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Σκοπός της παρούσας έρευνας είναι η διερεύνηση των στρατηγικών αντιμετώπισης αντίξοων καταστάσεων, της αντιλαμβανόμενης απειλής και των παραγόντων κοινωνικής υποστήριξης σε ενηλίκους κατά την περίοδο της πανδημίας COVID-19 και συνιστά την ελληνική συμμετοχή στο πλαίσιο ευρύτερης διεθνούς μελέτης που διεξάγεται σε πολλές Ευρωπαϊκές χώρες, ΗΠΑ, Καναδά, Κίνα, Ισραήλ και άλλες. Το δείγμα της ελληνικής έρευνας περιελάμβανε 2.137 ενηλίκους (1.617 άνδρες και 518 γυναίκες). Οι συμμετέχοντες συμπλήρωσαν ερωτηματολόγια μέσω διαδικτύου σχετικά με θέματα ψυχοσωματικής υγείας και συμπεριφοράς. Στο παρόν άρθρο παρουσιάζονται τα αποτελέσματα που αφορούν στις στρατηγικές αντιμετώπισης στρεσογόνων καταστάσεων όπως αυτές έχουν αποτυπωθεί μέσω της ομώνυμης κλίμακας του Carver (1997) και των κλιμάκων: κοινωνικής υποστήριξης (Caplan et al., 1980), συμπεριφορών αποφυγής/δράσης (Greenglass, 2019), και αίσθησης απειλής από τον κορωνοϊό (Marjanovic et al., 2013). Τα ευρήματα έδειξαν ότι ένα σημαντικό ποσοστό του δείγματος ανέφερε ότι κατά την ψυχοπιεστική αυτή περίοδο κατέφευγε σε τεχνικές που αποσκοπούν στη ρύθμιση του συναισθήματος και στην επίλυση του προβλήματος. Επιπλέον, στις στρατηγικές αντιμετώπισης, βρέθηκαν στατιστικώς σημαντικές διαφορές μεταξύ των δύο φύλων, με τους άνδρες να αναφέρουν συστηματικότερη χρήση τους. Τα άτομα ηλικίας 18-27 ετών παρουσίασαν χαμηλότερες τιμές στην ενεργητική αντιμετώπιση, συγκριτικά με όλες τις υπόλοιπες ηλικιακές ομάδες. Επίσης, βρέθηκε ότι όσοι δεν είχαν ολοκληρώσει την τριτοβάθμια εκπαίδευση ανέφεραν ότι έκαναν πιο συχνή χρήση των τεχνικών άρνησης της υφιστάμενης κατάστασης. Στατιστικά σημαντικοί προβλεπτικοί παράγοντες του αισθήματος απειλής ήταν η ρύθμιση του συναισθήματος και οι συμπεριφορές αποφυγής. Τα ευρήματα συζητούνται με βάση τα σύγχρονα μοντέλα στρατηγικών αντιμετώπισης αντίξοων καταστάσεων., This study examines the coping strategies, perceived threat and the sources of social support reported by adults after the COVID-19 restriction measures in Greece. It is the Greek contribution to an international study that is conducted in a number of European countries and USA, Canada, China, Israel etc. The sample of the Greek study consisted of 2.137 (1.617 men and 518 women) adults (almost 65% was between 18 and 40 years old). The participants completed questionnaires on psychosomatic health and behaviour. In this paper the results regarding the coping strategies were presented using the scale of Carver (1997), as well as the following scales: Social Support (Caplan et al., 1980), Avoidance/Positive Behaviors (Greenglass, 2019) and Coronavirus Threat Scale (Marjanovic et al., 2013). Initial results showed that a large percentage of the sample reported coping strategies that led to emotion regulation and problem solving. Emotion regulation and avoidance behaviours were statistically significant predictors of perceived theat. Moreover, analysis showed statistically significant gender differences in these three coping strategies, with men reporting more frequent use of those. It was also found that participants with lower education reported the denial strategymore frequently. Implications of the results in view of the recent models of coping strategies in times of crisisare discussed.

The primary purpose of the present investigation is to study the relation between maternal communication and the child's resistance to temptation during an experimental task, among Italian and Canadian families. The nature of maternal communication was assessed by analyzing the verbal behavior of the mother while in discussion with her child. A series of mother-child pairs were given three experimental tasks which required that mother and child reach a concensus. The tasks were designed so as to stimulate discussion between mother and child, as well as to provide the mother with an opportunity to exercise her authority over her child. The discussions between mother and child were analyzed according to a schema based on the assumption that there are four basic functions of human speech: to teach, to please, to demand, and to defend oneself. An additional purpose of the study was to determine the relationship between the nature of maternal and paternal control and the child's resistance to temptation. The extent and nature of familial control was assessed by means of a questionnaire which was filled out by the child. Positive control is defined as the encouragement of the child to feel some responsibility toward some positively defined goal. Negative control is defined as a barrier, limitation, or restriction imposed by the parent on the child's activities. (Author/JM)

This study examines the extent to which the younger (8 years old) and preadolescent (12 years old) child engage in altruistic lying for a peer who is dependent on the child for help in the form of lying behavior. Subjects were 56 Canadian, white, middle class boys. An ostensible peer gave half of the subjects help in winning a prize. The other 28 boys were refused help. One-half of the subjects in both help and refused-help conditions were 8 years old; the other half were age 12. The peer informed each subject individually that he had committed an accidental transgression and asked the subject not to tell the experimenter about it. When questioned about the accident, 12-year-olds who had received help from the peer were more willing to lie and thereby deny any knowledge of the accident than were 8-year-olds who had also received help. No differences in lying behavior were found between 8-year-olds and 12-year-olds after they had been refused help by the peer. (Author/MK)

The present study examines the psychological impact of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) by exploring the coping strategies and health behaviors enacted in response to the SARS epidemic. Hierarchical linear regression indicated that the use of wishful thinking in response to the threat of SARS was related to both avoiding public places and avoiding people perceived to be possible carriers of the SARS virus, but was not associated with the use of more adaptive health behaviors, such as using disinfectants and hand washing. Conversely, those who reported engaging in empathic responding in response to the threat of SARS were both less likely to report avoiding people perceived as being at a high risk for SARS and more likely to report engaging in effective health behaviors. Support seeking was not a significant predictor of the health behaviors examined in the present study. Results are discussed in terms of coping with health threats and health promotion.

The Financial Threat Scale (FTS) was designed to asses levels of fear, uncertainty, and preoccupation about the stability and security of one's finances. In previous research with Canadian university students, it was shown that the FTS was a psychometrically sound measure, associated with failing personal financial conditions, threat–related personality characteristics, and depreciated psychological health. the present investigation furthers examines the FTS in a diverse set of not–student European samples. Data were collected in four countries using a self– report questionnaire which included measures of ones' financial situation, personality, and psychological health. Results were highly similar to the findings of the previous study. The FTS is uni–dimensional, reliable, and its validity was supported by moderate statistical relations with variables such as job insecurity, self–esteem, and emotional exhaustion. Importantly, financial threat was higher in countries that fared poorly in the recent financial crisis than countries that fared well, and it mediated the relation between economic hardship and psychological well– being. Implications for researchers are discussed. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2214804314001220 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.socec.2014.12.001