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Adhesion is an interfacial phenomenon that is critical for assembling carbon structural composites for next-generation aircraft and automobiles. However, there is limited understanding of adhesion on the molecular level because of the difficulty in revealing the individual bonding factors. Here, using soft X-ray spectromicroscopy we show the physical and chemical states of an adhesive interface composed of a thermosetting polymer of 4,4’-diaminodiphenylsulfone-cured bisphenol A diglycidyl ether adhered to a thermoplastic polymer of plasma-treated polyetheretherketone. We observe multiscale phenomena in the adhesion mechanisms, including sub-mm complex interface structure, sub-μm distribution of the functional groups, and molecular-level covalent-bond formation. These results provide a benchmark for further research to examine how physical and chemical states correlate with adhesion, and demonstrate that soft X-ray imaging is a promising approach for visualizing the physical and chemical states at adhesive interfaces from the sub-mm level to the molecular level. Understanding adhesion mechanisms for polymer composites is challenging due to the bonded interface being buried. Here, soft X-rays are used to probe the chemical and physical nature of the interface, revealing multiscale factors that influence the adhesion mechanism and bond strength.

A scanning soft X-ray spectromicroscope was recently developed based mainly on the photon-in/photon-out measurement scheme for the investigation of local electronic structures on the surfaces and interfaces of advanced materials under conditions ranging from low vacuum to helium atmosphere. The apparatus was installed at the soft X-ray beamline (BL17SU) at SPring-8. The characteristic features of the apparatus are described in detail. The feasibility of this spectromicroscope was demonstrated using soft X-ray undulator radiation. Here, based on these results, element-specific two-dimensional mapping and micro-XAFS (X-ray absorption fine structure) measurements are reported, as well as the observation of magnetic domain structures from using a reference sample of permalloy micro-dot patterns fabricated on a silicon substrate, with modest spatial resolution (e.g. ∼500 nm). Then, the X-ray radiation dose for Nafion® near the fluorine K-edge is discussed as a typical example of material that is not radiation hardened against a focused X-ray beam, for near future experiments.

Case Presentation A 78-year-old man with asthma and COPD presented with shortness of breath, cough, and severe malaise for 4 days. Upon arrival, the patient was conscious and body temperature was 37.5°C. Arterial oxygen saturation (Spo2) was 80% on room air. Laboratory data demonstrated a WBC count of 17,400/μL (89.5% neutrophils) and C-reactive protein of 5.00 mg/dL. CT scan of chest revealed scattered ground-glass in the upper right lobe and thickening of the bronchial wall. Based on these findings, acute bronchopneumonia was diagnosed and antibacterial therapy was started. The day after admission, the patient's general condition and shortness of breath had gradually improved. We treated and observed him carefully for 10 days in the hospital on antibacterial therapy because of his underlying comorbidities (asthma and COPD) and his ongoing hypoxemia. Three days after discharge, the patient re-presented with shortness of breath, hypoxemia, and loss of appetite. The patient was hospitalized for a second time.

The local electronic state of the N,N,N',N'-tetraglycidyl-4,4′-diaminodiphenylmethane epoxy resin cured with 4,4′-diaminodiphenylsulfone (TGDDM-DDS), one of model adhesive materials, was investigated by the O K-edge X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) and X-ray emission spectroscopy (XES). The total-electron-yield XAS spectra for TGDDM-DDS as a function of the X-ray dose exhibit the exponential-like decrease in the curing-derived pre-edge intensity due to the radiation damage. The quantitative analysis on the pre-edge intensity with respect to the X-ray dose enables the determination of the critical absorbed dose for the chemical change on TGDDM-DDS as 3.83 ± 0.01 MGy at 300 K. By using resonant XES with the well-focused X-ray beam, we found that (i) the charged-particle equilibrium exists for the soft X-rays in the range of at least 0.001–0.847 mm2 beam spot and that (ii) the half of the critical absorbed dose can be regarded as the limit indicator for the non-destructive chemical-state characterization on resinous adhesive materials and interfaces using soft X-rays.

Ge atoms segregating on zirconium diboride thin films grown on Ge(111) were found to crystallize into a two-dimensional bitriangular structure, which was recently predicted to be a flat band material through an embedded kagome lattice. Angle-resolved photoelectron emission experiments together with theoretical calculations pointed out the existence of a nearly flat band in spite of non-negligible in-plane long-range hopping and interactions with the substrate. This provides an experimental verification for the fact that a flat band can emerge from the electronic coupling between atoms and not from the geometry of the atomic structure.

Single crystalline bismuth (Bi) is known to have a peculiar electronic structure which is very close to the topological phase transition. The modification of the surface states of Bi depending on the temperature are revealed by angle-resolved photoelectron spectroscopy (ARPES). At low temperature, the upper branch of the surface state merged to the projected bulk conduction bands around the $\bar{M}$ point of the surface Brillouin zone (SBZ). In contrast, the same branch merged to the projected bulk valence bands at high temperature (400 K). Such behavior could be interpreted as a topological phase transition driven by the temperature, which might be applicable for future spin-thermoelectric devices. We discuss the possible mechanisms to cause such transition, such as the thermal lattice distortion and electron-phonon coupling., 15 pages with 6 figures (single column)

This paper gives elements in the (skew) center of the generalized quantum group corresponding to its irreducible finite dimensional modules. Finally we give a conjecture stating that those must form a basis of the center., Comment: 17 pages

We introduce the definition of the typical irreducible modules of the generalized quantum groups, and prove the Weyl-Kac-type formulas of their characters. As a by-product, we obtain the Weyl-Kac-type character formulas of the typical irreducible modules of the quantum superalgebras associated with the basic classical Lie superalgebras, which is explained in Introduction., Comment: 28 pages

We give a new proof of the presentation of the affine Lie superalgebra $${\mathrm {G}}^{(1)}(3)$$ using a Weyl groupoid.

Let U(χ) be a generalized quantum group such that dimU+(χ) = ∞, |R+(χ)| < ∞, and R+(χ) is irreducible, where U+(χ) is the positive part of U(χ), and R+(χ) is the Kharchenko’s positive root system of U+(χ). In this paper, we give a list of finite-dimensional irreducible highest weight U(χ)-modules, relying on a special reduced expression of the longest element of the Weyl groupoid of U(χ).

We introduce nil-Hecke algebras for Weyl groupoids. We describe a basis and some properties of these algebras which lead to a notion of Bruhat order for Weyl groupoids., Comment: 13 pages

地質構造の論理モデルは，地層の分布域を面で表現する数式や地層と面の関係を表す関係表で表現されてきた．本稿では論理モデルをラベルつき2分木で図式表現する方法を提案する．根は考察の対象となる領域を表す．枝点は面によって境された領域を表す．枝点からのびる2つの枝が一つの面による領域の2分割を表す．先端の葉で個々の地層の分布域を表す．全領域を表す根から地層の分布域を表す葉に至る枝につけたラベルで地層と面の関係を表す．2分木で表現可能な論理モデルに関しては，図式表現と関係表は同等であり，一方から他方へ情報の損失なく変換できる．堆積作用と侵食作用によって形成される地質構造の論理モデルについては，その帰納的定義に基づく機械的手続きにより，図式表現を導くことができる．図式表現は，論理モデルで表現された地質構造の性質，あるいは領域内の点に地層を対応づける関数などの3次元地質モデリングにかかわる基礎的概念の理解を助ける小道具として有効である．

The electronic structure at the interface formed between an organic film and a metal electrode plays a crucial role in the performance of electronic devices using organic semiconductors such as electroluminescent displays (light-emitting diodes), field-effect transistors, and photovoltaic cells. In particular, the energies of the highest-occupied and lowest-unoccupied molecular orbitals relative to the Fermi level of metals, i.e., the energy level alignment at organic/metal interfaces, are of fundamental importance in discussing the barrier heights for the charge injection and separation at the interface. However, it is generally not easy to discuss the interfacial electronic structure precisely since the interface energetics is usually modified due to various interface-specific phenomena. In this article, we introduce the recent progress in studies of the energy level alignment at organic/metal interfaces: (1) basic understanding, (2) interface dipole layer, and (3) interface states.

The root systems appearing in the theory of Lie superalgebras and Nichols algebras admit a large symmetry extending properly the one coming from the Weyl group. Based on this observation we set up a general framework in which the symmetry object is a groupoid. We prove that in our context the groupoid is generated by simple reflections and Coxeter relations. In a broad sense this answers a question of Serganova. Our weak version of the exchange condition allows us to prove Matsumoto’s theorem. Therefore the word problem is solved for the groupoid.

In this paper, we give a classification of the finite dimensional irreducible representations of a nonstandard quantum group U, which may be viewed as a Z/3Z-graded version of a quantum superalgebra.

A 1D metallic surface state was created on an anisotropic InSb(001) surface covered with Bi. Angle-resolved photoelectron spectroscopy (ARPES) showed a 1D Fermi contour with almost no 2D distortion. Close to the Fermi level (E_{F}), the angle-integrated photoelectron spectra showed power-law scaling with the binding energy and temperature. The ARPES plot above E_{F}, obtained thanks to a thermally broadened Fermi edge at room temperature, showed a 1D state with continuous metallic dispersion across E_{F} and power-law intensity suppression around E_{F}. These results strongly suggest a Tomonaga-Luttinger liquid on the Bi/InSb(001) surface.

Tetraspanins CD9 and CD81 facilitate the fusion between gametes, myoblasts, or virus-infected cells. Here, we investigated the role of these tetraspanins in the fusion of mononuclear phagocytes. Expression of CD9 and CD81 and their complex formation with integrins were up-regulated when blood monocytes were cultured under normal conditions. Under fusogenic conditions in the presence of Con A, CD9 and CD81 up-regulation was inhibited, and their complex formation with integrins was down-regulated. Anti-CD9 and -CD81 antibodies, which were previously shown to inhibit the fusion of gametes, myoblasts, and virus-infected cells, unexpectedly promoted the fusion of monocytes and alveolar macrophages. However, these effects were not due to altered cell adhesion, aggregation, or cytokine production. When stimulated in vitro or in vivo, alveolar macrophages and bone marrow cells of CD9- and CD81-null mice formed larger numbers of multinucleated cells than those of wild-type mice. Finally, CD9/CD81 double-null mice spontaneously developed multinucleated giant cells in the lung and showed enhanced osteoclastogenesis in the bone. These results suggest that CD9 and CD81 coordinately prevent the fusion of mononuclear phagocytes.

1 Preliminary. Keep the notation and terminology of [1]. We say that the datum (E,Π, p) is of (A(1, 1)(1))H type if (E,Π, p) is of affine ABCD type (see Definition 1.4.1), Π = {α0, α1, α2, α3} and if the Dynkin diagram of (E,Π, p) is either of the two Dynkin diagrams of (1). Until the end of this section, we assume that (E,Π, p) is of (A(1, 1)(1))H type. Then G(E,Π, p) ∼= (A(1, 1)(1))H, G (E,Π, p) ∼= (sl(2, 2)(1))H, and Φ(E,Π, p) = {±(m+1)δ, ±(mδ+αi), ±(mδ+ αi + αi−1), ±(mδ + αi + αi−1 + αi−2)|i = 0, 1, 2, 3 ∈ Z/4Z, m ≥ 0}. (See Subsections 1.5 and 3.5, and notice that (A(1, 1)(1))H and A(1, 1) (resp. (sl(2, 2)(1))H and sl(2, 2)) are not the same; however they are closely related.) Define E i , E (m) ii−1, E (m) ii−1i−2 ∈ N+(⊂ G(E,Π, p)) (i ∈ Z/4Z,m ≥ 0) inductively by E i = Ei, E (m) i = [Ei, [Ei−1, E (m−1) i−2i−3i]], E (m) ii−1 = [Ei, E (m) i−1 ], E (m) ii−1i−2 = [Ei, E (m) i−1i−2]. Let Eii−1 = E (0) ii−1 and Eii−1i−2 = E (0) ii−1i−2. Let x : N+ → N− be the isomorphism such that x(Ei) = Fi (0 ≤ i ≤ 3). Denote (E,Π, p) by (AA) if its Dynkin diagram is the left one of (1) and if

Department of Photo-Molecular Science, Institute for Molecular Science, Okazaki 444-8585, Japan(Received 17 June 2012; published 15 January 2013)We investigated Pt-induced nanowires on the Si(110) surface using scanning tunneling microscopy(STM) and angle-resolved photoemission. High resolution STM images show a well-ordered nanowirearray of 1.6 nm width and 2.7 nm separation. Angle-resolved photoemission reveals fully occupied one-dimensional (1D) bands with a Rashba-type split dispersion. Local dI=dV spectra further indicate well-confined1Delectronchannelsonthenanowires,whosedensityofstatescharacteristicsareconsistentwiththe Rashba-type band splitting. The observed energy and momentum splitting of the bands are among thelargest ever reported for Rashba systems, suggesting the Pt-Si nanowire as a unique 1D giant Rashbasystem. This self-assembled nanowire can be exploited for silicon-based spintronics devices as well as thequest for Majorana fermions.

This paper treats the generalized quantum group $U=U(\chi,\pi)$ with a bi-homomorphism $\chi$ for which the corresponding generalized root system is a finite set. We establish a Harish-Chandra type theorem describing the (skew) center of $U$., Comment: Some comments have been added. 49pages, accepted for publication in Journal of Pure and Applied Algebra

This study investigates the strong photoluminescence (PL) and X-ray excited optical luminescence observed in nitrogen-functionalized 2D graphene nanoflakes (GNFs:N), which arise from the significantly enhanced density of states in the region of {\pi} states and the gap between {\pi} and {\pi}* states. The increase in the number of the sp2 clusters in the form of pyridine-like N-C, graphite-N-like, and the C=O bonding and the resonant energy transfer from the N and O atoms to the sp2 clusters were found to be responsible for the blue shift and the enhancement of the main PL emission feature. The enhanced PL is strongly related to the induced changes of the electronic structures and bonding properties, which were revealed by the X-ray absorption near-edge structure, X-ray emission spectroscopy, and resonance inelastic X-ray scattering. The study demonstrates that PL emission can be tailored through appropriate tuning of the nitrogen and oxygen contents in GNFs and pave the way for new optoelectronic devices., Comment: 8 pages, 6 figures (including toc figure)

The notion of a "root base" together with its geometry plays a crucial role in the theory of finite and affine Lie theory. However, it is known that such a notion does not exist for the recent generalizations of finite and affine root systems such as extended affine root systems and affine reflection systems. As an alternative, we introduce the notion of a "reflectable base", a minimal subset $\Pi$ of roots such that the non-isotropic part of the root system can be recovered by reflecting roots of $\Pi$ relative to the hyperplanes determined by $\Pi$. We give a full characterization of reflectable bases for tame irreducible affine reflection systems of reduced types, excluding types $E_{6,7,8}$. As a byproduct of our results, we show that if the root system under consideration is locally finite then any reflectable base is an integral base., Comment: 33 pages, some minor changes have been done. Also some references are updated

In the present work, we have undertaken a combined experimental and theoretical study of X-ray spectroscopies for DNA base pairs, more precisely near-edge X-ray absorption, X-ray emission, and resonant inelastic X-ray scattering applied to poly(dG)·poly(dC) and poly(dA)·poly(dT) DNA duplexes. We have derived several conclusions on the nature of these X-ray spectra: the stacking of pairs has very little influence on the spectra; the spectra of a DNA composed of mixed Watson−Crick base pairs are well reproduced by linear combinations of GC and AT base pairs involved; the amine and imine nitrogens show noticeable differences as building blocks in the absorption, emission, and resonant emission spectra. The calculated spectra are in good agreement with experimental results. The ramifications of these conclusions for the use of X-ray spectroscopy for DNA are discussed.

Analgesic tolerance to morphine can develop from long-term use of this drug for the treatment of pain. Many reports have shown that stimulation of the kappa opioid receptor (KOR) suppresses development of analgesic tolerance to morphine. Here, we studied the KOR-mediated inhibition of morphine tolerance during repeated morphine treatment, with a focus on desensitization of the receptor. The development of analgesic tolerance to morphine during repeated morphine administration (10 mgkg−1 s.c.) was completely suppressed by U-50488H (2 mgkg−1 i.p.), a KOR agonist. The decrease in [35S] GTPγS binding activity stimulated by the mu opioid receptor (MOR) agonist [D-Ala2, N-Me-Phe4, Gly5-ol]-enkephalin (DAMGO) was also significantly inhibited by U-50488H. These results indicate that stimulation of KOR caused by repeated morphine treatment either inhibits MOR desensitization or accelerates recycling of MOR on the cell surface, thereby suppressing morphine tolerance. Furthermore, we found that activity of protein kinase C (PKC) was significantly decreased in mice treated with both U-50488H and morphine. These results suggest that the mechanisms underlying KOR-mediated inhibition of analgesic tolerance to morphine may be partly due to suppression of PKC activation and prevention of receptor desensitization.

Let H be the quantum double of a Nichols algebra of diagonal type. We compute the R-matrix of 3-tuples of modules for general finite-dimensional highest weight modules over H. We also calculate a multiplicative formula for the universal R-matrix when H is finite dimensional. We show the unicity of a PBW basis (or a Lusztig-type Poincare-Birkhoff-Witt basis) with a given convex order.

While adhering to extracellular matrix proteins in vitro and in vivo, small cell lung cancer (SCLC) cells frequently show morphologic differentiation and are protected from apoptosis. Integrin β1–mediated protein phosphorylation is suggested to be an essential signaling event in these processes. CD9 is an almost ubiquitously expressed tetraspanin protein that suppresses tumor progression by regulating cell motility and signaling through complex formation with β1 integrins. We reported previously that, among tetraspanins, CD9 is selectively absent in most SCLC cells and that ectopic expression of CD9 suppresses their motility. Here, we show that the ectopic expression of CD9 suppressed neurite-like process outgrowth and promoted apoptotic death of SCLC cells that were adherent to fibronectin in serum-starved conditions. This correlated with attenuation of adhesion-dependent phosphorylation of Akt but not that of focal adhesion kinase or c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase. Treatment of CD9− parent cells with a phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) inhibitor, LY294002, inhibited process outgrowth and survival, suggesting that PI3K/Akt signaling is required for the morphologic change and cell survival. Production of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2 was likewise suppressed in the CD9 transfectants and in LY294002-treated parent cells. These results suggest that the absence of CD9 in SCLC cells may contribute to postadhesive morphologic differentiation, survival, and MMP-2 production via PI3K/Akt pathway. (Cancer Res 2006; 66(19): 9557-65)

In this paper, using a quantum superalgebra associated with the universal central extension of sl(2,2)^{(1)}, we introduce new R-matrices having an extra parameter x. As x\to 0, they become those associated with the symmetric and anti-symmetric tensor products of the copies of the vector representation of U_q sl(2,2)^{(1)}., 18 pages, latex, v2.2 references added

We demonstrate a new proof (see also [1]) for the Kac's classification of finite dimensional irreducible representations of the simple Lie superalgebra B(m,n).

In this paper, we construct an explicit basis of the quantized universal enveloping algebra Uq(slN + 1(C)). Let A = (%-)i