijom nego u kontrolnoj grupi (p0,05), dok su nivoi DA bili značajno viši (p0,05). Nivoi epinefrina (Epi) u obe grupe bili su manji (p=0,186), dok su nivoi norepinfrina u pacijenata sa shizofrenijom bili značajno niži nego u kontrolnoj grupi (p0,05). Površina ispod krive za renelaze-dopamin i renelaze-epinefrin odnose bili su 0,805, 95% konfidens interval CI: 0,594–0,859 (p=0,032); i 0,656, 95% CI: 0,520–0,791 (p=002).Visoki nivoi DA u pacijenata sa shizofrenijom mogu biti usled niskih nivoa renalaze. Nivoi renalaze enzima mogu imati značajnu ulogu u patofiziologiji shizofrenije. To znači da ovaj enzima može imati značajnu ulogu u tretmanu i dijagnostikovanju shizofrenije te ona treba dalje da bude izučavana kao i dinamika DA.

Objective: The incidence of thyroid cancer has been continuously increasing. The main objective of this study was to investigate irisin expression in various thyroid pathologies and to compare these expression patterns with irisin expression in healthy thyroid tissues. Methods: The study groups consisted of 20 cases each of control thyroid tissue, Hashimoto’s thyroiditis, thyroid papillary carcinoma, oncocytic papillary carcinoma, follicular thyroid carcinoma, oncocytic follicular thyroid carcinoma, medullary thyroid carcinoma, anaplastic thyroid carcinoma. Irisin expression was evaluated using immunohistochemistry. Irisin levels in thyroid tissue supernatants were measured using ELISA. Results: Patients with HT showed increased irisin expression compared with controls (p

Purpose Acute myocardial infarction (AMI) is the most common cause of death in the world. Comprehensive risk assessment of patients presenting with chest pain and eliminating undesirable results should decrease morbidity and mortality rates, increase the quality of life of patients, and decrease health expenditure in many countries. In this study, the advantages and disadvantages of the enzymatic and nonenzymatic biomarkers used in the diagnosis of patients with AMI are given in historical sequence, and some candidate biomarkers - hFABP, GPBB, S100, PAPP-A, RP, TNF, IL6, IL18, CD40 ligand, MPO, MMP9, cell-adhesion molecules, oxidized LDL, glutathione, homocysteine, fibrinogen, and D-dimer procalcitonin - with a possible role in the diagnosis of AMI are discussed. Methods The present study was carried out using meta-analyses, reviews of clinical trials, evidence-based medicine, and guidelines indexed in PubMed and Web of Science. Results These numerous AMI biomarkers guide clinical applications (diagnostic methods, risk stratification, and treatment). Today, however, TnI remains the gold standard for the diagnosis of AMI. Details in the text will be given of many biomarkers for the diagnosis of AMI. Conclusion We evaluated the advantages and disadvantages of routine enzymatic and nonenzymatic biomarkers and the literature evidence of other candidate biomarkers in the diagnosis of AMI, and discuss challenges and constraints that limit translational use from bench to bedside.

Background: Molecular aberrations including MSI, RAS, RAF, and HER2 have been used to guide the management of mCRC. However, the role of PIK3CA mutations is unclear in mCRC. In this study, we aimed to determine the prognostic value of PIK3CA mutations and their predictive value of response to anti-EGFR therapy in mCRC patients (pts). Methods: Pts with mCRC and clinical next generation sequencing were identified from the Clinical Genomics Action Committee database at Moffitt Cancer Center. Clinical and molecular aberration data were retrospectively collected. Progression-free survival (PFS) was the time from treatment initiation to clinical or radiographic disease progression. Overall survival (OS) was the time from diagnosis of metastatic disease to death. Kaplan Meier method and log-rank test were used for survival analysis. A parametric exponential model was implemented for PIK3CA exon analysis to account for small sample size. Pearson correlation coefficient was determined for correlation between PIK3CA and co-mutations. An additional meta-analysis was performed including prior studies of pts with KRAS wild-type (wt) PIK3CA mutant (mut) mCRC receiving anti-EGFR therapy using random effects model. Results: Among 639 pts with mCRC, PIK3CA mutation was positively correlated with KRAS mutation (r=0.11, p=0.006) and negatively correlated with TP53 mutation (r=-0.18, p= Conclusion: PIK3CA mutation has positive correlation with KRAS mutation and negative correlation with TP53 mutation in mCRC. PIK3CA mutation confers a worse prognosis but is not predictive for response to anti-EGFR therapy in pts with KRAS wt mCRC. The latter finding was confirmed in an updated meta-analysis of 13 studies including ours. Citation Format: Elaine Tan, Wenyi Fan, Michael Schell, Ibrahim Sahin, Jason Fleming, Todd Knepper, Hao Xie. Prognostic and predictive value of PIK3CA mutations in metastatic CRC (mCRC) [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2022; 2022 Apr 8-13. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2022;82(12_Suppl):Abstract nr 1239.

Purpose: the COVID-19 pandemic brought unprecedented conditions for overall health care systems by restricting resources for non-COVID-19 patients. As the burden of the disease escalates, routine elective surgeries are being cancelled. The aim of this paper was to provide a guideline for management of endocrine surgical disorders during a pandemic. Methods: we used Delphi method with a nine-scale Likert scale on two rounds of voting involving 64 experienced eminent surgeons and endocrinologists who had the necessary experience to provide insight on endocrine disorder management. All voting was done by email using a standard questionnaire. Results: overall, 37 recommendations were voted on. In two rounds, all recommendations reached an agreement and were either endorsed or rejected. Endorsed statements include dietary change in primary hyperparathyroidism, Cinacalcet treatment in secondary hyperparathyroidism, alpha-blocker administration for pheochromocytoma, methimazole ± β-blocker combination for Graves’ disease, and follow-up for fine-needle aspiration results of thyroid nodules indicated as Bethesda 3–4 cytological results and papillary microcarcinoma. Conclusion: this survey summarizes expert opinion for the management of endocrine surgical conditions during unprecedented times when access to surgical treatment is severely disrupted. The statements are not applicable in circumstances in which surgical treatment is possible., NA

Background Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) has been reported to be associated with a more severe course in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). However, severe adverse outcomes are not recorded in all patients. In this study, we assessed disease outcomes in patients with and without T2DM hospitalized for COVID‐19. Methods A nationwide retrospective cohort of patients with T2DM hospitalized with confirmed COVID‐19 infection from 11 March to 30 May 2020 in the Turkish Ministry of Health database was investigated. Multivariate modeling was used to assess the independent predictors of demographic and clinical characteristics with mortality, length of hospital stay, and intensive care unit (ICU) admission and/or mechanical ventilation. Results A total of 18 426 inpatients (median age [interquartile range, IQR]: 61 [17] years; males: 43.3%) were investigated. Patients with T2DM (n = 9213) were compared with a group without diabetes (n = 9213) that were matched using the propensity scores for age and gender. Compared with the group without T2DM, 30‐day mortality following hospitalization was higher in patients with T2DM (13.6% vs 8.7%; hazard ratio 1.75; 95% CI, 1.58‐1.93; P, Highlights Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) takes an unfavorable course in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), and the risk increases in individuals with certain conditions, some of which are not modifiable.This study showed significantly higher mortality due to COVID‐19 in hospitalized patients with T2DM than without (13.6% vs 8.7%; hazard ratio 1.75; 95% CI, 1.58‐1.93).Older age, male gender, obesity, preexisting insulin treatment, low lymphocyte count, and pulmonary involvement on admission were the significant associates of COVID‐19 mortality.

Byggebransjen blir stort sett kritisert for å være ineffektiv, og har derfor også stort forbedringspotensial når det gjelder kostnadseffektivitet, produktivitet, gjennomføringsevne og sløsing. Dette er bemerkelsesverdig spesielt når man sammenlikner byggebransjen med andre bransjer. Derfor har bransjen som en reaksjon til disse problemene kommet med ulike initiativer med mål om en utvikling og forandring. Som følge av dette har nyere teknologi, verktøy og metoder blitt fremmet, og som har ledet til et paradigmeskifte for måten et byggeprosjekt prosjekteres og gjennomføres. Gjennomgående funn i litteratur peker på manglende basiskunnskaper om Lean-filosofien, manglende kompetanse innen BIM, motstand mot endring i byggebransjen, samt for lite vektlegging på kontinuerlige forbedring og inkludering av alle aktører i leveringskjeden. Det er blitt benyttet både kvalitative og kvantitative metoder til informasjonshenting. Der teoridelen ble tilegnet ved dokumentgjennomgang, ble den empiriske dataen tilegnet ved spørreundersøkelse, gjennomføring av dybdeintervjuer og en dokumentanalyse med etterfølgende casestudie av KHiB-prosjektet. Forskningsstudiet avdekker et bredt spekter av funn, hvor noen aspekter fremstår som sentrale både i empirien og i litteraturen, men også noen forskjeller finnes det her. Dette vil bli vist nærmere i Kapittel 6, der empiriske dataen settes opp mot litteraturfunn. Videre vil det i Kapittel 7 diskuteres rundt forskningsspørsmålene som blir stilt for å prøve å svare på problemstillingen til masteroppgaven: Utfordringer og muligheter med implementering av BIM ved bruk av Lean Construction, der det settes søkelys på byggebransjens videre teknologiske utvikling, og avslutningsvis vil det bli en konklusjon og en anbefaling til videre arbeid i Kapittel 8. The construction industry is largely criticized for being inefficient, and therefore has great potential for improvement in terms of cost efficiency, productivity, feasibility and waste. This is remarkable especially when one compares the construction industry with other industries. Therefore, in response to these problems, the industry has come up with various initiatives with the goal of development and change. As a result, newer technology, tools and methods have been promoted, which have led to a paradigm shift in the way a construction project is designed and implemented. Consistent findings in the literature point to a lack of basic knowledge about Lean philosophy, a lack of competence in BIM, resistance to change in the construction industry, as well as too little emphasis on continuous improvement and inclusion of all players in the supply chain. Both qualitative and quantitative methods of information retrieval have been used. Where the theory part was acquired by document review, the empirical data was acquired by questionnaire, conducting in-depth interviews and a document analysis with subsequent case study of the KHiB project. The research study reveals a wide range of findings, where some aspects appear to be central both in the empirical and in the literature, but there are also some differences here. This will be shown in more detail in Chapter 6, where the empirical data is set up against literature findings. Furthermore, Chapter 7 will discuss the research questions that are asked to answer the problem of the master's thesis: Challenges and opportunities with implementation of BIM using Lean Construction, where the focus will be on the construction industry's further technological development, and finally there will be a conclusion and a recommendation for further work in Chapter 8